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STUDY OF MOLDS (FILAMENTOUS ORGANISMS) AND YEASTS (SINGLE CELLS WHICH PRODUCE PROGENY BY BUDDING,
USUALLY) EUKARYOTES, PRIMITIVE PLANTS, 5-10 μM
DIAMETER 30 MEGA BASE PAIR GENOMES; SEVERAL
CHROMOSOMES; 5,000 GENES
CELL WALL WITH CHITIN (N-ACETYL GLUCOSEAMINE POLYSACCHARIDE),
ABSORPTIVE NUTRITION, LACK CHLOROPHYLL, NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS FORM SPORES, NON-MOTILE, TOLERATE DRYNESS, HIGH OSMOTIC PRESSURE,
ACID AND ALKALINE ENVIRONMENTS SAPROPHYTES - DECAY DEAD CREATURES (&
PERMITRECYLCING) - RELEASE HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES
WHICH DIGEST EXTERNAL FOOD
MYCOLOGY -1
MOLDS - LONG, BRANCHED FILAMENTS - HYPHAE
COENOCYTIC - NO PERPENDICULAR CROSS WALLS
SEPTATE - WITH CROSS WALLS WITH PORESGROW BY EXTENSION, BRANCHINGMYCELIUM - MASS OF HYPHAE - COLONYSPORES - DORMANT, CAN GERMINATE
YEASTS -
UNICELLULAR, SINGLE NUCLEUS, BUD PROGENY(USUALLY)
DIMORPHIC FUNGI - SOME WHICH CAUSE DISEASE -
YEAST FORM IN THE ANIMAL, FILAMENTOUS FORM ON
CULTURE MEDIA
2
REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL - MITOSIS FOLLOWED BY:TRANSVERSE CELL WALL FORMATION FORMING TWO
EQUAL DAUGHTER CELLS BINARY FISSION
BUDDING FORMING MOTHER CELL AND NEW BUDTRANSVERSE CELL WALL FORMATION FORMING SPORES
WITHINA HYPHA OR AT THE END
SEXUAL – HOMOTHALLIC - SELF-FERTILIZING, COMPATIBLE
GAMETES ONTHE SAME MYCELIUM
HETEROTHALLIC - CROSSING BETWEEN DIFFERENT BUTCOMPATIBLE MYCELIA. HAPLOID GAMETES FUSE;
DIPLOIDGAMETES; MEIOSIS, HAPLOID SPORES
3
ZYGOMYCETESCOENOCYTIC - HAPLOID NUCLEI, HYPHA RHIZOIDS EXTEND DOWN INTO SUBSTRATE, ABSORB NUTRIENTSSTOLONS - ERECT HYPHAE, FORM SPORANGIA WITH BLACK
SPORANGIOSPORESE.G., COMMON BLACK BREAD MOLD: RHIZOPUS NIGRICANS
ASCOMYCETESSEPTATE HYPHAE, CONIDIOSPORES AT END OF CONIDIOPHOREASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS -
UBIQUITOUS - HOMES, ALLERGIC REACTIONS, ASTHMA, SINUSITIS,OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN ESPECIALLY IN HIV+ PEOPLE
ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS - AFLATOXINSPENICILLIUM NOTATUM - FIRST PENICILLINPENICILLIUM ROQUEFORTI – CHEESE SOFTENING/RIPENINGCLAVICEPS PURPUREA - ERGOT OF RYE – PLANT DISEASE
ERGOTISM IN PEOPLE - ERGOT TOXIN - CONTAINS LYSERGIC ACID-USED TO SYNTHESIZE LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE -LSD VASOCONSTRICTION - GANGRENE, AMPUTATIONS NEUROTRANSMISSION - SEVERE BURNING SENSATION;
HALLUCINATIONS, CONVULSIONS, DEATHCOMMON – EUROPE – MIDDLE AGES
4
5
BASIDIOMYCETES
MUSHROOMS - DIPLOID HYPHAE GROWING IN SOIL ASSEMBLE TO PUSH THROUGH SOIL;
FORM CAP UNDER WHICH BASIDIOSPORES DEVELOP
EDIBLE, BUT MUSHROOM POISONING
Rhizopus nigricans – Pin-head mold
GERMINATINGSPORE
SPORANGIA
HYPHA
RHIZOID
AERIALHYPHA
STOLON
ABSORBINGHYPHA
6
Rhizopus nigricans
SPORANGIOSPORES IN SACS (SPORANGIA)
SPORES
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ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS – CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES
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Penicillium notatum
CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES
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Penicilliumroqueforti
CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES
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ROQUEFORT CHEESEBLUE-GREEN CONIDIOSPORES OF Penicillium roqueforti
11
LIFE OF A MUSHROOMNOT ASSIGNED
12
APPRECIATE !
I. DERMATOPHYTES – FUNGI ON, IN, UNDER SKIN, HAIR, NAILS
A. SUPERFICIAL - ON OUTER SURFACES SKIN, HAIR, NAILS- TROPICS – SOAP AND WATER
B. CUTANEOUS - WITHIN SKIN, HAIR, NAILS- RINGWORM (TRICHOPHYTON, OTHERS)- ATHLETE’S FOOT
C. SUBCUTANEOUS- INTRODUCED THROUGH SKIN
(PUNCTURE WOUNDS)- SPREAD ALONG LYMPH CHANNELS
MYCOSES - FUNGAL INFECTIONS
13
14
FIG 39.13 CUTANEOUS MYCOSISRINGWORM (TRICHOPHYTON)
p 1009
15
FIG 39.17 SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSISCHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS (BLACK MOLDS, PHIALOPHORA)
p 1010
II. SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS - INTERNAL
A. HISTOPLASMOSIS - HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUMDIMORPHIC MILD RESPIRATORY INFECTION - HEALTHY PEOPLE RECOVER
WITHOUT KNOWING THEY HAD DISEASEENDEMIC - OHIO RIVER VALLEYSEVERE DISEASE IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
B. COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS - COCCIDIODES IMMITISDESERT FEVER - 95% MILD RESPIRATORY
5% TB-LIKE FEW: DISSEMINATES TO BRAIN, BONES,
JOINTS, MENINGESDIMORPHIC
C. CRYPTOCOCCOSIS – CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANSRESPIRATORY TRACT > CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMMENINGITIS - INFLAMMATION OF MENINGES
D. PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA – PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
16
Pneumocystis carinii
17
14
Pneumocystis carinii PNEUMONIA
18
III. TREATMENT OF SYSTEMIC FUNGAL INFECTIONS –
AMPHOTERICIN B - DISRUPTS MEMBRANE FUNCTION, TOXIC FORPEOPLE
FLUCONAZOLE - PROPHYLACTIC IN AIDS PATIENTS INHIBITS STEROLSYNTHESIS, AND THEREFORE NORMAL MEMBRANE FUNCTION
IV. MYCOTOXINS - ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS – AFLATOXINS
19
V. CANDIDIASIS - THRUSH, MONILIASIS, WHITE PATCHES OF MOUTH,TONGUE, VAGINA
CANDIDA ALBICANS - NORMAL FLORA YEASTC. ALBICANS FLOURISHES:
IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PEOPLE,IN NORMAL HEALTH FOLK WHEN THEIR BACTERIAL FLORA
IS DESTROYED - PROLONGED ANTIBIOTIC WHICHDESTROY PROKARYOTES
VAGINITIS - DIABETES, ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES,
ESPECIALLY DURING PREGNANCYDIAPER RASH
TREATMENT - TOPICALNYSTATIN - STREPTOMYCES ANTIBIOTIC, DAMAGES
MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM LEAKAGEMICONAZOLE - ANTIBIOTIC, DAMAGES MEMBRANE,
DISRUPTS STEROLS SYNTHESIS
20
CANDIDA ALBICANS ORAL THRUSH
21