Study On Study On Ambient Air Monitoring, Emission Ambient Air Monitoring, Emission

Inventory and Source Apportionment Inventory and Source Apportionment

Methodology Frame WorkMethodology Frame Work

ByBy

A. L. AggarwalA. L. Aggarwal

Mission of the ProjectsMission of the Projects Ambient air quality monitoring is being carried out at various cities & Ambient air quality monitoring is being carried out at various cities &

towns in the country under the National Air Monitoring Programme towns in the country under the National Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP). The air quality data generated over the years reveal that air (NAMP). The air quality data generated over the years reveal that air quality is deteriorating in many parts of the country, particularly the quality is deteriorating in many parts of the country, particularly the urban centers. Based on the data, CPCB has identified more than 53 urban centers. Based on the data, CPCB has identified more than 53 non-attainment cities and towns including 16 major cities recording non-attainment cities and towns including 16 major cities recording significantly higher levels of SPM & RSPM. In these cities the problem significantly higher levels of SPM & RSPM. In these cities the problem becomes complex due to multiplicity and complexity of air polluting becomes complex due to multiplicity and complexity of air polluting sources (eg. Industries, automobiles, generator sets, fuel burning, sources (eg. Industries, automobiles, generator sets, fuel burning, construction activities, etc.).construction activities, etc.).

The recent “ Auto Fuel Policy “ document submitted to Govt. of India The recent “ Auto Fuel Policy “ document submitted to Govt. of India by Dr. Mashelkar Committee has identified the knowledge gap in the by Dr. Mashelkar Committee has identified the knowledge gap in the area of air pollutant’s apportionment . With this view , Oil Companies area of air pollutant’s apportionment . With this view , Oil Companies in India in association with leading scientific & research organizations in India in association with leading scientific & research organizations and automobile industry initiated a scientific solutions to ensure better and automobile industry initiated a scientific solutions to ensure better environment in six select cities of India , which can be replicated to environment in six select cities of India , which can be replicated to entire country thereafter.entire country thereafter.

Role of Air Quality Models in AQ Role of Air Quality Models in AQ Management SystemManagement System

EmissionEmissionInventoryInventory

Air QualityAir QualityMonitoringMonitoring

Rulemaking &Rulemaking &ImplementationImplementation

ModelingModelingInventoryInventory

Air QualityAir QualityModelingModeling

Cost/BenefitCost/BenefitAnalysis, RiskAnalysis, Risk

AssessmentAssessment

Control StrategyControl Strategy

Urban Air Aerosol Size Distribution Urban Air Aerosol Size Distribution CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Objectives of the Study:Objectives of the Study: To profile baseline glc of air pollutants and other relevant air toxic levels To profile baseline glc of air pollutants and other relevant air toxic levels

in different parts of all the project cities, which includes source specific in different parts of all the project cities, which includes source specific “hot spots” viz. road curbsides, industrial zones etc. “hot spots” viz. road curbsides, industrial zones etc.

To develop:”Emission factors” (EF) for different categories of pertinent To develop:”Emission factors” (EF) for different categories of pertinent contributory sources and EF developed should to reflect the local variance contributory sources and EF developed should to reflect the local variance in fuel quality, technology, size and vintage of sources, control systems in fuel quality, technology, size and vintage of sources, control systems options etc. The factor shall cover both fugitive as well as flue gas options etc. The factor shall cover both fugitive as well as flue gas emissions.emissions.

To inventories the pollution loads from various sources for their spatial and To inventories the pollution loads from various sources for their spatial and temporal distribution in the project cites.temporal distribution in the project cites.

To profile the source emissions characteristics of different sources.To profile the source emissions characteristics of different sources. To conduct source apportionment studies and prioritizes the source To conduct source apportionment studies and prioritizes the source

categories for evolving mitigation strategies.categories for evolving mitigation strategies. To assess the impact of sources emission loads on ambient air quality To assess the impact of sources emission loads on ambient air quality

under different management/interventions/control options and draws a under different management/interventions/control options and draws a roadmap of short term and long term measures as considered appropriate roadmap of short term and long term measures as considered appropriate and cost effective to ensure “Cleaner air in urban areas .and cost effective to ensure “Cleaner air in urban areas .

Use of Source Dispersion & Receptor ModelsUse of Source Dispersion & Receptor Models

Dispersion ModelsDispersion Models Detailed city emission

inventory/Pollution loads analysis

Development cause- impact relationships for different sources

Impact analysis of alternative control strategies

Development of action plan on urban clean air

Apportionment of contribution from major pollution source including fugitive & small scale industrial sector

Identification of secondary aerosols formation

Suitable irrespective of complex terrain and meteorology

Regional /tranboundary /air quality background sources can be identified

Receptor ModelsReceptor Models

Monitored ambient concentrations

Onsite meteorological conditions (including:

mixing height, stability - IMD/CPCB

data base)

Emission inventory and source location

(+ future changes) on GIS maps

EF developed by ARAIEF methodology of Pune (US- EPA) studyEF from CPCB/MoEF data base

Air dispersion modeling (ISC 3)

Source profiling

Interpretation of model outputs scenario(s) (dispersion/receptor models)

Cost effective air quality

management strategies

Chemical characterization of PM10 /VOC sampling

Receptor modeling (CMB)

Source apportionment PM10/VOC using CMB Impact on

ambient concentration

Proposed Study Framework

Model Calibration

•Identification of concerned sources• Point•Area•Line

Earlier emission inventory experiences

Secondary data and primary site surveys

Collection of activity levels and sources location data for each source type

Emission inventorisation of identified sources •Point and Area (secondary data & primary site and activity survey •Line (primary traffic survey and secondary vehicular characteristics data)

Quality Control checks

Data handling and statistical analysis

Source wise emission inventorisation & source profiles

Scenarios Analysis

Emission characterization •Point & Area: (published reports/USEPA & Indian experience and primary emission profiling/ monitoring)•Line: (ARAI, study & traffic survey data)

GIS Mapping of total emission inventory (grid-wise)•Point•Area•Line

Proposed Framework on Emission Inventory

Source data input files for dispersion and receptor modeling

List of Project StakeholdersList of Project Stakeholders

Ministry of Environment & Forest Ministry of Environment & Forest Central Pollution Control BoardsCentral Pollution Control Boards Respective State Pollution Control BoardRespective State Pollution Control Board Local city Authorities: Municipalities, Traffic & Local city Authorities: Municipalities, Traffic &

development Authorities etc.development Authorities etc. Participating Institutes : NEERI, TERI, ARAI, IIT Participating Institutes : NEERI, TERI, ARAI, IIT

Mumbai, IIT Kanpur, Madras Universities Mumbai, IIT Kanpur, Madras Universities SIAM & Auto Sector Industries SIAM & Auto Sector Industries Oil Sector industries Oil Sector industries Ministry of Heavy IndustryMinistry of Heavy Industry

Current Status of the ProjectCurrent Status of the Project

TOR of Study reviewed and new study plans evolved.TOR of Study reviewed and new study plans evolved. IOC signed NOC wells NEERI, TERI, ARAIIOC signed NOC wells NEERI, TERI, ARAI

Studies started in DelhiStudies started in Delhi Studies will state in Bangalore & Pune in MOU are 2005Studies will state in Bangalore & Pune in MOU are 2005 Study center done for Bombay, Chennai, KanpurStudy center done for Bombay, Chennai, Kanpur

ARAI Conducted Emission Factor for auto and fuel ARAI Conducted Emission Factor for auto and fuel motion designed by fuel & Auto sectormotion designed by fuel & Auto sector

Source Profiling study proposed in programm Source Profiling study proposed in programm

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Air Quality Management ProcessAir Quality Management Process

Ambient Monitoring & Standard

Ambient AirQuality Data

Emissions Inventory

Modeling

Control Strategy

Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) ModelModel

Quantifies contributions from chemically Quantifies contributions from chemically distinct source-types rather than contributions distinct source-types rather than contributions from individual emittersfrom individual emitters

Performs tests on ambient data and source Performs tests on ambient data and source profiles which tell how well source-type profiles which tell how well source-type contributions can be resolved from each othercontributions can be resolved from each other

Different particle size fractions can be Different particle size fractions can be accommodatedaccommodated

Emission Estimation MethodsEmission Estimation Methods

Continuous emission monitors or source testsContinuous emission monitors or source tests Emission factor * Activity levelEmission factor * Activity level Material balanceMaterial balance Emission estimation modelEmission estimation model

CMB : OverviewCMB : Overview

Receptor modeling uses chemical and physical Receptor modeling uses chemical and physical characteristics of collected air samples, along characteristics of collected air samples, along with statistical techniques to determine likely with statistical techniques to determine likely proportional source-type responsibility.proportional source-type responsibility.

CMB : AdvantagesCMB : Advantages

Do not need extensive emissions inventory as with Do not need extensive emissions inventory as with dispersion modelingdispersion modeling

Do not need extensive, long-term meteorological Do not need extensive, long-term meteorological monitoring networkmonitoring network

Can perform necessary sampling with inexpensive, Can perform necessary sampling with inexpensive, portable samplers in a short period of timeportable samplers in a short period of time

Use direct, fingerprinting approach instead of relying Use direct, fingerprinting approach instead of relying on meteorological and dispersion modelson meteorological and dispersion models

CMB : RequirementsCMB : Requirements

Significant laboratory analytical expertise is required Significant laboratory analytical expertise is required (x-ray fluorescence, ion chromatography, (x-ray fluorescence, ion chromatography, colorimetry, microbalance)colorimetry, microbalance)

Experience in using statistical grouping techniques Experience in using statistical grouping techniques (e.g., factor analysis, principal components analysis, (e.g., factor analysis, principal components analysis, and/or chemical mass balance- CMB)and/or chemical mass balance- CMB)

Ideally, have some samples from actual, local source Ideally, have some samples from actual, local source types that will enable more accurate fingerprinting of types that will enable more accurate fingerprinting of ambient portions of particulatesambient portions of particulates

CMB : AnalysisCMB : Analysis

Basic source-receptor relationships can be Basic source-receptor relationships can be estimated by statistical techniques such as estimated by statistical techniques such as factor analysis or principal components factor analysis or principal components analysisanalysis

CMB is a formalized software package that CMB is a formalized software package that provides more options and accuracy for provides more options and accuracy for analysisanalysis

CMB FormulationCMB Formulation

CCi i = F= Fi1i1SS11+F+Fi2i2SS22 + … + F + … + FijijSSjj i=1..I J=1..j i=1..I J=1..j

Where CWhere Cii = concentration of species I measured = concentration of species I measured at a receptor siteat a receptor site

FFijij = fraction of species i in emissions from = fraction of species i in emissions from

source jsource j

SSjj = estimate of the contribution of source j = estimate of the contribution of source j

I = number of chemical speciesI = number of chemical speciesJ = number of source types J = number of source types

Major CMB AssumptionsMajor CMB Assumptions

Sufficient data to determine excessive Sufficient data to determine excessive pollutant levelspollutant levels

Samples may be or have been chemically Samples may be or have been chemically speciatedspeciated

Potential source contributors identifiedPotential source contributors identified Source profiles measured or approximatedSource profiles measured or approximated More receptor species than source typesMore receptor species than source types

Validate/Evaluate CMBValidate/Evaluate CMB

Use different source profiles and note changesUse different source profiles and note changes Identify and characterize missing sourcesIdentify and characterize missing sources Measure additional species at source and Measure additional species at source and

receptorreceptor Stratify samples by meteorological typeStratify samples by meteorological type Test for effect with biased dataTest for effect with biased data If use in concert with a dispersion model, If use in concert with a dispersion model,

compare results and refine model inputscompare results and refine model inputs

An effective air quality monitoring An effective air quality monitoring specific to objectivespecific to objective Monitors the right things Monitors the right things Monitors frequently enoughMonitors frequently enough Monitors in the right placesMonitors in the right places Ensures data are acquired, processed, and stored Ensures data are acquired, processed, and stored

quicklyquickly Ensures high data quality: Develop QA/QC Ensures high data quality: Develop QA/QC

ProtocolesProtocoles Does valuable data analysis – answers question “what Does valuable data analysis – answers question “what

do the data mean?”do the data mean?”