STUDY ON INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE (ITK) IN … · 2018-12-12 · study on indigenous technical knowledge (itk) in animal husbandry among livestock owners of jharkhand thesis

STUDY ON INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE

(ITK) IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AMONG LIVESTOCK

OWNERS OF JHARKHAND

Dr. Varun Kumar Mahto

Regd. No. – V/BAU/2820/1996

Department of

VETERINARY & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY EXTENSION

FACULTY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

& ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

BIRSA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

RANCHI-834006 (JHARKHAND)

2012

STUDY ON INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE

(ITK) IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AMONG LIVESTOCK

OWNERS OF JHARKHAND

THESIS

SUBMITTED TO THE

BIRSA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

RANCHI-834006 (JHARKHAND)

BY

Dr. Varun Kumar Mahto

Regd. No. – V/BAU/2820/1996

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN

VETERINARY & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY EXTENSION

2012

Certificate of the Major advisor and endorsement of the Head of the Department

DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY EXTENSION FACULTY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY,

BIRSA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, RANCHI-834006

Certificate

This is to certify that the thesis entitled "STUDY ON INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL

KNOWLEDGE (ITK) IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AMONG LIVESTOCK OWNERS OF

JHARKHAND" submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor

of Philosophy (Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension) of the Faculty of Post-

Graduate Studies, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand) is the record of bonafide

research carried out by Dr. Varun Kumar Mahto under my supervision and guidance. No

part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.

It is further certified that such help or information received during the course of this

investigation and preparation of the thesis have been duly acknowledged.

Endorsed :

(A. K. Pandey)

Major Advisor

(J. Oraon)

Chairman/Head of the Department

Certificate of the Advisory Committee Members

Certificate

We, the undersigned, members of the Advisory Committee of Dr. Varun Kumar

Mahto, a candidate for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy with major in Veterinary &

Animal Husbandry Extension have gone through the manuscript of the thesis and agree

that the thesis entitled " STUDY ON INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE (ITK) IN

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AMONG LIVESTOCK OWNERS OF JHARKHAND " may be

submitted by Dr. Varun Kumar Mahto in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

degree.

(A. K. Pandey)

Chairman of the Advisory committee

Members of the Advisory Committee

1. ( J. Oraon)

2. ( Sushil Prasad)

3. ( S. K. Singh)

Certificate of approval by the Chairman of the Advisory Committee and External Examiner

Certificate

This is to certify that the thesis entitled " STUDY ON INDIGENOUS

TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE (ITK) IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AMONG LIVESTOCK

OWNERS OF JHARKHAND " submitted by Dr. Varun Kumar Mahto in partial

fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

(Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension) of the Faculty of Post-

Graduate Studies, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand) was

examined and approved on…………………….

Chairman of the Advisory Committee

External Examiner

(J. Oraon)

Head of the Department (Veterinary & Animal Husbandry

Extension)

Dean Faculty of Veterinary Science

and Animal Husbandry Birsa Agricultural University

Ranchi, Jharkhand

Members of the Avisory Committee

1. (J. Oraon)

2. (Sushil Prasad)

3. (S. K. Singh)

(Z. A. Haider) Dean , Post-Graduate Studies Birsa Agricultural University

Ranchi , Jharkhand

Acknowledgement

First and foremost I must express my heartiest gratitude to all embracing, all pervading

graciousness of almighty, by whose mercy and benevolence, this research work could be started and

finally completed.

With great sense of modesty I express my sincere gratitude to my reverend Major advisor

Dr. Alok kumar Pandey, University Professor, Department of Veterinary & Animal Husbandry

Extension Education, Ranchi Veterinary College, Ranchi, , for his meticulous planning, inspiring

guidance, speculative suggestions untiring close supervision, constant encouragement, constructive

& inspiring criticism and keen interest in the execution of the present work and during the

preparation of the manuscript.

I accord my sincere thanks and indebtedness to the members of the advisory committee, Dr.

J. Oraon, University Professor and Chairman, Department of Veterinary & Animal Husbandry

Extension Education , Ranchi Veterinary College, Ranchi and Dr. Sushil Prasad, University

Professor, Department of Livestock Production & Management for their help in planning of

research work, critical examination, enthusiastic support and guidance.

I must express my sincere thanks to Dr. S. K. Singh, Dean, Ranchi Veterinary College,

Ranchi cum University Professor and Chairman, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics,

also member of my advisory committee for providing all the requisite facilities to carry out this

work smoothly and moral support.

I am grateful to Dr. Z. A. Haider DRI-cum-dean, Post Graduate Studies, Birsa

Agricultural University, Ranchi for providing all the requisite facilities to carry out the research. I

would also like to acknowledge the financial support rendered by the University for my Research

Work.

I am highly obliged to Dr. M. P. Pandey, Hon’ble Vice-chancellor, Birsa Agricultural

University, Ranchi for his valuable and kind help by providing necessary facilities and funds to

execute this work successfully.

I must express my sincere thanks to Dr. Abdul Hai, Associate Professor, SKUAST,

Kashmir & Dr. B. K Jha, Assistant Professor, RAU, Kanke, Department of Agriculture extension

for their help and moral support.

I express my sincere thanks to Dr. K. Jha, deputy registrar, Birsa Agricultural University,

Ranchi and Dr. S. K. Mehta, Assistant Registrar, R. V. C. for his co-operation and help.

I feel pleasure to express my sincere thanks to my intimate friend & well-wisher Mr. Dilip

Kumar Mahto and his wife Mrs. Manju Mahto, Mr. B. N. Prasad (Author), Dr. Subodh Kumar,

Mr. Rajendra Kumar, Sri Purna Chandra Kundu (Bundu), Mr. Kini Manohar, Mrs. Anjana, Late

Dr. Ram Deo Kisku, Dr. Dinesh Kumar, Dr. Ranbir Prasad Singh, Dr. Punam Choudhary, Mr.

Amitabh Gupta, Dr. Shivam Shree Harsh Kumar, Dr. Pranav Kumar, Mr. Indrajeet Mahato, Mr.

Bhagat Ram Mahto, Dr. Ashok Kr. Sinha, Mr. Jagdish Karmali, Mr. Chandra Nath Bhai Patel,

Mrs. Nilam Mahto, Dr. Manoj Kumar Pankaj and Dr. Shankar Tudu for their kind co-operation

and valuable suggestion during research work.

I can not forget to thanks my juniors colleagues, Dr. Tej Narayan Guru, Dr. Birendra

Kishore, Dr. Shrinarayan Kishku, Dr. Kavita Bala Tuti, Dr. Rakhi Toppo, Dr. Thanesh Oraon,

Dr. Tej Pawan Toppo, Dr. Smriti, Dr. Nishant Patel, Dr. Hemant Kumar, Dr. Archana Minz, Dr.

Uttam Kumar, Noor Shahida Khatoon, Dr. Sanjeet Kumar, Dr. Abhishek Kumar, Dr. Raghuveer

Ranjan, Mrs. Madhuri Arya, Late Dr. Saurabh Kumar Sameer and Dr. Trithankar for their kind

co-operation and valuable help during research work.

I feel pleasure to express my sincere thanks to Late Dr. Kanhai Ram Mahto, Smt. Bilasi

Devi, Dr. M. A. Mohsin, Dr. G. S. Dubey, Late Dr. Gaya Prasad, Dr. K. G. Narayan, Dr. R. M.

Shrivastawa, Late Shree Sahoder Mahto, Mr. Shanti Ram Mahto, Late Smt. Ghasani Devi, Late

Smt. Sumati Devi, Late Smt. Anamika, Late Shree H. P. Mahto, Late Dr. N. K. Singh, Late Smt.

Surthi Devi (Adramhatu), Dr. V. B. Prasad, Dr. Sheela Mahto, Dr. Leela Mahto, Er. Khirod

Mahto, Dr. K. K. Mahto, Prof. A. K. Mehta, Er. Santosh Mahto, Mrs. Jayshree Mahto, Dr.

Reeta Rani Mahanta, Mrs. Damyanti, Dr. Sanjay Kumar, Dr. Smriti, Mrs. Geeta Manohar, Mr.

Arun Kumar Mahto, Mrs. Shobhna Devi, Mrs. Neeta, Mrs. Sarita, Mrs. Savita, Mr. Murli

Manohar, Mr. Bhagirath Mahto, Mr. Sagar Mahto, Mrs. S. S. Mahto, Mrs. Sandhya Mahto, Dr.

Chandan Mahto, Mrs. Simpla Manohar, Mr. Birendra Mahto, Mrs. Sushma, Navaratna “Babu”,

Arvind Prabhakaran, Sonu, Monu, Abhishek Kumar, Mili Kumari, Jigisha Kumari (Khushbu),

Arush Aritra Mahto, Dr. A.K. Mahto, Mr. Surendra Nath Mahto, Dr. Sneh Prabha Mahto, Mrs.

Rekha Mahto, Mr. Khageshwar Mahto, Mr. Bhuvaneshwar Mahto, Mr. Nand Kishore Mahto,

Late Ravindra Nath Mahto, Mr. Nagendra Nath Mahto, Late Upendra Nath Mahto, Mrs.

Swabhawati Devi, Mr. Santosh Kumar and his wife & Mrs Reena Mahato for their blessing

enthusiastic, moral support, inspiration and deep affection during the entire period of study.

I express my deep sense of endebtedness to Late Bimla Nandan Mishra, Smt. Anubhuti

Devi, Mrs. Sima, Mrs. Archana Rani & Mrs Vandana for their inspiration and blessing during my

study period.

The help offered by Dr. Amit Kr. Jha, P. G. Scholar, RVC, Kanke, Ranchi can not be

ignored. He spent a memorable period with me, during the course of my studies.

My special thanks to Dr. Akhileshwar Murmu for his kind cooperation. I cannot forget

him.

Dr. Sanjay Kr. Rewani, Ph. D. Scholar, Kolkata helped me a lot in every respect. I am

highly thankful for his suppor & help.

I express my heart touching and warm feeling to my reverend parents late Dr. Bucha Ram

Mahto and Smt. Ahilya Devi for their blessing, moral support, help and continuous encouragement

which sustained me to cover through the real long and hard journey leading to the studies . I owe

them what I am today.

My sincere thanks to Dr. Pankaj Kumar Seth, Scientist, KVK, Pakur and Dr. Reeta

Kumari, Block Animal Husbandry Officer, Govt. of Bihar for their inspiration and cooperation.

Words fell short for the encouragement and moral support offered by my better half Mrs.

Parul Mahto as she has to bear the burden of the pregnancy during the course of my studies. I

salute her patience, courage and tolerance. The good luck which the newly born baby girl Sakshi

(Tusu) brought with her is unforgettable.

My sincere thanks to all the staffs of Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry

Extension, Ranchi Veterinary College, Ranchi for their equally important support and Co-

operation during research work.

My sincere thanks to all the staffs, teachers and students of Bharat Vikas Vidypeepth,

Tiruldih & peoples of Maranjkiri for their moral support, inspiration and deep affection during

research work.

My sincere thanks to Dr. Pankaj Kumar, Dr. Sweta Kumari and Anvesha Kumari for

efficient composing and printing of manuscript in homely environment.

I extend my sincere thanks to all those who helped me at any stage of present investigation

work.

Finally there is no word to express thanks to “All teachers” of my life without their

blessing I could not have achieved my goal.

(Varun Kumar Mahto)

Date :

Place : R. V. C. , Ranchi-6

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE NO.

INTRODUCTION 1-7

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8-18

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 19-28

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29-93

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 94-113

BIBLIOGRAPHY i-x

1

INTRODUCTION

The landlocked state of Jharkhand endowed with heterogeneous landscape, huge

natural resources, dominance of aboriginal‟s habitat and their rich culture is a unique

geographical fantasy.

It is a plateau about 3000 ft above sea level. The plateau is full of mountain ranges

covered with dense forests. A number of rivers and rivulets flow down through the hilly

terrains and valleys. It presents an amorphous shape with a broad northern portion and a

narrow south portion. Its north-south length is nearly 30 kms and east-west length is 457

kms. It extends from 21°59‟ N Lat. to 25° 8‟ N Lat. and 83° 20‟ E. Long to 87°57‟ E. Long. The

total geographical area of the state is 79.71 lakh ha. and its population was 2, 69, 09, 428

(census 2001).

An area of 23.22 lakh ha. (29.13%) is under forest, where different types of medicinal

plant are found. Tribes constitute 26.30% of the total population of Jharkhand and they are

traditionally animal lovers. Livestock particularly goat, pigs and sheep play an important

role in their socio-economic lives.

Jharkhand has a very rich heritage of indigenous health control and treatment

systems that have been used in various animal husbandry aspects. There are many

traditional healers in Jharkhand who are knowledgeable and experienced in traditional

systems of treatment but their knowledge is not documented rather transmitted orally from

one generation to another.

The word „indigenous‟ means “native born, originating or produced naturally in a

country or in a specified area” and the word „knowledge‟ means “assured belief, practical

skill, that which is known, learning, enlightenment” (Reijntjes et al. , 1992). The importance

of documenting ancient/ indigenous/traditional knowledge has recently gained a

momentum all over the world including India. In USA a Centre of Indigenous Knowledge

2

and Rural Development (CIKARD) was established at IOWA University in 1987. Further in

the area of research and development the USA has also taken lead by establishing the Office

of Alternate Medicine (OAM) in 1992 under National Institute of Health (NIH).

The indigenous knowledge is often taken to be synonymous with traditional

knowledge (Richard, 1979). The indigenous knowledge is the knowledge that people have

gained through inheritance from their ancestors. It is a people derived science and it

represents people‟s creativity innovations and skills (Patel, 1993). The traditional practices,

the knowledge of local healers and their innovativeness cannot be ignored. Local healers are

the repository of accumulated knowledge passed on by word of mouth from generation to

generation and thus permanently record their experiences and knowledge in a form

inaccessible to outsiders.

The traditional knowledge is based on the necessities, instinct, observation, trial and

error and long experience of indigenous societies of different region. In recent years, there

has been a resurgence of interest in traditional practice in the developing world. The

medicinal use of plants and animal products are an important component of such

indigenous knowledge.

Indigenous knowledge is the information base for a society, which facilities

communication and decision making. Indigenous information systems are dynamic and are

continually influenced by internal creativity and experimentation as well as by contact with

external systems.

It is a well known fact that the bearers of ITK‟s are basically the local people

including farmers, rural artisans, landless labourers, rural women, animal husbandry

practitioners etc, who earn their capacity of having systematic knowledge as well as

knowing the mechanism of how indigenous practices work for various ailments of animal

husbandry.

3

Now a day, many indigenous knowledge systems are at risk of becoming extinct

because of rapidly changing natural environments and fast pacing economic, political and

cultural changes on a global scale. Many indigenous practices vanish because they adapt too

slowly. However, many practices disappear only because of the intrusion of foreign

technologies that promise short term gains. Indigenous knowledge is part of the life of the

rural people. Their livelihood depends almost entirely on specific skills and knowledge

essential for their survival.

In India, several non-government organizations (BAIF, Pune; Jagaran Vikas Kendra,

Udaipur; ANTHRA, Pune; SALIHOTRA, M. P. ; Appropriate Technology in India,

Ahemedabad; Women‟s Organization for Rural Development (WORD), Ahemedabad and

Grass Roots Innovation Augmentation Network (GIAN, Gujrat) are reported to be involved

in documentation and validation of indigenous technical knowledge system (Dwivedi,

1998).

The indigenous technical knowledge embraces people‟s knowledge of tools and

techniques for the assessment, acquisition, transformation and utilization of resources which

are specific to particular location (McCall et al.1996).

In the emerging global knowledge economy a country‟s ability to build and mobilize

knowledge capital, is equally essential for sustainable development as the availability of

physical and financial capital. The basic component of any country‟s knowledge system is its

indigenous knowledge. It encompasses the skills, experiences and insights of people,

applied to maintain or improve their livelihood (World Bank, 1997).

Since independence all efforts in India were concentrated on developing an

allopathic-based veterinary infrastructure entirely under the government sector. There has

been neglect of traditional system and knowledge to the extent that many of us, even those

specializing in veterinary medicine, are unaware of ancient literature and some are even

4

skeptical about it (Rangnekar, 1998). In recent years emphasis has shifted towards modern

science in the maintenance and development of livestock.

With the development of modern medicine, especially after the second world war,

traditional medical practices have been increasingly replaced and overlooked at the

international level, mostly because many people regarded them as ineffective and useless

(Bizimana, 1997). Modern medicine was thought to be able to solve almost all health

problems of humans and animals. But this overestimation of modern medicine has changed

in the course of the „green wave‟ since the 1970s, particularly in industrialized countries. The

„green wave‟ has been characterized by an increasing demand for natural products in the

form of drugs, food and cosmetics and was mainly triggered by the side effects resulting

from the increasing use of chemicals in various areas of life including medicine. The

reconsideration of traditional medicinal systems in the industrialized world and the fact that

modern medicine is too expensive for many developing countries were the main reasons for

the decision of the World Health Organization (WHO) in the 1970s to promote traditional

medicated systems by checking scientifically the efficacy of plants used in traditional

medicine and to identify the principles responsible for genuine therapeutic effects

(Bizimana, 1997).

The study of indigenous knowledge will help to indentify ideas which have

considerable scope for commercial exploitation after value addition. It will also help to

understand concepts and practices depicting the elements of sustainability to integrate with

the modern information system for efficient resource management. Basic objective of this

study is directed towards identification of such hidden technologies to make them

scientifically approved in the research institutions and their availability must be all over the

country where everyone can use them for good cause of the livestock of our nation. The

ITK‟s itself is a very vast topic and applicability is meant for a number of purposes by

farmers in a number of filed, viz. agriculture, animal husbandry, horticulture, fisheries etc.

5

This study is confined mainly to study the indigenous technical practices in animal health

care. It is a great necessity of today that a revival of interest in indigenous technical

knowledge system of researchers and extension workers must be made with the realization

and recognition that rural people in this state as well as country have rich understanding of

their own locally available resources through which they sustain the production potential of

livestock enterprise.

In view of the above points this study entitled “Study on indigenous technical

knowledge in animal husbandry among livestock owners of Jharkhand” has been

undertaken with the following objectives.

1.1. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1) To study the profile of the traditional healers and livestock owners.

2) To collect and document indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) followed by

traditional healers and livestock owners of Jharkhand.

3) To study the extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous technical knowledge

(ITK).

4) To identify the source and channels of diffusion of knowledge among traditional

healers and livestock owners.

5) To validate some selected indigenous technical knowledge (ITK).

1.2. PRACTICAL UTILITY

Indigenous knowledge is dynamic and unique to particular culture and society. It

changes through indigenous creativity and innovativeness as well as contact with other

knowledge system. Such knowledge is codified in the local knowledge untapped, unwritten

and unutilized. The present study will help to unravel underlying science which can be used

in technology generation system to modify and scientifically manipulate the innovation by

6

building linkage with formal science and technical experts. The study by paying attention to

local perceptions and practices will help to realize development initiatives to be relevant to

people‟s needs and to generate sustainable interventions. The study will help to promote

culturally appropriate and environmentally sustainable adoptions.

This study will help to low cost, locally available and easily accessible indigenous

practices in solution where modern scientific technology and veterinary sciences are not

available or expensive. The study is expected to generate meaningful information which will

be vital importance to all concerned professionals, academicians, extensions workers,

planners and research workers.

1.3. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The present study was confined to five district of Jharkhand state. The context of area

of study was further confined to only major parts of animal husbandry and veterinary

science though there are many other areas of rural life which are of equal importance.

Although utmost efforts were made to establish rapport for good understanding

with the respondents particularly livestock owners, traditional healers, veterinary staffs,

village officials as well as other villagers, still some of them were reluctant and unwilling to

provide information.

The information was based on recall basis and limited to the memory of the

respondents. However all out efforts were made to have realistic view of their responses and

expressions.

1.4. ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS

This thesis has been presented in five chapters. The introduction covering essential

background information, objectives, practical utility and limitations of the study followed by

the review of literature, where detailed up to date literature pertaining to the study have

7

been reviewed, are put in the first and second chapter respectively. Chapter-III gives details

of methods and procedures followed in the study. The findings of the study along with

discussion there upon are presented in chapter four. The last chapter outlines the summary

and conclusions deducted from the results of the study. In the end, bibliography has been

included.

8

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A critical review is an integral part of any research study. Moreover, it helps a great

deal to elucidate the problem for study, formulate objectives, decide upon the methodology

and exemplifying the inference of the study.

The literatures available and relevant to this study are as hereunder. The review of

literature has been divided into following subheads:

2.1 Concept of indigenous technical knowledge system

2.2 Evidence regarding use of indigenous technical knowledge (ITKs) in various

animal husbandry practices

2.1 Concept of indigenous technical knowledge system

Norgard, R. B. (1984) stated that indigenous knowledge pertains to pertains to

various cultural norms, social roles or physical conditions. Their efficiency lies in the

capacity to adopt to changing circumstances.

McCorkle (1986) stated that ethno veterinary medicines covers peoples knowledge,

skills, methods, practices and beliefs about the care of their animals.

Wang (1986) stated that traditional knowledge is gathered over a period of time and

transferred from generation to generation. It is synonymous to local knowledge (LK), is

defined as “a sum total of knowledge and experience of people in dealing with problems

and typical situation in different walks of life.”

Carter (1988) stated that traditional knowledge is highly localized and restricted is

generally governed by local environmental factors and cultural conditions. It varies between

countries, regions and even farm to farm.

Thrupp (1989) stated that indigenous knowledge also encompasses non technical

insights, wisdom, ideas, perceptions and innovative capabilities.

9

Warren (1989) stated indigenous knowledge as 'local knowledge' is unique to a given

culture or society. This knowledge is the information base of the society, often codified in the

local language and this facilitates communication and decision making.

Basant (1990) defined indigenous knowledge as a knowledge originating and

characterizing a particular region or country. The quantum and content of indigenous

knowledge, however, vary across space and change over time.

Chittiraichelvan et al. (1991) stated that indigenous knowledge (IK) or wisdom is the

product of trial and error, natural selection and keen observation through centuries. This

may come from various areas covering social and religious taboos, beliefs and customs,

ecology, vegetation, climate etc.

Chowdhary and De (1993) stated that indigenous knowledge is unwritten, untapped

and largely unutilized knowledge that is unique to a given culture and society.

Havekort (1993) stated that IKis the actual knowledge of a given population that

reflects the experience based on tradition and includes more recent experience with modern

technology. Indigenous knowledge system may appear simple to outsider but they

represent mechanism to ensure the minimal livelihoods for local people.

Patel (1993) stated indigenous knowledge is the knowledge that people have gained

through inheritance from their ancestors. It is a people derived science and represents

peoples creativity, innovations and skills.

Rajasekharan (1993) stated that IK is the systematic body of knowledge acquired by

local people through the accumulation of experiences, informal experiment and intimate

understanding of the environment in a given culture.

Rejijntes et al. (1993) defined indigenous knowledge as the knowledge of the people

living in a certain area, generated by their own and their ancestral experiences including

knowledge originating from elsewhere which has been internationalized by the local people.

10

Shiv Naraina et al. (1993) reported that rural people's indigenous knowledge is

dynamic and unique to given culture and society. It changes through indigenous creativity

and innovativeness as well as through contact with knowledge system. At present these pass

from generation to generation orally and in the wake of intensive interventions are likely to

be lost as the people become old and leave the world.

Talwar et al. (1993) stated that indigenous practices may help in increasing the

knowledge of formal science and also give the clues to the scientists in designing newer and

newer experiments. Besides, many such practices may be recommended for adaptation in

the farming situations having similar agro-ecological conditions.

Kaul (1994) reported that studies of traditional wisdom can not only benefit for social

scientists, but can also act as eye openers for the biological scientists.

Agarwal (1995) stated that indigenous knowledge is often seen to exist in a local

context, anchored to a particular social group in a particular setting at a particular time.

Lawas et al. (1996) stated that 'indigenous knowledge' denotes a type of knowledge

that has evolved within the community and has been passed on from one generation to

another.

McCorkle et al. (2001) stated that the term ethno veterinary medicine may suggest the

use of only medicines, in the form of liquids or pills, used directly, internally or externally

on the animal. EVM is much broader than that since it contains a wide variety of skills and

techniques: surgical operations, hydro-physical and mechanical techniques, environmental

controls, disease prevention, nutrition, herding and related strategies, management of

animal, genetic and medico-religious acts among others. Therefore the term Ethno

Veterinary Methods (EVM) could be a better term.

11

2.2 Evidence regarding use of indigenous technical knowledge (ITKs) in various

animal husbandry practices

Khanna (1967) conducted a study of the indigenous system of veterinary medicine as

practised by the farmers of Hissar-I block. He reported that for skin diseases, sulphur oil

containing 65 gm of Gandhak (sulphur) and 250 ml of Sarson oil is applied by 40% of the

respondents to the body of the animal without prior washing, every day till the condition is

cured. The other respondents (50%) wash the body of the animal before applying it. A small

number (10%) use Taramira oil or cow butter as a base in place of Sarson oil.

Daniel (1969) found that practices related to buffalo husbandry among the farmers of

Hissar block were far different from what animal husbandry experts had recommended

scientific know how of experts.

Bhalerao (1972) discussed the role of research in revolutionizing dairy industry and

advocated that urgency of scientific research on dairy resources of the country.

Jaggi (1973) reported that the tribal people all over India believe only in folk

medicine, it is predominantly practised by villagers and even in the cities it has its

adherents, particularly among scheduled castes. Folk medicine has its own concepts about

the causation of disease. Wrath of Gods, evil spirits, magic, witchcraft etc. It has its

diagnostic tools and techniques which lean heavily on divination. Treatment is based upon

removal of causative factors through the propitiation of Gods, exorcism, counter magic, use

of charms and amulets and of course, administration of some herbal preparations - a

perfectly rational approach in so far as it is intended to remove the basic cause.

Khanna et al. (1978) studied veterinary therapy in Hissar villages related to digestive

and respiratory disorders. They found that there were thirteen prescriptions for tympani,

twelve for impaction of rumen, nineteen for indigestion, eleven for diarrhoea, nine for colic,

five for bronchitis and five for pneumonia.

12

Srivastava (1982) conducted a study on cattle in culture and economy of tribal

Mundas of Bihar. He reported that in the event of pus formation in the swelling of yoke gall,

majority of the tribals use firing with red hot iron. The wound is then washed with boiled

neem leaves. He also reported that more than 90% of the tribals of Chotanagpur use a herbal

plant ''Harjora'' in case of fracture.

Mukherjee and Namhata (1988) reported about the tribal inhabitants on the use of

herbal medicines for the treatment of 9 common ailments of cows, buffaloes and goats i.e. ,

placenta retention, foot and mouth disease, cataract, constipation, worm infestation, colic,

dysentery, indigestion and lice infestation.

Talapad et al. (1990) conducted a survey on traditional wisdom of Gujrat tribals on

animal feed and fodder practices and found that most of the practices such as feeding of

Mahua cake with other ingredients improved the milk production, feeding seed of Kuvadia

weed and forest tree leaves of Siras, Bilva, Sisham etc. were the good sources of feed and

nutrients. They pointed out that most of the practices from scientific point of view were

good and such wisdom be useful in planning the applied animal nutritional programmes

suited to local situations.

Ibrahim (1991) conducted a study on indigenous agro-veterinary knowledge system

in Nigeria. He mentioned that ethno-agro-veterinary knowledge acts as a resource for

human and particularly rural development in Nigeria specifically and Africa generally.

Studies conducted in the Nigerian arid and semi-arid Zones show how indigenous

knowledge can play a useful part in the formation of policies, education, animal production

and health

Gupta and Patel (1992) documented several indigenous practices on abscess, fracture,

tympani, respiratory, disease, urinary problem and fever.

Honey Bee, Newsletter (1992) has defined and documented several indigenous

practices on urinary problems in bullocks, unsuccessful conception, post calving care,

13

control of intestinal parasites, bone fracture, ill growth, horn wound, flatulence,

inflammation of udder, food poisoning and poultry disease management as well as technical

comments by the experts.

Balaraman (1993) pointed out that the intensive livestock production system backed

up by intensive land use for fodder production offer enormous scope for raising livestock

productivity to high and maintain at a sustainable level. The improved farming technologies

related to animal husbandry can enrich traditional livestock production in Sikkim.

Rangnekar (1993) found that many indigenous technologies in animal breeding,

feeding and health control were technically sound and enabled farmers and livestock

owners to survive under unfavourable conditions as well as thrive well under favourable

conditions.

Ratan and Srivastava (1993) reported several indigenous methods in animal

husbandry which include cure of diseases by thymol, ginger, mahogamy, pepper, turmeric,

bamboo leaves etc. It was very common that whenever a goat suffered from rinderpest,

bamboo leaves were fed for its cure.

Chander and Mukherjee (1994) stated 18 traditional animal husbandry practices

regarding anaemia, retension of placenta, parasitic infestation, fracture, foot and mouth

disease, fever, colic pain etc.

Kohler (1994) reported about the general knowledge and therapies for 3 important

camel diseases trypanosomiasis, mange and camel pox. He also informed that the

combination of traditional and modern medicines might provide cost effective alternative

means of camel health maintenance.

Mishra et al. (1994) reported about the plants being utilized for ethno-veterinary

purposes as household medicines and those used for increasing the strength, vigour and

milking capacity of the animals.

14

De and Rao (1995) documented ethno veterinary practices, obtained farmers beliefs

and scientific rationale. They pointed out that farmers treated tympani by administering a

mixture of onion 500 gms, molasses 250 gms, black salt 25 gms and soda 25 gms.

Gupta and singh (1995) studied traditional system of curing livestock diseases and

revealed that many common diseases such as flatulence, indigestion, diarrhoea, fever, dry

cough, boils of mouth, swelling of the udder, mastitis, FMD and HS etc. were cured through

age old experiences.

Tripathi et al. (1995) studied indigenous vision of curing digestive disorders and

found that active ingredients for treating /curing digestive disorders were namely decoction

of opium, black cumin seed, pepper, Harad, Bahera, black cardamom etc.

Pandey (1996) found that respondents were using three different combinations for

the treatment of diarrhoea. Decoctions from the bark of kendu (Diospyros cordifolia) and ban

kulthi (Atylosia scarabaeoides) was the most widely used combination followed by about half

of the respondents. More than a quarter of dairy owners were administering the mixture of

Ajwain, Methi, Saunf, Sonth and Rock Salt with molasses. Some respondents were using

unripe mango and barks Amda (Spondias magnijera), Semal (Bombax ceiba), Pojo (Litsae

polyantha) and Anwala (Emblica officinalis) and Jamun (Syzygium cumini) either singly or in

combination.

Vivekanandan (1996) documented several indigenous practices on livestock feeding,

FMD, fever, prolapse of uterus and rectum, tonic for emaciated bullocks, heart trouble in

bullocks, food poison, poisonous bite.

Chinthu et al. (1997) stated several indigenous technologies for foot and mouth

disease, rinderpest/dysentery, cough and external parasites etc.

Patel et al. (1997) documented several indigenous practices on promoting lactation,

wound, yoke gall, diarrhoea and urinary problem.

15

Zuberi (1997) stated that through centuries rural people have been relying on a plant

based health care system for their domestic animals. A pilot survey revealed seventeen

diseases of cattle is treated using as many as 39 local plant species.

Lans and Brown (1998) described 28 medicinal plants for retained placenta, oestrus

induction, urinary problems, diarrhoea, wounds, worm infestation and milk production.

Lans Cheryl and Gabriel (1998) documented various ethno-veterinary medicine for

backyard poultry-the use of lime juice in duck‟s drinking water for respiratory illness for

reduced appetite the chicken are given crushed garlic (Allium sativum) sprinkled on the food

or coconut water (Cocos nucifera) in the drinking water.

Padmakumar (1998) stated that foot and mouth disease, mastitis, fever, bloat,

diarrhoea and helminthiasis are the diseases most commonly treated by means of ethno-

veterinary medicine.

Prakash (1998) informed that villagers of Jambla use the internal bark of Moringa

pterygosperma and Sangheda trees to relieve the affected cattle from pain and suffering

from arthritis.

Kaul et al. (1998) reported that farmers are very rich source of indigenous technical

knowledge related to cattle rearing. Their 'deshi' method of cattle rearing should be known

to the planners of cattle improvement programme.

Varshney (1998) reported about a member of traditional therapeutic resources in

managing gastro-intestinal disorders viz. , indigestion, dyspepsia, gastric ulcers, colic,

flatulence, acidity, gastritis, constipation, impaction, diarrhoea dysentery, parasitism,

jaundice and hepatitis.

Koradia (1999) documented indigenous practices on haemorrhage in bullocks,

prolapse of uterus and rectum.

Lakshmana et al. (2001) reported an indigenous herbal combination, E-721B, for its

usefulness in immediate hypersensitivity among animals.

16

Das et al. (2002) documented several indigenous practices on diarrhoea, foot and

mouth disease, mastitis, eye infection/injury, flatulence and tympani.

Ghosh (2002) documented several indigenous practices on parturition, skin disease,

rat bite, swelling of throat, colic pain, poisonous insect bite, typhoid fever, fractures/ joint

pain and flatulence.

Ravi Kumar et al. (2002) pointed out several tips on indigenous technical knowledge

for fracture, wound, allergic lesions, poisonous bite, avulsion of horn, yoke gall, arthritis,

condition affecting eye and cancerous growth.

Tripathi and Mandape (2002) documented several indigenous practices on

respiratory disorders, digestive disorders, skin disorders, foot and mouth disease, fever,

urinary problem, swelling in neck, evacuation of dead calf, limping, blisters in mouth and

tick infestation.

Webb and David (2002) experimented the use of neem seed extract for controlling

common cattle ticks of the Ixodidae species and found that neem seed extract is effective in

controlling ectoparasites in livestock.

De (2003) documented 175 indigenous technical practices for various ailments of

animal husbandry. He also subjected 17 ITK‟s to validation test through quantification of

indigenous knowledge (QuIK) method and found ITK‟s to be effective against modern

veterinary drugs (MVD‟s) for the respective ailments in terms of cost, availability, side

effects.

Tiwari and Tiwari (2003) reported that a number of indigenous medicines used by

livestock owners of Tarai region, Bareilly for various ailments of livestock viz. bloat,

endoparasitic infestation, foot and mouth disease, mastitis, boils and abscess, tick

infestation, lice infestation, haemorrhagic septicaemia, snake bite, fever, abortion, anoestrus,

retention of placenta, low milk productivity, inflammation and pain in joints, constipation,

wounds and injuries etc.

17

Bisht et al. (2004) reported a number of ethno veterinary practices used by livestock

owners of Kapkot block of Bageshwar district of Uttranchal. She reported that livestock

owners use to ethno veterinary medicines for a number of disorders i.e. abscess, bone

fracture, skin disease, dysentery, eczema, weakness, galaghotu, gastric, high body

temperature, poor lactation, sterility, snake bite, tice / lice infestation, wounds etc.

De et al. (2004) reported about indigenous technical knowledge in animal husbandry.

He enlisted numerous ITK's for various ailments viz. , bloat, diarrhoea, wounds etc. of

livestock. He also performed validation trials of ITK's and found them to be effective against

modern veterinary drugs (MVD's).

Manjhi (2008) revealed that the people of Vallabh Rao Palem (VR Palem) use

indigenous knowledge, including treatment of some of the human disease. So far as,

technical knowledge in agricultural practice in the village is concerned, the insect and pest

control in some of the commercially important plant like coconut tree is found to be

important one. Besides, it has been also found that there exists some of the important

traditional knowledge for healing the fractured bones and ligaments as well as remedies for

various stomach related problems.

Ponnusamy et al. (2009) observed that indigenous technical knowledge evolved from

the experiences of farmers found to posses practical utility in solving some of the farmer‟s

problems under their own conditions. The coastal agro-ecosystem offers a lot of scope in

indigenous technical knowledge. The ITKs documented on dairy enterprise could help the

scientific community and farmers to use them to the best advantage of themselves.

Das et al. (2009) conducted a study to explore, understand and document the

livestock and livelihood related social realities and their interlinkage in rural societies of

Sunderbans. The villagers of the study villages invariably restorted to ethno-veterinary

practices to get rid of the common ailments of their animals in the first place by themselves

followed by the fellow

18

Villagers having better knowledge in those practices. However, few well organized

occupational ethno-veterinarians were found across the villages. Ethno-veterinary practices

were followed in paschimil tuntiphola in cattle, in foot and mouth diseases or other types of

sore, in delayed expulsion of placenta, abortion and dystokia, in pox in duck and chicken, in

loose stool, in sprain/strain, in cataract, etc.

Singh et al. (2010) revealed that there is a significant difference in the perceived

effectiveness of ITK and PST among livestock owners at 1% level of significance in all the

seven aspects viz. , cost, accessibility, sustainability, adaptability, rationality and complexity

in relation to haemorrhagic septicaemia disease in animals.

Gajendran and Karthickeyan (2011) reported information regarding indigenous

technical knowledge in duck farming conducted in Uthiramerur taluk of Kancheepuram

district and Tindivanam taluk of Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu. Some of the common

ailments among ducklings were coryza and the respiratory distress due to exposure to chill

weather during heavy mist, besides duck plaque which causes high morbidity and

mortality. During summer season, swelling of joints, gasping for breath, etc. were noticed.

To treat this diseases, the farmers used a decoction made of Poduthalai leaves (Lippia

nodiflora), roots of paragrass, Omum and Vasambu (Sweet flag; Acorus calamus L).

19

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The present investigation was conducted to study on indigenous technical

knowledge (ITK) in animal husbandry among livestock owners of Jharkhand. To conduct

this study scientifically a suitable research design was evolved in order to arrive at authentic

conclusions. The procedure and methods used in present study have been discussed under

the following subheadings.

3.1 Location of the study.

3.2 Sampling plan.

3.3 Collection and documentation of indigenous technical knowledge from traditional

healers.

3.4 Validation of some selected ITKs.

3.5 Variables and their measurements.

3.6 Data collection.

3.7 Statistical methods used.

3.1 LOCATION OF THE STUDY

The study was conducted in all five divisions of Jharkhand state. Jharkhand state has

no definite shape. It presents an amorphous shape with a broad northern portion and a

narrow south portion. Its north-south length is nearly 30 Kms and an east-west length is 457

Kms. It extends from 210 59‟N. Lat. to 250 8‟N. Lat. and 830 20‟E. Long. to 87057‟ E. Long. It is

a land locked state being surrounded by five states namely Bihar in north, Uttar Pradesh and

Chhattisgarh in the west, Orissa in the south and West Bengal in the east. In this state, Tribes

constitute about 26.3% of the total population which are still far from modern technology

and where the traditional practices are very popular among tribals and non-tribals. There

20

are still reservoirs of indigenous technical knowledge including beliefs and superstitions in

this state.

For any social researchers involving farmers as the unit of study, direct

communication between the researcher and the respondents is a must to achieve good

rapport and to ensure free and frank expression of responses. Keeping this in view, the

researcher‟s own state namely, Jharkhand was selected for the study of collection,

documentation and validation of ITKs.

3.2 SAMPLING PLAN

The study was carried out in all five divisions viz. , South Chhotanagpur, North

Chhotanagpur, Santhal Pargana, Palamu and Kolhan of Jharkhand State. One district from

each division was selected randomly. From each district 50 livestock owners which are

known to use of ITK's and 10 traditional healers which are considered to be knowledgeable

in ITK's in animal husbandry in surrounding areas were selected randomly. Therefore, all

together 250 livestock owners and 50 traditional healers (300 respondents) were selected for

the study.

21

3.3 COLLECTION AND DOCUMENTATION OF INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL

KNOWLEDGE FROM TRADITIONAL HEALERS.

A detailed discussion with the traditional healers was conducted on various ITKs

practised in animal husbandry in the respective areas. The information about ITKs was also

taken from secondary sources as well as through observations. The information was also

collected from veterinary officers, livestock owners and non-government organizations. The

collected ITKs were documented thoroughly with the help of experts. After that, all the

selected ITKs were once again exposed among traditional healers as well as livestock owners

in order to identify the most commonly used ITKs for various animal husbandry practices.

Those animal husbandry ailments were selected which were most commonly used in their

animals by the livestock owners. The selected ITKs encountered for ten different commonly

occurring animal husbandry practices were diarrhoea, fever, fracture, constipation,

pneumonia, bloat, gastrointestinal parasites, foot and mouth disease, wound and

ectoparasitic infestation.

In order to confirm the plants or other ingredients used to heal the ailments in

animals, they were requested to show and observations were made to know the actual

procedure of application in most of the cases. The name of plants and substances used in

various ITKs which were reported by traditional healers in local dialect had been later on

discussed with subject matter specialist and their enlisting had been done from local dialect

into English manuscript as well as in scientific names in most of the cases.

3.4 VALIDATION OF SOME SELECTED ITKs

Validation of some selected ITKs has been done through QuIK (Quantification of

indigenous knowledge) method by some identified persons who were experienced in

particular ITKs. Quik method is developed by Anne K De Villiers (1996). The basic premises

of this method is that farmers know and understand the environment in which they farm

22

and that answers to many questions can be found in the collective experience of the farming

community. Farmers are doing informal experiments years after years. They have

knowledge on different aspects of ITKs as they are using it over years. Validation which was

done by the farmers is reliable because they have given marks on the basis of observation

and informal experiment. ”If a decoction of Tulsi leaves in my tea has soothed my throat in

the past, is soothing my throat today, it is OK with me. If a phytochemist will tell me thatthe

leaves have anti inflammatory molecule. I will be happy; if he will say it has none, I could

not care less. And for me an experiment on my own self is enough validation or evaluation”

(Jain, 1998).

Farmers who were experienced in the particular ITKs taken for validation were

chosen. In QuIK, PRA tool based on matrix ranking was combined with a interview

schedule to elicit numerical data from experienced farmers. The matrix was designed

through preliminary discussions with farmers and was then obtained as part of asystematic

process to obtained quantitative data. The experienced respondents were asked to weigh the

ITKs incomparison to modern veterinary drug for its performance on different criteria and

effectiveness (How many animals are cured?), cost effectiveness, quickness in healing, ease

in preparation, side effects and availability. The respondents were asked to put required

numbers of stone pieces out of 10 in each block of matrix. Unlike others, in case of side

effects, the greater value of stones indicates less side effects. The same matrix was used to

interview a number of farmers and the data from each farmer was treated as an independent

result. Then the data was put to be tested in the statistical analysis (a standard analysis of

variance, ANOVA).

23

3.5 VARIABLES AND THEIR MEASUREMENTS

The relevant variables for the present study were selected after having a scanning of

the available literatures as well as after consultation with scientists.

3.5.1 Independent variables

3.5.1.1 Personal and socio- economic characteristics

3.5.1.1.1 Age

This refers to the chronological age (in years) of the respondents rounded to the

nearest whole number at the time of interview. It was ascertained by direct questioning.

Each year was given one score

Respondents were categorised into following three categories.

Young: (Up to 30 years)

Middle: (31 to 50 years)

Old: (51 and above)

3.5.1.1.2 Caste

A caste is a social category whose members are assigned a permanent status with a

given social hierarchy and whose contacts are restricted accordingly (Lundbarg et al, 1968). It

was ascertained by direct question.

Respondents were categorised into 4 groups:

i. SC

ii. ST

iii. OBC

iv. General

24

3.5.1.1.3. Education

It refers to the functional literacy and/or academic qualification of the respondent

which was ascertained by direct questioning. The respondents were categorized into seven

groups. The respondents were assigned to their educated level as:

Table 3.1: Educational level of the respondents

Sl. No. Education level Score

a. Illiterate 1

b. Can read only 2

c. Can read and write only 3

d. Primary 4

e. Middle 5

f. Intermediate 6

g. Graduate 7

3.5.1.1.4 Size of family

Size of family means total number of adult and young members in the family. This

was quantified by socio-economic scales of Trivedi (1963).

It was measured by giving unit score to each of the family members and was further

classified as:

Small: (Up to 5 members)

Medium: (6 and 9 members)

Large: (above 9 members)

3.5.1.1.5 Land holding

It refers to the actual area of land in acre, being cultivated by the respondents. It was

measured by direct questioning.

25

Land holding for this study was categorized as follows:

Table 3.2: Land of the respondents in acres

Category Land in acres Score

Landless 0 1

Marginal 0.1 to 2.5 2

Small 2.6 to 5.0 3

Medium 5.1 to 10.0 4

Large 10.1 and above 5

3.5.1.1.6 Herd size

It refers to the number of total animal viz. Cattles, buffaloes, goats, sheep and other

farm animals of a respondent at the time of enquiry. It was measured by giving unit score to

each.

The respondents were categorized in 3 groups as:

Small: (Less than 10)

Medium: (10 to 20)

Large: (20 and above)

3.5.1.1.7 Annual income

It indicates the total annual income of the respondent from all the sources put

together.

The respondents were categorized in 3 groups as:

Low: (Less than Rs. 21,000)

Medium: (Rs. 21,000 to Rs. 40,000)

High: (Above Rs. 40,000)

26

3.5.2 Communication Characteristic

3.5.2.1 Extension agency contact

It refers to the extent of contact made by the respondents with the change agents

such as District Animal Husbandry Officer (DAHO), Sub-divisional Animal Husbandry

Officer (SDAHO), Block Animal Husbandry Officer (BAHO), Tourist Veterinary Officer

(TVO), SMS from KVK, Scientists/Professors from University etc. The respondents were

scored on a three point continuum scale namely often, occasionally and never. The scoring

system was 3, 2, and 1 respectively for three points on the scale.

Respondents were categorised into three groups:

Low: (up to 3 scores)

Medium: (4-8 scores)

High: (9and above scores)

3.5.2.2 Mass media exposure

It refers to the degree of utilization of the mass media viz. radio, television,

newspaper, magazine etc. The respondents were scored on a three point continuum scale

namely often, occasionally and never. The scoring system was 3, 2, and 1 respectively for

three points on the scale.




High: (9 and above scores)

3.5.2.3 Informal information sources used

It refers to the degreeof utilization of informal information sources viz. family

members, neighbour, friends etc. The degree of contact among respondents was measured

27

on a 5-point continuum i. e.5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 which were assigned for everyday, most often,

often, sometimes and never respectively.




High: (9 and above scores)

3.6 DATA COLLECTION

The data was collected from the randomly selected respondents with the help of

interview schedule keeping in view the objective of the study. The data was also collected by

means of observation method, informal discussion and PRA technique.

The data was collected from randomly selected respondents in order to study their

profile, documentation of ITKs, extent of awareness and adoption of ITK as well as to

identify the source and channels of diffusion of knowledge among traditional healers and

livestock owners. At last, data were collected from the traditional healers and livestock

owners for validation of some selected ITKs by QuIK method.

3.7 STATISTICAL METHOD USED

In order to get logical interpretation, the data were tabulated and subjected to simple

statistical tools such as frequency, mean, standard deviation, standard errors, percentage

and ANOVA.

For statistical analysis of validation studies, data collected from the respondents on

several criteria were subjected to one way analysis of variance (Snedecor and Cochran,

1994).

Analysis was carried out separately for each group of data under each criterion

under a particular disease studied. To test the difference of means among alternatives,

28

Duncan‟s Multiple Range Test as modified by Kramer (1957) was followed. The linear model

chosen for ANOVA was,

Yij=µ+ti+eij

Where, yij=observation of jth respondent to ith alternative

µ=Overall mean

ti = Effect of ithalternative

eij=Residual, distributed with mean “0” and variance “I”

29

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this section, the results of the study have been presented and discussed keeping in

view the objectives, under the following subheads:-

4.1 Profile of the traditional healers.

4.2 Profile of the livestock owners.

4.3 Documentation of Indigenous practices.

4.4 Extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK).

4.5 Sources and channels of diffusion of knowledge among traditional healers and

livestock owners.

4.6 Validation of selected indigenous technical knowledge (ITK).

4.1 PROFILE OF THE TRADITIONAL HEALERS

4.1.1 Personal and socio-economic characteristics

4.1.1.1 Age

The finding of this study Table 4.1a reveals that majority of the respondents (70%)

were falling under old age (>50years) followed by 26% and 4% middle age (30-50 years) and

young age (<30years) respectively.

4.1.1.2 Education

Study indicated that majority of the respondents (26%) could read and write only,

followed by illiterate (20%), primary (18%), middle (14%), intermediate (12%), could read

only (6%) and graduate (4%). These finding clearly indicate the low educational profile of

the respondents in the study area.

30

Profile of the Traditional healers

Table 4.1a: Personal and socio-economic characteristics

Sl. No. Variables Categories Frequency Percentage

1 Age

Young (<30 years)

Middle (30-50 years)

Old (>50 years)

2

13

35

4.0

26.0

70.0

2 Education

Illiterate

Can read only

Can read and write

Primary

Middle

Intermediate

Graduate

10

3

13

9

7

6

2

20.0

6.0

26.0

18.0

14.0

12.0

4.0

3 Category

SC

ST

OBC

General

5

21

11

13

10.0

42.0

22.0

26.0

4 Size of family

Small (<6 members)

Medium (6-9 members)

Large (>9 members)

16

23

11

32.0

46.0

22.0

5 Land holding

Landless (No land)

Marginal (0.1 to 2.5 acres)

Small (2.6 to 5.0 acres)

Medium (5.1 to 10.0 acres)

Large (above 10.0 acres)

3

23

12

8

4

6.0

48.0

24.0

16.0

8.0

6 Herd size

Small (<10)

Medium (10 to 20)

Large (>20)

7

23

20

14.0

46.0

40.0

7 Annual income

Low (<Rs. 21,000)

Medium (Rs. 21,000 to Rs. 40,000)

High (>Rs. 40,000)

19

28

3

38.0

56.0

6.0

31

4.1.1.3 Category

Table 4.1a indicated that most of the respondents (42%) were from ST category, 26%

were from general category, 22% were from OBC category and 10% were from SC category.

4.1.1.4 Size of family

Table 4.1a revealed that majority of the respondents (46%) were having medium size

of family, 32% had small size of family and 22% had large size of family.

4.1.1.5 Land holding

In this study, most of the respondents (48%) were marginal farmers. 22% were small

farmers, 16% were medium farmers, 8% were large farmers and 6% were landless farmers

(Table 4.1a)

4.1.1.6 Herd size

The results in Table 4.1a revealed that majority of the traditional healers (44%) had

medium herd size, 40% of the traditional healers had large herd size and 16% had small herd

size.

4.1.1.7 Annual income

Study indicated that most of the respondents (56%) were from medium level annual

income followed by low level of annual income (38%) and high level of annual income (6%).

32

Table 4.1b: Communicational characteristics


1 Extension agent contact

Low (up to 3 scores)

Medium (4-8 scores)

High (9 and above scores)

18

27

5

36.0

54.0

10.0

2 Mass media exposure


Medium (4-8 scores)


19

24

7

38.0

48.0

14.0

3 Informal information sources

used


Medium (4-8 scores)


4

12

34

8.0

24.0

68.0

4.1.2 Communication characteristics


The distribution of the respondents according to their extension agency contact in

Table 4.1b revealed that 54% of the respondents had medium extension agency contact

followed by low (36%) and high (10%).


In this study, most of the traditional healers (48%) had medium level of mass media

exposure followed by low level of mass media exposure (38%) and high level of mass media

exposure (14%) respectively.


The distribution of the respondents according to their informal information sources

used in Table 4.1b revealed that 68% of the respondents had used high informal sources

followed by medium (24%) and low (8%) category

33

4.2 PROFILE OF THE LIVESTOCK OWNERS

4.2.1 Personal and socio-economic characteristics

4.2.1.1 Age

The finding of this study Table 4.2a reveals that majority of the respondents (70%)

were falling under middle age (30-50years) followed by 26% and 4% old age (>50 years) and

young age (<30years) respectively.

4.2.1.2 Education

Study indicated that majority of the respondents (28%) were middle pass, followed

by primary (22%), could read and write only (13.6%), intermediate (12%), illiterate (10%),

graduate (8%) and could read only (6%). These finding clearly indicated the low educational

profile of the respondents in the study area.

4.2.1.3 Category

Table 4.2a indicated that most of the respondents (34%) were from ST category,

30.8% were from OBC category, 23.2% were from general category and 12% were from SC

category.

4.2.1.4 Size of family

Table 4.2a revealed that majority of the respondents (48%) belonged to medium size

of family, 30.4% had large size of family and 21.6% had small size of family.

4.2.1.5 Land holding

In this study, most of the respondents (54%) were marginal farmers. 22.8% were from

small farmers, 13.2% were from medium farmers, 6.4% were large farmers and 3.6% were

landless farmers category (Table 4.2a).

34

4.2.1.6 Herd size

The results in Table 4.2a revealed that 46.4% of the livestock owners had medium

herd size, 28% of the livestock owners had small herd size and 25.6% had large herd size.

4.2.1.7 Annual income

Study indicated that most of the respondents (62.8%) were from medium level

annual income followed by low level of annual income (20%) and high level of annual

income (17.2%).

35

Profile of the livestock owners

Table 4.2a: Personal and socio-economic characteristics


1 Age

Young (<30 years)

Middle (30-50 years)

Old (>50 years)

60

110

80

24.0

44.0

32.0

2 Education

Illiterate

Can read only

Can read and write

Primary

Middle

Intermediate

Graduate

25

15

34

56

70

30

20

10.0

6.0

13.6

22.4

28.0

12.0

8.0

3 Category

SC

ST

OBC

General

30

85

77

58

12.0

34.0

30.8

23.2

4 Size of family

Small (<6 members)

Medium (6-9 members)

Large (>9 members)

54

120

76

21.6

48.0

30.4

5 Land holding

Landless (No land)

Marginal (0.1 to 2.5 acres)

Small (2.6 to 5.0 acres)

Medium (5.1 to 10.0 acres)

Large (above 10.0 acres)

9

135

57

33

16

3.6

54.0

22.8

13.2

6.4

6 Herd size

Small (<10)

Medium (10 to 20)

Large (>20)

70

116

64

28.0

46.4

25.6

7 Annual income

Low (<Rs. 21,000)

Medium (Rs. 21,000 to Rs. 40,000)

High (>Rs. 40,000)

50

157

43

20.0

62.8

17.2

36

Table 4.2b: Communicational characteristics


1 Extension agent contact


Medium (4-8 scores)


61

153

36

24.4

61.2

14.4

2 Mass media exposure


Medium (4-8 scores)


94

125

31

37.6

50.0

12.4

3 Informal information

sources used


Medium (4-8 scores)


40

73

137

16.0

29.2

54.8

4.2.2 Communication characteristics


The distribution of the respondents according to their extension agency contact in

Table 4.2b revealed that 61.2% of the respondents had medium extension agency contact

followed by low (24.4%) and high (14.4%)


In this study, most of the livestock owners (50%) had medium level of mass media

exposure followed by low level of mass media exposure (37.6%) and high level of mass

media exposure (12.4%) respectively.


The distribution of the respondents according to their informal information sources

used in Table 4.2b revealed that 54.8% of the respondents had used high informal

information sources followed by medium (29.2%) and low (16%) category.

37

4.3 DOCUMENTATION OF INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE (ITK)

This section presents a number of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) collected by

interviewing the traditional healers in five district of Jharkhand. These indigenous practices

were screened and documented under various subheads as per various animal husbandry

practices.

4.3.1 Documentation of Indigenous technical knowledge in various animal husbandry

practices in Ranchi district of South Chhotanagpur division of Jharkhand.

1. Diarrhoea

a) Decoction of barks of Kendu (Diospyroscordifolia) and Bankulthi (Atylosia

scarbaeoides).

b) Fresh fruit of Amla (Emblica officinalis) in empty stomach.

c) Unripe mango, barks of Pojo (Bombax ceiba) and jamun (Syzygium cumini).

d) Ajawain, Methi, Sauf, Sonth and rock salt with molasses.

e) Juice of Kurchi (Holarrhena antidysenterica) leaves.

f) Juice of Bachera (Termenala bellirica) leaves.

2. Fever

a) Stems and leaves of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata).

b) Preparation of mixture of Akandi, Ajawain and Golmirch (Piper nigrum).

c) Smoke of Begna leaves is applied all over the body of animal suffering from

fever.

3. Fractures

a) Stem of Harkankan (Lea maerophyla), bark of kusum and rhizome of Haldi.

b) Powdered root or paste of the stem of the Harjora (Vitis rependa) and Dub

grass.

38

4. Constipation

a) Leaves of Kadam (Anthocephalus indicus) along with molasses.

b) Leaves of Kadam and bark of Mango tree .

c) Oils from seeds of Tolka bhindi (Jatropha curcas) with Arandi (castor) oil.

5. Pneumonia

a) Application of mustard oil with Lasun (Allium sativum).

b) Leaves of Bagnai (Capparis horrida).

c) Onion and Black pepper (Piper nigrum) in mustard oil.

6. Bloat

a) Ajawain, Hing and Black salt.

b) Onion, Ginger and Hing.

c) Tisi oil and Turpentine oil.

7. Gastrointestinal parasites

a) Leaves and bark of Farhar (Erythrima indica) with molasses.

b) Fruit of Baibidan (Embellia robusta) with molasses.

c) Seed of Palas (Butea monosperma).

d) Rice almost burnt to ash.

8. FMD

Foot lesion

a) Making the animal walk in canal/river water or mud .

b) Washing the hooves with lime water and Karanj oil (Pomgamia pinnata).

c) Washing with phenyl.

9. Mouth lesion

a) Leaves of Arhar (Cajanus indicus) and Fitkiri .

b) Rhizome of Mand and brinjal after cooking in Ghee.

39

10. Wound

a) Haldi (Curcuma domestica) heated in Ghee.

b) Ban Pyaj (Urginia indica), Ban Kareila (Momordica dioca) and slice of Sagwan

(Tectona grandis).

c) Karanj oil with Pothya fish (Puntius spp.).

11. Ectoparasitic infestation

a) Leaves of Karanj (Pogmia pinnata) or Karanj oil.

b) Burning of Neem leaves near the animal.

c) Gamexine with cow dung ash.

d) Dung ash with leaves of Saripha (Annona squamosa).


practices in Dhanbad district of North Chhotanagpur division of Jharkhand.

1. Diarrhoea

a) Bark and fruits of Bahera tree (Termenala bellirica) pulverised and mixed with

boiled water.

b) Juice of Kela (Musa paradisiacal) leaves and Bans leaves (Bambusa arundinacea)

are mixed with sugar.

c) Rakta Kambal (Nymphea rubra) leaves are mixed with soda.

d) Juice of Anarash (Ananus comosus) leaves is mixed with water.

e) Juice of Kurchi (Holarrhena antidysenterica) leaves.

f) Bark and fruits of Bakul (Mimusops elongi).

2. Fever

a) Mixture prepared from Ada (Zinger officnate), Golmirch (Piper nigrum) and roots

of Kokshima (Verbaseum coromanddianum).

40

b) Powdered of leaves of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) and neem seeds

(Azadirachta indica).

c) Powdered of roots of Ayapana (Expatorium triplinerve) and Black jera. (Cuminum

cyminum).

3. Fracture

a) A paste made from Harjora (cissampelos quadrangularies) plant, bark of arjun tree

(Terminalia arjuna) and Garlic (Allium sativum) and applied with external fixation.

b) A paste made from bark of Pojo (Litsea monopelata).

4. Constipation

a) Juice extracted from Kalmegh is mixed with Jaggery.

b) A mixture of Amla, Hartaki and Bahera.

c) Flowers of Burunga (Bauhinia variegate) and leaves of Kadam.

5. Pneumonia

a) Mixture of tulsi leaves (Ocimum sanctum) and Basak leaves (Adhatoda vasica) and

boiled with water. Extracted juice is mixed with honey.

b) Juice extracted from kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata).

c) Leaves of Kadam (Anthocephalus indicus) along with molasses.

6. Bloat

a) A paste of Garlic, Ginger and Jaggery .

b) Juice extracted from Kadam (Anthocephalus indicus).

c) A mixture is prepared from burnt Tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum), burnt maize (Zea

mays) and cockroach faeces and applied on the belly.


a) Seed of Palas (Butea monosperma).

b) Seeds of kurchi (Holarrhena antidysenterica).

c) Extracted juice of Kalmegh.

41

8. FMD

Foot lesion

a) Washed the hooves of animals with lime water or Karanj oil .

b) The affected part is cleaned with boiled neem leaves water. Then neem oil is

applied.


Mouth lesion

a) Leaves of Tamarind and Jaggery.

b) Extract of bark of Babul (Acacia arabica) boiled in water.

9. Wound

a) Application of Haldi and Deshi Ghee.

b) Application of poultice of Onion with mustard oil.

c) Stems and leaves of Anantmul (Hemidesmus indicus).


a) Decoction of leaves of Karaj (Pogmia pinnata), oil of Karanj/Neem .

b) Dung with leaves of Saripha (Annana squamosa).

c) Sap of Khejur (Phoenix dactylifera).


practices in Latehar district of Palamu division of Jharkhand

1. Diarrhoea

a) Mixture of Hartaki, Bahera, Amla, , Tamarind, Hing, Laung, and Ajawain.

b) Powdered of Bel and Arjun mixed with juice of Banana stem.

c) Datura fruits (Datura stramonium) burned in fire and ash is fed to animal with

normal diet.

d) Fermented sugarcane juice is fed to the animal.

42

e) Sap of Banana plant and Terpentine oil is mixed.

f) Lemon leaves are crushed and mixed with water and little amount of salt.

2. Fever

a) Powdered mixture of leaves or stem of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) and

Neem seeds.

b) Powdered mixture of Ban tulsi and Neem leaves.

c) Zeera and Garlic are boiled in water.

d) Roots of Banlung (Ludwigia octovalvis) is boiled.

3. Fracture

a) Paste of Harjora stem and Til oil is applied on the affected portion and external

support is provided by Bamboo stick.

b) Paste of Mehdi leaves, Turmeric, Harjora leaves and Cactus stems is applied and

support is provided by Bamboo stick.

4. Constipation

a) Mixture of Aonla, Hartaki and Bahera

b) Kalazeera paste mixed with Desi ghee.

c) Preparation of mixture of Hartaki, Ajwain, Hing, wheat bran and Jaggery.

5. Pneumonia

a) Paste prepared from leaves of Tulsi, Turmeric and Ajwain.

b) Paste prepared from leaves of Black pepper, Jaiphal, Ajwain, Ginger, Methi and

Ghee.

c) Leaves of Tulsi.

6. Bloat

a) Dry Ginger/ Sonth and Black Pepper mixed in luke warm wate. r

b) Mixture of oak flower, wheat flour, Ginger, Kalmi soda and Tobacco.

43

c) A mixture is prepared from burnt Tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum), burnt maize (Zea

mays) and cockroach faeces and applied on the belly.


a) Mixture prepared from dry Ginger, leaves of Neem, Papaya seeds, Palas seeds,

Methi and Black Pepper.

b) Paste prepared from Papaya seed, Palas seeds, Neem Seed and Musturd seed.

8. FMD

Foot lesion

a) Use of Tincture of iodine and Neem oil.

b) Animal allowsto stand in Hot sand followed by Sprinkling of Neem seed

powdered and Neem oil.


Mouth lesion

a) Tulsi leaves (Ocimum sanctum) is grounded and applied on the affected portion.

b) Paste of Bantulsi and Turmeric.

9. Wound

a) Application of Haldi and Coconut oil.

b) Paste made from root and bark of Jamun (Syzgium jambolanum) is applied.

c) Extract of Genda (Targetes erecta) leaves is applied.


a) Paste prepared from turmeric, Neem seeds and Musturd oil is applied.

b) Paste of Ginger and onion is applied.

44


practices in West Singhbhum district of Kolhan division of Jharkhand

1. Diarrhoea

a) Bark and fruits of Bahera tree are pulverised and mixed with water.

b) Juice of Banana, juice of Bans ( Bambusa arundinacea) mixed with sugar.

c) Pulp of ripened Emali (Tamarindus indicus).

d) Raktakambal leaves ( Nymphaea nouchali) are mixed with soda.

e) Unripe Mango, Bark of Amda (Spondias magnifera), Pojo and Jamun.

2. Fever

a) Mixture of root of Palati (Stephani japonica), Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi), Black

pepper (Piper nigrum) are pulverised then mixed with salt and sugar.

b) Stem and leaves of Kalmegh are boiled in water.

c) Roots of Apang (Achyramthes aspera) is grounded and mixed with water.

d) Sometime tribes uses Malmakhamati (Chetamati, one type of soil).

3. Fracture

a) Paste prepared from Harjora plant (Cissampelos quadrangularicus) is applied and

external support is provided.

b) Paste prepared from bark of Munga tree (Moringa oleifera), lime and Haldi.

(Turmeric, Curcuma domestica) and it is heated and applied with external fixation.

4. Constipation

a) Leaves of Kadam (Anthocephalus indicus) along with Molasses.

b) Mixture of Amla, Hartaki and Bahera .

c) Leaves of Kadam and Bark of Mango.

5. Pneumonia

a) Paste prepared from leaves of Tulsi, Turmeric and Ajwain.

b) Paste prepared from leaves of Black pepper, Jaiphal, Ajwain, , Methi and Ghee.

45

c) Leaves of Tulsi.

6. Bloat

a) Dry Ginger/ Sonth and Black pepper mixed in luke warm water.

b) Mixture of Somraj (Centrathierum anthelminticum) and Indrajan (Wrightia tinctoria).

c) A mixture is prepared from Pat Alu (one type of potato), Turmeric, Bel, Gad (one

type of creeper), Ghee and Lahsun.


a) Bark and leaves of Dalim (Punita granatum) are boiled with water.

b) Seed of Palas.

c) Blood of Duck.

d) Bark of Ashoka tree (Saraca asoca).

8. FMD

Foot lesion

a) Application of Gurakhu,

b) Animal allow to stand in Hot sand followed by sprinkling of Neem seed powder

and Karanj oil.


Mouth lesion

a) Sonth, Black pepper is mixed with ghee and fed to the animal.

b) Extract of bark of Babool.

9. Wound

a) Roots and Bark of Palati (Stephania japonica) and Datura is powdered and mixed

with Karanj oil and heated.

b) Paste of Haldi is applied.

c) Decoction of root bark of Siakul (Ziziphus oenoplia).

46


a) Paste of Karanj leaves or Bark or Karanj oi. l

b) Neem water or Neem oil is applied.

c) Tobacco shoot with Kerosine oil.


practices in Jamtara district of Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand

1. Diarrhoea

a) Powdered of Hartaki, Bahera and Aonla mixed with fermented rice water.

b) Paste prepared from Banana flower and turmeric.

c) Roots, Fruits and Seeds of Elaichi.

d) Unripe Mango, Pojo and Jamun.

2. Fever

a) Decoction of Kalmegh.

b) Powder of root of Jharmanik (Rauvolfia serpentine) and Black pepper.

c) Roots of Akandi (Stephania japonica) and Black pepper.

3. Fracture

a) A luke warm paste of Harjora plant is applied with external fixation.

b) A paste is made from Bark of Sankerjata (Uraria picpa).

4. Constipation

a) Mixture prepared from Hartaki, Ajwain, wheat bran, Hing and Jaggery.

b) Isabgol (Plantago ovate) husk mixed with luke warm water.

c) Desi ghee is given oraly.

5. Pneumonia

a) Extract made from Tejpata (Sinnamomum tamala) and Ginger.

b) A paste made from Ghee , Black pepper, Ginger and Garlic (Allium sativum).

c) Juice of Begna leave, Ginger and Black pepper.

47

6. Bloat

a) A mixture of Ginger and salt.

b) Mixture made from Bitla ban (Natrum murbit), Groundnut, Molasses and Black

pepper.

c) Decoction of Stem bark of Kadam (Anthocephalus indicus).


a) Seed of palas (Butea monodsperma).

b) Paste prepared from papaya (Carica papaya) and Neem seed.

c) Extract of Neem leaves.

8. FMD

Foot lesion

a) Animal is allowed to stand in muddy areas of paddy field/ river banks

b) Neem leaves are boiled. The extract applied on the affected part. Then Neem oil

is applied

Mouth lesion

a) Extract of stems and leaves of Pataldudhi (Hemidesmus indicus) is mixed with

honey and fed to the animal

b) Geru is applied on the affected lesion

9. Wound

a) Roots of Kuchila (Strychnos nuxvomica), roots of Surajmukhi (Helianthus annuus) is

mixed with Palas Petals and Mustard oil and applied topicaly over the wound.

b) Application of Haldi (Curcuma domistica).

c) Milky juice of Kukur-Botur (Vallaris heynei) is applied on wounds.

48


a) Leaves of Neem or Neem oil.

b) Tobacco shoot with Kerosine oil.

4.4 EXTENT OF AWARENESS AND ADOPTION OF INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL

KNOWLEDGE (ITK)

This section presents the extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous technical

knowledge (ITK) for various animal husbandry practices among randomly selected livestock

owners of five districts of Jharkhand. The extent of awareness and adoption was studied for

documented ITKs by the livestock owners in their animals for ten commonly found animal

diseases.

Table-4.3: Extent of awareness and adoption of Indigenous practices among livestock

owners in Ranchi district of South Chhotanagpur division of Jharkhand

Sl

No. Indigenous practice

Awareness

level

Adoption

level

f % f %

1 Diarrhoea

(a) Decoction of barks of Kendu (Diospyros cordifolia) and

Bankulthi (Atylosia scarbaeoides) 26 52 25 50

(b) Fresh fruit of Aonla (Emblica officinalis) in empty

stomach 22 44 20 40

(c) Unripe mango, barks of Pojo (Bombax ceiba) and jamun

(Syzygium cumini) 17 34 15 30

(d) Ajawain, Methi, Sauf, Sonth and rock salt with molasses 14 28 11 22

(e) Juice of Kurchi (Holarrhena antidysenterica) leaves 10 20 07 14

(f) Juice of Bachera (Termenala bellirica) leaves 08 16 05 10

2 Fever

(a) Stems and leaves of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) 27 54 24 48

49

(b) Preparation of mixture of Akandi, Ajawain and

Golmirch (Piper nigrum) 23 46 22 44

(c) Smoke of Begna leaves is applied all over the body of

animal suffering from fever 19 38 15 30

3 Fracture

(a) Stem of Harkankan (Lea maerophyla), bark of kusum and

rhizome of Haldi 39 78 35 70

(b) Powdered root or paste of the stem of the Harjora (Vitis

rependa)and Dub grass 36 72 34 68

4 Constipation

(a) Leaves of Kadam (Anthocephalus indicus) along with

molasses 25 50 23 46

(b) Leaves of Kadam and bark of Mango tree 21 42 18 36

(c) Oils from seeds of Tolka bhindi (Jatropha curcas) with

Arandi (castor) oil 11 22 18

5 Pneumonia

(a) Application of mustard oil with Lasun (Allium sativum) 26 52 24 48

(b) Leaves of Bagnai (Capparis horrida) 20 40 16 32

(c) Onion and Black pepper (Piper nigrum) in mustard oil 19 38 14 28

6 Bloat

(a) Ajawain, Hing and Black salt 21 42 17 34

(b) Onion, Ginger and Hing 18 36 15 30

(c) Tisi oil and Turpentine oil 14 28 10 20

7 Gastrointestinal parasites

(a) Leaves and bark of Farhar (Erythrima indica) with

molasses 16 32 14 28

(b) Fruit of Baibidan (Embellia robusta) with molasses 15 30 11 22

(c) Seed of Palas (Butea monosperma) 23 46 20 40

(d) Rice almost burnt to ash 12 24 09 18

8 FMD

Foot lesion

(a) Making the animal walk in canal/river water or mud 26 52 25 50

50

(b) Washing the hooves with lime water and Karanj oil

(Pomgamia pinnata) 36 72 34 68

(c) Washing with phenyl 29 58 26 52

Mouth lesion

(a) Leaves of Arhar (Cajanus indicus) and Fitkiri 23 46 21 42

(b) Rhizome of Mand and brinjal after cooking in Ghee 21 42 19 38

9 Wound

(a) Haldi (Curcuma domestica) heated in Ghee 27 54 26 52

(b) Ban Pyaj (Urginia indica), Ban Karla (Momordica dioca)

and slice of Sagwan (Tectona grandis) 19 38 18 36

(c) Karanj oil with Pothya fish (Puntius spp.) 15 30 12 24

10 Ectoparasitic infestation

(a) Leaves of Karanj (Pogmia pinnata) or Karanj oil 37 74 34 68

(b) Burning of Neem leaves near the animal 32 64 30 60

(c) Gamexine with cow dung ash 20 40 17 34

(d) Dung ash with leaves of Saripha (Annona squamosa) 18 36 15 30

4.4.1 Extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous practices among livestock owners

in Ranchi district of South Chhotanagpur division of Jharkhand.

4.4.1.1 Diarrhoea

Table 4.3 indicated that most of the livestock owners (52%) were aware of the

ingredients (decoction of bark of Kendu and Bankulthi) followed by 44% (fresh fruit of

Aonla), 34% (unripe Mango, barks of Pojo and Janum), 28% (Ajawain, Methi, Sauf and rock

Salt with molasses), 20% (juice of Kurchi leaves) and 16% (juice of Bahera) used in

indigenous preparation to control diarrhoea. These practices were adopted by 50%, 40%,

30%, 22%, 14% and 10% of the livestock owners respectively.

51

4.4.1.2 Fever

In case of fever, most of the respondents (54%) were aware of application of stems

and leaves of Kalmegh, 46% were aware of use of mixture of preparation of Akandi,

Ajawain and Golmirch and 38% were aware of application of smoke of Begna leaves over

the body. These practices were commonly adopted by 48%, 44% and 30% of the livestock

owners respectively (Table 4.3).

4.4.1.3 Fracture

Majority of the livestock owners (78%) were of the ingredients (stem of Harkankan,

bark of Kusum and Rhizome of Haldi) and 72% were aware of ingredients (powder root or

paste of stem of the Harjora and Dub grass) used in indigenous preparation in case of

fracture. These practices were adopted by 70% and 68% of the livestock owners respectively

(Table 4.3).

4.4.1.4 Constipation

In case of constipation, 50% of the respondents were of the ingredients (leaves of

Kadam along with molasses) followed by 42% ( leaves of Kadam and Mango tree) and 22%

(oil from seeds of Totka Bhindi with Arandi oil) used in indigenous preparation, whereas,

these practices were adopted by 46%, 36% and 18% of the respondents respectively (Table

4.3).

4.4.1.5 Pneumonia

Most of the livestock owners (52%) were aware of applying of Mustard oil with

Lahsun, 40% were aware of applying leaves of Bagnai and 38% were aware of applying

Onion and Black pepper in mustard oil in case of pneumonia and these practices were

adopted by 48%, 32% and 28% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.3).

52

4.4.1.6 Bloat

In case of bloat, most of the livestock owners (42%) were aware of the ingredients

(Ajawain, Hing and Black salt) followed by 36% (Onion, Ginger and Hing) and 28% (Tisi oil

and Turpentine oil) used in indigenous preparation. These practices were adopted by 34%,

30% and 20% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.3).

4.4.1.7 Gastrointestinal parasites

The study indicated that 46% livestock owners were aware of use of seed of Palas,

32% were aware of use of leaves and bark of Farhar, 30% were aware of use of fruits of

Baibidan and 24% were aware of use of rice almost burn to ash for treatment of

gastrointestinal parasites and these practices were adopted by 40%, 28%, 22% and 18% of the

livestock owners respectively (Table 4.3).

4.4.1.8 Foot and Mouth Disease

For the treatment of foot lesions in FMD, majority of the livestock owners (72%) were

aware of washing the hooves with lime water and Karanj oil, 58% were aware of use of

phenyl and 50% were aware of making the animal walk in canal/river water or mud. These

practices were adopted by 68%, 52% and 50% of the livestock owners respectively.

For the treatment of mouth lesions in FMD, 46% livestock owners were aware of

applying leaves of Arhar and Fitkiri and 42% were aware of applying Rhizome of Mand and

Brinjal after cooking in Ghee. These practices were adopted by 42% and 38% of the livestock


4.4.1.9 Wound

In case of wound, most of the livestock owners (54%) were aware of the ingredients

(Haldi and Ghee) followed by 38% (Banpyaj, Bankareila and slice of Sagwan) and 30%

53

(Karanj oil with Pothya fish) used in indigenous preparation. These practices were adopted

by 52%, 36% and 24% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.3).

4.4.1.10 Ectoparasitic infestation

Majority of the livestock owners (74%) were aware of application of leaves of

Karanj/Karanj oil, 64% were aware of application of burning of Neem leaves near the

animal, 40% were aware of application of Gamexine with cow dung ash 36% were aware of

application of dung ash with leaves of Saripha (Table 4.3).


owners in Dhanbad district of North Chhotanagpur division of Jharkhand

Sl No.

Indigenous practice

Awareness level

Adoption level

f % f %

1 Diarrhoea

(a) Bark and fruits of Bahera tree (Termenala bellirica)

pulverised and mixed with boiled water 28 56 26 52

(b) Juice of Kela (Musa paradisiacal) leaves and Bans

leaves (Bambusa arundinacea) are mixed with sugar 26 52 23 46

(c) Rakta Kambal (Nymphea rubra) leaves are mixed

with soda 19 38 17 34

(d) Juice of Anarash (Ananus comosus) leaves is mixed

with water 17 34 14 28

(e) Juice of Kurchi (Holarrhena antidysenterica) leaves 16 32 13 26

(f) Bark and fruits of Bakul (Mimusops elongi) 15 30 10 20

2 Fever

(a)

Mixture prepared from Ada (Zinger officnate),

Golmirch (Piper nigrum) and roots of Kokshima

(Verbaseum coromanddianum)

30 60 27 54

(b) Powdered of leaves of Kalmegh (Andrographis

paniculata) and neem seeds (Azadirachta indica) 26 52 22 44

54

(c) Powdered of roots of Ayapana (Expatorium

triplinerve) and Black jera (Cuminum cyminum) 20 40 16 32

3 Fracture

(a)

A paste made from Harjora (cissampelos

quadrangularies) plant, bark of arjun tree (Terminalia

arjuna) and Garlic (Allium sativum) and applied

with external fixation.

34 68 31 62

(b) A paste made from bark of Pojo (Litsea monopelata) 27 54 24 48

4 Constipation

(a) Juice extracted from Kalmegh is mixed with

Jaggery 28 56 25 50

(b) A mixture of Amla, Hartaki and Bahera. 25 50 22 44

(c) Flowers of Burunga (Bauhinia variegate) and leaves

of Kadam 19 38 17 34

5 Pneumonia

(a)

Mixture of tulsi leaves (Ocimum sanctum) and Basak

leaves (Adhatoda vasica) and boiled with water.

Extracted juice is mixed with honey.

27 54 24 48

(b) Juice extracted from kalmegh (Andrographis

paniculata) 23 46 21 42

(c) Leaves of Kadam (Anthocephalus indicus) along with

molasses. 18 36 14 28

6 Bloat

(a) A paste of Garlic, Ginger and Jaggery. 24 48 22 44

(b) Juice extracted from Kadam (Anthocephalus indicus) 21 42 19 38

(c)

A mixture is prepared from burnt Tobacco

(Nicotiana tobacum), burnt maize (Zea mays) and

cockroach faeces and applied on the belly.

17 34 15 30


(a) Seed of Palas (Butea monosperma) 28 56 25 50

(b) Seeds of kurchi (Holarrhena antidysenterica) 20 40 18 36

(c) Extracted juice of Kalmegh 16 32 12 24

55

8 FMD

Foot lesion

(a) Washed the hooves of animals with lime water or

Karanj oil 37 74 35 70

(b) The affected part is cleaned with boiled neem

leaves water. Then neem oil is applied. 33 66 31 62


Mouth lesion

(a) Leaves of Tamarind and Jaggery 24 48 22 44

(b) Extract of bark of Babul (Acacia arabica) boiled in

water 20 40 18 36

9 Wound

(a) Application of Haldi and Deshi Ghee 32 64 30 60

(b) Application of poultice of Onion with mustard oil. 23 46 19 38

(c) Stems and leaves of Anantmul (Hemidesmus indicus) 17 34 14 28


(a) Decoction of leaves of Karaj (Pogmia pinnata) oil of

Karanj 34 68 32 64

(b) Dung with leaves of Saripha (Annana squamosa). 26 52 24 48

(c) Sap of Khejur (Phoenix dactylifera) 21 42 18 36


in Dhanbad district of North Chhotanagpur division of Jharkhand.

4.4.2.1 Diarrhoea


ingredients (Bark and fruits of Bahera) followed by 52% (juice of Banana leaves and Bans

leaves), 38% (Rakta kambal leaves mixed with soda), 34% (juice of Anarash leaves mixed

with water), 32% (juice of Kurchi leaves) and 30% (bark and fruits of Bakul) used in

indigenous preparation to control diarrhoea. These practices were adopted by 52%, 46%,

34%, 28%, 26% and 20% of the livestock owners respectively.

56

4.4.2.2 Fever

In case of fever, most of the respondents (60%) were aware of use of mixture

prepared from Ginger, Back pipper and roots of Kokshima, 52% were aware of use of

powder of leaves of Kalmegh and Neem seeds and 40% were aware of application of

powder of roots of Ayapana and Black jera. These practices were commonly adopted by

54%, 44% and 32% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.4).

4.4.2.3 Fracture

Majority of the livestock owners (68%) were of the ingredients (paste made from

Harjora plant, bark of Arjun tree and Garlic) and 54% were aware of ingredients (paste made

from bark of Pojo) used in indigenous preparation in case of fracture. These practices were

adopted by 62% and 48% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.4).


In case of constipation, most of the respondents (56%) were of the ingredients (juice

extracted from Kalmegh mixed with jaggery) followed by 50% (mixture of Aonla, Hartaki

and Bahera) and 38% (flowers of Burunga and leaves of Kadam) used in indigenous

preparation, whereas, these practices were adopted by 50%, 44% and 34% of the respondents

respectively (Table 4.4).

4.4.2.5 Pneumonia

Most of the livestock owners (54%) were aware of use of extracted juice of Tulsi

leaves and Basak leavesmixed with honey, 46% were aware of use of juice extracted from

Kalmegh and 36% were aware of use of leaves of Kadam mixed with molasses in case of

pneumonia and these practices were adopted by 48%, 42% and 30% of the livestock owners


57

4.4.2.6 Bloat


(paste of Garlic, Ginger and Jaggery) followed by 42% (juice extracted from Kadam) and 34%

(mixture of burnt Tobacco, burnt Maize and Cockroach faeces) used in indigenous

preparation. These practices were adopted by 44%, 38% and 28% of the livestock owners




40% were aware of use of seed of Kurchi and 32% were aware of use of extracted juice of

Kalmegh and for treatment of gastrointestinal parasites and these practices were adopted by




aware of washing the hooves with lime water and Karanj oil, 66% were aware of cleaned

affected part with Neem leaves water and Neem oil and 56% were aware of use of phenyl.

These practices were adopted by 70%, 62% and 52% of the livestock owners respectively

(Table 4.4).


applying leaves of Tamarind and Jaggery and 40% were aware of applying extract of bark of

Babul. These practices were adopted by 44% and 36% of the livestock owners respectively

(Table 4.4).

58

4.4.2.9 Wound


(Haldi and Ghee) followed by 46% (poultice of Onion with mustard oil) and 34% (stems and

leaves of Anantmul) used in indigenous preparation. These practices were adopted by 60%,

38% and 28% of the livestock owners respectively.


Majority of the livestock owners (68%) were aware of application of leaves of

Karanj/Karanj oil/Neem oil, 52% were aware of application of dung ash with leaves of

Saripha and 42% were aware of application of sap of Khejure. These practices were adopted

by 64%, 48% and 36% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.4)


owners in Latehar district of Palamu division of Jharkhand

Sl No.

Indigenous practice

Awareness level

Adoption level

f % f %

1 Diarrhoea

(a) Mixture of Hartaki, Bahera, AonlaTamarind, Hing,

Laung and Ajawain 27 54 24 48

(b) Powdered of Bel and Arjun mixed with juice of

Banana stem 24 48 20 40

(c) Datura fruits (Datura stramonium) burned in fire and

ash is fed to animal with normal diet 22 44 18 36

(d) Fermented sugarcane juice is fed to the animal 19 38 14 28

(e) Sap of Banana plant and Terpentine oil is mixed 17 34 12 24

(f) Lemon leaves are crushed and mixed with water and

little amount of salt 15 30 10 20

2 Fever

(a) Powdered mixture of leaves or stem of Kalmegh 28 56 25 50

59

(Andrographis paniculata) and Neem seeds

(b) Powdered mixture of Ban tulsi and Neem leaves 24 48 21 42

(c) Zeera and Garlic are boiled in water 19 38 16 32

(d) Roots of Banlung (Ludwigia octovalvis) is boiled 14 28 9 18

3 Fracture

(a)

Paste of Harjora stem and Til oil is applied on the

affected portion and external support is provided by

Bamboo stick

35 70 33 66

(b)

Paste of Mehdi leaves , Turmeric, Harjora leaves and

Cactus stems is applied and support is provided by

Bamboo stick

28 56 25 50

4 Constipation

(a) Mixture of Aonla, Hartaki and Bahera 28 56 25 50

(b) Kalazeera paste mixed with Desi ghee. 24 48 22 44

(c) Preparation of mixture of Hartaki, Ajwain, Hing,

wheat bran and Jaggery 22 44 19 38

5 Pneumonia

(a) Paste prepared from leaves of Tulsi, Turmeric and

Ajwain 24 48 22 44

(b) Paste prepared from leaves of Black pepper, Jaiphal,

Ajwain, Ginger, Methi and Ghee 23 46 20 40

(c) Leaves of Tulsi 20 40 17 34

6 Bloat

(a) Dry Ginger/ Sonth and Black pepper mixed in luke

warm water 27 54 25 50

(b) Mixture of oak flower , wheat flour, Ginger, Kalmi

soda and Tobacco 24 48 21 42

(c)

A mixture is prepared from burnt Tobacco (Nicotiana

tobacum), burnt maize (Zea mays) and cockroach

faeces and applied on the belly.

19 38 16 32


(a) Mixture prepared from dry Ginger, leaves of Neem, 23 46 21 42

60

Papaya seeds, Palas seeds, Methi and Black Pepper

(b) Paste prepared from Papaya seed, Palas seeds, Neem

Seed and Musturd seed 20 40 18 36

8 FMD

Foot lesion

(a) Use of Tincture of iodine and Neem oil 31 62 29 58

(b) Animal allow to stand in Hot sand followed by

Sprinkling of Neem seed powdered and Neem oil 26 52 25 50


Mouth lesion

(a) Tulsi leaves (Ocimum sanctum) is grounded and

applied on the affected portion 28 56 26 52

(b) Paste of Bantulsi and Turmeric 25 50 23 46

9 Wound

(a) Application of Haldi and Coconut oil 29 58 27 54

(b) Paste made from root and bark of Jamun (Syzgium

jambolanum) is applied 24 48 21 42

(c) Extract of Genda (Targetes erecta) leaves is applied 20 40 17 34


(a) Paste prepared from turmeric, Neem seeds and

Musturd oil is applied 26 52 24 48

(b) Paste of Ginger, onion is applied 22 44 16 32


in Latenar district of Palamu division of Jharkhand

4.4.3.1 Diarrhoea


ingredients (mixture of Hartaki, Bahera, Aonla, Tamarind, Hing, Laung and Ajawain)

followed by 48% (juice of Banana stems mixed with powder of bark of Bel and Arjun), 44%

(Dhatura fruit burned in fire and ash mixed with normal diet), 38% (fermented sugarcane

61

juice), 34% (sap of Banana plant and Terpentine oil) and 30% (powder of Lemon leaves

mixed with water and salt) used in indigenous preparation to control diarrhoea. These

practices were adopted by 48%, 40%, 36%, 28%, 24% and 20% of the livestock owners

respectively.

4.4.3.2 Fever

In case of fever, most of the respondents (56%) were aware of use of powdered

mixture of leaves and stems of Kalmegh and Neem sseds, 48% were aware of use of

powdered mixture of Bantulsi and Neem leaves, 38% were aware of use of Jeera and Garlic

boiled in water and 28% were aware of use of Banlung boiled in water. These practices were

commonly adopted by 50%, 42%, 32% and 18% of the livestock owners respectively (Table

4.5).

4.4.3.3 Fracture


Harjora stem and Til oil) and 56% were aware of ingredients (paste made from Mehdi

leaves, Turmeric Harjora leaves and Cactus stems) used in indigenous preparation in case of

fracture. These practices were adopted by 66% and 50% of the livestock owners respectively

(Table 4.5).


In case of constipation, most of the respondents (56%) were of the ingredients

(mixture of Hartaki, Ajawain, Hing, wheat bran and jaggery) followed by 48% (mixture of

Aonla, Hartaki and Bahera) and 44% (paste prepared from Kalajeera and Deshi Ghee) used

in indigenous preparation, whereas, these practices were adopted by 50%, 48% and 44% of

the respondents respectively.

62

4.4.3.5 Pneumonia

Most of the livestock owners (48%) were aware of use of paste prepared from leaves

of Tulsi, Turmeric and Ajwain, 46% were aware of use of Black pepper, Jaiphal, Ajwain,

Ginger, Methi and Ghee and 40% were aware of use of leaves of Tulsi in case of pneumonia

and these practices were adopted by 44%, 40% and 34% of the livestock owners respectively.

4.4.3.6 Bloat


(Dry Ginger/Sonth and Black pepper) followed by 48% (mixture of Oak flower, Wheat flour,

Ginger, Kalmi Soda and Tobacco) and 38% (mixture prepared from burnt Tobacco, Maize

and Cockroach faeces) used in indigenous preparation. These practices were adopted by



The study indicated that 46% livestock owners were aware of use of mixture

prepared from dry Ginger, leaves of Neem, Papaya seeds, Palas seeds, Methi and Black

pepper and 40% were aware of use of paste prepared from Papaya seeds, Palas seeds, Neem

seeds and Mustard seeds for treatment of gastrointestinal parasites and these practices were

adopted by 42% and 36% of the livestock owners respectively.



aware of use of Tincture of Iodine and Neem leaves, 52% were aware of animal allow to

stand in Hot sand followed by sprinkling of Neem seed powder and Neem oil and 50% were

aware of use of phenyl. These practices were adopted by 58%, 50% and 48% of the livestock

owners respectively.

63


applying leaves of Tulsi on the affected portion and 50% were aware of applying paste of

Bantulsi and Turmeric. These practices were adopted by 52% and 46% of the livestock


4.4.3.9 Wound


(Haldi and Coconut oil) followed by 48% (paste made from root and bark of Jamun) and

40% (extract of Genda leaves) used in indigenous preparation. These practices were adopted

by 54%, 42% and 34% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.5).


Majority of the livestock owners (52%) were aware of use of paste prepared from

Turmeric, Neem seeds and Mustard oil and 44% were aware of application of paste of

Ginger. These practices were adopted by 48%, and 32% of the livestock owners respectively.


owners division in West Singhbhum district of Kolhan division of

Jharkhand

Sl No.

Indigenous practice

Awareness level

Adoption level

f % f %

1 Diarrhoea

(a) Bark and fruits of Bahera tree are pulverised and

mixed with water 21 42 19 38

(b) Juice of Banana , juice of Bans ( Bambusa arundinacea)

mixed with sugar 24 48 22 44

(c) Pulp of ripened Emali (Tamarindus indicus) 17 34 15 30

(d) Raktakambal leaves (Nymphaea nouchali) are mixed 13 26 9 18

64

with soda

(e) Unripe Mango, Bark of Pojo and Jamun 27 54 24 48

2 Fever

(a)

Mixture of root of Palati (Stephani japonica), Ajwain

(Trachyspermum ammi), Black pepper (Piper nigrum) are

pulverised then mixed with salt and sugar

24 48 22 44

(b) Stem and leaves of Kalmegh are boiled in water 21 42 18 36

(c) Roots of Apang (Achyramthes aspera) is grounded and

mixed with water 18 36 14 28

(d) Sometime tribes uses Malmakhamati (Chetamati, one

type of soil) 5 10 1 2

3 Fracture

(a)

Paste prepared from Harjora plant (Cissampelos

quadrangularicus) is applied and external support is

provided

32 64 30 60

(b)

Paste prepared from bark of Munga tree (Moringa

oleifera), lime and Haldi (Turmeric, Curcuma domestica)

and it is heated and applied with external fixation

26 52 24 48

4 Constipation

(a) Leaves of Kadam (Anthocephalus indicus) along with

Molasses 20 40 16 32

(b) Mixture of Amla, Hartaki and Bahera 23 46 20 40

(c) Leaves of Kadam and Bark of Mango 27 54 24 48

5 Pneumonia

(a) Paste prepared from leaves of Tulsi, Turmeric and

Ajwain 25 50 23 46

(b) Paste prepared from leaves of Black pepper, Jaiphal,

Ajwain, Methi and Ghee 21 42 18 36

(c) Leaves of Tulsi 19 38 16 32

6 Bloat

(a) Dry Ginger/ Sonth and Black pepper mixed in luke

warm water 28 56 26 52

65

(b) Mixture of Somraj (Centrathierum anthelminticum) and

Indrajan (Wrightia tinctoria) 19 38 17 34

(c)

A mixture is prepared from Pat Alu (one type of

potato) and Turmeric, Bel, Gad (one type of creeper)

and Lahsun,

12 24 8 16


(a) Bark and leaves of Dalim (Punita granatum) are boiled

with water 21 42 18 36

(b) Seed of Palas, 23 46 22 44

(c) Bark of Ashoka tree (Saraca asoca) 12 24 4 8

8 FMD

Foot lesion

(a) Application of Gurakhu, 36 72 32 64

(b) Animal aloow to stand in Hot sand followed by

sprinkling of Neem seed powdered and Karanj oil 31 62 29 58


Mouth lesion

(a) Sonth, Black pepper is mixed with ghee and fed to the

animal 25 50 23 46

(b) Extract of bark of Babool 20 40 18 36

9 Wound

(a)

Roots and Bark of Palati (Stephania japonica) and

Datura is powdered and mixed with Karanj oil and

heated

23 46 20 40

(b) Paste of Haldi is applied 32 64 29 58

(c) Decoction of root bark of Siakul (Ziziphus oenoplia) 11 22 8 16


(a) Paste of Karanj leaves or Bark or Karanj oil 32 64 28 56

(b) Neem water or Neem oil is applied 29 58 26 52

(c) Tobacco shoot with Kerosine oil 12 24 5 10

66


in West Sinnghbhum district of Kolhan division of Jharkhand.

4.4.4.1 Diarrhoea


ingredients (unripe Mango, barks of Pojo and Jamun) followed by 48% (juice of Banana

leaves and Bans leaves mixed with sugar), 42% (bark and fruits of Bahera), 34% (pulp of

ripened Emali), and 26% (leaves of Raktakambal) used in indigenous preparation to control

diarrhoea. These practices were adopted by 48%, 44%, 38%, 30% and 18% of the livestock


4.4.4.2 Fever

In case of fever, most of the respondents (48%) were aware of use of mixture

prepared from root of Palati, Ajwain and Back piper mixed with salt and sugar, 42% were

aware of use of powder of stem and leaves of Kalmegh, 36% were aware of application of

powder of roots of Apang and 10% were aware of use of Malmakhamati (Chitamati, one

type of soil). These practices were commonly adopted 44%, 36%, 28% and 2% of the livestock


4.4.4.3 Fracture


Harjora plant) and 52% were aware of ingredients (paste made from bark of Munga tree,

lime and Haldi) used in indigenous preparation in case of fracture. These practices were

adopted by 60% and 48% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.6).

67


In case of constipation, most of the respondents (54%) were of the ingredients (leaves

of Kadam and bark of Mango) followed by 46% (mixture of Aonla, Hartaki and Bahera) and

40% (leaves of Kadam along with molasses) used in indigenous preparation, whereas, these

practices were adopted by 48%, 40% and 32% of the respondents respectively (Table 4.6).

4.4.4.5 Pneumonia

Most of the livestock owners (50%) were aware of use of paste prepared from leaves

of Tulsi, Turmeric and Ajwain, 46% were aware of use of Paste prepared from leaves of

Black pepper, Jaiphal, Ajwain, Methi and Ghee and 38% were aware of use of leaves of Tulsi

in case of pneumonia and these practices were adopted by 46%, 36% and 32% of the


4.4.4.6 Bloat


(Dry Ginger/Sonth and Black pepper) followed by 38% (mixture of Somraj and Indrajan)

and 24% (mixture prepared from Pat Alu, Turmeric, Bel, Gad and Lahsun) used in

indigenous preparation. These practices were adopted by 52%, 34% and 16% of the livestock




42% were aware of use of bark and leaves of Dalim, 24% were aware of use of bark of

Ashoka treeand 20% were aware of use of blood of Duck for treatment of gastrointestinal

parasites and these practices were adopted by 44%, 36%, 8% and 4% of the livestock owners


68



aware of use of Gurakhu, 62% were aware of animal allow to stand in hot sand followed by

sprinkling of Neem seed powder and Karanj oil and 50% were aware of use of phenyl. These

practices were adopted by 64%, 58% and 48% of the livestock owners respectively (Table

4.6).


applying sonth Black pepper mixed with Ghee and 42% were aware of applying extract of

bark of Babul. These practices were adopted by 46% and 36% of the livestock owners


4.4.4.9 Wound


(paste of Haldi) followed by 46% (powdered of root and bark of Palati and Dhatura mixed

with Karanj oil) and 22% (decoction of root and bark of Siakul) used in indigenous




Majority of the livestock owners (64%) were aware of application of paste of Karanj

leaves or karanj oil, 58% were aware of use of Neem water or Neem oil and 24% were aware

of Tobacco shoot with Kerosine oil. These practices were adopted by 56%, 52% and 10% of

the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.6).

69


owners in Jamtara district of Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand

Sl No.

Indigenous practice

Awareness level

Adoption level

f % f %

1 Diarrhoea

(a) Powdered of Hartaki, Bahera and Aonla mixed with

fermented rice water 30 60 28 56

(b) Paste prepared from Banana flower and turmeric 27 54 24 48

(c) Roots, Fruits and Seeds of Elaichi 16 32 14 28

(d) Unripe Mango, Bark of Pojo and Jamun 20 40 18 36

2 Fever

(a) Decoction of Kalmegh 26 52 23 46

(b) Powder of root of Jharmanik (Rauvolfia serpentine) and

Black pepper 31 62 27 54

(c) Roots of Akandi (Stephania japonica) and Black pepper 23 46 21 42

3 Fracture

(a) A luke warm paste of Harjora plant is applied with

external fixation 29 58 26 52

(b) A paste is made from Bark of Sankerjata (Uraria picpa) 21 42 18 36

4 Constipation

(a) Mixture prepared from Hartaki, Ajwain, wheat bran,

Hing and Jaggery 21 42 19 38

(b) Isabgol (Plantago ovate) husk mixed with luke warm

water 14 28 12 24

(c) Desi ghee is given oraly 13 26 9 18

5 Pneumonia

(a) Extract made from Tejpata (Sinnamomum tamala) and

Ginger 20 40 18 36

70

(b) A paste is made from Ghee , Black pepper, Ginger and

Garlic (Allium sativum) 16 32 14 28

(c) Juice of Begna leave, Ginger and Black pepper 26 52 23 46

6 Bloat

(a) Ginger and salt is mixed 16 32 13 26

(b) Mixture made from Bitla ban (Natrum murbit),

Groundnut sulphur , Molasses and Black pepper 14 28 11 22

(c) Decoction of Stem and bark of Kadam 24 48 19 38


(a) Seed of palas (Butea monodsperma) 27 54 24 48

(b) Paste prepared from papaya (Carica papaya) and Neem

seed 29 58 26 52

(c) Extract of Neem leaves 24 48 22 44

8 FMD

Foot lesion

(a) Animal is allowed to stand in muddy areas of paddy

field/ river banks 21 42 19 38

(b) Neem leaves are boiled. The extract applied on the

affected part. Then Neem oil is applied 30 60 28 56

Mouth lesion

(a) Extract of stems and leaves of Pataldudhi (Hemidesmus

indicus) is mixed with honey and fed to the animal 29 58 23 46

(b) Geru is applied on the affected lesion 20 40 17 34

9 Wound

(a)

Roots of Kuchila (Strychnos nuxvomica), roots of

Surajmukhi (Helianthus annuus) is mixed with Palas

Petals and Mustard oil and applied topicaly over the

wound

26 52 23 46

(b) Application of Haldi (Curcuma domistica) 29 58 26 52

(c) Milky juice of Kukur-Botur (Vallaris heynei) is applied 20 40 18 36

71

on wounds


(a) Leaves of Neem or Neem oil 32 64 30 60

(b) Tobacco shoot with Kerosine oil 12 24 9 18


in Jamtara district of Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand.

4.4.5.1 Diarrhoea


ingredients (powdered of Hartaki, Bahera and Aonla mixed with fermented rice) followed

by 54% (paste prepared from Banana flower and Turmeric), 40% (unripe Mango, bark of

Pojo and Janum) and, 32% (roots, fruits and seeds of Elaichi) used in indigenous preparation

to control diarrhoea. These practices were adopted by 56%, 48%, 36% and 28% of the

livestock owners respectively.

4.4.5.2 Fever

In case of fever, most of the respondents (62%) were aware of use of powdered root

of Jharmanik and Black pepper, 52% were aware of use decoction of Kalmegh and 46% were

aware of application of powder of roots of Akandi and Black pepper. These practices were

commonly adopted by 54%, 46% and 42% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.7).

4.4.5.3 Fracture


Harjora plant) and 42% were aware of ingredients (paste made from bark of Sankerjata)

used in indigenous preparation in case of fracture. These practices were adopted by 52% and

36% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.7).

72


In case of constipation, most of the respondents (42%) were of the ingredients

(mixture prepared from Hartaki, Ajwain, Wheat bran, Hing and Jaggery) followed by 28%

(Isabgol husk) and 26% (Deshi Ghee) used in indigenous preparation, whereas, these

practices were adopted by 38%, 24% and 18% of the respondents respectively (Table 4.7).

4.4.5.5 Pneumonia

Most of the livestock owners (52%) were aware of use of extracted juice of Begna

leaves, Ginger and Black pepper, 40% were aware of use of extract made from Tejpata and

Ginger and 32% were aware of use of paste made from Ghee, Black pepper, Ginger and

Garlic in case of pneumonia and these practices were adopted by 46%, 36% and 28% of the


4.4.5.6 Bloat


(decoction of stem and bark of Kadam) followed by 32% (Ginger and salt) and 28% (mixture

made from Bitlaban, Groundnut, Molasses and Black pepper) used in indigenous




The study indicated that 58% livestock owners were aware of use of paste prepared

from Papaya and Neem seed, 54% were aware of use of seed of Palas and 48% were aware of

use of extracted of Neem leaves and for treatment of gastrointestinal parasites and these

practices were adopted by 52%, 48%, and 44% of the livestock owners respectively (Table

4.7).

73



aware of use of extract of Neem leaves and Neem oil and 42% were aware of animal allowed

to stand in muddy areas of Paddy field/river banks. These practices were adopted by 56%

and 38% of the livestock owners respectively.


applying stems and leaves of Pataldudhi mixed with honey and 40% were aware of

applying Geru on the affected lesion. These practices were adopted by 46% and 34% of the


4.4.5.9 Wound


(application of Haldi) followed by 52% (roots of Kuchila, roots of Surajmukhi mixed with

Palas petals and Mustard oil) and 40% (milky juice of Kukur -Botur) used in indigenous




Majority of the livestock owners (64%) were aware of application of leaves of Neem

or Neem oil and 24% were aware of application of Tobacco shoot with Kerosine oil. These

practices were adopted by 60% and 18% of the livestock owners respectively (Table 4.7).

74

4.6 SOURCE AND CHANNELS OF DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE AMONG

TRADITIONAL HEALERS AND LIVESTOCK OWNERS.

4.6.1.1 Source of awareness for traditional healers

Among 50 traditional healers interviewed, it was found that majority of the

traditional healers (74%) were aware about the several indigenous practices from their

ancestors and rest of the respondents (26%) had got the information for the first time from

local vaidya (Table 4.8)

Table 4.8: Source and channel of diffusion among traditional healers

Sl. No. Source of awareness No. of traditional healers Percentage

1 Ancestors 37 74.0

2 Vaidya 13 26.0

4.6.1.2 Transfer of knowledge from traditional healers to others

Among 50 traditional healers it was found that majority of the traditional healers

(62%) disseminate their knowledge to their family member followed by 14% to most reliable

person and 10% to the relatives, 8% traditional healers were found not willing to transfer

their knowledge of practice to anybody and 6% were found willing to transfer anybody

(Table 4.9).

Table 4.9: Transfer of knowledge from traditional healers to others

Sl. No. To whom convey No. of traditional healers Percentage

1 Most reliable person 7 14.0

2 Family members 31 62.0

3 Relatives 5 10.0

4 Any other person 3 6.0

5 None 4 8.0

75

4.6.2.1 Source of awareness for livestock owners

Table 4.10 indicated that majority of the livestock owners (46.8%) were aware for the first

time about the ITKs from family members followed by 22% from neighbour, 12.4% from

friend, 11.2 from relatives and 7.6% from direct observation.

Table 4.10: Source and channel of diffusion among livestock owners

Sl. No. Source of awareness No. of livestock owners Percentage

1 Family member 117 46.8

2 Relative 28 11.2

3 Friend 31 12.4

4 Neighbour 55 22.0

5 Direct observation 19 7.6

4.6.2.2 Transfer of knowledge from livestock owners to others

Table 4.11 revealed that most of the livestock owners (51.2%) disseminate their

knowledge on ITK to family members only, whereas 32% to family members and friends,

16.8% to family members, friends, neighbours and relatives.

Table 4.11: Transfer of knowledge from livestock owners to others

Sl. No.

To whom convey No. of livestock

owners Percentage

1 Family members 128 51.2

2 Family members and friends 80 32.0

3 Family members, friends, neighbours and relatives 42 16.8

76

4.7.1 Sudies on validation of different alternative (MST, ITK-1:Barks of Kendu

+Bankulthi; ITK-2:Barks and Fruits of Bahera; ITK-3:Leave of Bans+Leave of

Banana+Sugar) used for Diarrhoea

The effectiveness of ITK was measured in terms of the number of animals cured by it.

In case of diarrhoea the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was significantly different

over the ITKs (p<0.05) regarding effectiveness. MST was most effective followed by ITK-3,

ITK-1 and ITK-2. There was significant difference between ITK-1, ITK-3 and ITK-2, ITK-3.

There was no significant difference between ITK-1 and ITK-2 (P<0.05) in this regard.

In case of cost effectiveness, there was significant difference between the MST and

ITKs (p<0.05), whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. ITKs were

cheaper than MST. This might to due to fact that ingredients of the ITKs were easily

available in the study area and livestock owners did not require to buy those.

Regarding quickness in healing, the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was

highly effective as compared to the selected ITKs. There was significant difference between

ITK-1, ITK-2 and ITK-2, ITK-3, whereas, there was no significant difference between ITK-

1and ITK-3.

In case of ease in preparation, MST was significantly different over the ITKs (p<0.05),

whereas, there was no significant difference among the ITKs. MST was found highly easier

to prepare than ITKs. This might be due to the facts that MST was found in readymade form,

whereas, in case of ITKs, it was a difficult task to collect all the ingredients and then to

prepare accordingly.

Regarding side effects, MST was found significantly different from the ITKs (p<0.05),

whereas, there was no significant difference among the ITKs. MST was perceived to be

having more side effects than the ITKs.

In case of availability, ITKs were significantly different over MST (P<0.05). There was

no significant difference among the ITKs (p<0.05). This might be due to the facts that

77

medicine of MST was not easily available, to buy medicine livestock owners would have to

contact the veterinary doctor and purchase it from the medical store, whereas, ingredients of

ITKs were locally available.

It is clear from (Table 4.12) that ITKs were superior in terms of cost effectiveness, less

side effects and availability, whereas, MST was superior regarding effectiveness, quickness

in healing and ease in preparation. Experience from discussion with the livestock owners

revealed that ITK-1, ITK-2 and ITK-3 semed to be the viable alternatives for diarrhoea.

Table 4.12: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1 : Barks of Kendu +

Bankulthi; ITK-2 : Bark and Fruit of Bahera tree ; ITK-3 : Leave of Bans +

Leave of Banana + Sugar) used for Diarrhoea

Validation Parameters MST ITK-1 ITK-2 ITK-3

Effectiveness 8.921 ± 0.183a 5.632 ± 0.213

c 5.147 ± .321

c 6.190 ± 0.256

b

Cost effectiveness 4.820 ± 0.231b 8.613 ± 0.192

a 8.460 ± 0.262

a 8.513 ± 0.174

a

Quickness in healing 8.700 ± 0.168a 6.132 ± 0.218

b 5.310 ± 0.243

c 6.310 ± 0.195

b

Ease in preparation 8.614 ± 0.123a 6.200 ± 0.273

b 6.423 ± 0.314

b 6.429 ± 0.219

b

Side effect 6.680 ± 0.213b 8.804 ± 0.197

a 8.514 ± 0.134

a 8.781 ± 0.265

a

Availability 6.314 ± 0.317b 7.921 ± 0.143

a 7.700 ± 0.255

a 7.529 ± 0.210

b

a-c = Means with dissimilar superscripts in columns differ significant (P<0.05)

78

4.7.2 Studies on validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1: Powder of mixture of

leaves or stem of Kalmegh and Neem seeds; ITK-2: Powder of mixture of Bantulsi

and Neem leaves; ITK-3: Mixtureof root of Akand, Ajawain and Black pepper

mixed with Salt and Sugar) used for Fever.

The effectiveness of ITK was measured in terms of the number of animals cured by it.

In case of fever, the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was significantly different over

the ITKs (p<0.05) regarding effectiveness. MST was most effective followed by ITK-3, ITK-1

and ITK-2. There was no significant difference among ITKs (P<0.05) in this regard.

In case of cost effectiveness, there was significant difference between the MST and ITKs

(p<0.05), whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. ITKs were cheaper

than MST. This might to due to fact that ingredients of the ITKs were easily available in the

study area and livestock owners did not require to buy those.


highly effective as compared to the selected ITKs. There was no significant difference among

the ITKs (p<0.05) in this regard.

In case of ease in preparation, MST was significantly different over the ITKs (p<0.05),

whereas, there was no significant difference among the ITKs. MST was found highly easier

to prepare than ITKs. This might be due to the facts that MST was found in readymade form,

whereas, in case of ITKs, it was a difficult task to collect all the ingredients and then to

prepare accordingly


whereas, there was no significant difference among the ITKs. MST was perceived to be


In case of availability, ITKs were significantly different over MST (P<0.05). There was

no significant difference among the ITKs (p<0.05). This might be due to the facts that

medicine of MST was not easily available, to buy medicine livestock owners would have to

79

contact the veterinary doctor and purchase it from the medical store, whereas, ingredients of

ITKs were locally available.

It is clear from (Table 4.13) that ITKs were superior in terms of cost effectiveness, less

side effects and availability, whereas, MST was superior regarding effectiveness, quickness

in healing and ease in preparation. Experience from discussion with the livestock owners

revealed that ITK-1, ITK-2 and ITK-3 seemed to be the viable alternatives for fever.

Table 4.13: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1: Power mixture of leaves

or stem of Kalmegh and Neem seeds; ITK-2: Power mixture of Ban Tulsi

and Neem leaves; ITK-3: Mixture of route of Akand, Ajawain and Black

pepper mixed with salt and sugar) used for Fever

Validation Parameters MST ITK-1 ITK-2 ITK-3

Effectiveness 9.216 ± 0.137a 7.230 ± 0.166

b 6.988 ± 0.243

b 7.514 ± 0.128

b


a 9.353 ± 0.129

a 9.567 ± 0.243

a


b 6.524 ± 0.162

b 6.741 ± 0.129

b


b 6.150 ± 0.205

b 5.220 ± 0.162

c

Side effect 5.987 ± 0.189b 9.123 ± 0.117

a 9.356 ± 0.216

a 9.492 ± 0.157

a

Availability 6.354 ± 0.198c 9.514 ± 0.109

a 9.629 ± 0.138

a 7.680 ± 0.190

b


4.7.3 Sudies on validation of different alternative (MST, ITK-1: Harjora+Bark of Arjun

+ Dub Grass;ITK-2: Stem of Harkankan+Bark of Kusum+ Rhizome of Haldi) used

for Fracture.

In effectiveness, the ANOVA of the data revealed that MST was significantly

different as compared to ITK-1 and ITK-2 (p<0.05). MST was found more effectiveness than

ITK-1 and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between ITK-1 and ITK-2

(P<0.05) in this regard.

80

In case of cost effectiveness, there was significant difference between the MST and ITKs

(p<0.05), whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. ITKs were cheaper

than MST. This might to due to fact that ingredients of the ITKs were easily available in the

study area and livestock owners did not require to buy those.


highly effective as compared to the selected ITKs, whereas, there was no significant

difference between ITK-1, and ITK-2.

In case of ease in preparation, MST was significantly different (p<0.05) than the ITK-1

and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. MST was found

highly easier to prepare than ITKs. This might be due to the facts that MST was found in

readymade form, whereas, in case of ITKs, it was a difficult task to collect all the ingredients

and then to prepare accordingly.


whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs. MST was perceived to be


In case of availability, both the ITKs were significantly different over MST (P<0.05).

There was no significant difference between the ITKs (p<0.05).

This might be due to the facts that medicine of MST was not easily available, to buy

medicine livestock owners would have to contact the veterinary doctor and purchase it from

the medical store, whereas, ingredients of ITKs were locally available.

It is clear from (Table 4.14) that ITK-1 and ITK-2 were superior in terms of cost

effectiveness, less side effects and availability, whereas, MST was superior regarding

effectiveness, quickness in healing and ease in preparation. Experience from discussion with

the livestock owners revealed that ITK-1, and ITK-2 seemed to be the viable alternatives for

fracture.

81

Table 4.14: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1: Harjora + External

fixation; ITK-2: Stem of Harkankaun + Bark of Kusum + Rhizome of Haldi)

used for Fracture

Validation Parameters MST ITK-1 ITK-2

Effectiveness 9.126 ± 0.221a 7.800 ± 0.135

b 7.650 ± 0.276

b


a 9.480 ± 0.163

a


b 6.732 ± 0.214

b


b 5.123 ± 0.091

b

Side effect 7.063 ± 0.321b 8.600 ± 0.234

a 8.301 ± 0.154

a

Availability 6.500 ± 0.123b 8.412 ± 0.243

a 8.100 ± 0.201

a

a-b = Means with dissimilar superscripts in columns differ significant (P<0.05)

4.7.4 Studies on validation of different alternative (MST, ITK-1: Leaves of Kadam along

with Molasses; ITK-2: Mixture of Aonla, Hartaki and Bahera) used for

Constipation.

Regarding effectiveness, MST was significantly different as compared to ITK-1 and

ITK-2 (p<0.05). MST was found more effective than ITK-1 and ITK-2, and ITK-2, whereas,

there was no significant difference between the two ITKs.










82







Table 4.15: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1: Leaves of Kadam along

with molasses; ITK-2: Mixture of Aonla, Hartaki and Bahera) used for

Constipation


Effectiveness 8.812 ± 0.135a 7.421 ± 0.237

b 7.290 ± 0.245

b


a 9.143 ± 0.217

a


b 6.391 ± 0.249

b


b 6.420 ± 0.129

b

Side effect 7.663 ± 0.210b 9.624 ± 0.134

a 9.721 ± 0.146

a

Availability 6.248 ± 0.265b 9.421 ± 0.157

a 9.315 ± 0.143

a



There was no significant difference between the ITKs (p<0.05). This might be due to the facts

that medicine of MST was not easily available, to buy medicine livestock owners would

have to contact the veterinary doctor and purchase it from the medical store, whereas,

ingredients of ITKs were locally available.

Table 4.15 while reviewed depicted that ITK-1 and ITK-2 were found favourably

accepted by the livestock owners keeping the cost effectiveness, less side effects and

availability in view. Besides, MST also recorded higher ranks in criteria like effectiveness,

83

quickness in healing and ease in preparation. On the basis of available criteria, ITK-1 and

ITK-2 may be the viable alternatives from livestock owners prospective.

4.7.5 Studies on validation of different alternative (MST, ITK-1: Tulsi + Basak leaves +

Honey; ITK-2: Ghee + Black peppers + Ginger + Garlic) used for Pneumonia


different as compared to ITK-1 and ITK-2 (p<0.05). MST was found more effective than ITK-

1and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between ITK-1 and ITK-2 (P<0.05)

in this regard.








Table 4.16: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1: Tulsi + Basak leaves +

Honey; ITK-2 : Ghee + Black Pepper + Ginger + Garlic) used for

Pneumonia


Effectiveness 8.824 ± 0.189a 7.410 ± 0.114

b 7.242 ± 0.271

b

Cost effectiveness 5.234 ± 0.264c 9.723 ± 0.304

a 9.197 ± 0.112

b


b 6.324 ± 0.147

b


b 6.530 ± 0.195

b

Side effect 7.342 ± 0.183b 9.434 ± 0.116

a 9.563 ± 0.109

a

Availability 6.769 ± 0.274b 9.213 ± 0.132

a 9.567 ± 0.186

a


84








having more side effects than the ITKs










pneumonia.

4.7.6 Studies on validation of different alternative (MST, ITK-1: Mixture of Aonla,

Hartaki and Bahera; ITK-2: Ajawain+Hing+Black Salt) used for Bloat.


different as compared to ITK-1 and ITK-2 (p<0.05). MST was found more effectiveness than

ITK-1and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between the ITKs.

85


ITKs (p<0.05). ITKs were cheaper than MST. There was significant difference between the

two ITKs (p<0.05),

Table 4.17: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1: Hartaki + Aonla + Bahera;

ITK-2: Ajawain + Hing + Black Salt) used for Bloat


Effectiveness 8.530 ± 0.172a 7.132 ± 0.272

b 7.314 ± 0.270

b


a 9.012 ± 0.117

b


b 6.316 ± 0.246

b


b 6.235 ± 0.123

b

Side effect 7.530 ± 0.239a 9.482 ± 0.120

b 9.512 ± 0.167

b

Availability 6.625 ± 0.237b 9.315 ± 0.118

a 9.510 ± 0.123

a







highly easier to prepare than the ITKs. This might be due to the facts that MST was found in






86










bloat.

4.7.7 Studies on validation of different alternative (MST, ITK-1: Seed of Palas; ITK-2:

Paste of Papaya and Neem Seeds) used for Gastrointestinal parasite.

Regarding effectiveness in case of gastrointestinal parasitic infestation, MST was

significantly different as compared to ITK-1 and ITK-2 (p<0.05). MST was found more

effective than ITK-1and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between the two

ITKs.










87

highly easier to prepare than the ITKs. This might be due to the facts that MST was found in






Table 4.18: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1 : Seed of Palas; ITK-2 :

Paste of Papaya and Neem seeds) used for Gastrointestinal Parasites


Effectiveness 8.320 ± 0.324a 7.126 ± 0.236

b 7.230 ± 0.312

b


a 9.633 ± 0.153

a


b 5.920 ± 0.313

b


b 6.384 ± 0.217

b

Side effect 5.265 ± 0.384b 8.918 ± 0.182

a 8.743 ± 0.179

a

Availability 6.432 ± 0.289b 9.300 ± 0.167

a 8.128 ± 0.213

a










88



4.7.8 Studies on validation of different alternative (MST, ITK-1: Lime water+Karanjoil;

ITK-2: Neem leave water+Neem oil) used for FMD.

Regarding effectiveness in case of FMD, MST was significantly different as compared

to ITK-1 and ITK-2 (p<0.05). MST was found more effective than ITK-1and ITK-2, whereas,

there was no significant difference between the two ITKs.
















89

Table 4.19: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1 : Lime water + Karanj Oil;

ITK-2 : Neem leaves water + Neem oil) used for FMD


Effectiveness 8.931 ± 0.256a 7.126 ± 0.332

b 7.324 ± 0.127

b


a 9.545 ± 0.223

a


b 6.230 ± 0.363

b


b 6.390 ± 0.285

b

Side effect 5.835 ± 0.134b 9.460 ± 0.159

a 9.550 ± 0.114

a

Availability 6.520 ± 0.195b 9.560 ± 0.174

a 9.450 ± 0.118

a












4.7.9 Studies on validation of different alternative (MST, ITK-1: Haldi is heated in

Ghee and applied topically; ITK-2: Application of extract of Genda leaves

topically) used for Wound.

Regarding effectiveness in case of wound, MST was significantly different as

compared to ITK-1 and ITK-2 (p<0.05). MST was found more effective than ITK-1 and ITK-2,

whereas, there was no significant difference between the two ITKs.

90








Table4.20: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1 : Haldi is heated in Ghee

and applied topically; ITK-2 : Application of Extract of Genda leaves

topically) used for Wound


Effectiveness 8.123 ± 0.214a 5.710 ± 0.316

c 6.831 ± 0.367

b


b 9.872 ± 0.120

a


c 6.237 ± 0.271

b


b 6.435 ± 0.213

b

Side effect 6.120 ± 0.296b 9.241 ± 0.155

a 9.320 ± 0.127

a

Availability 7.012 ± 0.284c 9.129 ± 0.216

a 8.015 ± 0.209

b







91












quickness in healing and ease in preparation. On the basis of available criteria, ITK-1and


4.7.9 Studies on validation of different alternative (MST, ITK-1: Leaves/oil of Karanj;

ITK-2: Neem leaves+ Mustard oil) used for Ectoparasitic infestation.

Regarding effectiveness in case of ectoparasitic infestation, MST was significantly

different as compared to ITK-1 and ITK-2 (p<0.05). MST was found more effective than ITK-

1 and ITK-2, whereas, there was no significant difference between the two ITKs.








92









Table 4.21: Validation of different alternatives (MST, ITK-1: Leaves/ Oil of Karanj;

ITK-2: Paste of Haldi + Neem Leaves + Mustard Oil) used for Ectoparasitic

infestation


Effectiveness 8.345 ± 0.236a 7.113 ± 0.251

b 7.250 ± 0.342

b


a 9.625 ± 0.165

a


b 6.249 ± 0.134

b


b 6.423 ± 0.178

b

Side effect 5.912 ± 0.291b 9.412 ± 0.173

a 9.520 ± 0.163

a

Availability 6.819 ± 0.198b 9.530 ± 0.105

a 9.200 ± 0.142

a







93

Table 4.21 while reviewed depicted that ITK-1 and ITK-2 were found favourably accepted by

the livestock owners keeping the cost effectiveness, less side effects and availability in view.

Besides, MST also recorded higher ranks in criteria like effectiveness, quickness in healing

and ease in preparation. On the basis of available criteria, ITK-1and ITK-2 may be the viable

alternatives from livestock owners prospective.

94

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION & IMPLICATIONS

The indigenous technical knowledge is a systematic body of knowledge and

practices acquired by the locale people through accumulation of their own and their

ancestral experiences, formal and informal experiments and intimate understanding of the

environment in a given culture while dealing with situations and problems in various

aspects of life. ITK on animal husbandry is the holistic livestock management methodologies

adopted by non literate culture. There are many traditional healers in Jharkhand who are

knowledgeable and experienced in traditional systems of treatment but their knowledge is

not documented rather transmitted orally from one generation to another.

This study was directed towards identification, documentation and validation of

hidden indigenous technologies used by traditional healers and livestock owners in various

animal diseases in order to make them scientifically proved in the research institutions as

well as to disseminate the information all over the globe where everyone can use them for

good cause of the livestock. Such a study will also help to serve as a caution to us to

conserve medicinal plants before they become extinct. Commercial exploitation patenting

will be possible only after conducting a thorough scientific study on these plants.

In view of the above points this study entitled “Study on indigenous technical

knowledge (ITK) in animal husbandry among livestock owners of Jharkhand” was

undertaken with the following objectives:

OBJECTIVES

i. To study the profile of the traditional healers and livestock owners.

ii. To collect and document indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) followed by

traditional healers and livestock owners of Jharkhand.

95

iii. To study the extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous technical knowledge

(ITK).

iv. To identify the source and channels of diffusion of knowledge among traditional

healers and livestock owners.

v. To validate some selected indigenous technical knowledge (ITK).

The study was conducted in five districts viz. , Ranchi, Dhanbad, Latehar, West

singhbhum and Jamtara of all five divisions of Jharkhand. From each district 50 livestock

owners which are known to use of ITK's and 10 traditional healers which are considered to

be knowledgeable in ITK's in animal husbandry in surrounding areas were selected

randomly. Therefore, all together 250 livestock owners and 50 traditional healers (300

respondents) were selected for the study. In total 300 respondents were interviewed to

collect and document most commonly used ITKs for various animal husbandry practices. A

total of twenty two ITKs were validated by the livestock owners in terms of effectiveness,

cost effectiveness, quickness in healing, ease in preparation, side effect and availability for

ten selected commonly occurring diseases viz. , diarrhoea, fever, fracture, constipation,

pneumonia, bloat, gastrointestinal parasites, foot and mouth disease, wound and

ectoparasitic infestation in the region.

5.1. PROFILE OF THE RESPODENTS

Majority of the traditional healers were falling in old (>50 years) age group (70%),

low level of education (26%), belonged to ST (42%), medium family size (46%), had marginal

land holding (48%), medium herd size (44%) and medium annual income (56%). Majority of

them 54% had medium extension agency contact, medium mass media exposure (48%) and

used high informal information sources (68%).

96

Majority of the livestock owners were falling to middle (30-50years) age group (44%),

education up to middle level (28%), belonged to ST (34%), medium family size (48%), had

marginal land holding (54%), medium herd size (46.4%) and medium annual income

(62.8%). Majority of them 61.2% had medium extension agency contact, medium mass media

exposure (50%) and used high informal information sources (54.8%).

5.2. DOCUMENTATION OF INDIGENOUS PRACTICES

Based on the response from the traditional healers and livestock owners of all the

five district of five divisions of Jharkhand state, an inventory of numbers of indigenous

animal husbandry technical knowledge was prepared related to ten commonly found

animal diseases viz. , diarrhoea, fever, fracture, constipation, pneumonia, bloat,

gastrointestinal parasites, foot and mouth disease, wound and ectoparasitic infestation.

i. Diarrhoea was treated by barks of Kendu, Ban kulthi, fruit of Amla, unripe Mango,

barks of Pojo, barks of Jamun, juice of Kurchi, juice of Bahera leaves, juice of Banana,

juice of Bans leaves, leaves of Raktakambal, juice and fruits of Bakul, juice of Anarash

leaves, Hartaki, powder of Bel , Tamarind, Dhatura fruits, powder of Arjun, Ajawain,

juice of Sugarcane, roots , fruits and seeds of Elaichi, Methi, Sonth, Hing , Laung ,

Souf etc.

ii. Treatment of fever was done by stems and leaves of Kalmegh, smoke of Begna

leaves, roots of Ayapana, Black jeera, Black pepper, Ginger, Ajawain, roots of

Kokshima, Bantulsi, Neem seeds, Garlic, roots of Banlung, roots of Palati, roots of

Apang, roots of Jharmanik, Black pepper etc.

iii. Treatment of fracture was done by root and stem of Harjora plant, stem of

Harkankan, bark of Kusum, rhizome of Haldi, bark of Arjun tree, Garlic, bark of

Pojo, leaves of Mehdi, stem of Cactus, Turmeric, bark of Munga tree, bark of

Sankerjata etc.

97

iv. Constipation was cured by leaves of Kadam along with molasses, bark of Mango

tree, oils from seeds of Totka Bhindi, juice of Kalmegh, Amla, Hartaki, Bahera,

flowers of Burunga, Kalajira, Deshi Ghee, Hjng, Wheat bran, Ajawain, Jaggery,

Isabgol husk etc.

v. Pneumonia was treated by Lahsun, Mustard oil, Onion, Black pepper, leaves of Tulsi,

leaves of Basak, juice of Kalmegh, leaves of Kadam, Turmeric, Ajawain, Jaiphal,

Ginger, Methi, Sonth, Garlic, juice of Begna leaves, Extract of Tejpata, Garlic etc.

vi. Treatment of bloat was done by dry Ginger, Black pepper, Oak flower, burnt

Tobacco, Maize, Cockroach faeces, wheat flour, Somraj, Indrajan, Turmeric, Pat Alu,

Gad, Ghee, Lahsun, stem and bark of Kadam, Garlic, Molasses, Garlic Bitlaban,

Groundnut, Ajawain, Hing, Onion, Black salt etc.

vii. Gastrointestinal parasites was cured by leaves and bark of Farhar, fruit of Baibidan,

seed of Palas, seed of Kurchi, juice of Kalmegh, leaves of Neem, dry Ginger, Papaya

seeds, Mustard seed, bark and leaves of Dalim, bark of Ashoka tree etc.

viii. In FMD, foot lesion was treated by washing the affeccted part with lime water,

Karanj oil, Neem water, phenyl, Tincture of Iodine, Gurakhu etc. Making the animal

walk in canal/river water or mud and animals were allowed to stand in Hot sand

followed by sprinkling of Neem seed powder and neem oil/karanj oil were also

done. In case of mouth lesions in FMD, the treatment was done by leaves of Arhar,

Fitkiri, rhizome of Mand, Brinjal Ghee, leaves of Tamarind, Jaggery, extract of bark of

Babool, leaves of Tulsi, Turmeric, Sonth, Black pipper, extract of stems and leaves of

Pataldudhi, honey etc.

ix. Wound was cured by Haldi, Banpyaj, Ban Karla, slice of Sagwan, Karanj oil, stems

and leaves of Anantmul, Coconut oil, bark of Jamun, extract of Genda, bark of Siakul,

roots of Kuchila, juice of Kokur –Botur etc.

98

x. The treatment of ectoparasitic infestation was done by leaves of Karanj, Karanj oil,

leaves of Neem, leaves of Saripha, sap of Khejur, Neem oil, Papaya seed, Ginger,

Black pepper, Mustard seed, Palas seed etc.

5.3. EXTENT OF AWARENESS AND ADOPTION OF ITK

5.3.1. Extent of awareness and adoption of indigenous practices among livestock

owner in Ranchi district of Jharkhand

i. Most of the livestock owners (52%) were aware of the ingredients (decoction of barks

of kendu and Bankulthi) used in indigenous preparation to control diarrhoea. This

practice was adopted by 50% of the livestock owners.

ii. In case of fever most of the livestock owners (54%) were aware of the ingredients

(stems and leaves of Kalmegh) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was

commonly adopted by 48% of the respondents.

iii. In case of fracture, most of the livestock owners (72%) were aware of the ingredients

(powdered root or paste of the stem of Harjora plant) used in indigenous preparation

and this practice was commonly adopted by 68% of the respondents.

iv. In case of constipation, most of the livestock owners (50%) were aware of the

ingredients (leaves of Kadam along with molasses) used in indigenous preparation

and this practice was commonly adopted by 46% of the livestock owner.

v. In case of pneumonia, majority of the livestock owners (52%) were aware of the

ingredients (application of mustard oil with Lahsun) used in indigenous preparation

and this practice was commonly adopted by 48% of the livestock owners.

vi. In case of bloat, a good number of the livestock owners (42%) were aware of the

ingredients (Ajawain, Hing and Black salt) used in indigenous preparation and this

practice was commonly adopted by 34% of the livestock owners.

99

vii. In case of gastrointestinal parasitic problem, a good number of the livestock owners

(32%) were aware of the ingredients (leaves and bark of Farhar with molasses) used

in indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 28% of the

livestock owners.

viii. In case of FMD in foot lesion, most of the livestock owners (72%) were aware of the

ingredients (Lime water or Karanj oil) used in indigenous preparation and this


ix. In case of FMD in mouth lesion quite high number of the livestock owners (46%)

were aware of the ingredients (leaves of Arhar and Fitkiri is rubbed) used in

indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 42% of the

livestock owners.

x. In case of wound, most of the livestock owners (54%) were aware of the ingredients

(Application of Haldi and Deshi ghee) used in indigenous preparation and this


xi. In case of ectoparasitic infestation, most of the livestock owners (74%) were aware of

the ingredients (Decoction of leaves of Karanj/ oil of Karanj) used in indigenous

preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 68% of the livestock

owners.


owner in Dhanbad district of Jharkhand

i. Majority of the livestock owners (56%) were aware of the ingredients (Bark and fruits

of Bahera tree pulverized and mixed with water) used in indigenous preparation to

control diarrhoea. This practice was adopted by 52% of the livestock owners.

100

ii. In case of fever most of the livestock owners (60%) were aware of the ingredients

(Mixture of ginger, black pepper and roots of kokshima) used in indigenous

preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 54% of the respondents.


(paste of Harjora plant, bark of Arjun and garlic) used in indigenous preparation and

this practice was commonly adopted by 62% of the respondents.


ingredients (juice extracted from Kalmegh mixed with jiggery) used in indigenous

preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by 50% of the livestock owner.


ingredients (mixture of Tulsi leaves and Basak leaves boiled with water and mixed

with honey) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly

adopted by 48% of the livestock owners.

vi. In case of bloat, a high number of the livestock owners (48%) were aware of the

ingredients (mixture of Garlic, ginger and salt) used in indigenous preparation and

this practice was commonly adopted by 44% of the livestock owners.

vii. In case of gastrointestinal parasitic problem, most of the livestock owners (56%) were

aware of the ingredients (seed of Palas) used in indigenous preparation and this



ingredients (Lime water or Karanj oil) used in indigenous preparation and this


ix. In case of FMD in mouth lesion, a good number of the livestock owners (48%) were

aware of the ingredients (leaves of tamarin and jaggery is rubbed) used in


livestock owners.

101


(Application of Haldi and Deshi ghee) used in indigenous preparation and this



the ingredients (Decoction of leaves of Karanj/ oil of Karanj) used in indigenous


owners.


owner in Latehar district of Jharkhand

i. Majority of the livestock owners (54%) were aware of the ingredients (powdered of

Bell and Arjun mixed with juice of Banana stem) used in indigenous preparation to


ii. In case of fever, most of the livestock owners (56%) were aware of the ingredients

(powdered mixture of leaves or stem of kalmegh and Neem seeds) used in


respondents.


(paste of Harjora stem and Til oil is applied) used in indigenous preparation and this

practice was commonly adopted by 66% of the respondents.


ingredients (mixture of Aonla, Hartaki and Bahera) used in indigenous preparation


v. In case of pneumonia, a good number of the livestock owners (48%) were aware of

the ingredients (paste prepared from leaves of Tulsi, Turmeric and Ajawaian) used in

102


livestock owners.

vi. In case of bloat, most of the livestock owners (54%) were aware of the ingredients

(mixture of dry ginger/sonth and Black Pepper mixed in Luke warm water) used in


livestock owners.

vii. In case of gastrointestinal parasitic problem, most of the livestock owners (46%) were

aware of the ingredients (mixture prepared from dry ginger, leaves or bark of Neem,

Papaya seeds, Palas seeds, Methi and Black Pepper) used in indigenous preparation

and this practice was commonly adopted by 42% of the livestock owners.

viii. In case of FMD in foot lesion, a quite high number of the livestock owners (62%)

were aware of the ingredients (Neem seed powder and Neem oil) used in indigenous


owners.

ix. In case of FMD in mouth lesion, most of the livestock owners (56%) were aware of

the ingredients (leaves of Tulsi) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was

commonly adopted by 52% of the livestock owners.


(Application of Haldi and Coconut oil) used in indigenous preparation and this



the ingredients (paste prepared from Turmeric, Neem seed and Musturd oil) used in


livestock owners.

103


owner in West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand

i. A large number of the livestock owners (48%) were aware of the ingredients (sap of

Banana and leaves of Bans mixed with sugar) used in indigenous preparation to


ii. In case of fever, high number of the livestock owners (48%) were aware of the

ingredients (Mixture of roots of Palati, Ajwain, Black pepper mixed with salt and

sugar) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by

44% of the respondents.


(paste of Harjora plant) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was



ingredients (leaves of Kadam and bark of Mango) used in indigenous preparation



ingredients (paste prepared from leaves of Tulsi, Turmeric and Ajwain) used in


livestock owners.


(Dry Ginger and Black Pepper mixed in Luke warm water) used in indigenous


owners.

vii. In case of gastrointestinal parasitic problem, a considerably high number of the

livestock owners (44%) were aware of the ingredients (seed of Palas) used in

104


livestock owners.


ingredients (Neem seed powder and Karanj oil) used in indigenous preparation and



the ingredients (Sonth, Black Pepper mixed with ghee) used in indigenous


owners.


(paste of Haldi is applied) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was



the ingredients (paste of leaves of Karanj or oil of Karanj) used in indigenous


owners.


owner in Jamtara district of Jharkhand

i. Majority of the livestock owners (60%) were aware of the ingredients (powder of

Hartaki, Bahera and Aonla mixed with fermented rice water) used in indigenous

preparation to control diarrhoea. This practice was adopted by 56% of the livestock

owners.

ii. In case of fever, most of the livestock owners (60%) were aware of the ingredients

(powder of root of Jharmanik and Black Pepper) used in indigenous preparation and

this practice was commonly adopted by 54% of the respondents.

105


(paste of Harjora plant) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was


iv. In case of constipation, a good number of the livestock owners (42%) were aware of

the ingredients (mixture prepared from Hartaki, Ajwain, Wheat bran Hing and

Jaggery) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by

38% of the livestock owner.

v. In case of pneumonia, a high number of the livestock owners (46%) were aware of

the ingredients (juice of Begna leave, Ginger and Black Pepper) used in indigenous


owners.


(Decoction of stem bark of Kadam) used in indigenous preparation and this practice

was commonly adopted by 38% of the livestock owners.

vii. In case of gastrointestinal parasitic problem, a quite large number of the livestock

owners (58%) were aware of the ingredients (paste prepared from Papaya and Neem

seed) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was commonly adopted by

52% of the livestock owners.


ingredients (Neem leaves or Neem oil) used in indigenous preparation and this



the ingredients (Extract of Pataldudhi stems and leaves mixed with honey) used in


livestock owners.

106


(Application of Haldi) used in indigenous preparation and this practice was



the ingredients (leaves of Neem or Neem oil) used in indigenous preparation and


5.4. SOURCE AND CHANNELS OF DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE AMONG

TRADITIONAL HEALERS AND LIVESTOCK OWNERS

i. Among 50 traditional healers, majority (74%) received information about ITK from

their ancestors, whereas 26% got information from local vaidya.

ii. For diffusion of knowledge, majority (62%) of the traditional healers transferred it.

iii. Among 250 livestock owners, a quite large number (46.8%) received information for

the first time about ITK from their family members followed by 22%, 12.4%, 11.2%

and 7.6% from neighbours, friends, relatives and direct observation respectively.

iv. About diffusion of practice, 51.2% of the respondents transferred their knowledge

about ITK to family members only, 32% to family members and friends and 16.8% to

family members, friends, neighbours and relatives.

5.5. VALIDATION OF SELECTED ITK BY QUIK (QUANTIFICATION OF

INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE) METHOD

A total of twenty two ITKs were validated by the livestock owners in terms of

effectiveness, cost effectiveness, quickness in healing, and ease in preparation, side effect

and availability of ten selected commonly occurring diseases viz. , diarrhea, fever, fracture,

constipation, pneumonia, bloat, gastrointestinal parasites, foot and mouth disease, wound

and ectoparasitic infestation in the region. The scores obtained by all twenty two ITKs had

107

shown a clear validation by the livestock owners. The score ranges from 5.123 to 7.421 for

unfavourable validation characteristics and from 7.650 to 9.872 for favourable validation

characteristics.

5.5.1. Diarrhoea

For treating diarrhoea, three ITKs involving various parts of plant species like

Kendu, Bankulthi, Bahera, Bans and Banana were selected and put for validation. The scores

for unfavourable validation parameters ranged from 5.147 to 6.190 (effectiveness), from

5.310 to 6.310 (quickness in healing) and from 6.2 to 6.429 (ease in preparation) out of 10. The

respective scores for favourable characteristics like cost effectiveness, least or no side effect

and availability were found to range from 8.460 to 8.613, from 8.514 to 8.804 and from 7.529

to 7.921 on a 10 point scale. The scores obtained by various ITKs showed a clear validation

by the livestock owners.

5.5.2. Fever

For treating fever, three ITKs involving various parts of plant species like Kalmegh,

Neem, Bantulsi, Akand , Ajawain and Black pepper were selected and put for validation.

The scores for unfavourable validation parameters ranged from 6.988 to 7.314

(effectiveness), from 6.524 to 6.741 (quickness in healing) and from 5.22 to 6.432 (ease in

preparation) out of 10. The respective scores for favourable characteristics like cost

effectiveness, least or no side effect and availability were found to range from 9.353 to 9.567,

from 9.123 to 9.492 and from 7.680 to 9.514 on a 10 point scale. The scores obtained by

various ITKs showed a clear validation by the livestock owners.

108

5.5.3. Fracture

For the treatment of fracture application of Harjora plant and that of stem of

Harkankan, bark of Kusum and rhizome of Haldi were scored. The corresponding scores for

the favourable characteristics were found to be 7.80 and 7.650 (effectiveness), 9.120 and 9.480

(cost effectiveness), 8.60 and 8.301 (side effect), 8.412 and 8.100 (availability) for the two ITKs

respectively. The corresponding scores for the unfavourable characteristics were found to be

6.350 and 6.732 (quickness in healing), 6.210 and 5.123 (ease in preparation) for the two ITKs

respectively. The scores based on a 10-point scale showed the ITKs to be validated by the

respondents.

5.5.4. Constipation

For the treatment of constipation, application of leaves of Kadam along with

molasses and that of the mixture of Aonla, Hartaki and Bahera were scored. The

corresponding scores for the unfavourable characteristics were found to be 7.421 and 7.290

(effectiveness), 6.438 and 6.391 (quickness in healing), 6.217 and 6.420 (ease in preparation)

for the two ITKs respectively. The corresponding scores for the favourable characteristics

were found to be 9.275 and 9.143 (cost effectiveness), 9.624 and 9.721 (side effect), 9.421 and

9.315 (availability) for the two ITKs respectively. The scores based on a 10-point scale

showed the ITKs to be validated by the respondents.

5.5.5. Pneumonia

For the treatment of pneumonia, mixture of leaves of Tulsi, Basak leaves and honey

and that of the mixture of Ghee, Black pepper, Ginger and Garlic were validated. The

corresponding scores for the unfavourable characteristics were found to be 7.410 and 7.242

(effectiveness), 6.423 and 6.324 (quickness in healing), 6.324 and 6.530 (ease in preparation)

for the two ITKs respectively. The corresponding scores for the favourable characteristics

109

were found to be 9.723 and 9.197 (cost effectiveness), 9.434 and 9.563 (side effect), 9.213 and

9.567 (availability) for the two ITKs respectively. The scores based on a 10-point scale

showed the ITKs to be validated by the respondents.

5.5.6. Bloat

For the treatment of bloat, mixture of Hartaki, Aonla and Bahera and that of the

mixture of Ajawain, Hing and Black salt were validated. The corresponding scores for the

unfavourable characteristics were found to be 7.132 and 7.314 (effectiveness), 6.429 and 6.316

(quickness in healing), 6.392 and 6.235 (ease in preparation) for the two ITKs respectively.

The corresponding scores for the favourable characteristics were found to be 9.623 and 9.012

(cost effectiveness), 9.482 and 9.512 (side effect), 9.315 and 9.510 (availability) for the two

ITKs respectively. The scores based on a 10-point scale showed the ITKs to be validated by

the respondents.

5.5.7. Gastrointestinal parasites

For the treatment of gastrointestinal parasites, application of seed of Palas and that of

paste of Papaya and Neem seed were validated. The corresponding scores for the

unfavourable characteristics were found to be 7.126 and 7.230 (effectiveness), 5.612 and 5.920

(quickness in healing), 6.190 and 6.384 (ease in preparation) for the two ITKs respectively.

The corresponding scores for the favourable characteristics were found to be 9.810 and 9.633



the respondents.

110

5.5.8. Foot and mouth disease

For the treatment of FMD, application of Lime water and Karanj oil and that of Neem

leaves and Neem oil were validated. The corresponding scores for the unfavourable

characteristics were found to be 7.126 and 7.324 (effectiveness), 5.935 and 6.230 (quickness in

healing), 6.423 and 6.390 (ease in preparation) for the two ITKs respectively. The

corresponding scores for the favourable characteristics were found to be 9.712 and 9.545



the respondents.

5.5.9. Wound

For the treatment of wound, application of Haldi and Ghee and that of extract of

Genda were validated. The corresponding scores for the unfavourable characteristics were

found to be 7.126 and 7.324 (effectiveness), 5.935 and 6.230 (quickness in healing), 6.423 and

6.390 (ease in preparation) for the two ITKs respectively. The corresponding scores for the

favourable characteristics were found to be 9.712 and 9.545 (cost effectiveness), 9.460 and

9.550 (side effect), 9.560 and 9.450 (availability) for the two ITKs respectively. The scores

based on a 10-point scale showed the ITKs to be validated by the respondents.

5.5.10. Ectoparasitic infestation

For the treatment of ectoparasitic infestation, application of leaves/ oil of Karanj and

that of paste of Haldi, Neem leaves and mustard oil were validated. The corresponding

scores for the unfavourable characteristics were found to be 7.113 and 7.250 (effectiveness),

6.517 and 6.249 (quickness in healing), 6.715 and 6.423 (ease in preparation) for the two ITKs

respectively. The corresponding scores for the favourable characteristics were found to be

9.714 and 9.625 (cost effectiveness), 9.412 and 9.520 (side effect), 9.530 and 9.200 (availability)

111

for the two ITKs respectively. The scores based on a 10-point scale showed the ITKs to be

validated by the respondents.

CONCLUSION

This study was carried out to study on indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) in

animal husbandry among livestock owners of Jharkhand. The study was carried out in five

districts viz., Ranchi, Dhanbad, Latehar, West singhbhum and Jamtara of all five divisions of

Jharkhand. In total 300 respondents were interviewed to collect and information on most

commonly used ITKs for various animal husbandry practices. The collection, documentation

and dissemination pattern showed the richness of the time tested indigenous knowledge

applied to animal husbandry in the region specified under this study.

The awareness and adoption varied widely from ITK to ITK. The finding revealed

that 10 to 78 percent of livestock owners were aware of ITKs and 2 to 70 percent had

adopted ITk‟s in their animals. All the twenty two ITKs were subjected to the validation test

and were found to be valid and effective in the treatment of the different ailments. However,

all these ITKs were comparatively less effective than the MSTs. Still they have high value for

the livestock owners in the remote villages and particularly for low income farmers as these

are easily available and involve less cost in comparison to medicine of MSTs.

It was revealed from the major findings of this investigation that all the ITKs were

found valid and effective as per the observations made by the livestock owners, it need to be

validated scientifically and experimentally along with the identification and isolation of

active ingredients present in the material used under ITKs. Such studies will provide

scientific rationality for use of ITKs in future. Since, the ITKs seem to be cheaper, locally and

easily available in remote areas and have lesser side effects; the use of these ITKs may be

encouraged.

112

IMPLICATIONS

i. The region specificity of the present study as well as richness of the documented

ITKs in the region implies that similar studies can be taken up for geographically

diverse Indian subcontinent to prepare authentic knowledge base.

ii. Proper blending of ITK with the MST could be placed best in today‟s consciousness

for eco-friendliness in particular and sustainability in general.

iii. Refresher training courses on ITK should be organised based on field problems.

iv. Involvement of livestock owners, traditional healers, local leaders, veterinary staffs

and non-government organisations in the project identification, implementation,

review and monitoring process is an effective method of sharing knowledge and

skills.

v. Involvement of professional Vaidya and local traditional healers in the team of

researchers for the plant identification, use and harvesting practices is beneficial,

because they have practical knowledge and experience. They also have good

knowledge about the distribution of major medicinal plants in the locality.

vi. Documentation and subsequent validation (by QuIK method) of all the available

ITKs in any region could be helpful for further scientifically oriented similar works.

vii. Setting up regional work stations for the collection, documentation and validation of

information on prevailing ITKs as well as imparting education and training for the

people who are interested in ITK. It is also necessary to establish sub centres in

interior places and in remote areas of the country to impart to say above objective.

viii. Emphasis should be given for changes in the B. V. Sc. curriculum for veterinary

graduates. The curriculum should be revised with inclusion of indigenous veterinary

medicines.

113

SUGGESTED AREAS OF FUTURE RESEARCH

i. The study was confined to only five districts of Jharkhand state. Hence,

generalization of the study cannot be made elsewhere, in the way that these ITKs are

also used in other areas. Similar studies have to be concluded in other parts of the

country where indigenous technical practices in India.

ii. The present study has been considered only in Animal Husbandry; likewise other

areas can also be taken up, for documentation of indigenous practices.

iii. The documented indigenous practices can be taken up by different institutions to test

the validity in the laboratory.

iv. Emphasis should be given on documentation and validation of relevant indigenous

animal husbandry practices that livestock owners, veterinary staffs, traditional

healers etc. perceived as most successful during their experimental trials.

v. As most of the ITKs relevant to animal health care, involves the use of herbal and

medicinal plants, the cultivation of these plants can be encouraged.

i

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agarwal, Arun (1995). Indigenous and scientific knowledge: some critical comments.

Indigenous knowledge and development monitor, 3 (3): 305.

Balaraman, N. (1993). Indigenous farming system and improved farm technologies with

special reference to livestock production in Sikkim. National Seminar on

Indigenous technologies for sustainable agriculture, March 23-25, 1993,

Organized by NCDC, Varanasi, Division of Extension Education, IARI, New

Delhi.

Basant, R. (1990). Documentation of indigenous practices of Gujarat agriculture. A note: In

proceedings of the International Workshop on Sustainability through

Farmer‟s Improvement in Technology Generation and Diffusion. February 8,

Indian Society of Agronomy, New Delhi.

Bhalerao, V. R. (1972). Role of research in revolutionizing dairy industry. Indian Farming,

XXII (6): 101-103.

Bisht, N. , Pande, P. C. and Tiwari, L. (2004). Ethno-veterinary practices of kapkot block of

Bageshwar district, Utatranchal. Agri Asian History, 8 (4): 309-314.

Bizimana Nseknye (1997). Scientific evidence of efficacy of medicinal plants for animal

treatment, Ethno veterinary Medicine: Alternatives for Livestock

Development, Proceedings of an International Conference held in Pune, 4-6

November, 2: Abstracts, pp.11-12.

Carter, H. O. (1988). The agricultural sustainability issue: An overview and research

assessment. The changing dynamics of global agriculture. A workshop on

research policy implication for NARS, DSF/ZEL Field Fing, Germany.

ii

Chander, M. and Mukherjee, R. (1994). Traditional Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

practices for sustainable agriculture in Kumoun Hills of Uttar Pradesh,

Journal of Rural Development, 13 (3): 443-449.

Chinthu, T. U. , Narainswami, B. K. and Revi Sheeba (1997). Ethno veterinary medicine in

dairy cows, ethno veterinary medicine: Alternatives for livestock

development. Proceedings of an International Conference held in Pune, India

on 4-6 November 2: 13-14.

Chittiraichelvan, R. and Raman, K. V. (1991). Indigenous knowledge of farmers, its use in

extension strategies for rainfed agriculture. In technology for minimizing risk

in rainfed agriculture ISEF, New Delhi. pp: 185-200.

Chowdhary, R. P. and De, D. (1993). Farmer‟s rationality in their innovations. Paper

presented in congress on Traditional Sciences and Technologies of India, 28th

Nov. - 3rd Dec. , 1993, IIT, Bombay.

Daniel, J. C. (1969). A study on buffalo husbandry rearing practices prevalent among

farmers of Hissar block, Unpublished M. V. Sc. thesis: Department of

Extension Education PAU, Hissar.

Das, P. , Yadav, M. P. , Das, S. K. , Arya, H. P. S. , Singh Ratan, R. P. , Mishra, A. and Rani

Geetha, M. (2002). Indigenous technical knowledge based technologies and

their potentialities in organic animal husbandry. Paper for Keynote

presentation during National Workshop on Organic Animal Husbandry

Standards, held at IVRI on November 26-27, 2002.

Das, S. K. and Tripathi, H. (2009). Ethnoveterinary practices and socio-cultural values

associated with animal husbandry in rural Sunderbans, West Bengal. Indian

Journal of Traditional Knowledge.8 (2): 201-205.

iii

De Villiers K Anne (1996). Quantifying indigenous knowledge: A rapid method for assessing

crop performance without field trials. Agricultural Research and Extension

Network, Agreen, July 1996.

De, A. (2003). A study of indigenous animal husbandry technical knowledge in Paschim

Midnapore district of West Bengal. Unpublished M. V. Sc. thesis, Division of

Extension Education, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar,

Bareilly, 122-243.

De, A. , Arya, H. P. S. , Tudu, B. L. and Goswami, A. (2004). Indigenous technical knowledge

in animal husbandry. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 16: 8.

De, H. K. and Rao, V. M. (1995). Ethno veterinary practices : Farmers belief and scientific

rationale. IInd Congress on Traditional Sciences and Technologies of India.

Dec.27-31, 1995, Anna University, Madras, Ext. Abstr. , 46.

Dwivedi, S. K. (1998). Overview of ethnoveterinary practices in India. ICAR short Summer

Course entitled “Technique for Scientific Validation and evaluation of ethno

veterinary practices”.3-12 August, Division of Medicine, IVRI, Izatnagar, pp

1-5.

Gajendran, K. and Karthickeyan, S. M. S. (2011). Indigenous technical knowledge in duck

production in Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge.10 (2): 307-

310.

Ghosh, A. (2002). Ethno veterinary Medicines from the tribal areas of Bankura and

Mednipur districts. West Bengal. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 1 (1)

93-95.

Gupta, A. K. and Patel, K. K. (1992). Survey of farmer‟s innovations in Gujrat, part III, Honey

Bee, 3 (2): 22

iv

Gupta, R. K. and Singh, H. R. (1995). Traditional system to cure livestock disease in the

upper Gangetic plain of U. P. IInd Congress on Traditional Sciences and

Technologies of India. Dec.27-31, 1995. Anna University Madras, Ext. Abstr. ,

Agr.5.

Havekort, B. (1993). Strengthening farmer‟s capacity for technology development. ILEIA

Newsletter, 4 (3): 3-7.

Honeybee (1992). Animal Husbandry, 3 (4): 18-20. C/O Prof. A. K. Gupta, IIM, Ahemdabad.

Ibrahim, M. A. (1991). Indigenous agro-veterinary knowledge system: an alternative source.

In: When the grass is gone: development intervention in African arid lands (edited

by Baxter, P. T. W.) Uppsala, Sweden Seminar Proceedings-Scandinavian

Institute of African Studies (1991) No.25, 58-72.

Jaggi, O. P.1973. Folk Medicine. In: History of Science and Technology Vol.3, Atma Ram and

Sons, Delhi.

Jain, S. K. (1998). Ethnobotanical Approach in Evaluation of Ethnoveterinary Practices. ICAR

Summer Short Course entitled “Techniques for scientific Validation and

Evaluation of Ethno-veterinary Practices”. Aug.3-12, Division of Medicine,

IVRI, Izatnagar, pp.28-33.

Kaul, P. N. (1994). Traditional wisdom in veterinary sciences, Farmers Digest. Vol.4, May pp

25.

Kaul, P. N. , Mishra, O. P. , Kumar A and Lal, B. (1998). Cattle rearing practices of Bareilly

farmers. Dairy Guide Jan-March, 1998.

Khanna, B. M. , Singh, Y. P. and Singh, R. D. (1978). Veterinary therapy in Hissar villages:

Digestive and Respiratory disorder. The Haryana Veterinarian, LXVIII (1): 42-

51.

v

Khanna, B. M.1967. A study of the indigenous system of veterinary medicine as practiced by

the farmers of Hissar-1 Block, M. Sc. Thesis, Punjab Agricultural University,

Hissar.

Kohler, R. I. (1994). Ethno-veterinary practices of camel pastoralists in Northern Africa and

India. Journal of Camel Practice and Research, 1 (2): 75-82.

Kokate, K. D.1984. A study of dairy farming system and technological gap in tribal setting.

Ph. D. Thesis, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra.

Koradia, D. (1999). Survey of grass root innovations part XXVI. Honey Bee, 10 (1): 13.

Kramer, C. Y. (1957). Extension of multiple range tests to group correlated means.

Biometrics, 13: 13-18.

Lakshmana, M. , Mohammed, R. and Sridhar, B. Y. (2001). Evaluation of E-721 B, an

indigenous herbal combination in experimental models of immediate

hypersensistivity. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology.45 (3): 319-328.

Lans, C. and Brown, G. (1998). Ethno veterinary medicines used for ruminants in Trinidad

and Tobago, Preventive Veterinary Medicine.35 (3): 149-163.

Lans, Cheryl and Brown, Gabriel (1998). Observations on ethno veterinary medicines used

for ruminants in Trinidad and Tobago, Preventive Veterinary Medicine.35 (3):

125- 142.

Lawas, M. , Corazon, Luning, A. Henk (1996). Farmers knowledge and GIS, Indigenous

knowledge and development monitor, 4:8-11.

Lightfoot, C. (1995). Using indigenous knowledge systems in the design of on farm

experiments- a Phillipine case. In: The cultural dimension of development:

indigenous knowledge system (edited by warren, D. M. , Slikkerveer, L. J. and

vi

Brokensha, D.), International Technology Publication Ltd. , London, U. K.

pp.348- 353.

Lundbarg, G. A. , Schrag, C. C. , Lasten, O. N. and Catton, W. R. (1968). Sociology, New

York, pp.374.

Manjhi, S. K. (2008). Indigenous technical knowledge for control of insect pest and livestock

disorders. Indian journal of Traditional Knowledge.7 (3): 463-465.

McCall and Michael (1996). ITK in East African farming system. Indigenous Knowledge and

Development Monitor, 4 (1): 20-22.

McCorkle, C. (1986). Farmer innovation in Niger. Studies in Technology and Social Change

Series No 21. Ames: Technology and Social Change Program, Iowa State

University.

McCorkle, C. M. , Mathias and E. D. V. Rangnekar, and eds. (2001) . Ethno-veterinary

medicine: Alternatives for livestock development. Proceeding of an

International Conference held in Pune, India, on November 4-6, 1997. Vol.2:

Abstracts. BAIF Development Research Foundation, Pune, India. [Abstracts

available at http://www. vetwork. Org. uk/pune 20. htm]

Mishra, S. , Jhan, S. N. and Basak, P. K. (1994). Plants in ethno veterinary practices in

Darbhanga (North Bihar). Ethnobiology in human welfare. IVth International

Congress of ethnobiology, 17-21 Nov. , 1994, pp 228, Lucknow, U. P.

Mukherjee, A. and Namhata, D. (1988). Herbal veterinary medicine as practiced by the

tribals of Bankura district (West Bengal). Journal of Bengal Natural History

Society, 7 (1): 69-71.

http://www.vetwork/

vii

Norgard, R. B. (1984). Traditional Agricultural Knowledge: past performance, future

prospects and institutional implication. American Journal of Agricultural

Economy, 66: 874-878.

Padmakumar, V. (1998). Farmer‟s reliance on ethno-veterinary practices to cope with

common cattle ailments, indigenous knowledge and Development monitor, 6

(2): 14-16.

Pandey, A. K. (1996). A comparative study of livestock rearing system among tribals and

non-tribals in Chotanagpur region of Bihar. Ph. D. Thesis submitted to NDRI,

Karnal, 176-177.

Patel, K. K. , Suthar, J. H. , Koradia, D. , Raval, A. , Srinivas, Ch. , Maralikrishna, S. , Patel, H.

, Sinha, R. and Gupta, A. K. (1997). Survey of grass roots innovations. Part XX,

Honey Bee, 8 (3): 13.

Patel, M. S. (1993). Honey Bee, 4: 2-3

Ponnusamy, K. , Gupta. J. and Nagarajan, R. (2009). Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK)

in dairy enterprise in coastal Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Traditional

Knowledge.8 (2): 206-211.

Prakash, T. N. (1998). Who cares for the Knowledge-Rich economically poor workers. Honey

Bee, 9 (1): 10.

Rajasekaran, B. (1993). A framework for incorporating indigenous knowledge system into

agriculture research, extension and NGOs for sustainable agricultural

development. Studies on technologies and social programme, IOWA State

University, Iowa 50011, USA.

viii

Rangnekar, D. V. (1993). Learn from farmers for making livestock development effective.

Congress on Traditional Science and Technologies of India, 28 Nov. -3 Dec. ,

1993. IIT. Bombay, Extended Abstr. , Agr.4.

Rangnekar, D. V. (1998). Random thoughts on Ethno veterinary Practices and Validation in

relation to Livestock Development in India, ICAR short course entitled

“Techniques for scientific validation and Evaluation of Ethno veterinary

practices” pp.24-27.

Ratan, R. P. S. and Srivastava, R. M. (1993). Traditional wisdom of farmers of Bihar: Strong

foundation for appropriate technology development. Congress on Traditional

Sciences and Technology of Inida, 28 Nov. -3 Dec. IIT, Bombay.

Ravikumar, R. K. , Rao, B. , Sudhakar Bose, C. H. , Subhas Chandra, Sudhakar, K. ,

Aajanappa, M. (2002). Adoption of indigenous technical knowledge and its

scientific rational. Cheiron, 31 (546): 109-113.

Reijntjes, C. , Turner, S. and Kuhlman (1993). Soil and water conservation in Subsaharian

Africa: Issues and Options, Amsterdam (CDCS/IFAD).

Reinjtjes, C. , Haverkort, B. and Bayer, A. W. (1992). Farming for future: an introduction to

low external input and sustainable agriculture;ILEIA, Leusdan, Netherlands.

pp 52, 210-218.

Richard, P. (1979). Community environment knowledge in African rural development. IDS

Bulletin, 10 (2): 28-36.

Shiv Naraina, G. , Dubey, V. K. and Gupta, S. L. (1993). Methodologies for tapping and

documenting indigenous technologies. Paper presented at National Seminar

on Indigenous Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture, held at IARI, New

Delhi, March 23-25, 1993.

ix

Singh, S. K. and Chauhan J. (2010). Perceived effectiveness of ITK among Livestock Owners .

Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu.10 (1): 12-15.

Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran W. G. (1994). Statistical Methods, 8th ed. Affiliated East-West

Press, New Delhi.

Srivastava, R. M.1982. Cattle in culture and economy of tribal Mundas of Bihar. Ph. D.

Thesis, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra.

Talapad, P. M. , Shukla, P. C. and Jankiraman, K. (1990). Traditional wisdom of animal

feeding practices in certain tribals area of Gujrat. A review: In International

Symposium on Natural Resources Management for sustainable Agriculture,

Feb.6- 10, Vol. II, Part II, Indian Society of Agronomy, New Delhi.

Talwar, S. and Singh, Y. P. (1993). In search of wisdom among the farmers of arid agriculture

documentation and analysis. Proceedings of National Seminar on Indigenous

Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture, IARI, New Delhi.

Thrupp, L. A. (1989). Legitimizing local knowledge: from displacement to empowerment for

Third World people. Agriculture and Human Values, 3: 13-25.

Tiwari, R. and Tiwari, R. (2003). Indigenous medicines for treatment of livestock in Tarai

region of Uttar Pradesh, Agri Asian History, 7 (2): 153-160.

Tripathi Hema and Mandape, M. K. (2002). Ethno-veterinary medical practices of Indian

livestock owners in the northern plains of Uttar Pradesh (India), Livestock

International, March 2002, pp 8-10, 17-18.

Trivedi, G. (1963). Measurement and analysis of socio economic status of rural families-A

study conducted in Community Development Block, Kanghwala, Delhi State.

Ph. D. Thesis (Unpublished) I. A. R. I. , New Delhi.

x

Varshney, J. P. (1998). Traditional therapeutic resource for management of gastro-intestinal

disorders and their clinical evaluation. ICAR short summer course intitled

“Techniques for Scientific Validation and Evaluation of Ethno veterinary

Practices, 3-12 August, Division of Medicine, IVRI, Izatnagar.

Vivekanandan, P. (1996). Grab cares and castor cures. Honey Bee, 7 (3): 9.

Wang, G. (1986). Indigenous communication system in research and development. Journal of

Extension Systems, 4 (2): 75-86.

Warren, D. M. (1989). Indigenous knowledge: A definition. CIKARD Newsletter, 1

Webb, E. C. and David, M. (2002). The efficacy of neem seed extract (Azadirachta indica) to

control tick infestation in Tswana, Simmentaler and Brahman cattle, South

Africa Journal of Animal Science, 32 (1):1-6.

World Bank (1997). Knowledge and skills for the information age. The first meeting of the

Mediterranean development forum. Mediterranean Development Forum,

URL; http://www: worldbank. org/html/fpd/technet/mdf/ objectiv. htm.

Zuberi, M. L. (1997). Present state of Ethno veterinary System in north western Bangladesh.

Ethno-veterinary Medicine: Alternatives for Livestock Development.

Proceedings of an International Conference held in Pune, India, 4-6 Nov.1997,

pp 63.

Documents

STUDY ON INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE (ITK) IN … · 2018-12-12 · study on indigenous technical knowledge (itk) in animal husbandry among livestock owners of jharkhand thesis