Studying the procedures of sustainable methods concerning optimization and strengthening of protective coverings in the historic

monument of “Takht-e Soleyman”

ALI SALEHIPOUR Department of Architecture

Islamic Azad University Heris Branch, Heris

IRAN salehipour@herisiau.ac.ir

Abstract: - This article deals with, studying and recognizing the technical features and the construction materials of the architectural remains in the “Takht-e Soleyman” (throne of Solomon), which is one of the historic works registered in the world’s heritage list. Through pathology, identifying the problems of the architectural remains of this complex as well as considering the properties and principles of conservation regarding historic remains, and also by studying and analyzing the conservation and mending procedures in this complex; following the provision of several methods, some strategies have been recommended for optimizing and reinforcing the insulation in the remains of this historic monument. Finally, concerning the historic and ancient complexes, it is attempted to take useful steps in order to conserve and revive ancient works with an approach implementing restorable energies; all of which could be done by preparing a sustainable plan for the major parts in this complex, including, “Azargushnasb”, “Yazshengah” and “Anahita” temple. Key-Words: - Takht-e Soleyman; Sustainable mending; Solar energy; Sustainable conserving cover; Archeological works 1 Introduction Historic monuments of any country determines the historic identity of that country, hence the historic works documented in the world’s heritage bear the identity of different periods of the world’s history. The historic monument, in “Takht-e Soleyman”, pertaining to the Sassanid period is one of those historic works, conservation of which is very important. Considering the importance of this place, the present conservation methods are not proper and sufficient for such a place, and are too poor with regard to special climatic requirements of the area. Providing more suitable and sustainable procedures are required to conserve this historic monument, taking into account the widespread of historic remains as well as poor quality of the materials used in this monument. 2 Introduction and recognition of architectural remains in “Takht-e Soleyman” 2.1 Introducing the geography of area

This important area – “Takht-e Soleyman” – is located in northwest Iran, southeast Azerbaijan and “Urmiya” lake, 42 kilometers from northwest of “Tekab” and 2 kilometers from “Tazeh Kand” village (“Nosrat Abad”). It height above sea level is 2150 m. longitude and latitudes of this area is 45/30 and 36/40 respectively. In general, “Takht-e Soleyman” is located in a cold mountainous area, and snow fall is high, lasting until the mid-spring in this area. In addition to the cold weather and long-lasting glacial, rainstorms, temperature differences and wind blowing are among important factors in the erosion of this region.

Fig.1 Aerial Photo of “Takht-e Soleyman”

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2.2 Introducing architectural spaces and materials of this complex 2.2.1 Remains of Sassanid dynasty 2.2.1.1 “Azargushnasb” fire temple The most important Sassanid monument present in the complex is “Azargushnasb” fire temple. This fire temple, is known as “Atash Shahi” (warriors fire) is the most important fire temple constructed in Sassanid period. The materials of all piers, walls, and the arches remaining from the fire temple include Sassanid bricks, all having dimensions of 28*28*8 cm. The central section of this four-vaulted (chartaghi) is square-shaped, the distance between four piers is 8*8 m, which used to have dome-shaped ceiling. The brick walls of the temple were about 3.5 m thick. Some narrow, long and vaulted passage ways had been built surrounding this monument with a length of 16.5 m. after passing the vaulted and wide door ways, one can find himself separated from the main room (the place of keeping fire) through very narrow fences.

Fig.2 Sassanid ■ & Ilkhanid ■ monuments

2.2.1.2 “Yazshengaah” (the room containing the everlasting fire) “Yazshengaah” or the room containing the everlasting fire, located on the east of fire temple, is a place where fire was kept a flame when the fire could not be seen in prayer time. A brick pool is located at the center of the monument and there existed a yard in front of the pool, probably for keeping “Barsam”.

2.2.1.3 Treasury of the fire temple Two room which were completely alike and had been built with a pattern of several squares, are

Fig.3 Fire temple And surrounding spaces

(A.“Azargoshnasb” fire temple, B. “Yazshengah” C&D. Treasury E. “Anahita” temple)

Fig.4 “Azargoshnasb”, Section 9 of status quo

Fig.5 “Azargoshnasb”, Section 26 of status quo

Fig.6 Interior of “Azargoshnasb” fire temple

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located on the east of ever-lasting fire room. Each room has four vaulted-facades. These rooms had separate entrances via the yards in the south of the complex. The treasury had two rooms with stone foundation and brick body. 2.2.1.4 The “Anahita” temple The “Anahita” Temple, a hall on the eastern side of the “Azargushnasb” fire temple, was probably a place for worshipping the Goddess of water, for this temple is so similar in its architectural style. Having a shape like a square and the dimensions like that of fire temple, the “Anahita” temple in “Takht-e Soleyman” has some similarities with other temples like ones in “Neyshapour” and “Kangavar” with regard to its architectural style and even this monument’s dimensions. This temple has 8 piers made of stone, its walls are made of bricks, which are in north of the treasury, with four narrow rectangular walls surrounding the monument, which have been recognized as the residency of the maguses.

The other Sassanid monuments are pillared hall, tower and battlement and gates of the complex and the northern, western and Eastern porch in southern yard of the fire temple. The religious monuments having one common center, all extended to the religious lake, around which they have been constructed. The diameter of the lake is about 100 m, and the surface of the lake is still today because two streams discharge 100 liter water in a second. The temperature of the water is 21°c in both summer and winter. 2.2.2 Ilkhanate remains “Ilkhan” hunting palace was built in 1270 over the ruins in an attempt to complete the whole plan of Sassanid dynasty, the construction materials used in this period included rubble stone, plaster and red sandstone or the quadrangle stones used in Sassanid period. Therefore, the Sassanid and Ilkhanate parts are easily distinguished. Also, the main plan showing the holy palace of the fire temple, formed of two squares and an imaginary line, is resumed in Ilkhanate monuments. The only change is seen in the main entrance of the region, which is transferred from north to south with 180 degree change; therefore, an opening is made in bulwark of the complex, exactly in the imaginary pivot, passing through northern gate, the fire temple and the lake. This entrance first leads to the portico around the lake by construction installations, and then extends to the hunting palace through porticos.

Fig.7 Interior of “Yazshengah”

Fig. 8 “Anahita” temple

The monuments around the lake in Ilkhanate

period included three porticos in east, south and west sides of the lake. Among these monuments, the monuments on the west side of the lake have remained safer than others, and they are identifiable from the southern angle to the western porch. These monuments consisted of the four-porches hall of the hunting palace having a dome-shaped ceiling. As it extends northward there are several porticos and rooms. These porticos find their ways to an interesting twelve-angled monument, the inner space of which has a width of 10 m, and the only way to enter is through the hall.

This portico leads to the western porch. The western porch (Khosro Porch) was destroyed after Sassanid, and later Ilkhanate rebuilt it with rubble stone. The difference between Sassanid and Ilkhanate architecture is completely evident in this porch. Since, Ilkhanate architecture is introvert, lots of ornamentation has been used in Ilkhante monuments. Two piers of the porch forehead and three vaulted facades are seen one over the other, above this arches of which “muqarnas” is used. Of course, the southern pier of the porch collapsed after 1938. In footstall of the walls, the marks of stucco (superficies) tiles on the walls still remain in the plaster. At the extension of the porch, three western rooms of Sassanid dynasty have been destroyed from top to the floor level and instead a hall with a height of 17 m and width of 14 m had been built and two octagon rooms have been added to the hall.

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This section of Ilkhanate monuments served as the main residency, at the side of which the octagonal rooms were the most private places.

The consulting hall monument is located on the southwest of the lake, behind the western monument of the lake. It is square shaped, each side being 20.5. The remains of the four pillars are visible in this room; their pillars were made of red sandstone. This monument has just one big unusual entrance with a width of 4.10 m in the south, and the body of the margins on both sides of the doorway is red sandstone.

2.3 Pathology of the present situation of the remains in the architecture of complex The situation of the surface of walls and piers in this complex can be divided to four groups:

a) circumferential walls in monuments with a slope, which are divided to three types: 1. Walls with a slope to one direction, 2. Walls with slopes in two directions, 3. Slope and exfoliated walls. b) Walls with a slope and uneven surface. c) Middle piers having slopes. d) Brick and stone vaults in Sassanid period.

Table 1 Distribution table of Sassanid monuments Stone Stone carvings Brick monuments

* * - External wall * - - Interior wall - - * Fire temple - - * Yazshengah - * - Treasury - * * Anahita

temple - - * Hall of

Columns * - - Square rooms - * * West veranda - * * Rectangular

rooms - * - Fire temple

north yard 2.4 Technical features and Materials Science of complex 2.4.1 Materials in Sassanid period The inscribed stones and rubble stones formed of porous, sand flowstones are among the materials used in Sassanid period. The red brick with dimensions of 28*28*8, and half-burnt and half-

pressed plaster used between bricks and rubble stones are among other materials from this period. 2.4.2 Materials in Ilkhanate period Major materials used in Ilkhanate period were rubble stone formed of flowstones formed around “Takht-e Soleyman” Lake. Another material used in this period is the red flowstone, which is used limitedly in the monuments of this period. 3 Pathology of the remains in complex’s architecture 3.1 environmental factors in erosion of materials 3.1.1 Temperature difference Temperature difference during day and night in this region is very high, even in the summer. Here fast blowing of wind affects the great differences in temperature. The difference in temperature in the spring and fall reaches up to 30°c. 3.1.2 Snow and rain fall The rate of snow fall and rainfall in this region is very high. Hard rainfall in the spring and fall and lengthened cold season as well as heavy snowfall exposes the complex to long and sever snow and rainfall. Severe rainfalls get the surfaces of materials washed and as a result moisture penetrates the materials. Heavy snow remains in the region by the middle of the spring. In such a long time, glacial, coldness and wind blow gradually erodes materials. 3.1.3 Moisture Considering the high porous materials, lack of proper flooring, and unsuitable conducting rain water, moisture can cause increased erosion either in a ascending or descending manner. Moreover, the moisture present in materials in cold season makes the materials freeze, intensifying erosion. 3.1.4 Wind In “Takht-e Soleyman” region, winds blow severely and the cold season is long. Consequently, erosion process is very severe. Red bricks, which have not

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been heated well suffer the most damages because of wind.

Fig.9 Snowing in winter

Fig.10 Ascent wet in fire temple

3.1.5 Using heterogeneous and low-quality materials The dressed stones of Sassanid period in the enclosure are molasse type stones extracted from mines and lots of streaks and pores can be seen on them. Therefore, the materials provide a suitable erosion condition for themselves. At the same time the salts existing in stones and plaster mortar of Ilkhanate are washed after rainfall and accelerate erosion by flowing on other materials. 3.1.6 Incompetence in maintenance and revitalization The negative effects of unqualified revitalizations can intensify erosion factors. The sensible example of it is completely evident in the area after the rainfall; the soil washed off the mud straw on the sloped surfaces remains on the walls which is harmful from both visual effects and the negative effects of saline. 3.1.7 Plants, animals and human Moisture makes the root of plants grow in between the mortars of the materials and leads to their mechanical destruction. Nesting of the birds, insects

and animals in the holes between the materials can be a factor in the demolition of the ruins of “Takht-e Soleyman”. At the same time, presence of large number of visitors in the enclosure, most of who walk on the walls because of the lack of suitable visiting routes and absence of a guide, also causes the mechanical destruction of the complex’s ruins. 3.2 Examining the problems of mud straw coating in the complex 3.2.1 The problems of treating and preparing mud straw Most of the protecting cover in “Takht-e Soleyman” enclosure is composed of mud straw coating. The soil used for preparing mud straw in the complex is fetched from different places every year. The added straw has no special volume and grading of thee soil is completely experimental, and no consistent substance is added to it. On the whole, the provided mud straw has no special consistent and conserving characteristic to coat a large volume of the remains of the enclosure hoping that it would resist against harsh environmental condition. 3.2.2 Unsuitable slope of the remained coated surfaces According to pathology records, administration of mud straw coating on sloped surfaces of the monument is destructed every year and need to be revitalized, but in the technically repaired parts, such as Ilkhanate portico or the monuments on the north of western porch, where similar materials are used, the mud straw endures for more than 2 or 3 years. 4 Proposed methods for conservation and strengthening the protecting coatings 4.1 Methods of strengthening existing coatings in the complex 4.1.1 Strengthening mud straw coating -Using lime: mixing some lime with mud straw soil can enhance the stickiness and setting-up of soil’s particles; however, its subsequent effects on the materials in this site must be studied.

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-Using plant fiber: these fibers (filaments) make the soil integrated, preventing any cracks in the soil. The best fiber is straw which is also used in the mud straw of the site.

-Organic materials: these materials have a lot of varieties, making the soil resistant against moisture. Among the materials included following can be mentioned: glaire, animal glue, plant sap, etc.

-Synthesis and polymeric materials: Among these materials followings can be mentioned: acrylic polymers, meth acrylic polymers, silicon containing solutions, silicates, nitrocellulose, liquid asphalt and so on. These materials are not only costly, but using them, especially in open space is difficult.

4.1.2 Stabilizing half-burnt and half-pressed plaster This type of plaster is produced by using gypsum, taken from the mines close to the site and later burnt in the kilns close to the complex. The kiln is operated traditionally. Even though this type of plaster is produced through traditional methods, in general it possesses appropriate properties for mending purposes. Some recommendations have been provided for optimizing and stabilizing this plaster as well:

1) Using mechanized equipment in order to extract plaster. 2) Studying and recognizing new and investable mines. 3) creating suitable conditions and equipping the workshop with plaster baking kilns. 4) Optimization and increasing the capacity of kilns. 5) Controlling the kiln temperature as well as installation of safety equipment. 6) Using mechanical equipment for beating gypsum after it is baked. 7) Optimization and creating suitable conditions and producing the plaster carried out by the expert and skilled workers. 8) Quality control of the kiln’s products. 9) Using primal resin in the synthesis of plaster coating over the remains. 10) Using polymeric nets in the structure of the protective coating layer of plaster.

4.2 Sustainable methods recommended for protective coatings in architectural remains 4.2.1 Making legible and mending walls and piers In this method, the walls and piers destroyed until last available row are laid again and made legible by means of similar materials and similar mortar stabilized by resistant polymeric materials such as primal. This method could be applied as protective mending approach. In order to perform this kind of

mending in “Takht-e Soleyman”, similar instances already carried out in some parts of Ilkhanate porticos and remains in front of western porch must be taken into consideration. Accordingly the method recommended requires that the stone remains be constructed by similar stones and hence bricks be laid by similar and optimized bricks, in several coordinated rows. However, a separating plaster layer should be performed between the mended part and the older one. Also, it is essential that the mortar taken from half-baked and half-beaten plaster with a primal f 10% be used.

Fig.11 Readout “Azargoshnasb”fire temple and

“Yazshengah”

Fig.12 Repaired with similar materials & in

“Yazshengah”

Fig.13 Simulation reconstruction and repair of

monuments with similar materials

Fig.14 Protective cover with similar materials

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4.2.2 Final protective coating for piers and walls 4.2.2.1 Protective coating of stabilized, similar and local materials In this method, after making the missing parts legible, and after separating the new and old parts, done for observing the minimum intervention in the works and for preventing penetration of moisture as well, two flat and slope surfaces can be used for covering through moldings of half-baked and half-beaten plaster stabilized with a sack coated with primal. 4.2.2.2 Protective coating with new materials coordinated with the site In this method, after making the walls and piers legible, two different ways can be implemented: one has a slope inclined to one direction and a gable in which some coatings made of galvanize aluminum or fiber-glass have coordinated color and metal or wooden that are strengthened inside the plaster coating layer.

Fig.15 Protective cover with new materials

Fig.16 Protective cover to prevent moisture 4.2.3 Sustainable method recommended for protecting Sassanid vaults This recommended method is based on the protective method performed on one of the vaults of a fire temple, which has had a satisfying result so far. In this method, a layer of plaster-chromium and primal is spread over the Sassanid vaults, and over this layer, laying bricks with plaster mortar and

primal is performed, and finally it is coated with a layer of plaster and sack and primal. 4.2.4 Sustainable method recommended for grading slopes and directing rainfall The use of “Geotextile” to separate and protect pavement coverings of the complex’s floor as well as drainage and directing the over-the-ground water would be very useful in the complex.

Fig.17 Implement slope & isolate wet in all of

historical floor 4.2.5 The design of lightweight metal constructs, tensional skin, and transparent and sustainable façade for some parts of the complex At present, construction engineering suffers mostly from the reluctancy of construction engineers to show creative thinking and deal with the requirements of our environment. The main reason is that building has become a mere means of fulfilling necessities without caring for aesthetic values and the well-being of outlook and residents

The best way, which we also have selected for our project, includes developing a modern construction with a predominant function of protecting the ruins. This construction should protect, in the most natural way, the valuable ruins from destruction, using simple techniques.Nevertheless, the covering itself must meet the highest technical and aesthetic requirements. At present, special materials are available for this task, they are not totally new and have been widely used through the world, but they are not well known and well used in our country

A wider surface is needed to protect the protective coatings so that penetration of rain and

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snow into some parts of the complex having vast areas would be prevented. In so doing, following the studies carried out in the area concerned, a lightweight metal construct was designed, which directs (sends) the moisture of rain or snow outside the monument site, by means of developing a suitable slope having a tensional covering skin, being lighter and finally letting light pass through. This construct creates a pleasant environment for the visitors of the monuments since it has an intelligent vent on the ceiling and façade and makes thermal conservation and air circulation possible. We convincingly succeeded to plan and develop a structure that:

- is simple in form and construction. Therefore, it manifests itself in beautiful landscapes and does not compete the excavation it has; however, its high quality technical and aesthetic features

- create a pleasant and friendly interior climate - provide outstanding light and visibility; so that

the highlights of archaeology can be easily observed and experienced

- require lower maintenance costs and provide a long life span; so that one can enjoy the beauty and elegance for a long time.

Fig.18 Temporary protective coatings in

“Azargoshnasb”

4.2.5.1Ceiling The chosen synthetic skin is slightly arched between the steel frameworks, with dimensions of approx. 33x 24 m and fixed by means of over and under -

tensioning. The triangular frames are horizontally closed force-systems so that the pillars and foundation sustain predominantly vertical loads. The individual supporting systems were assembled on the ground and then lifted with cranes on the pillars set before. The covering of the roof was hooked up and stretched instantly using a supporting scaffold

Due to lightweight of the entire roof structure (about 25 kg/m2 including the steel structure), only a few pillars are necessary. Two rows of pillars are placed outside the structure and three middle rows are placed in several sensitive points inside the building following the archaeologists’ advice. A lot of difficulties arose when placing the pillars because of the valuable ruins that had to remain intact. Such a problem finally led to a modification of the central axis of the original construction, which functions as a backbone and enabled any desired displacement and changes of the pillars against the axis. They are placed in such a way so as to adapt to the external form of the roof and they belong to the same pattern and system of construction as the roof frames above them

In order to bear horizontal loads the bracing of the entire system was made in the direction of the slope through wind bracing. These are crossed elements between pillars, whereby the roof girders serve as corresponding compression bars. The bracing of the construction in the transversal direction is made by embedding all the pillars of the central axis in the foundation

Fig.19 The site for construction Sustainable roofed

space

Fig.20 Section A from historical monuments

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Fig.21 Construction the lightweight roof with

Sustainable structure

Fig.22 Section A-A from lightweight roof

Fig.23 Installation roof syntethic skin in “Ephesus”

Fig.24 Sustainable structure in “Ephesus”, Turky

Designed by Prof. W. Ziesel

4.2.5.2 Facade The facade is transparent stable and through its structural details so permeable that it permits a constant exchange of air. The facade is made of lamellas, suspensied from the roof structure.It is stiffened through horizontal girders prestessed by cables in order to resist horizontal wind forces.

Every lamella is fixed to the facade structure by four suspension bolts The facade has an important climatic function besides the necessary lateral enclosure of space. i.e. fresh air constantly penetrates the building and due to a temperature gradient it evacuates the air through openings in the roof. The constant exchange of air creates a natural inner climate for both, visitors and ruins

Fig.25 The transparent facade

4.2.5.3 Functions in designing -A skin for the roof is light, resistant and translucent. A synthetic skin, made by SHEERFILL V ARCHITECTURAL MEMBRANE, is both a cover and an important constituent of the construction. “SHEERFILL” is the registered trademark of a covering category used for certain immobile or dismantled buildings; it is a composite material made of fiber glass and Ploytetraflourethylene (PTFE). The SHEERFILL products are available in different thickness and translucence The material used is

a) Waterproof and weather-proof b) UV resistant c) Not easily inflammable d) Dirt deflecting (self-cleaning) e) Highly to moderately translucent – let enough

light inside, but compared to glass it has a lower permeability of solar energy

f) Extremely lightweight (1kg/m2), highly resistant (8.000 kg/m2)

-Materials for the facade are transparent, so that the valuable archaeological assets can be seen and recognized from the outside as well, and they provide firmness and stability against damages from the outside (vandalism). Materials are of the polycarbonate type. LEXAN, whose geometry was used, was established after detailed investigations of the climatic and technical requirements by a given material having the thickness of 8mm.

-The bearing structure is made of stainless steel that holds together the roof and the facade and resists oxidation and other effects of fresh air due to

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its constituent materials. Stainless steel was selected for the entire roof structure for its many advantages and the optical effect on the one hand, and the maintenance - free – operation on the other hand

4.2.6 Using renewable energy for sustainable protection in complex Using renewable energy is recommended for more sustainable energy and providing the energy of the complex as well. Solar energy is one of them and solar cells can be located on around the site or inside it and over the protective coverings. Consumption of this energy in the following forms may help the complex be more sustainable:

1) providing light at night that would have the visitors use the complex more.

2) Making heating system beneath the floor in some parts which are close to the monuments, which prevent freezing and accumulation of snow at the sides of the walls.

3) Creating a suitable environment throughout the year with regard to temperature and moisture in the roofed parts of the complex.

The presence of hot springs around the complex, one of which is the central lake inside the complex and has a temperature of 21°C during the year, makes the ground level to use geothermal energy, which is another kind of renewable energies.

5. Conclusion Historic monuments have great importance as the world’s heritage. Therefore, using the sustainable protective methods seems necessary so that they would keep these monuments from the dangers of environmental erosion factor for so many years. In this article, sustainable protective methods were presented for the historic complex of Takhte Soleyman, which is gradually eroding. It is hoped that this method would be implemented in all similar historic monuments, and as a result these monuments would be sustainably preserved all over the world as the most valuable works in the history of architecture.

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