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AMERICANINDIAN PLACES

A Historical GuideDook

FRANCES H. KENNEDYEditor and Principal Contributor

H O U G H T O N M I F F L I N C O M P A N Y

B O S T O N NEW YORK

2008

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Contents

To The Reader. Frances H. Kennedy - xxiii

The National Museum of the American Indian: A Native Place in Washington, D.C.W. Richard West, Jr. • 1

Places of the First Americans. David J. Meltzer • 2Indian-White Relations in North America Before 1776. Neal Salisbury • 4Indian-White Relations in the United States 1776-1900. R. David Edmunds • 9

• SECTION ONE

Map • 161. Flint Ridge, OH • 192. Isle Royale National Park, MI: The Minong Mine. Caven Clark and Tim Cochrane • 193. Rock House Reservation, MA • 20

EARLY MOUND BUILDERS. Bradley T. Lepper • 20

4. Grave Creek Mound Historic Site, WV • 205. South Charleston Mound, WV • 206. Miamisburg Mound, OH • 207. Shrum Mound, OH • 218. Story Mound, OH • 219. Conus Mound, OH • 21

10. Piqua Historical Area, OH • 2111. Mounds State Park, IN • 2112. Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, OH • 2213. Newark Earthworks, OH • 22

viii • Contents

14. Fort Hill, OH • 2215. Seip Mound, OH • 2216. Fort Ancient, OH • 2217. Rockwell Mound Park, IL • 2318. Toolesboro Indian Mounds, IA • 23

EFFIGY M O U N D BUILDERS. Robert A. Birmingham • 23

19. Effigy Mounds National Monument, IA • 2320. Nitschke Mounds County Park, WI • 2421. Man Mound County Park, WI • 2422. Devil's Lake State Park, WI: Mounds • 2423. Panther Intaglio, WI • 2424. Mendota State Hospital, WI: Mounds • 2425. Indian Mounds Park, WI • 2426. Sheboygan Indian Mound County Park, WI • 2427. High Cliff State Park, WI: Mounds • 2428. Lizard Mound County Park, WI • 2429. Serpent Mound, OH • 2430. Indian Mounds Park, MN • 2531. Gull Lake Recreation Area, MN: Mounds • 2532. Itasca State Park, MN • 2533. Dickson Mounds Museum, IL • 2534. Aztalan State Park, WI • 2535. Sun Watch Indian Village/Archaeological Park, OH • 2536. Leo Petroglyph, OH • 25

EASTERN N O R T H AMERICA. Daniel K. Richter • 26

37. Whaleback Shell Midden State Historic Site, ME • 2838. Colonial Pemaquid State Historic Site, ME. Arthur Spiess, Bonnie Newsom,

and Leon Cranmer • 2939. Maquam Wildlife Management Area, VT: The Grandma Lampman Site. Lisa Brooks

and Louise Lampman Larivee • 2940. Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center, CT: Recreated Sixteenth-

Century Pequot Village and Site of a Seventeenth-Century Fortified Village.Theresa Hayward Bell and Jack Campisi • 30

41. Acadia National Park, ME: Asticou's Island Domain. Bunny McBrideand Harald E. L. Prins • 31

42. St. Croix Island International Historic Site, ME. Donald G. Soctomah • 3343. Cape Cod National Seashore, MA: The Nauset Area. Francis P. McManamon • 3444. The Cliffs of Aquinnah, MA: We Belong Where We Are From. Donald A. Widdiss • 34

Contents

45. Mohawk Trail State Forest, MA: The Mohawk Trail. Robert T. Levefett • 3546. Deerfield, MA. Evan Haefeli and Kevin Sweeney • 3647. Plimoth Plantation, MA: The Wampanoag Homesite. Linda Coombs • 3648. Historic Battery Park and the Smithsonian National Museum of the American

Indian's George Gustav Heye Center, NY. John Haworth • 3749. Fort Shantok, CT. Melissa Tantaquidgeon Zobel • 3850. Old Indian Meetinghouse, MA. John A. Peters, Jr. • 3951. Ganondagan State Historic Site, NY: Ganondagan, the Town of Peace. G. Peter Jemison

and Michael J. Galban • 39

KING P H I L I P ' S WAR. James D. Drake • 40

THE FUR TRADE. William R. Swagerty • 42

52. Marquette Mission Park and Mackinac State Historic Parks, MI. George L. Cornell • 4453. Starved Rock State Park, IL: Starved Rock. Mark Walczynski • 4554. Iliniwek Village State Historic Site, MO • 46

THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR. Fred Anderson • 46

55. Fort Necessity National Battlefield, PA • 53

FORT JOHNSON, JOHNSON HALL, AND THE A N G L O - M O H A W K ALLIANCE.

Kirk Davis Swinehart • 53

56. Old Fort Johnson, NY • 5557. Johnson Hall State Historic Site, NY • 5558. Lake George Battlefield Park, NY • 5559. Fort Ontario State Historic Site, NY • 5560. Fort Ticonderoga, NY: Ticonderoga in Indian Eyes. Wes (Red Hawk) Dikeman

and Nicholas Westbrook • 5661. Old Fort Niagara State Historic Site, NY • 5762. Point State Park, PA • 5763. Fort Ligonier, PA • 5864. Bushy Run Battlefield, PA • 58

AMERICAN INDIANS AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. ColinG. Calloway • 58FORT STANWIX, ORISKANY BATTLEFIELD, AND N E W T O W N BATTLEFIELD.

John C. Mohawk • 60

65. Fort Stanwix National Monument, NY • 6166. Oriskany Battlefield State Historic Site, NY • 6167. Newtown Battlefield State Park, NY • 62

UNDER TREATY O A K S : LINGERING SHADOWS OF U N F I N I S H E D BUSINESS.

Rennard Strickland • 62

x • Contents

68. Schoenbrunn Village, OH. Jay Miller • 6469. Fort Recovery, OH • 6570. Fallen Timbers Battlefield and Fort Miamis National Historic Site, OH.

Donald R. Rettig, Jr., and G. Michael Pratt • 6571. Mille Lacs Kathio State Park, MN • 66

M A N O O M I N I K E : M A K I N G W I L D R I C E . WinonaLaDuke • 66

72. Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge, MN: Ricing Sites • 6773. Rice Lake National Wildlife Refuge, MN: Ricing Sites • 6774. Grand Portage National Monument, MN. Norman Deschampe • 6775. Voyageurs National Park, MN. Rose Berens • 6876. Folk Avoine Historical Park, WI • 6877. North West Company Fur Post, MN • 6878. Tippecanoe Battlefield and Prophetstown State Park, IN. Stephen Warren • 6979. Forks of the Wabash Historic Park, IN: alikalakonci wiipicahkionki (Beyond the

Place of Flint). George Ironstrack and Scott M. Shoemaker - 70

T H E BLACK HAWK WAR. MichaelSherfy • 70

80. Black Hawk State Historic Site, IL • 7181. Apple River Fort State Historic Site, IL • 7282. Battle of Wisconsin Heights, WI • 72

83. Tantiusques, MA. /. Edward Hood • 72

AMERICAN INDIAN BOARDING SCHOOLS. BrendaJ. Child • 72

84. Carlisle Indian Industrial School, PA • 73

REFORMERS. Frederick E. Hoxie • 74

• SECTION TWO

Map • 78SACRED PLACES AND VISITOR PROTOCOLS. Suzan Shown Harp • 81

85. Russell Cave National Monument, AL • 8286. Mastodon State Historic Site, MO • 8287. Graham Cave State Park, MO • 8288. Mammoth Cave National Park, KY • 8389. Francis Marion National Forest, SC: Sewee Shell Ring • 8390. Edisto Beach State Park, SC • 8391. Poverty Point State Historic Site, LA. Jon L. Gibson - 8392. Jaketown Site, MS • 84

Contents • xi

93. Rock Eagle, GA • 8494. Fort Mountain State Park, GA • 8495. Pinson Mounds State Archaeological Park, TN. Robert C. Mainfort, Jr. • 8596. Old Stone Fort State Archaeological Park, TN • 8597. Natchez Trace Parkway, MS: Bynum Mounds • 8598. Nanih Waiya, MS. Kenneth H. Carleton • 8599. Natchez Trace Parkway, MS: Pharr Mounds • 86

100. Indian Mound, AL • 86101. Marksville State Historic Site, LA • 86102. Kolomoki Mounds Historic Park, GA. Thomas J. Pluckhahn • 86103. Thousand Hills State Park, MO: Images on Stone. Carol Diaz-Granados • 87

FLORIDA'S N A T I V E A M E R I C A N H E R I T A G E . Jerald T. Milanich • 87

104. Crystal River Archaeological State Park, FL • 89105. Letchworth-Love Mounds Archaeological State Park, FL • 89106. Canaveral National Seashore, FL: Seminole Rest and Turtle Mound • 89107. Green Mound State Archaeological Site, FL • 89108. Hontoon Island State Park, FL • 89

THREE PLACES IN THE D O M A I N OF T H E C A L U S A . William H. Marquardt • 90

109. Mound Key Archaeological State Park, FL • 90110. Pineland Site Complex, FL • 90111. J.N. "Ding" Darling National Wildlife Refuge, FL: Mound • 90112. Safety Harbor Mound Site, FL • 91113. Madira Bickel Mound State Archaeological Site, FL • 91114. Caddoan Mounds State Historic Site, TX: A Sacred Site. Cecile Elkins Carter • 91115. Toltec Mounds Archaeological State Park, AR • 92

M I S S I S S I P P I A N : A WAY OF L I F E . Stephen Williams • 92

116. Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, IL. John E. Kelly • 93117. Parkin Archaeological State Park, AR. Jeffrey M. Mitchem • 94118. Buffalo National River, AR: Rockhouse Cave and Cobb Cave • 94119. Ocmulgee National Monument, GA. Alfred Berryhill and Blue Clark • 94120. Etowah Indian Mounds Historic Site, GA. Adam King • 95121. Shiloh National Military Park, TN: Mississippian Mound Group. David G. Anderson

and Paul D. Welch • 96122. Sellars Farm State Archaeological Area, TN. James V. Miller • 96123. Pocahontas Mound, MS • 97124. Natchez Trace Parkway, MS: Boyd Mounds Site • 97125. Tombigbee National Forest, MS: Owl Creek Mounds • 97

xii • Contents

126. Natchez Trace Parkway, MS: Bear Creek Mound and Village Site • 97127. Natchez Trace Parkway, MS: Emerald Mound. Ian W. Brown • 97128. Natchez Trace Parkway, MS: Mangum Mound • 98129. The Grand Village of the Natchez Indians, MS. Jim Barnett • 98130. Winterville Mounds, MS. Jeffrey P. Brain • 98131. Angel Mounds State Historic Site, IN • 99132. Moundville Archaeological Park, AL. Vincas P. Steponaitis • 99133. Wickliffe Mounds State Historic Site, KY. Kit W. Wesler • 100134. Santee National Wildlife Refuge, SC: Santee Indian Mound • 100135. Chucalissa Archaeological Site, TN • 101136. Towosahgy State Historic Site, MO • 101137. Washington State Park, MO: Petroglyphs -101138. Shawnee National Forest, IL: Millstone Bluff. Brian M. Butler -101139. Town Creek Indian Mound, NC. Malinda Maynor Lowery • 102140. Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park, FL • 103141. Indian Temple Mound Museum and Park, FL • 103142. Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center, OK. Dennis Anthony Peterson • 103

T H E R I S E AND FALL OF THE M I S S I S S I P P I A N S . T. R. Pauketat • 104

143. De Soto National Memorial, FL. Margo Schwadron • 105144. Colonial National Historical Park, VA: Jamestowne and the Powhatan Indians.

Helen C. Rountree • 105

FRANCISCAN DESIGNS FOR THE NATIVE PEOPLE OF LA FLORIDA.

David Hurst Thomas • 106

145. Mission San Luis, FL. Bonnie G. McEwan • 108146. Arkansas Post National Memorial, AR. Geary Hobson • 108147. Natchez Trace Parkway, MS: A Glimpse of Chickasaw Nation History from the

Chickasaw Village Site. Kirk Perry • 109148. Osage Village State Historic Site, MO. Andrea A. Hunter • 110149. Fort Osage National Historic Landmark, MO -111150. Kituhwa Mound, NC: Return to Kituhwa. Joyce Conseen Dugan • 111151. Nikwasi Mound, NC. Barbara R. Duncan • 112152. Oconaluftee Indian Village, NC: The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians.

B. Lynne Harlan and Tom Hatley • 112153. Great Smoky Mountains National Park, NC: Oconaluftee River Trail • 114154. Unicoi Turnpike Trail, GA, NC, and TN: Nunna'hi-tsune'ga. Brett H. Riggs -114155. Chota Memorial, TN • 116156. Ninety Six National Historic Site, SC -116157. Fort Loudoun State Historic Area, TN • 116

Contents • xiii

158. Natchez Trace Parkway, MS: Choctaw Agency. Phillip Martin • 117' '

159. Horseshoe Bend National Military Park, AL. Robert W. Blythe - 1 1 7

160. Fort Toulouse/Fort Jackson Park, AL - 1 1 8

161. New Echota Historic Site, GA: Early Cherokee Nationalism in the Nineteenth

Century. Julia Coates • 118

162. Chieftains Museum/Major Ridge Home, GA. Carey L. Tilley • 119

163. Chief Vann House Historic Site, GA • 120

164. Sequoyah's Cabin, OK: Monument to the Cherokee Genius. Dan Agent • 120

165. Red Clay State Historic Park, TN • 121

166. Audubon Acres, TN - 1 2 1

TRAIL OF TEARS N A T I O N A L H I S T O R I C T R A I L : T H E F O R C E D R E M O V A L

OF THE C H E R O K E E . DuaneKing • 121

167. Trail of Tears Commemorative Park, KY • 123

168. Mantle Rock Preserve, KY • 123

169. Trail of Tears State Park, MO • 123

170. Riverfront Park, AR • 123

171. Cadron Settlement Park, AR • 123

172. Lake Dardanelle State Park, AR • 123

173. Village Creek State Park, AR • 124

174. Fort Smith National Historic Site, AR: The Fort Smith Council, 1865.

Daniel F. Littlefield, Jr. • 124

175. Cherokee National Capitol, Cherokee National Supreme Court Building, and

Cherokee National Prison, OK. Chad Smith • 125

176. Osage Tribal Museum, OK. Jim Gray • 126

177. Creek Council House Museum, OK. A. D. Ellis and Ted Isham • 126

178. Chickasaw Council House Museum and Chickasaw Nation Capitol, OK.

Richard Green • 127

179. Chickasaw National Recreation Area, OK. Jeannie Barbour • 128

REMOVAL AND R E C O V E R Y . Louis Coleman and Robert Powell West • 129

180. Wheelock Academy, OK • 129

181. Fort Towson Historic Site and the Doaksville Site, OK • 129

182. Choctaw Nation Tribal Capitol, OK: Tushka Homma. Gregory E. Pyle • 130

183. Fort Gibson Historic Site, OK • 130

C O N S T I T U T I O N A L G O V E R N M E N T A M O N G T H E F I V E C I V I L I Z E D T R I B E S .

Bob L. Blackburn • 130

184. Dade Battlefield Historic State Park, FL. Donald L. Fixico - 1 3 1

185. Tree Tops Park, FL: Pine Island Ridge. Brent Richards Weisman • 132

xiv • Contents

186. Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum and Living Village, FL • 133

AMERICAN INDIANS AND THE C I V I L WAR. Laurence M. Hauptman • 133

187. Pea Ridge National Military Park, AR • 134188. Battle of Honey Springs Historic Site, OK • 134189. Petersburg National Battlefield, VA • 134190. Castillo de San Marcos National Monument, FL • 135191. Gulf Islands National Seashore, FL: Fort Pickens • 135192. University of North Carolina at Pembroke, NC: A Part of Lumbee Indian Heritage.

Helen Maynor Scheirbeck • 135

• SECTION THREE

Map • 138PEOPLE AND PLACE. Philip J. Deloria • 141

193. Blackwater Draw, Locality 1 Archaeological Site, NM: People and Water.John L. Montgomery • 142

194. Lubbock Lake Landmark, TX • 142195. Caprock Canyons State Park, TX • 143

TOOLS FROM THE E A R T H . CatherineM. Cameron • 143

196. Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument, TX • 144

PICTOGRAPHS AND PETROGLYPHS IN TEXAS. SolveigA. Turpin • 144

197. Hueco Tanks State Historic Site, TX • 145

198. Seminole Canyon State Park and Historic Site, TX • 145199. Amistad National Recreation Area, TX • 145200. Medicine Lodge State Archaeological Site, WY • 145201. Medicine Wheel National Historic Landmark, WY. Jeanne Oyawin Eder • 145202. Devils Tower National Monument, WY: Mato Tipila Paha — The Hill of the

Bear's Lodge. Karen Lone Hill • 146

BUFFALO JUMPS. Rosalyn R. LaPier • 147

203. First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park, MT • 147204. Madison Buffalo Jump State Park, MT • 147205. Wahkpa Chu'gn Buffalo Jump Archaeological Site, MT • 147206. Pictograph Cave State Park, MT. George Horse Capture • 147207. Jeffers Petroglyphs, MN. Joe Williams • 148208. Pipestone National Monument, MN. Glen H. Livermont • 148

Contents • xv

209. Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, NE: A 'bekiya wama 'k' ask' an s'e —Animal Bones Brutally Scattered About. Sebastian C. LeBeau II • 149

210. Bear Butte State Park, SD: Mato Paha — Sacred Sentinel of the Northern Plains.JaceDeCory • 150

211. Badlands National Park, SD: Mako Sica and the Oglala Lakota. Paul M. Robertson • 150212. Mount Rushmore National Memorial, SD: Paha Sapa — Ancestral Homeland

of the Lakota. Rhonda Buell Schier -151213. Mitchell Prehistoric Indian Village, SD • 152214. Blood Run National Historic Landmark, IA: Peace on the Prairie.

Lance M. Foster • 152

THE M Y T H OF N O M A D I S M AND I N D I G E N O U S L A N D S . DavidE. Wilkins • 153

215. Menoken Indian Village State Historic Site, ND • 154216. Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site, ND. Gerard (Yellow Wolf) Baker • 154217. Huff Indian Village State Historic Site, ND • 155218. Double Ditch Indian Village State Historic Site, ND • 155219. Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park, ND: On-a-Slant Village. Tracy Potter • 156220. Fort Clark State Historic Site, ND • 156221. Van Meter State Park, MO: Missouria Village. Matthew Jones • 157222. Scott State Park, KS: El Cuartelejo • 157223. San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, TX: Mission Nuestra Senora de la

Purisima Concepci6n de Acuna, Mission San Jose y San Miguel de Aguayo, MissionSan Juan Capistrano, Mission San Francisco de la Espada. David J. Weber • 158

224. Pompeys Pillar National Historic Landmark, MT • 159225. Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site, ND • 159226. Pawnee Indian Museum State Historic Site, KS. Robert Fields • 159227. Shawnee Indian Mission State Historic Site, KS. Bertha Cameron

and Greg Pitcher • 160228. Allegawaho Memorial Heritage Park, KS. James Pepper Henry - 160229. Kaw Mission State Historic Site, KS • 161230. Fort Snelling State Park, MN. Neil (Cantemaza) McKay -161231. Historic Fort Snelling.MN • 162232. Lac qui Parle Mission, MN • 162233. Traverse des Sioux, MN • 162

THE DAKOTA IN M I N N E S O T A 1851-1862. Lenor A. Scheffler • 163

234. Lower Sioux Agency, MN • 163235. Fort Ridgely State Park, MN • 164236. Upper Sioux Agency State Park, MN • 164

xvi • Contents

237. Birch Coulee Battlefield, MN • 164238. Whitestone Hill Battlefield State Historic Site, ND • 164239. Killdeer Mountain Battlefield State Historic Site, ND • 164240. Fort Laramie National Historic Site, WY. Troy D. Smith • 165241. Fort Phil Kearny State Historic Site, WY • 166242. Washita Battlefield National Historic Site, OK. Lawrence Hart • 166243. Palo Duro Canyon State Park, TX. Dan L. Flores • 167244. Adobe Walls, TX. Thomas W. Kavanagh • 168245. Rosebud Battlefield State Park, MT. Jeffrey Ostler • 169246. Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, MT. Herman J. Viola • 170

T H E BATTLE OF THE LITTLE BIGHORN. Gerard Baker, Jeanne Oyawin Eder,William Walks Along, and Joseph Medicine Crow • 171

247. Fort Robinson State Park, NE • 172248. Fort Buford State Historic Site, ND • 173249. Chief Plenty Coups State Park, MT. Timothy Bernardis • 173250. Haskell Indian Nations University, KS: From Assimilation to Self-Determination.

Karen Gay ton Swisher • 174251. Fort Totten State Historic Site, ND • 175

• SECTION FOUR

Map • 178PLACES AND SPACES. Dave Warren - 181

252. Grand Canyon National Park, AZ • 182

GREAT BASIN INDIGENOUS PLACES. Catherine S. Fowler • 183PETROGLYPHS AND PICTOGRAPHS IN THE GREAT BASIN. Alanah Woody

and Angus R. Quinlan • 184

253. Grimes Point Archaeological Area, NV • 184254. Valley of Fire State Park, NV • 184255. Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, NV • 184256. Pipe Spring National Monument, AZ. Angelita S. Bulletts • 185257. Lake Mead National Recreation Area, NV: Wikame — Spirit Mountain: The Hualapai

Perspective on Creation. Loretta Jackson • 185

EXPANDING THE DIALOGUE BETWEEN AMERICAN INDIANS AND N O N - I N D I A N

ARCHAEOLOGISTS. Joe E. Watkins • 186T H E H O H O K A M : PEOPLE OF THE DESERT. PatriciaL. Crown • 187

258. Painted Rocks Petroglyph Site, AZ • 187

Contents • xvii

259. Pueblo Grande Museum and Archaeological Park, AZ • 188260. South Mountain Park/Preserve, AZ: Petroglyphs • 188261. Park of the Canals, AZ • 188262. Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, AZ • 188263. Hardy Site, AZ • 188

THE FREMONT. DavidB. Madsen • 188

264. Fremont Indian State Park and Museum, UT • 189265. Capitol Reef National Park, UT: Petroglyphs • 189

ANCESTRAL PUEBLO PEOPLES. Linda S. Cordell • 189THE PEOPLE OF THE M I M B R E S MOGOLLON R E G I O N . Margaret C. Nelsonand Michael W.Diehl -191

266. Three Rivers Petroglyph Site, NM • 191267. Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, NM • 192268. Casa Malpais Archaeological Park, AZ • 192269. Chaco Culture National Historical Park, NM: The Place and Its People.

W.James Judge • 192

CHACOANS AWAY FROM HOME: CHACOAN OUTLYING COMMUNITIES.

Florence C. Lister • 193

SEVEN GREAT H O U S E C O M M U N I T I E S OF THE CHACOAN ERA. John Kantner • 194

270. Casamero Pueblo, NM • 195271. Anasazi Heritage Center, CO: Escalante Pueblo and Dominguez Pueblo • 195272. Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, CO: Lowry Pueblo • 195273. Salmon Ruins, NM • 195274. Edge of the Cedars State Park, UT: Pueblo • 195275. Chimney Rock Archaeological Area, CO • 196276. Bluff Great House, UT • 196277. Sand Island Campground, UT: Petroglyphs • 196278. Anasazi State Park Museum, UT: Coombs Site • 196279. Aztec Ruins National Monument, NM. Peter J. McKenna • 196

THE CHACO M E R I D I A N . Stephen H. Lekson • 197

280. Mesa Verde National Park, CO. William D. Lipe • 199281. Ute Mountain Tribal Park, CO • 200282. Canyon de Chelly National Monument, AZ:

The Place and the People. Ailema Benally • 200Telling Its Story. Wilson Hunter, Jr. • 201

283. Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, AZ: A Pueblo and Pictographs • 201284. Mule Canyon Ruin, UT • 202

xviii • Contents

285. Rainbow Bridge National Monument, UT • 202286. Hovenweep National Monument, UT. Ian Thompson • 202287. Canyonlands National Park, UT • 203288. Zion National Park, UT • 203

T H E PUEBLO DIASPORA. JamesE. Snead • 203T H E SINAGUA. Christian E. Downum • 204

289. Taawa Park, AZ: Stories of the Ancient Hopi. Leigh Kuwanwisiwma • 205290. Coconino National Forest, AZ: Elden Pueblo • 206291. Walnut Canyon, Wupatki, and Sunset Crater National Monuments, AZ.

Lyle Balenquah • 206292. Montezuma Castle National Monument, Montezuma Well, and Tuzigoot National

Monument, AZ. Matthew Sakiestewa Gilbert • 207293. Homolovi Ruins State Park, AZ. E. Charles Adams • 208294. Kinishba Ruins National Historic Landmark, AZ: Decolonizing Kinishba. White Mountain

Apache Tribe Heritage Program: Mark Altaha, Nick Laluk, and John R. Welch • 208295. Petrified Forest National Park, AZ. Anne Trinkle Jones • 209

So FAR AND YET SO NEAR. Clara Sue Kidwell • 210T H E ELUSIVE SALADO. Jeffery J.Clark and Patrick D.Lyons • 211

296. Besh-Ba-Gowah Archaeological Park, AZ • 212297. Gila Pueblo, AZ -212298. Tonto National Monument, AZ. Owen Lindauer -212

AMERICAN I N D I A N S ' SPIRITUALITY AND LAND USE. Charles Wilkinson • 212

299. Valles Caldera National Preserve, NM. William deBuys -213300. Bandelier National Monument, NM. Robert P. Powers • 214301. Tijeras Pueblo, NM • 214302. El Morro National Monument, NM. Jonathan E. Damp • 215303. El Malpais National Monument, NM: The Zuni-Acoma Trail. Jeffery Kevin Waseta • 215304. Navajo National Monument, AZ:

People of the Red Rock Canyons. Brian Culpepper and Curlinda Holiday • 216Hisat'katsi (Hopi Life in the Past) at Betatakin (Talastima), Keet Seel (Kawestima),and Inscription House (Tsu'ovi). Lloyd Masayumptewa • 216

305. Petroglyph National Monument, NM. Polly Schaafsma • 217

T H E HISTORY OF THE PUEBLO INDIANS. JoeS. Sando • 218

306. Pueblo of Acoma, NM: Sky City. Brian D. Vallo -219307. Coronado State Monument, NM: Kuaua Pueblo • 220308. Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument, NM. James E. Ivey • 221309. Jemez State Monument, NM. Joshua Madalena • 221

Contents • xix

310. Pecos National Historical Park, NM. John L. Kessell • 222311. Navajo Pueblitos of the Dinetah, NM. Harry Walters • 223312. Tumacacori National Historical Park, AZ: The O'odham and the Missions.

Donald T. Garate • 224313. Mission San Xavier del Bac, AZ: O'odham Himdag. Marlon B. Evans • 225314. Carlsbad Caverns National Park, NM • 225315. Guadalupe Mountains National Park, TX: The Mescalero Apaches and the

Guadalupe Mountains. Donna R. Stern and Nicole G. Stern • 226316. Fort Bowie National Historic Site, AZ. Leland Michael Darrow • 227317. Fort Sumner State Monument, NM. Davina Two Bears • 228

WISDOM SITS IN PLACES. Keith H. Basso • 228

318. Fort Apache and Theodore Roosevelt School Historic District, AZ: Past Is Present.White Mountain Apache Tribe Heritage Program: Mark Altaha, Doreen Gatewood, Karl Hoerig,Ramon Riley, and John R. Welch • 230

319. Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site, AZ: Lok'aahnteel. Kathleen Tabaha • 230

TREE-RING AND R A D I O C A R B O N D A T I N G . Jeffrey S. Dean • 231

• SECTION FIVE

Map • 236NATIVE C A L I F O R N I A N S . Malcolm Margolin • 239

320. Joshua Tree National Park, CA: The People and Their Homeland. Clifford E. Trafzer • 240321. Channel Islands National Park, CA. John R. Johnson • 241322. Carrizo Plain National Monument, CA: Painted Rock. Georgia Lee

and William D. Hyder • 242323. Chumash Painted Cave State Historic Park, CA. Ernestine Ygnacio-De Soto • 242324. Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, CA: Satwiwa

Native American Indian Culture Center and Natural Area. Charlie Cooke (Tiq Slow),Dennis Garcia, Ted Garcia, Jr., and Mati Waiya • 243

FOUNDING A TRIBAL MUSEUM: THE MALKI MUSEUM. KatherineSiva Saubeland Paul Apodaca • 243

325. Death Valley National Park, CA: Tiipipiih, Our Timbisha Shoshone Homeland.Pauline Esteves • 244

326. Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, CA: The Western Mono and theFoothill Yokuts. Thomas L. Burge • 245

327. Wassama Round House State Historic Park, CA. Linda E. Dick Bissonnette with Les James,Suzanne Ramirez, Karen Sargosa, and Bernice Williamson • 246

xx • Contents

328. Yosemite National Park, CA: Ahwahnee Village • 246329. Indian Grinding Rock State Historic Park, CA. Dwight Dutschke • 247330. Coyote Hills Regional Park, CA. Beverly R. Ortiz with Carol Bachmann, T. Michael Bonillas,

Theodore W. Bonillas, Lisa Carrier, Mary Carrier, Roberta Chew, Ramona Garibay, SabrinaGaribay, Judy Hall, and Ruth Orta • 248

CALIFORNIA M I S S I O N S . Rose Marie Beebe and Robert M. Senkewicz • 249

331. La Purisima Mission State Historic Park, CA. Nicolasa I. Sandoval • 250332. Sonoma State Historic Park, CA: Mission San Francisco de Solano • 251333. Golden Gate National Recreation Area, CA: The Ohlone Village Site and the

Restored Tidal Marsh at Crissy Field. Paul Scolari and Linda Yamane • 251334. Point Reyes National Seashore, CA: The Coast Miwok. Gene Buvelot, Sylvia Thalman,

and Nick Tipon • 252335. Olompali State Historic Park, CA. E. Breck Parkman • 253336. Fort Ross State Historic Park, CA: The First People. Otis Parrish • 253337. Anderson Marsh State Historic Park, CA. Jim Brown-Eagle III • 254338. Ancil Hoffman County Park, CA: Effie Yeaw Nature Center —

The Nisenan Maidu Lived Here. Vince LaPena • 255339. Patrick's Point State Park, CA: The Yurok Village of Sumeg. Joy Sundberg • 255340. Redwood National and State Parks, CA: Rek-woi, Where the Klamath River Meets

the Pacific Ocean, Klamath River Overlook. Elders of the Yurok TribeCulture Committee • 256

341. Lava Beds National Monument, CA: Modoc Homelands. Douglas E. Deur • 257

O U R FINAL PLACE. Larry Myers • 258

342. Newberry National Volcanic Monument, OR • 258343. Crater Lake National Park, OR: Song of the Lake. Gerald D. Skelton, Jr. • 258344. Tamastslikt Cultural Institute, OR: Naami Nishaycht — Our Village.

Susan Sheoships • 259345. Olympic National Park, WA. Jacilee Wray • 260346. The Makah Reservation, WA. Janine Bowechop • 260347. Old Man House Park at D'Suq'Wub, WA: Ancient Suquamish Winter Village Site.

Leonard Forsman • 261348. Columbia Hills State Park, WA. Louis Pitt, Jr. • 262349. North Cascades National Park, WA: Newhalem Rock Shelter • 262350. Nez Perce National Historical Park, ID • 263

T H E N E Z PERCE BEFORE 1876. Josiah Pinkham • 263

351. Heart of the Monster, ID • 263352. Weis Rockshelter, ID • 263

Contents • xxi

353. Musselshell Meadow, ID • 263354. Weippe Prairie, ID • 263355. Canoe Camp, ID • 263356. Lolo Trail, ID and MT • 264

THE N E Z PERCE SINCE 1876. Diana Mallickan and Allen Pinkham • 264

357. White Bird Battlefield, ID • 264358. Looking Glass Camp, ID • 264359. Big Hole National Battlefield, MT • 265360. Bear Paw Battlefield, MT • 265361. Lewis and Clark National and State Historical Parks, OR and WA. Roberta Conner • 265362. Whitman Mission National Historic Site, WA: Homeland of the Waiilatpu.

Marjorie Waheneka • 266363. Old Mission State Park, ID. Quanah Matheson • 267364. Fort Simcoe State Park, WA. Carol Craig • 267365. Point No Point Treaty Site, WA: Hahdskus. Robert T. Anderson • 268366. Golden Gate National Recreation Area, CA: Alcatraz Island. Susan Secakuku • 269

CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN INDIAN IDENTITY AND PLACE.

Duane Champagne • 270

About the Contributors • 272

Bibliography • 299

Illustration Credits - 3 1 2

Index -313