Sub-Regional Forum on Cybersecurity & Fight Against ... · Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP) Emerging Challenges for ... Critical Information Infrastructure Protection

Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP) Emerging Challenges for Developing Countries

Yaounde, Cameroon

24-27th February 2015

Dr Martin Koyabe

Head of Research & Consultancy

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organization (CTO)

E-mail: [email protected]

Sub-Regional Forum on Cybersecurity & Fight Against Cyberscrime

Acknowledgement

© Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int

Understanding CIIP

• Critical Resources

General definition

• Critical Infrastructure

• Critical Information Infrastructure

Inte

rdependenci

es


Critical Resources

4

Water

Energy

Forests

Defined by some national governments to include:-

• Natural & environmental resources (water, energy, forests etc)

• National monuments & icons, recognized nationally & internationally


Critical Infrastructure (1/3)

5

Airports

Power Grid

Roads

Defined by some national governments to include:-

• Nation’s public works, e.g. bridges, roads, airports, dams etc

• Increasingly includes telecommunications, in particular major national and international switches and connections



6

“ the assets, systems, and networks, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that their incapacitation or destruction would have a debilitating effect on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination thereof.”

Source: US Homeland Security

“ the (CNI) comprises those assets, services and systems that support the economic, political and social life of the UK whose importance is such that loss could either, cause large-scale loss of life; have a serious impact on the national economy; have other grave social consequences for the community; or be of immediate concern to the national government.”

Source: UK Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure (CPNI)

“ an asset or system which is essential for the maintenance of vital societal functions. The damage to a critical infrastructure, its destruction or disruption by natural disasters, terrorism, criminal activity or malicious behaviour, may have a significant negative impact for the security of the EU and the well-being of its citizens.”

Source: European Union (EU)



7

“ those physical facilities, supply chains, information technologies and communication networks which, if destroyed, degraded or rendered unavailable for an extended period, would significantly impact on the social or economic wellbeing of the nation or affect Australia’s ability to conduct national defense and ensure national security.”

Source: The Australian, State & Territory Government

“ processes, systems, facilities, technologies, networks, assets and services essential to the health, safety, security or economic well-being of Canadians and the effective functioning of government. Critical infrastructure can be stand-alone or interconnected and interdependent within and across provinces, territories and national borders. Disruptions of critical infrastructure could result in catastrophic loss of life, adverse economic effects, and

Significant harm to public confidence.

Source: Government of Canada

“those facilities, systems, or functions, whose incapacity or destruction would cause a debilitating impact on national security, governance, economy and social well-being of a nation”

Source: National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC)


What about countries in Africa?

8

Q) Does your country have a critical infrastructure framework?


Critical Infrastructure Sectors (1/2)

9

• European Commission (EC) provides an indicative list of 11 critical sectors

Energy

ICT

Water

Food Health

Financial

Public & Legal Order and

Safety

Civil Administration

Transport

Chemical and Nuclear Industry

Space & Research


Critical Infrastructure Sectors (2/2)

10

• Provisional Critical Infrastructure list for Bangladesh

Energy

(Oil/Gas)

Telecoms

Transport

(Roads)

Monuments/Buildings

Water

Financial ICT

Source: CTO CIIP Workshop, Dhaka, Bangladesh (Sep 2014)


Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP)

11

• Widespread use of Internet have transformed stand-alone systems and predominantly closed networks into a virtually seamless fabric of interconnectivity.

• ICT or Information infrastructure enables large scale processes throughout the economy, facilitating complex interactions among systems across global networks.

• ICT or Information infrastructure enables large scale processes throughout the economy, facilitating complex interactions among systems across global networks; and many of the critical services that are essential to the well-being of the economy are increasingly becoming dependent on IT.


Critical Information Infrastructure (1/2)

12

CII definition:-

“ Communications and/or information service whose availability, reliability and resilience are essential to the functioning of a modern economy, security, and other essential social values.”

Rueschlikon Conference on Information Policy Report, 2005


Critical Information Infrastructure (2/2)

13

Cri

tica

l In

fras

tru

ctu

res

Telecoms

Energy

Transportation

Finance/Banking

Government Services

Large Enterprises

End-users

Critical Information Infrastructure

Cross-cutting ICT interdependencies among

all sectors

Cyber security

Practices and procedures that enable the

secure use and operation of cyber tools

and technologies

Non-essential IT Systems

Essential IT Systems


• Today Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP)

– Focuses on protection of IT systems and assets o Telecoms, computers/software, Internet, interconnections & networks services

– Ensures Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability o Required 27/4 (365 days)

o Part of the daily modern economy and the existence of any country

Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP)

Telecom Network

Power Grid

Water Supply

Public Health

National Defence

National Defence

Law Enforcement


CII Attack Scenarios

Telecoms

Health Services

Cloud Services

Finance/Banking

eGovernment

Critical Information Infrastructure (CII)

Cross-cutting ICT interdependencies among all sectors

Natural disaster,

power outage, or

hardware failure

Resource

exhaustion (due

to DDoS attack)

Cyber attack

(due to a

software flaw)


Challenges for developing countries

#1: Cost and lack of (limited) financial investment

– Funds required to establish a CIIP strategic framework can be a hindrance

– Limited human & institutional resources

Source: GDP listed by IMF (2013)


#2: Technical complexity in deploying CIIP

– Need to understand dependencies & interdependencies o Especially vulnerabilities & how they cascade


Powerplants Regional

Power Grid

Regional Power Supply

Private D2D links

Private Datacenters

Banks & Trading

Public Administration

Public Datacenters

eGovernment

Online services, cloud

computing Telco sites, switch areas,

interconnections

Public eComms

Regional network, cables,

wires, trunks

Public Transport

Emergency care (Police, Firefighters,

Ambulances)

Emergency Calls

(99.9%) 8 hr outages are disastrous

(99%) 3 days outages are disastrous

(90%) 30 days outages are disastrous


#3: Limited knowledge on how to identify and classify critical infrastructure

– Need to consider business value, scope of population & technical dependency


Critical Function

Infrastructure Element

Supply Chain

Supply Chain

Key Resource

Supply Chain

Critical Function


Supply Chain

Supply Chain

Key Resource

Supply Chain Critical Function


Supply Chain

Supply Chain

Key Resource

Supply Chain

Interdependencies

Understand requirements &

complexity


#4: Need for Cybersecurity education & culture re-think

– Create awareness on importance of Cybersecurity & CIIP o By sharing information on what works & successful best practices

– Creating a Cybersecurity culture can promote trust & confidence o It will stimulate secure usage, ensure protection of data and privacy



#5: Lack of relevant CII strategies, policies & framework

– Needs Cybercrime legislation & enforcement mechanisms

– Setup policies to encourage co-operation among stakeholders o Especially through Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP)

#6: Lack of information sharing & knowledge transfer

– It is important at ALL levels National, Regional & International

– Necessary for developing trust relationships among stakeholders o Including CERT teams



Steps towards CI Protection

21

(1) Establish CIP Goals, e.g.

Critical infrastructures (CI) provide the essential services that support modern information societies and economies. Some CI support critical functions and essential services so vital that the incapacitation, exploitation, or destruction, through natural disaster, technological failure, accidents or intentional attacks could have a debilitating effect on national security and economic well-being.

• Critical Infrastructure (CI)

CI exploitation, or destruction, through natural disaster, technological failure, accidents or intentional attacks could have a debilitating effect on national security and economic well-being.

• Understand Critical Infrastructure (CI) Risks

Prevent or minimize disruptions to critical information infrastructures, no matter the source, and thereby protect the people, the economy, the essential human and government services, and the national security. In the event disruptions do occur, they should be infrequent, of minimal duration and manageable.

• Articulate CIP policy/goals

National CIP framework includes relevant government entities, as well as, establishing public private partnerships involving corporate and non-governmental organizations.

• Establish Public-Private Partnerships



22

(2) Define CIP Roles

Define Policy and Identify Roles Government

Define CIP goal and roles

Determine Acceptable Risks Levels Public-Private Partnership

Define what’s critical

Assess Risks

Identify Controls and Mitigations

Implement Controls

Measure Effectiveness

Infrastructure

Prioritize Risks

Operators & Service Providers

Deploy best control solutions



23

CIP Coordinator

(Executive Sponsor)

Law Enforcement

Sector Specific Agency

Computer Emergency

Response Team (CERT)

Public Private

Partnership

Infrastructure owners and operators

IT vendors and

solution providers

Shared Private Government



24

(3) Identify & Prioritize Critical Functions

Critical Function


Supply Chain

Supply Chain

Key Resource

Supply Chain

Critical Function


Supply Chain

Supply Chain

Key Resource

Supply Chain Critical Function


Supply Chain

Supply Chain

Key Resource

Supply Chain

Interdependencies

Understand requirements &

complexity

• Understand the critical functions, infrastructure elements, and key resources necessary for

– Delivering essential services

– Maintaining the orderly operations if the economy

– Ensure public safety.



25

(4) Continuously Assess and Mange Risks

Assess Risks

Identify

Controls and

Mitigations

Implement

Controls

Measure

Effectiveness

• Based on holistic approach

• Implement defense in-depth

• Organize by control effectiveness

• Evaluate program effectiveness

• Leverage findings to improve risk

management

• Identify key functions

• Assess risks

• Evaluate consequences

• Define functional requirements

• Evaluate proposed controls

• Estimate risk reduction/cost

benefit

• Select mitigation strategy


Steps towards CI protection

26

• Develop joint PPP plans for managing emergencies – including recovering critical functions in the event of significant incidents, including but limited to natural disasters, terrorist attacks, technological failures or accidents.

• Create emergency response plans to mitigate damage and promote resiliency.

• Create effective emergency response plans that are generally short and highly actionable so they can be readily tested, evaluated, and implemented.

• Testing and exercising emergency plans to promote trust, understanding and greater operational coordination among public and private sector organizations.

• Exercises also provide an important opportunity by identifying new risk factors that can be addressed in response plans or controlled through regular risk management functions.

(5) Establish & Exercise Emergency Plans


Steps towards CII protection

27

• Promote trusted relationships needed for information sharing and collaborating on difficult problems

• Leverage the unique skills of government and private sector organizations

• Provide the flexibility needed to collaboratively address today’s dynamic threat environment

(5) Establish Public Private Partnership (PPP)



28

• Ability to prepare for and adapt to changing conditions, and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions

• Implement contingency frameworks that will enable critical functions to withstand and recover from deliberate attacks, accidents, or naturally occurring threats or incidents

(6) Build Security & Resiliency into Operations



29

• Cyber threats are constantly evolving

• All CIP stakeholders need to prepare for changes in cyber threats

• Constantly monitor trends and changes in critical function dependencies

• Keep systems patched and maintain the latest software versions

• Adopt smart & effective procedures and processes

(7) Update & Innovate Technology and Processes


Further Information Contact:

Dr Martin Koyabe Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 (0) 208 600 3815 (Off) +44 (0) 791 871 2490 (Mob)

30

Q & A Session

Documents

Sub-Regional Forum on Cybersecurity & Fight Against ... · Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP) Emerging Challenges for ... Critical Information Infrastructure Protection