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In the 19th century, Europe’s industrial nations became interested in Africa’s raw materials
The European nations wanted to colonize and control parts of Africa to obtain those resources
Why Africa?Why Africa?
Europeans did not want to fight over AfricaTo prevent a war, the European nations
convened the Berlin ConferenceThe Berlin Conference met in 1884-1885
to lay down rules for dividing AfricaDecision: Any European country could
claim land in Africa by telling other nations of their claims and showing they could control the area
Scramble for Africa
No African ruler was invited to attend this conference, even though it concerned Africa’s land and people
European nations divided Africa without regard to where African ethnic or linguistic groups lived
They set boundaries that combined people who were traditional enemies and divided others who were not
Europe’s division of Africa is often cited as one of the root causes of the political violence and ethnic conflicts in Africa in the 20th century
Problems with the Conference
During colonial times, the European nations used the money from the resources and sent it to themselves rather than benefitting the African colonies
European nations also exploited many of the resources for many countries in Africa, leaving the future economies to suffer
Colonial Problems
After colonization ended, new African governments in the 1960s were then forced to govern a diverse population
Inexperienced leaders were often corrupt and abused their power
The Europeans did not prepare the African nations for independence, which led to the political and cultural turmoil
Independence and Problems
In 1948, the White minority government of South Africa issued a policy of apartheid – complete separation of races
Apartheid banned social contact between Blacks and Whites
Established segregated schools, hospitals, and neighborhoods
Blacks made up 75% of the population, but they received only a small percentage of the land – best land was for Whites
South Africa
ANC – African National Congress
Established in 1912 to fight for the rights of Blacks
In 1949, Nelson Mandela emerged as a leader of the ANC as he fought to end apartheid
He was thrown into prison for 28 years
ANC and Nelson Mandela
By the 1980s, nations around the world – including the U.S. – pressured South Africa to end apartheid
In 1989, F.W. de Klerk became the president and ended apartheid
He also released Nelson Mandela from prison, and in 1994, Mandela became president of South Africa
End to Apartheid
Follow the directions on the sheet for how to correctly label and color the map
Then answer the following questions:1. What was the decision in the Berlin
Conference?2. What were the problems with the
Berlin Conference?3. What was apartheid?4. Who was Nelson Mandela and what happened to him?5. Who ended apartheid and what happened in 1994?
Colonial Map