Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
A
Volume 9 No. 1 A Newsletter from Cryogenic Industries Spring 1998
ACD’s patented Sub-ZeroTM (SZ) reciprocating pump designs con-tinue to meet customer’s needs in
diverse markets. ACD recently developedthe 3-SZGU for well-service applications.The 3-SZGU has a flow capacity of 2-20gpm (7.5–75 l/m) in nitrogen service with a pressure range from10,000–15,000 psi (690–1,034 bar).The primary benefit of the 3-SZGUpump is the extremely low net positivesuction pressure (NPSP) requirements,eliminating the need for a boost pump.
In traditional well-service pumping sys-tems, a centrifugal boost pump isrequired to increase the NPSP for highpressure/high flow applications. Forthose well-service, high pressure pump-ing operations not using a boost pump,a high pressure cryogenic storage tankmust be used to pressurize the liquid tomeet the 60 psi (4.14 bar) NPSPR. The3-SZGU allows the operators to use aconventional low pressure cryogenicstorage tank which costs less andweighs less, therefore, being able tocarry more liquid.
The 3-SZGU pump successfully passedseveral testing programs to confirm flow
rates and pumping efficiencies at variousliquid levels under imperfect conditions.Without a boost pump, the 3-SZGUwas able to meet low head, high flowconditions at low tank levels with satu-rated liquid, the most severe operatingconditions for pumping duties in well-service applications. The first pumpshave been shipped and are beinginstalled for field service.
The 3-SZGU combines ACD’s patentedSZ Cold End with a forced-oil lubricatedheavy duty drive end. This combinationprovides the best of both worlds: abilityto pump efficiently under imperfect(saturated) liquid conditions with lowmaintenance requirements.
The GU drive requires an external oilpump and reservoir. In applicationswhere low pump speed is required, anexternal oil pumping system is preferredto ensure bearings and internal equip-ment are being lubricated properly. Forfixed speeds or limited speed ranges, anSG drive is also available with an integraloil pump and reservoir. Both drive endsare heavy-duty and meet the operatingconditions for well-service, high pres-sure pumping applications.
þ Elimination of boost pump and included plumbing requirements
þ Low NPSPR (less than 1 psi/0.069 bar)
þ Elimination of high pressure cryogenicstorage tank for traditional non-boost pump applications
þ Initial cost savings up to 20%
þ Reduced maintenance costs up to 40%
þ Pump at high efficiencies under imperfect liquid conditions (saturated)
þ Provides sub-cooling and guaranteespositive pressure to pumping chamber
þ Minimized pumping losses: no tank blow down or pressure build-up requirements
With the elimination of the centrifugalboost pump, ACD’s 3-SZGU pumpingsystem becomes a very cost effective
Sub-ZeroTM pumps achieve 85% efficiency levels
INSIDE THIS ISSUE
þ Cryoquip develops a modularseries of electric vaporizers and heaters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
þ Cryogenic Industries China holdsits first pump workshop . . . . . . . . . . 3
þ How climate affects cryogenicvaporizer selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
þ Calendar of events . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
INSIDE THIS ISSUE
Continued on page 7
NPSH vs. Efficiency Curve for "SZ" PumpNPSH vs. Efficiency Curve for "SZ" Pump
60 70 80 90
10
8
4
0
-4
EFFICIENCY (%)
NPS
H (P
SIG
)
Note: This curve is representative of all 'SZ' Pumps
ACD’s patented 3-SZGU reciprocating pump requiresextremely low net positive suction pressure, eliminatingthe need for a boost pump.
Benefits of 3-SZGU Pump:
CCryoquip has developed a newseries of modular electric vaporizerswhich are UL recognized, CSA
certified, and IEC and CE approved foruse in global applications. The vaporiz-ers are available for both vaporizing andsuperheating common industrial gasessuch as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbondioxide, and other special gases.
Advancements in the design include:
• removable and replaceable heater elements
• extruded aluminum wafer construction
• low pressure drop
• smaller footprint
• lightweight and portable
These engineered advancements meanincreased benefits for the user. Forexample, the vaporizer’s modular designenables the electric heater elements tobe replaced quickly with minimal downtime. The extruded wafer constructionis comprised of individual elementsconnected to a common manifold thatfacilitates replacement. This meanscapacity can be easily increased with little impact on the units’ dimensions.Because the units are lightweight, they’reeasier to handle, extremely portable,and relocatable. The modularity simpli-fies servicing, if necessary.
Electric cryogenvaporizers utilize highquality electric heatingelements and stainlesssteel heat exchangertubes. Heating ele-ments and tubes arespecially positioned inthe highly conductivealuminum modules.Heat transfer is further
enhanced in vaporizer units by meansof a spirovane turbulence promoterwithin each stainless tube, which alsoreduces fluid slugging and surging.
Over 30 units are available as standard, infour (4) different voltage configurationsand for flow rates from a few hundredstandard cubic feet to over 30,000 scfh(800 Nm3/hr). Operating pressures upto 10,000 psig (690 barg) are available.
Unlike previous designs, pressure dropsat full rated capacities are typically nomore than 10 psi, or less than 1 bar, at150 psig inlet pressure. The user is ableto utilize a low pressure tank to achievethe same application pressure.
In addition to these improvements, theunits continue to exceed the industries’highest standards in electrical controls andoperational features including solid statetemperature control with a digital tem-perature indicator; long life, fast actingmercury contactors with fast switchingcapability; and closer temperature controlwhich is only available with P.I.D./mer-cury contactor component-type units.
The vaporizers also maintain indepen-dent solid state over-temperature pro-tection with automatic reset; NEMA 4or IP 55 electrical enclosures; fully auto-matic controls; and spirovanes for
enhanced heat transfer and reducedslugging and surging.
For more information contact Patrick Billmanat Cryoquip, [email protected], or visitwww.cryoquip.com.
• low temperature solenoid shut-off valve
• polyurethane painted NEMA 4 enclosures
• stainless steel enclosures
• ANSI, Mueller four-bolt or DIN flange end connections
• standard maximum working pressure: 580 psig (40 barg)
• working pressures available: to 10,000 psig (690 barg)
• pressure drop at rated flow: 10 psi (.7 bar)
• working pressure: 150 psig (10 barg)
• solid state temperature controller
• independent solid state auto resetting over-temperature switch controller
• separate manual resetting high limit shutdown controller
• rubber gasketed dust type electrical control enclosure,door interlock handle
• individual electrical componentsUL recognized, CSA certified and IEC and CE approved
Units are available in multiple volt-ages.Power requirements may varyslightly with each specific voltage.
DESIGN DATA
OPTIONS
SYSTEM FEATURES
Cryoquip develops a modular series of electricvaporizers and gas heaters
The Cryoquip SEB-6R-24T6-60 kwelectric superheater.
The new VEC (carbon dioxide service)/VEB(oxygen, nitrogen, and argon service) electricvaporizer series.
2
Cryogenic Industries China hosted itsfirst cryogenic pump seminar for itsChinese customers last December nearits office in Hangzhou. The two-day sem-inar was attended by over twenty-fivekey customers from major industrial gascompanies with operations in Chinaand with Chinese domestic users. Theseminar was lead by ACD CustomerSupport Specialist Jose Paje who provid-ed detailed technical training on the ACDcryogenic pump product line.
Attendees were specialists from variousdepartments of BOC Gases-China,Shanghai-Praxair, Shanghai No. 5 SteelGroup and Messer, Hangzhou OxygenPlant Group, Suzhou Oxygen PlantGroup and Suzhou Hua Fu Vessel Co.,Kaifeng Air Separation Group, SichuanAir Separation Plant Co., and HangzhouDian Hua Group.
The first day’s presentations focused onthe advanced technological features ofthe ACD product line and how they offerreal benefit to customer applications inChina. Day two emphasized the correctapplication of those products at the cus-tomers’ plant sites and how best to avoidcommon problems caused by installa-tion or operation errors.
Assisting Jose with real time translationsof his presentation into MandarinChinese were Kenny Yu, CryogenicIndustries China Sales Manager and JackLiu, Service Engineer. Jesse Jin, HelenZhan, and Dennis Dai, CryogenicIndustries China, also provided servicein support of the office’s first seminar.The value of these seminars to the Chinamarket was summarized by Kenny,“China is a developing market for ACD…both as a pump sales market and as apump user market. These seminars helpus sell by helping the customers betterunderstand the advantages of our prod-ucts and how best to apply those prod-ucts to their specific need.”For more information, contact Dave Kingat Cryogenic Industries China,[email protected]
Cryogenic Industries Service Organization Pump Training Workshop Schedule
Cryogenic Industries China holds its first pump training seminar
Kenny Yu, Cryogenic Industries China Sales Manager,instructs participants at that company’s first cryogenicpump training workshop in Hangzhou, China.
April (tbd)
May 12 and 13
June 9 and 10
Aug (tbd)
Sept 15 and 16
Oct 13 and 14
April (tbd) Cryogenic Industries ChinaHangzhou, Chinacontact: Dave KingPhone: +86-571-885-9026Fax: [email protected]
May 12 and 13 Pittsburgh Cryogenic Services, Inc.Imperial, PA USAcontact: Carl HenningsonPhone: 800-327-6461 (USA only)Phone: +1 724-695-1910Fax: +1 [email protected]
June 9 and 10 CryoAtlanta, Inc.College Park, GA USAcontact: Tom FarmerPhone: 888-217-9355 (USA only)Phone: +1 770-909-0291Fax: +1 [email protected]
Aug (tbd) CryoCal, Inc.Santa Ana, CA USAcontact: Mike CocoPhone: +1 714-724-8636Fax: +1 [email protected]
Sept 15 and 16 Pittsburgh Cryogenic Services, Inc.Imperial, PA USAcontact: Carl HenningsonPhone: 800-327-6461 (USA only)Phone: +1 724-695-1910Fax: +1 [email protected]
Oct 13 and 14 CryoAtlanta, Inc.College Park, GA USAcontact: Tom FarmerPhone: 888-217-9355 (USA only)Phone: +1 770-909-0291Fax: +1 [email protected]
Cosmodyne receives BOC Innovation Excellence AwardCosmodyne Project Manager GregMason and his team recently received anInnovation Excellence award from TheBOC Group for work on the develop-ment of a nitrogen gas generator plant.This year marks the first time BOC haspresented the award outside the compa-ny to a supplier.
BOC and Cosmodyne formed a teamduring the development effort andworked together to install and commis-sion the first plant in less than one yearfrom inception of the prototype. Gregjoined Cosmodyne over two years agoduring the infant stage of the project. Hesaid the assignment posed engineeringand production challenges, requiringunique equipment packaging to pro-
duce an easily shipped product and pro-vide for quick field installation.
Cosmodyne and BOC worked closely todevelop the plant process and the spe-cial control system.
The BOC Innovation Excellence awardis presented yearly to the most innova-tive products and services within TheBOC Group of companies. The awardceremony was in October 1997 at TheBOC Group’s corporate headquarters inWindlesham, England. As part of theaward, BOC entertained the group witha two day excursion to Brussels,Belgium. The Cosmodyne award repre-sented one product among several win-ning BOC products and services.
Attending the BOC Group Innovation Excellence awardceremony were (left to right): Chuck Brooks, BOC ProcessPlants Process Engineer, Kari Toppel, BOC Process PlantsProgram Manager, Danny Rosenkranz, BOC GroupChief Executive Officer, Mark Alexion, BOC ProcessPlants Project Manager, Greg Mason, Cosmodyne ProjectManager.
3
MMany factors need to be consideredwhen designing ambient airvaporizers. The environmental
effect is one such criteria. When design-ing and specifying fan assisted and nat-ural draft ambient air vaporizers, we usefour main climate zones: tropical,Mediterranean, humid continental, andmarine. Each of these zones, however,may contain micro climate zones wherethe climate may be significantly differentthan the weather around it.
In discussing climatic effects, a basicunderstanding of the principles of ambientair vaporizers is necessary. Fan-assistedvaporizers utilize forced convective heattransfer where natural draft ambient airvaporizers utilize natural convectiveheat transfer. Natural convective vapor-izers typically are manufactured withthree different fin spacings, dependingon how long the vaporizers are going tobe operated before complete defrost isachieved. Standard spaced vaporizerstypically operate less than 24 hoursbefore complete defrost and have a fintip-to-tip air gap roughly 1.5" (38 mm).(Figure 1.)
Wide gap natural convection vaporizersgenerally are designed to operate three
to seven days without defrost and typi-cally have a fin tip-to-tip air gap spacingof 3" (75 mm) or more. (Figure 2.)Super-wide spaced ambient air vapor-izers are designed to operate continu-ously, with the possibility ofmanual defrost required severaltimes per year. These vaporiz-ers have a typical fin tip-to-tipspacing of 10" (254 mm) ormore. (Figure 3.) Forced con-vective vaporizers are designed withmaximum heat transfer area in a mini-mum space. They typically have fin tip-to-tip air gap spacing of less than 1.5"(38 mm). (Figure 4.)
Natural draft ambient air vaporizersoperate on the principal of natural con-vective heat transfer. Air is cooled asgravitational force pulls it past the heatexchanger fins. It therefore becomesmore dense and heavier. This densityfurther promotes a downward motiondue to gravitational effects. Forced con-vective heat transfer vaporizers rely onmechanical fan driven forced stimula-tion movement of the air, therefore notrelying on gravity.
The following are basic vaporizer designconsiderations dealing with the location
and duration of operation of ambient airvaporizers. Certainly other considera-tions must also be reviewed, such aselectrical /fuel requirements and avail-ability of land or real estate, proximityto roads, walkways, driveways andoccupied businesses or housing.
Tropical Climate ZonesFor the purpose of specifying vaporizers,tropical climate zones include equatorialregions such as Malaysia, Thailand,Indonesia, Panama, Venezuela, andBrazil. Other regions such as Japan andthe southern United States replicate thisclimate zone closely in their summermonths or monsoon season, but aregenerally closer to the humid continentalzone. Tropical climate zones are charac-terized by dew point temperaturesgreater than 70oF (21oC). Dry bulb temperatures generally range from 80oF(27oC) to 95oF (35oC) year round.There typically is not a wide variation inthe temperature between night and day,since the high moisture content of theatmosphere tends to trap the infraredradiation emitted by objects at night,not allowing it to escape to outer space.
Both natural and fan-assisted draftambient air vaporizers should be con-sidered in tropical climates due to thelarge ambient air temperature drivingforce available. Flow rates under 57,000scfh (1500 Nm3/hr) are likely to per-form more economically with natural
4
FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2
FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4
FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2
FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4
convection units; flow rates over152,000 scfh (4000 Nm3/hr) withforced convection units. The mainadvantage of these systems is maximumvaporization capacity at minimal or nooperation cost coupled with maximumreliability.
In order to maintain maximum vaporizercapacity from both types of vaporizersin this zone, the vaporizers should beswitched quite often. Typical switchingcycles would be about every four toeight hours. This is due to the highmoisture content in the atmosphere andtherefore rapid ice growth formation onthe fins which rapidly reduces the overallheat transfer coefficient. Switching lessthan every two hours to obtain evenmore vaporization capacity is bothunrealistic and dangerous. Both the nat-ural and forced draft vaporizers willdefrost adequately in this climate zonewithout any external energy source aslong as the off cycles are at least half theduration of the on cycles. The fan drivenunits will assist in this process.
A system can be designed with a largerapproach temperature (approach tem-perature is defined as the differencebetween ambient temperature and dis-charge gas temperature), because of theconsistently warm temperature at nightand during the day. Resulting in greatercapacity from a system rated for less inother climate zones.
Mediterranean Climate ZonesMediterranean climate zoneswould include areas such asthe southern and central
coast of California, Greece, theAlgerian Coast, and other areas
like Italy and Israel. Typically,these regions are character-
ized by precipitation periods ofabout four months per year.
This climate zone, like the trop-ical climate zone, is very suited to the
ambient air vaporizer due to the largeambient air driving force available.Generally, the same rules apply withregards to what flow natural draft andforced draft ambient air vaporizersbecome economical choices.
The main difference between this cli-mate zone as compared to the tropicalzone is the low moisture content thatcan exist six to nine months of the year.Several unique weather characteristicsresult from this. Infrared radiation mostlyescapes from the atmosphere at nightresulting in possible colder nighttime orearly morning temperatures; a consider-ation when designing approach temper-atures for this period and ensuringminimum temperatures remain aboveminimum values. The benefit of thisdrier climate is longer switching cycles.Typically, switching less than every eighthours has little benefit, but switchingshould probably be done before 24hours to obtain maximum efficiency outof the units.
Humid Continental Climate ZonesThe humid continental climate zonecovers a vast area. In the northern hemi-sphere, typical areas include the interiorUnited States, Southern Canada, CentralEurope, and Central Asia. These areasare characterized by somewhat tropicaldew point temperatures in the summerand extended cold, dry periods in thewinter, with a combination of the two inspring and fall.
The point where forced draft ambientair vaporizers become more economicalover natural draft vaporizers is much
less apparent and must be analyzed morerigorously due to the larger variations inambient conditions. A phenomenonknown as the freeze period (the periodof time in which ambient temperaturesremain below freezing) is one key tovaporizer specifying.
Typically, fan-assisted vaporizers willrequire an external energy source inorder to defrost during their off period.Electrical heater assemblies or gas firedexternal air heaters can be used. Becauseof these additional requirements, the fanambient vaporizers become less attrac-tive over other vaporizers.
Natural draft vaporizers must be sizedsuch that each bank of on-stream andoff-stream vaporizers is capable of oper-ating for one half the freeze period. Thiscould be up to several months in partsof Canada or North Central Asia, thusrequiring much more surface area(sometimes as much as four timesmore) than in other climate zones. Dueto the tropical nature that may exist inthese areas during the summer, theswitching cycles of these systems is typically based on summer conditions.Because of the potential for very lowtemperatures during winter months,special equipment additions like gassuperheaters may be required down-stream of the ambient units dependingon pipeline limitations. Lower approachtemperatures are often required duringwinter months. Fluids such as carbondioxide and propane that may be vapor-ized in tropical zones by utilizing ambientunits should not be considered in humidcontinental climates since it is morelikely you will be subcooling duringwinter periods.
Marine Climate ZonesMarine climate zones pose a uniquechallenge to ambient air vaporizerdesigners. Some areas included in thiszone are Britain, the northwest coast ofthe United States, British Columbia,Canada, the far northeast of the UnitedStates, Maine, Norway, New Zealand,
Continued on page 7
5
Members of
HEADQUARTERS: Cryogenic Industries25720 Jefferson AvenueMurrieta, CA 92562 USAPhone: +1 909 696-7840FAX: +1 909 [email protected]
EAST COAST USA: Cryoquip, Inc.Allentown, PA USAPhone: +1 610 437-1867FAX: +1 610 [email protected]
PACIFIC RIM:Cryogenic IndustriesSelangor, MalaysiaPhone: +60 (3) 365-9075FAX: +60 (3) [email protected]
SOUTH AMERICA: Cryogenic IndustriesMiramar, FL, USAPhone: +1 954 450-2700FAX: +1 954 [email protected]
EAST COAST USA: Cryogenic IndustriesAllentown, PA USAPhone: +1 610 437-0507FAX: +1 610 [email protected]
CHINA: Cryogenic Industries ChinaHangzhou, ChinaPhone: +86 571-885-9026FAX: +86 [email protected]
FRANCE:Cryogenic IndustriesBättwil (Basel), SwitzerlandPhone: +41 61 731-3832FAX: +41 61 731-3833
College Park, GA USAPhone: +1 770-909-0291FAX: +1 [email protected]
Santa Ana, CA USAPhone: +1 714 724-8636FAX: +1 714 [email protected]
Santa Ana, CA USAPhone: +1 714 261-7533FAX: +1 714 [email protected]
Torrance, CA USAPhone: +1 310 320-5650FAX: +1 310 [email protected]
Selangor, MalaysiaPhone: +60 (3) 365-4800FAX: +60 (3) [email protected]
Selangor, MalaysiaPhone: +60 (3) 365-4801FAX: +60 (3) 365-4798jestes@ pc.jaring.my
Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaPhone: +61 3 9330-2444FAX: +61 3 [email protected]
Imperial, PA USAPhone: +1 724 695-1910FAX: +1 724 695-1926pittcryo@ pulsenet.com
Murrieta, CA USAPhone: +1 909 677-2060FAX: +1 909 [email protected]
North York, Ontario, CanadaPhone: +1 416 502-1950FAX: +1 416 [email protected]
Cryopump AGAesch, SwitzerlandPhone: +41 61 751-6000FAX: +41 61 751-6260
Cryopump GmbHBad Bellingen, GermanyPhone: +49 7635 8105-0FAX: +49 7635 8965
ACD purchased all of theremaining assets of Cryomec,Inc., including intellectualproperty, inventory, tooling,casting patterns and all rightsto the name and patents.Through an earlier purchase,ACD acquired the manufac-turing rights for Cryomec’s SG pump, a heavy duty, highpressure/high flow reciprocat-ing pump.
Spare parts for all Cryomecpumps can be purchasedthrough ACD directly orthrough one of our regionalservice centers locatedthroughout the world.
For more information, contactRichard Young at ACD.
NORTHERN EUROPE AND SPAIN: Cryogenic IndustriesLondon, England UKPhone: +44 181 932-3100FAX: +44 181 [email protected]
EUROPE:Cryoquip. Inc.London, England UKPhone: +44 181 932-3100FAX: +44 181 [email protected]
6
Cosmodyne and Cryoquip have recentlylaunched web sites to assist their cus-tomers in learning more about the com-panies’ product lines and to facilitateelectronic mail inquiries. The sites containcorporate and product profiles, personneldirectories, technical product informa-tion, employment opportunities, newsreleases, and links to other relevanthome pages.
Visit their web sites at:www.cosmodyne.comwww.cryoquip.com
system. Initial capital costs for the com-plete pumping system is reducedapproximately 20%. Maintenance of thesystem (operation costs) is reduced byas much as 40% depending on operat-ing parameters, not including liquid losssavings due to less plumbing and cooldown requirements. Overall, the 3-SZGU pump provides reliability,improved overall performance, and
costs 20% less than traditional pumpingsystems for well-service or high flow /high pressure applications for industrialgas usage.
ACD’s SZ cold ends are available onother reciprocating pump models specificto cylinder filling, storage filling, andother customer applications where cavi-tation problems exist due to low NPSP.The SZ cold ends sub-cool liquid andguarantee positive pressure to thepumping chamber for high efficiency,high performance operation for manyapplications.
For more information on the 3-SZGU system or SZ pumps for cylinder filling orother high flow / high pressure applications,please contact ACD directly or one of oursales/service centers located regionallythroughout the world.
Continued from page 1Sub-Zero efficiency
Cosmodyne has commissionedan ASPEN 1000 Series air sepa-ration plant in mineral-rich Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. The liquidoxygen, nitrogen and argon plantis owned by TOL Limited, acompany active in the expandingTanzanian economy.
Model: 3-SZGU
Flow Range: 2-20 gpm (7.5–75 l/m)
Pressure Range: up to 15,000 psig(1,034 bar)
Pump Speeds: 50-600 rpm
Cold EndDiameters: 1.625" (41.28mm)
1.25" (31.75mm)
Strokes: 1.3" & 1.5" (33mm & 38.1mm)
NPSPR: 1psi (0.069 bar) maximum
Minimum supply 20 psi (1.4 bar) tank pressure: saturated conditions
Performance Curve for "SZGU" Triplex PumpPerformance Curve for "SZGU" Triplex Pump
100 200 300 400 500 600
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
150
135
120
105
90
75
60
45
30
15
MAX
SHAF
T H
OR
SEPO
WER
(100
00 P
SI)
PUMP SPEED (RPM)
FLU
ID F
LOW
(GPM
)
1.625ø x 1.50S (85%), 10000 PSIG MAX WP
and the southern coast of Argentina.Although ambient temperatures remainrelatively mild throughout the year, usu-ally between 23oF (-5oC) and 70oF(21oC), the climate is very moist withdew point temperatures commonly veryclose to the dry bulb temperatures aswell as the freezing point of water. Whattends to result is a substantial amount ofcondensation and added precipitationon vaporizer surfaces that quickly freezeinto dense pockets of ice, reducingvaporizer capacity. Extra surface areamust be added to reduce the effects ofthis atmospheric phenomenon.Likewise, the vaporizers need to beswitched much more often to preventthe formation of very dense ice that willnot defrost during off periods if levelsget too substantial. Often vaporizersmust be sized based on two to three dayratings, but switched every two to sixhours to prevent ice buildup.
Micro Climate ZonesMicro climate zones exist in every oneof the zones discussed. They are definedas zones that may result in substantially
different weather conditions and mayexist at distances as close as 31miles (50 km) from one to the other. Microclimate zones may have unique wind orprecipitation design requirements. Anexample is the area downwind of theGreat Lakes region in the United States,where major snow fall accumulationscan occur when dry cold winds moveover warmer moist lake air causing theair to become saturated and creatinglocalized “lake effect” snow. Other com-mon weather phenomenon such as theChinook winds of Montana, the buranwinds of Russia and Central Asia, thebora winds of the Northern Adriaticcoast of Yugoslavia, and the Santa Anawinds of Southern California may resultin special mechanical design require-ments or height limitations due to thesevere winds caused by the venturieffects of local mountain canyons.Altitude effects need to be considered aswell, with appropriate capacity reductionapplied to the vaporizer models.
For more information, contact PatrickBillman at Cryoquip, [email protected].
Continued from page 5Climate affects vaporizers
Specifications:
Operating Requirements:
7
CALENDAR OF EVENTSCALENDAR OF EVENTS
25720 Jefferson AvenueMurrieta, CA 92562-9524 USA
BULK RATEUS POSTAGE
PAIDSANTA ANA, CAPERMIT NO. 949
MAR 15–17 NWSA 1998 SPRING MANAGEMENT CONFERENCEMiami, FL, USA +1 215-564-3484, www.nwsa.com
MAR 17 COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION 1998 MEMBER BUSINESS EXCHANGEFort Lauderdale, FL, USA, +1 703-412-0900
APR 1–3 NWSA 1998 SPRING MANAGEMENT CONFERENCEChicago, IL, USA +1 215-564-3484, www.nwsa.com
APR 21–24 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CRYOGENICS & REFRIGERATIONHangzhou, China, +86-571-7951771
APR 26–30 AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY Annual MeetingDetroit, MI, USA, +1 305 443-9353
MAY 6–8 NWSA 1998 SPRING MANAGEMENT CONFERENCEBaltimore, MD, USA +1 215-564-3484, www.nwsa.com
MAY 12–15 CRYOGENICS ’98 IIR INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCEPraha, Czech Republic, +420 2 684 08 17
JUL 7–10 THE 4th INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION & CONFERENCE ON VALVES & FITTINGSSingapore, +65 534 3588
JUL 14–17 ICEC 17th International Cryogenic Engineering ConferenceBournemouth, UK, +44 (0) 170 357 9762
SEP 13–18 1998 APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY CONFERENCEPalm Desert, CA, USA, +1 510 486-7241
The secret of getting ahead is
getting started. The secret of getting started is breaking your complex overwhelming tasks into small manageable
tasks, and then starting on the first one.
—Mark Twain
Put an ELF in your pump. . .coming in April!
“Until I started getting FrostByte, I neverknew what our company did.”
