SUBJECT INDEX

KEYpage number font boldface main subject treatment

italic figuref figure

suffixes ff “and pages following”bold suffixes ff “main entry, and pages following”

(box) boxed itemg graphn footnotep photographr review sections screen shot (’scope or spectrum analyzer)t tabularT table

1-wire bus, see computer, data bus1/ f , see noise1T1C cell, 10192’s complement, see number, codes3-state, see logic3-terminal regulator, see voltage regulator3-way switch, see switch3.58MHz subcarrier, see video, composite6T cell, 10168b/10b code, 1041

555, see one-shot, see oscillator8051, see microcontroller

abbreviations, 1166ABEL, see programmable logic device (PLD)absolute temperature sensor, see PTAT, see

sensor, temperatureabsolute-value circuit, 257, 257, 288rabuse, see argumentac line filter, 629ff

fuse mandatory, 630ac power, see power, powerlineac power control

microcontroller, 1062–1065ac powered

dc power supply topologies, 630ac solid-state relay, see SSRacademics, 332nacceleration, see also sensor

algorithm, 1069accelerometer, see sensoracoustic ranging, 207

acquisition time, see ADC, see aperture time,see sample-and-hold

acronyms, 1166active

ballast, 113, 113, 213, 214clamp, see clampdevice, 71filter, see filterload, see also load, 85, 98, 105, 123, 147,

158, 167, 243, 266, 266, 496rectifier, see also op-amp, 238ff, 289r, 634resistor, see also AoE 2nd ed., p 257, 416,

416active-HIGH, active-LOW, see logicAdafruit, 1082, 1095rADC, see also converter, AD/DA, 879,

900–955, 1053, 1061, 1070, 1071, 1082,1087, 1095r

ac monitor, 943acquisition time, see aperture timeanalog switches in, 916application examples, 907, 910, 932, 936,

946, 987rbridge-sensor oriented, 945, 947charge redistribution, 909, 950nchoosing, 938, 987rcomparison, 938data-acquisition system (DAQ), 946–955

isolated SPI, 950multiplexed 16-channel SAR, 946ff, 948parallel 8-channel ∆Σ, 952, 954parallel 8-channel SAR, 950, 951–953

delta-sigma, see delta-sigmadifferential-input, 374, 380, 382flash, 902, 903, 903–908, 986r

driving (design example), 906, 904–907folding, 904for thermocouple, 1084half-flash, 903integrating, 912–938

as lowpass filter, 940dual-slope, 902, 914ff, 915, 986rmultislope, 902, 919, 921t, 918–922normal-mode rejection, 915powerline rejection, 915, 919single-slope, 902, 914, 914, 986r

introduction, 879–881latency time, see latencylow-power shootout, 941micropower, 916t, 941noise

filtering out-of-band, 911sampling vs integrating, 940

parallel, 903–908pipelined, 904pipelined flash, 903precision, in microcontroller, 1071resolution

effective, 935nnoise-free, 935n

RFdriving (design example), 906, 904–907

selected, 905tsequencer, 945

1194

Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1195

shootout, 939tADCs, SAR vs ∆Σ, 939low-power, 941

specialty, 942, 942tsubsystem, 1084successive approximation, 902, 908, 908s,

910t, 908–912, 986rblock diagram, 911design example, 912, 910–912SPI timing, 911

switched-capacitor, see ADC, chargeredistribution

system design examples, 946–955tables, 905t, 910t, 916t, 921t, 937t, 939t,

942ttechniques, 902timing example, 1088, 1088g

pseudocode, 1089touchscreen digitizer, 944tracking, 909transformer input coupling, 382undersampling

deliberate, 907V to f , 434, 902, 912ff, 986r

nonlinearity, 914gadder, see logicadmittance, 69, 90naging

crystal, 451, 471rMOV, 632voltage reference, 683

alias, see also filter, 395, 901, 931gdigital oscilloscope, 442n, 1164in switched-capacitor filter, 417undersampling conversion, 907

AM radio, 55, 56swaveforms, 55g, 56s

amp, 2amplifier

autonulling, 298autonulling (design example), 297

input errors, 306balanced audio, 376clamping output, 383class-A, 106n, 107class-AB, 108, 108, 310class-B, 107n

distortion, 309class-D, 109, 109s, 673CMRR, 347ffcommon-base, 91, 549, 549common-emitter, 87ff, 91, 128r

biasing, 95, 96ffbootstrapping, 112bypassed emitter resistor, 96distortion, 95semitter resistor as feedback, 96gain of, 93input impedance of, 95

maximum gain of, 98nonlinearity, 94, 94–96srevisited (Ebers-Moll), 93

composite, 332, 333, 365, 543–547, 920,920slew rate of, 920vs single-stage, 546

current, see transimpedance amplifiercurrent-feedback, 375t, 378, 384–386, 513,

544current-sensing, 278difference, 348, 347–387, 390r

applications, 349ffas current source, 350, 351bandwidth, 355BJT, 102ffCMRR, 355gCMRR trim, 356, 357common-mode input range, 354configurations, 356current sensing, 349, 350filter node, 355ground-loop isolation, 349, 350, 584input impedance, 352, 354line driver, 351offset trim, 355, 357performance parameters, 352fftricks, 349

differential, 115, 124, 129r, 373ff, 375t,347–387, 390r, 1070as comparator, 105as dc amplifier, 104bandwidth, 385bias pin, 378biasing, 104BJT, 102ffchoosing, 383ffCMRR, 347, 376, 384common-mode input range, 378, 381, 384common-mode output impedance, 379common-mode output voltage, 380compensation, 378current-feedback, 375tcurrent-mirror load, 105, 105, 153, 496distortion, 386, 386gfiltering, 385gain of, 103gain setting, 384gain-setting resistor, 378input impedance, 384input impedance matching, 382input impedance of, 376JFET, 152ffno Miller effect in, 114noise, 386, 496, 520offset voltage, 384output voltage, 383phase splitter, 105settling time, 385

single-ended output, 377slew rate, 385speed, 385supply voltage, 383use with ADCs, 380, 382use with single-ended input, 376

distortionbarn-roof, 95SPICE simulation, 1148

equalization, 380, 381error, 598, 604 (box), 642, 699, 700r

in linear regulator, 597in switchmode regulator, 646, 651

fully differential, see amplifier, differentialfunnel, 376ngain, predictability of, 117general purpose, 274grounded-base, 115grounded-emitter, 94high-voltage, 209, 696hybrid, low-noise, 534input errors, 301, 388rinput impedance

effect of feedback on, 118input protection, 210instrumentation, see instrumentation

amplifierisolation, 585ff, 847

capacitive, 586JFET, 146ff

differential, 152low noise, 509–520op-amp hybrid, 151, 153g, 155g, 343,344, 534series-feedback pair, 150, 151gwith cascode, 148

laboratory, 298laboratory, general-purpose, 274logarithmic, see AoE 2nd ed., pp 212–216low-noise, 496, 498, 500, 505, 506MOSFET power, 221rnoise, see also noise, 481

in inverting amplifier, 521in noninverting amplifier, 520measurement, 555fftotal, vs Rs, 526gtotal, vs frequency, 531g

noise model, 481, 492op-amp, see op-amp

BJT hybrid, 534JFET hybrid, 153g, 534, 545low-noise, 522–524tlow-noise, choosing, 525–533single-supply, 261

operational transconductance, see OTA(operational transconductance amplifier)

output errors, 307output impedance

effect of feedback on, 119

1196 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition

inductive, 120npatch clamp, 552peaking, 152, 153g, 154, 154g, 378, 385,

385gphotodiode, 233, 547, 548photomultiplier, 843piezo, 208, 209programmable gain (PGA), 946programmable-gain (PGA), 370, 370, 371tsense, 1016, 1018STM, 553summing, 234switchable gain, 182switching, 109, 109s, 673transconductance, see transconductancetransformer in feedback, 285, 536transimpedance, see transimpedance

amplifiervideo and RF, 274, 351, 374, 380, 381, 533,

862, 862voltage, 90voltage-feedback, 378wideband analog link, 352, 380world’s quietest, 505, 507g, 508t

amplitudemodulation, see modulationpeak-to-peak, 14rms, 14, 47, 68r

do not add, 479noise, 474ff, 475tsquare wave, 16

analog multiplexer, see analog switch,multiplexer, see multiplexer

analog multiplier, see multiplieranalog switch, 176t, 946

4053-style, 916ff, 917tcharge injection, see also charge injection,

176t, 180, 181gvs RON, 182g

FET, 171–184applications, 182–184capacitance, 178–181charge injection, 180CMOS, 172feedthrough, 179ggate drive, 173JFET, 172latchup, 174leakage current, 181, 256, 947, 948limitations, 174multiplexer, 173, 946nonlinearity, 177ON resistance, 171, 172, 173g, 177g,178g, 175–178protected, 175speed, 178substrate effects, 173nT-switch, 179

in ADCs, 916ff

in conversion applications, 916fflogic-family, 916ffmultiplexer, 173, 361, 361, 413, 945, 1062nonlinearity, 177transmission gate, see logic

analog vs digital, 703analog-to-digital, see ADCanti-alias, see filterantisaturation, see also comparatorantisaturation circuit, 717n, 812aperture time, 904, 911, 940

in Hororan circuit, 982jitter, 905t

apodization, 420arbitrary function generator, 18, 1152Arduino, see also microcontroller, 1053,

1087n, 1092, 1094, 1095, 1096rargument, see also abuse, see also computer,

993immediate, 993

ARM, see microcontrollerArmstrong, Edwin, 969nArt of Electronics

logo wristwatch, 448pASCII, 706ASCII code, 1039, 1040tASIC, 714, 777, 787, 788rassertion-level logic, 713assign, in Verilog, 777ASSP, 714, 788r, 1031, 1093asynchronous, see also logic, see also memory,

1016communication, 771

RS-232, 1038ffATSC, 1133, 1137nattenuator, 17

digital, 1067matched impedance, 1123, 1124t

audioanalog, 1131balanced driver, 351, 351, 376, 380, 383balanced impedances, 355nbalanced line, 348digital, 1131sampling rate, 902

autocorrelationof LSFR, 977of PRBS, 978g

autozero, see op-ampavalanche, see also MOSFET

in BJT, 982, 988rin diodes, 70rin JFETs, 199in zener diodes, 674nphotodiode, 609, 831 (box), 877

AVR, see microcontrollerAyrton-Perry winding, see Chapter 1x

backlight, see LED

balanced amplifier, see amplifierbalanced line, see audioballast, 113, 113, 138, 146, 192, 201, 214balun, 379, 380bandgap, see voltage referencebandwidth

limit, 1162, 1165narrowing, 574ff

lock-in detection, 398, 563, 576,575–578, 593r, 852lock-in modulation, 577modulation feedthrough, 577synchronous detection, 852

of difference amplifier, 355of noise, 477of op-amp, 308signal averaging, 576

bang–bang control, 608, 644n, 645, 645, 649,650, 700r, 1070

base resistance, see BJT, rbbbase spreading resistance, see BJT, rbbbaseband, 395BASIC Stamp, 1087battery, 2, 9, 686ff, 688p

alkaline, 196n, 753backup, 36characteristics, 687, 689tchoosing, 688Diehard, 983discharge curves, 687genergy density

vs capacitor, 690genergy storage

vs capacitor, 690tLi-ion

charging, 688power density

vs capacitor, 690gprimary, 686

choices, 687rechargeable, see battery, secondarysecondary, 686

charging, 687choices, 687

series resistance of, 8baud, 872Baudot, 708BCD, see numberbead, see ferriteBeagleBoard, 1053nbench instrument favorites, 1152Bessel, see filterbeta, see BJTBGA, 789rbias cancellation, see op-ampbias tee, 836bias-current cancellation, see op-ampbiasing

bad, 85, 125

Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1197

of emitter follower, 83with compensated VBE drop, 97with dc feedback, 98with LED, 86n

bibliography, 1154ffbifilar, 656nbinary

number, see numbersearch, 908

biologyelectrical engineer’s view of, 805

biphase code, 1041, 1041bipolar transistor, see BJTbit

effective number of, 928, 929gerror rate, 975grooming, 1138nhidden, 1048scrambling, 975stuffing, 1041, 1044

bitstream, see delta-sigmaBJT (bipolar junction transistor), 71ff

active ballasting, 113, 113amplifier building blocks, 105ffas transconductance amplifier, 90base resistance, see BJT, rbbbase-emitter breakdown, 77n, 82, 238, 535,

815basic circuit topologies, 90basic circuits, 91beta, 72, 74g, 501, 502t, 504gcapacitance, 74t, 113ff, 114, 130r, 548ffcollector output resistance, 93ncurrent noise, 483, 493g

vs current, 484gvs frequency, 484g

current ratio, 102gcurrent sharing in, 112current source, 128rDarlington, 109ff, 129r, 610, 752, 817, 1081

beta vs current, 110gcomplementary, see Sziklai connectionoptocoupler, 845saturation, 109, 752, 752

Early effect, see Early effectEbers–Moll model, 90ff, 127remitter ballast, see ballastemitter ballasting, 113, 113, 138, 146, 192,

201, 214, 495, 508emitter follower, see emitter followeremitter impedance of, 92emitter resistance

intrinsic, 92–99, 122, 128r, 148not a real resistor, 481n

gain-bandwidth product, 549gIC vs VCE, 92improved model, 90ffinductive load, 74LED driver, 76

logic with, 123low-noise, 501t

challenge, 505ffreplace with JFET, 500selecting, 500–505, 507

low-noise amplifier, see also amplifier, 495,496, 498, 500, 505, 506challenge, 507g, 508t

low-noise design with, 492–509example, 495

low-noise dual, 502tmanufacturing spread, 508gnoise, 481ff, 591, 592r

from NF, 489–492measuring, 508model, 481, 488resistance, 494test circuit, 557vs JFET, 517

noise resistance, see noise resistanceoperating modes, 126rparalleling, 112pin labels, 126rpinouts, 72, 502polarities, 126rpower, 106tpulse generator, 458, 459srbb, 481ff, 483g, 501, 502t, 503, 505ff, 535representative, 74trules of thumb, 91, 127rsaturation, 73ff, 81, 115, 123, 165n

vs FET Ron, see MOSFET, RONsaturation current, IS, 91series connection of, 697simple model, 72

limitations of, 90single-stage voltage gain, 93n, 98, 105nstorage time, 458superbeta, 111, 252, 303t, 323, 326switch, 73ff, 91, 126, 127rSziklai connection, 110ff, 111, 129r, 148,

207, 214n, 229, 600n, 610table of, 74t, 106t, 501, 502tterminal notation, 71transconductance, 126, 127rVBE spread, 508gVBE tempco, 92voltage noise, 481ff, 493g

calculation (circuit example), 486charting, 493ff, 494, 495g, 504gfigure of merit, 505nfrom in through Rs, 483vs rbb, 483gvs current, 481–483g, 485, 486gvs frequency, 485, 486g, 504g, 519g

vs power MOSFET and IGBT, 201, 202t,208t

Black, Harold, see also feedback, 116, 118Blackman’s impedance relation, 120

Blackman-Harris, see window, samplingbleeder resistor, 211, 634blocking capacitor, see capacitorBlu-ray, 703n, 852, 992, 1135Bluetooth, 1053, 1061, 1077BNC, see connectorBode plot, 247g, 281g, 280–285, 311g, 899,

961g, 963gboost, see switchmodebootstrap, 111ff

cascode, in TIA, 550leakage cancelation, capacitor, 897of capacitor, 682, 683of collector load, 112of guard shield, 359, 548, 587of JFET drain, 343, 344of op-amp follower, 233of power supply, 359of TIA, 547, 550twin-T filter, 414

bounce, see switchboxcar integration, see bandwidth, narrowingbranch

you’re sitting on, sawing off, 1091breakdown, see also second breakdown, 627

base-emitter, 82MOSFET gate, 199

brickwall, see filterbridge, see also diode, see also rectifier

ac drive, 946amplifier for, 306, 372n, 1070converter, 656, 659, 700rdiode, 454, 612

in oscillator, 431full, see also H-bridge, 655, 889, 1077, 1085half, 655inductance, 405measurement system, 945ratiometric, 884rectifier, 630, 699r, 805

active, 634ndual-voltage input, 660

resistive, 297, 608, 945, 1070strain gauge, 347, 364, 941switch configuration, 206, 655Wheatstone, 123Wien, 436ff, 437, 438, 452t, 847

brownout, 1064buck, see switchmodebuffer

logic, 23, 218tring, 747nunity-gain, 275, 311, 588, 843

bulk capacitor, see capacitor, storageburn-in, 683burst mode, 643nbus, see also computer, 1029t

multidrop, 990point-to-point, 990

1198 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition

Butterworth, see filterbyte, 706, 990

cablecat-5, 352, 380, 381, 864, 1117cat-6, 352, 864coax, 380, 1116–1122

counterwound helix, 1130p, 1130sdriving with logic, 859, 859s, 860, 860s,861s, 862, 862s, 863, 863s, 864s,858–864, 1120driving with video, 862pre-emphasis, 864reflections, 859, 859s, 860, 860s, 861s,862, 862s, 863, 863s, 864s, 858–864,1116g, 1118, 1119sterminating, 859, 859s, 860, 860s, 861s,862, 862s, 863, 863s, 864s, 858–864,1117ffvideo, 1140

differential, 864–870digital signals through, 856ff, 877rdriving, 856ff, 877requalization, 864pre-emphasis, 864shielded, see also cable, coax, 587STP, 864television, 1134terminated

capacitance disappears, 860termination

back, 739, 862, 1118, 1122double-ended, 861, 1122far end, 860series, 739, 862, 1118

twisted-pair, 864–870UTP, 352, 864velocity factor, 1117

calculus, 1099calibration

data in EEPROM, 1067CALL, 996CAN bus, see also computer, data bus, 1043,

1043ff, 1044, 1061, 1081isolated, 1045levels, 1044

capacitance, see also BJT; FET; JFETbootstrapped, 542, 548CMOS switch, 178ffdisappears in terminated cable, 860, 1116effective power-dissipation, 754equivalent (switching), 719feedback, see also Miller effect, 113gate, 197g, 197isolation, 843, 849JFET, 153, 157, 164, 170JFET switch, 178ffjunction, 114, 130r, 153, 157

MOSFET, 164, 165, 187, 188–191t, 197g,197ff, 205

multiplier, 537, 557, 578, 579gof analog switch, 178–181of current source, 150nof op-amp, 532power-dissipation, 719, 719gsensor, 1086transmission line, 1116fftrimmer, see trimmer

capacitivecoupling, 581isolator, 586

capacitive load, see loadcapacitor, 18ff, 20p, 68r

active, 645nair, 326as microphone, 682nblocking, 19, 43, 69r

in H-bridge, 659bootstrap to suppress leakage, 682, 683bulk, see capacitor, storagebypass, 19, 54, 69r, 222, 758, 759, 857, 1056

resonances, 857nceramic, 438

ESR and stability, 561, 617ncompensation, 283, 307, 308, 700rcurrent through, 19, 46dielectric absorption, 28, 300, 301g, 326,

388r, 422, 915, 920digital, 1082double-layer, see AoE 2nd ed., pp 820, 934,

689electrolytic, 20p, 232n, 301g, 393, 579, 599,

633ff, 661, 690t, 856dc coupling eliminates, 496

energy densityvs battery, 690g

energy storagevs battery, 690t

energy storage in, 19, 671, 688ESL, 28, 646ESR, 28, 561, 599n, 611, 646, 671, 689

filter attenuation, effect on, 393gincreased ripple from, 639n

film, 19, 20p, 279, 300, 326, 422, 438, 631pflying

driving MOSFETs, 822, 847in power conversion, 184, 638ff

HV discharge circuit, 211international notation, 5nleakage, 260, 300, 682, 683, 897

bootstrap cure, 897leakage compensation, 298, 298Miller, 282, 283, 597multiplier, see capacitancemylar, 19, 20pnon-ideal, 28, 388r

in filter, 392

parallel, 21piezoelectric effect in, 682npower density

vs battery, 690gpowerline rated, 631, 631p, 664p, 668, 671

discharge resistor, 632RC circuit, 21ffreactance of, 42, 45, 49greactive current, 47gripple current, see also current, 634, 635s,

659series, 21speedup, 74n, 808sstorage, 32, 55, 69r, 665, 699r

ripple current, 634storage, in power supply, 633super, 689surface-mount, 20p, 65, 66p, 758, 759switched, see filter, switched-capacitorswitched, filter, 415ff, 436timing, 55, 69rtypes, 20variable, 64“X” and “Y” types, see capacitor, powerline

ratedCAPZero, 632CAS, 1020cascode, 102, 114, 115, 146, 148ff, 345, 369,

377, 502, 534, 544, 548, 549, 550folded, 149, 377, 498, 537in TIA, 548inverted, see cascode, foldedregulated (RGC), 551, 552regulator, for HV, 693series, for HV, 697

catalogs, 1153cathode

ray tube (CRT), 1142CD audio, 902CDMA, 975CDR, 971ceramic resonator, 450, 1063cesium, see oscillator, atomicCFB, see op-amp, current feedbackchain rule, 1100charge

injectionin autozero op-amp, 334, 339

integrator (Coulomb counter), see also AoE2nd ed., pp 640–643, 933

MOSFET gate, 197g, 198s, 221rpump, see also capacitor, flying, see also

switchmode, 175n, 183, 638, 699r, 872redistribution

ADC, 909, 950ncharge injection

absence of, 843in ADC, 911

Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1199

in analog switch, 176t, 180, 181g, 300, 947,948nvs RON, 182g

in integrator, 918in sample-and-hold, 256gin switched-capacitor filter, 418

charge transfer, see charge injectionChebyshev, see filterchoke, see also inductor, 29

common-mode, 585chopper, see op-ampchrominance, see video, compositecigar, see cigarcircuit

BJT, basic, 90, 91breaker, 630diagram

how to draw, 1101ffintegrated, see IClinear, 14loading, see loadingparallel, 2RC

discharge waveform, 21gThevenin simplification, 23

resistorshortcuts, 6

resonant, 52ffseries, 2

parallel, 5resistor, 5

clamp, see also SCR, 257active, 257active reset, in SMPS, 657diode, 36input transient, in SMPS, 669op-amp, 912, 913power supply, 692

Clapp, see oscillatorclearance, 663, 663clipping, 81clock

and data recovery (CDR), 971feedthrough, 417generation with PLL, 972inputs and hysteresis, 808real-time, 1061, 1084recovery, 1037skew, 757, 757, 759

clock skew, see also logicCMOS, see analog switch, see logic, see

op-amp, see oscillatorCMRR, 103, 388r, 515, 583

and source impedance, 365at high-frequency, preserving, 359differential amplifier, 376ground-loop isolation, 583instrumentation amplifier, 364, 364g, 367

vs frequency, 364

trim, 356, 361, 515coax, see cable

digital signals through, 1116ffdriving, 1116ff

codec, 1140ncoil driver, precision, 897, 898cold atoms, 365Coldfire, see microcontrollercollector, see also BJT

open, see open collectorsaturation, 73ff

color burst, see video, compositecommand bit, see computer, programmed IOcommand register, see computer, programmed

IOcommon-mode, see also amplifier, see also

choke, see also comparator, see alsoop-amp, see also transmission line,differential

pickup, see also CMRR, 583torture test, 866s, 869s

common-mode rejection ratio, see CMRRcompact disc (CD), 992, 1131Compact Flash, 1061comparator, see also Schmitt trigger, 23, 129r,

173, 173, 236, 267, 289r, 700r, 812t, 813t,809–817, 876r, 1061, 1081

antisaturation circuit, 812cautions, 816digital magnitude, 728, 728driving logic from, 806ffhysteresis

internal, 815input

common-mode range, 812input characteristics, 812ffinput current, 814, 814ginput stage, 814output current, 811, 811goutput stage, 811output swing, 810response time, 816gsaturation voltage, 811gschematic, LM393, 270speed, 815supply voltage, 815voltage

differential, 815offset, 812

window, see also AoE 2nd ed., p 669, 429with hysteresis, 237without hysteresis, 237zero-crossing, see zero-crossing

compensationactive

of op-amp phase error, 314, 315g, 315tdominant-pole, 282ffof transimpedance amplifier (TIA), 537,

539ff, 540–542g, 545

pole-zero, 284, 545complex

conjugate, 1098numbers, 1097plane, 1098

compliance, see also current source, 8components

best avoided, 63pconfusing markings, 65pitty-bitty, 65p, 269, 627p, 712n, 821npassive, 56ffthrough-hole, 65, 196, 268, 269, 432n, 500,

601, 603, 617, 714, 715, 715p, 720, 769,772, 782, 785, 786, 788, 789r

where to buy, 1150composite amplifier, see amplifier, compositecomposite video, see video, compositecompression, 1136

artifacts, 1137nbitrate reduction, 1137lossless, 1137lossy, 1137

computer, see also microcontroller, 1053architecture, 990–993

Harvard, 991von Neumann, 991

assembly language, 993, 1087BASIC, 1087block diagram, 991bus-oriented, 991C/C++, 1087CPU, 990data bus, 990, 992, 1029t, 1049r

1-wire, 1035, 1036, 10822-wire, 1061ADDRESS, 992, 997ATA, 1027, 1062bidirectional, 1001bridge, 1089CAN bus, 1043, 1043ff, 1044, 1045,1050r, 1061contention, 721control lines, 992DATA, 992, 997differential, 1031nEISA, 1027neSATA, 1028, 1037, 1050rEthernet, 1045ff, 1050r, 1053, 1061Fastbus, 1027nFireWire, 1042, 1050rFirewire, 871n, 992, 1027Front Side, 990nFuturebus, 1027nGPIB, 1031, 1050rI2C, 1034, 1034ff, 1035, 1036, 1051r,1053, 1061, 1095rI2C vs SPI, 1035IDE, 1027, 1050r, 1062IEEE-488, 1031

1200 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition

ISA, 990nJTAG, 1036, 1036, 1051rMicroChannel, 1027nMultibus, 1027nmultidrop, 1014, 1027NuBus, 1027noverview, 1027parallel, 1027, 1028, 1050rPATA, 1027, 1031, 1050rPC104/ISA, 992, 1012, 1027, 1044, 1049rPCI, 990n, 992, 1027, 1030, 1050r, 1053,1061PCIe, 990n, 992, 1027, 1030, 1037, 1041,1044, 1050r, 1053, 1061PCMCIA, 1044, 1053, 1061PLD address decoder, 1000point-to-point, 1027printer port (Centronics), 1031Q-bus, 1027nread cycle, see memoryRS-232, 771, 804, 1027, 1051rSAS, 1027, 1028, 1037, 1050rSATA, 1027, 1031, 1037, 1041, 1050r,1053, 1062SCSI, 1031serial, 1027, 1032–1046signals, 1013t, 997–1013signals, summary of, 1012SPI, 1032, 1032ff, 1033, 1036, 1051r,1053, 1061, 1095rSPI vs I2C, 1035STD bus, 1027nSTROBE, 997Unibus, 990n, 1027nUSB, 871n, 992, 1027, 1042, 1042, 1044,1050r, 1053, 1059, 1061, 1062VAX BI, 1027nwrite cycle, see memory

direct memory access (DMA), 1010, 1050rflags, 990, 1049rIBM650, 1ninstruction, 990instruction decoder, 990, 1049rinstruction set, 1049r

addressing modes, 994argument, 993jump, 996POP, 995PUSH, 995subroutine, 996, 997x86, simplified, 994t, 993–997

interrupt, 1005–1010, 1050racknowledgment, 1009autovectored, 1009handler, 1006, 1064, 1096rhardware, 1006mask, 1010polling, 1008shared, 1008

software, 1010Java, 1088keyboard bus interface, 1002, 1003, 1005,

1006machine language, 993mass memory, 991memory, see also memory, 991, 1014–1027,

1051r, 1061cache, 991, 1049rread cycle, 1017, 1019, 1021, 1022SD, 1061write cycle, 1017, 1019, 1021, 1022

multidrop bus, 1014number storage in memory, 1048object code, 993, 996PC104, 997p, 1013, 1014, 1015p

signals, summary of, 1012port, 992program

counter, 990, 1049rexample, 996

programmed IO, 998–1005command bit, 1050rcommand register, 1004data in, 1001data out, 998, 999read cycle, 1001, 1049rstatus bit, 1002, 1050rstatus register, 1002write cycle, 998, 1049r

progress in, 990ppseudo-op, 996Python, 1088real-time IO, 992register, 990, 994, 1049rSBC, 997p, 1013serial port, 1038software interrupt, 1010source code, 996stack, 995

pointer, 990, 995, 1049rsubroutine, 996, 997terminology, 989UART, see UARTword, 990xy vector display, 999, 999

block diagram, 1000conductance, 6conduction

angle, 613, 631, 633, 635, 662scontinuous mode, 637n, 642, 644ffdiscontinuous mode, 637n, 642, 645, 666

confusion central, 65pconnector

audio, 62pavoid these, 63pbanana, 61pBNC, 56, 59, 62p, 264, 1116

insulated, 274, 275, 555, 583, 805

card-edge, 61circular, 61pDIN, 61pDisplayPort, 1145DVI, 1145HDMI, 1144Lemo, 61, 62pMHV, 62pmicrophone, 61pMicrotech EP-7S, 61pminiDIN, 61p, 1144MS, 61pmultipin, 61phono, 63pphotographs of, 60–62p, 1144ppin jack, 61pRCA, 62p, 1143rectangular, 60pRF and shielded, 62pRJ45, 1064SC (fiber), 62pshielded-cable, 59SHV, 62pSMA, 62pSMB, 62pST (fiber), 62p, 841pSupericon, 61pTNC, 62ptype N, 62ptype-F, 63pUHF, 62, 63pvideo, 1143ff, 1144pXLR, 61, 62p, 348

continuous mode, see conduction, seeswitchmode

controlbang–bang, 608, 644n, 645, 645, 649, 650,

700r, 1070proportional, 1070

control loopblock diagram, 1069PID, 1069

converter, see also ADC, see also DAC, seealso power, 30

AD/DAerrors, 880linearity, 899performance parameters, 879–880, 985

power, see power supply, see switchmode,see voltage regulatorboost, see also switchmode, 30buck, see also switchmode, 30charge-pump, 183flying-capacitor, 183

time-to-amplitude, see also AoE 2nd ed.,p 1035, 914

V to f , 912nonlinearity, 914g

correlated double sampling, 553, 571n

Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1201

coulomb, see also charge, integrator, 2, 18counter, 933

counter, see also logic, 733timing with, 465

cowspherical, 804

cPLD, see programmable logic device (PLD)creepage, 663, 663, 664crest factor, 568, 981crossover distortion, see distortioncrossover, input, see op-ampcrosstalk, 581, 588crowbar, see also voltage regulator, 598

overvoltage, 598, 672, 690ff, 691, 700r, 702rcrystal, see oscillatorCuk converter, see switchmodeCUPL, see programmable logic device (PLD)current, 1, 68r

class-A, 754, 1073comparator input, 814, 814gcomparator output, 811, 811gconveyor, 99critical, in SMPS, see switchmodedark, 537n, 1059defined, 2differential drive, 865discontinuity

in switchmode converters, 649, 651divider, 698dynamic, 164, 186, 186, 793

of digital logic, 186, 186, 719feedback, see feedbackgate leakage, 163impact-ionization, 164input

of digital logic, 795of instrumentation amplifier, 362of op-amp, 244

inrush, 637, 651, 661, 668Junction leakage, 253junction leakage, 70r, 91, 109Kirchhoff’s current law, 2leakage, see also analog switch, FET, see

also capacitor, see also FET, gate current,see also FET, leakage, see also JFET, gatecurrent, see also MOSFET, gate leakage,see also op-amp, input current, 163g, 327cancelling, 894CMOS logic, 463, 466, 795diode, 70r, 160, 294, 294n, 634FET, 163floating gate, 1023gold doping, 458guarding, 572, 573n, 587JFET, 163measuring, 299nMOSFET, 163PCB, 554nphotodiode, 841, 877r

PIN diode, 497, 500ridiculously low, 1023, 1025solid-state relay, 1062specifications too conservative, 296, 388r,1055n

limiting, 286, 351, 597, 700r, 823, 824foldback, 286, 693, 694, 694g, 823, 824,824gof outboard pass transistor, 695

load-sensing, 277loop, 1038, 1084mirror, see current mirrormode, see switchmodenoise, see noiseprobe, 1161pulsation in SMPS, 650, 651pulsation in switchmode converters, 649quiescent, 83

BJT, 84ffblocking capacitor preserves, 182JFET, 145, 156lateral MOSFET, 215of logic families, 719stabilized with emitter resistor, 96

reactive, 41ripple, 634, 635s

in boost converter, 647in bridge converter, 659in buck converter, 644in storage capacitor, 634in zener bias, 598

saturation, 132, 165nsensing, 278, 349, 350, 365, 754, 760shoot-through, 186, 186, 222, 660, 754, 760,

760g, 856, 942nshunt, 277, 365, 944, 944source, see current sourcespy, 754, 754steering, see also DAC

sawtooth generator, 917suppression, 573transfer ratio, 844, 1062transformer, 944, 944transient

output-stage, 856current limiting, see also power supply, see

also voltage regulator, linear, see alsovoltage regulator

current mirror, 99, 100, 101ff, 123, 124, 128r,146, 369, 431, 960

active load, 105, 153, 496, 544compliance, 101, 104Early effect in, 101

fix, 102, 102, 148IC, 622input offset adjust, 244VCO programming, 960Wilson, 102, 102, 146, 546

current source, 8, 85ff, 431, 620ff, 623g, 702r

2-terminal, 6223-terminal regulator as, 620, 620, 621gbandwidth of, 254bipolarity, see also current source, Howland,

229, 230, 894, 896BJT, 85, 87, 91, 146, 534compliance, 8, 27, 28, 86, 895deficiencies of, 87depletion-mode

FET as, 211, 622, 623g, 696difference amplifier as, 350, 351discrete, 622floating, 895, 894–897high voltage, 622, 696high-voltage floating, 897Howland, 229, 230IC, 621, 622ginstrumentation amplifier as, 367JFET, 142, 623gJFET and BJT compared, 145nanoamp

programmable wide-compliance, 894,896pulsed, 555

noise of, 487ffop-amp, 228–230, 242, 254, 344, 367, 622,

623, 895oscillation in, 442output resistance, 93nprecision, 351, 367, 897, 898resistor as, 85slew rate of, 367symbols, 9transistor, see current source,

BJT/JFET/depletion-modecurrent transformer, see transformercurve tracer, 1115cut-and-try, 597, 835, 963

DAC, see also converter, AD/DA, 879,881–900, 1053, 1061, 1065, 1081, 1095r

1-bit, see delta-sigmaapplication examples, 891–899, 985raudio, 939tcharge redistribution, 904, 909, 909, 911choosing, 891, 986rcode-change glitch, 892current-steering, 883, 883–886, 985r

generating voltage output from, 885, 885delta-sigma, see delta-sigmaexemplary, six, 886, 887, 889tfor DDS, 1065for offset correction, 949for zero correction, 949frequency-to-voltage, 890, 985rintroduction, 879–881multiplying, 413, 884, 894t, 985rPWM as, 888, 888, 890, 985rPWM to, converter, 889

1202 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition

R−2R, 882, 883, 985rresistor string, 881, 882, 985rselected, 893tswitched-capacitor, 904, 909tables, 889t, 893, 894ttypes, 985rvideo, 885, 1086

Darlington, see BJTphoto, 842

data bus, see bus, see computerdata-acquisition system, see ADCdatasheet

too big, 1063ndB, 15ff, 68r, 351

desert island, 15dB per octave, 51–52dB$ , 15ndBm, 15dc

blocking capacitor, 43power switching, 202restoration, 37supply splitter, 262

dc-dc converter, see power supply, seeswitchmode

DCE, 1038DDR, 1021DDR2, 1021DDR3, 1021DDR4, 1021DDS, see also oscillator, 1066, 1067

phase control, 1068debouncer, see also switch, 1064debugging

microcontroller, in-circuit, 1092decibel, see dBdecoder, see logicdecompensated, see op-ampdegeneration, see emitter, see sourcedelay equalizer, 415delay line

lumped element, 1126, 1128p, 1129impedance of, 1127

transmission line, 1128p, 1130sdelay time, of filter, 400delta-sigma, 902, 987r

20-bit ADC, 934, 93424-bit ADC, 934, 936, 936, 937, 937ADC, 935t, 922–941

digital filter in, 924, 926micropower, 941

application examples, 932ffaudio ADC, 902n, 937tblock diagram, 924charge integrator, 933DAC, 888, 930, 931, 938, 985rdemystifying, 923–930dynamic range, 925

vs OSR and m, 929g

ENOB, 928, 929geven simpler, 932fast multichannel IC, 955, 956idle tones, 931, 932, 932t

mitigating, 932simulation, 933g

“industrial” ADC, 936, 937magic in the modulator, 927microcontroller, implemented with, 932, 933modulator, 924, 925

higher order, 928, 929monotonicity, 931noise shaping, 927g, 927ffpowerline rejection, 953–955, 955gpro-audio ADC, 936, 940pros and cons, 931ffsimplest, 922simulation, 929g, 930g, 928–930spectrum, 930gsuntan monitor, 922ffthe paradox, 924time delay, 931vs the competition, 938

DeMorgan’s theorem, 713depletion mode, see current source, see

MOSFETderivative, 1099desaturation protection, 847, 847desensitivity, 117, 118design review, 1059Designs by the masters

instrumentation amplifier, 359Keysight’s multislope converters, 919,

918–922nanoamp programmable current source, 896paralleling MOSFETs, 213, 214powerline SMPS, 595p, 667s, 665–672precision DMM, 342ffSR560 preamp, 512ff, 514

desoldering stationfavorite, 1152

detectorAM, 970demodulation, 969FM, 969homodyne, 970optical, see optoelectronicsphase, see PLLquadrature FM, 969

device programmer, 769diac, 428diagram, ugly, 1102Dicke switch, 577dielectric

absorption, see also capacitor, 300, 301gconstant, 18, 1116isolation, 175

difference amplifier, see amplifier, see op-ampdifferential, see also amplifier

cable, 864–870logic signal, 705noutput, creating, 372, 373pseudo, 583, 947signal, 347ff

differential amplifier, see amplifierconfigurations, 376–378

differentiation, 1099differentiator

bridged, 415op-amp, 260RC, 25, 26s, 51

digital, see also logicconquest over analog, history of, 703, 703nfiltering, 419measurement, 140gmeets analog, 879–988multimeter, 10potentiometer, 63, 184signal processing (DSP), 418ff

sampling, 419television

broadcast, 1138cable, 1138satellite, 1139spectrum, 1136s

vs analog, 703digital-to-analog, see DACDIN

rail mount, 686diode, see also rectifier, 12, 31, 31ff, 70r

AND gate, 711as log converter, 37back, see also diode, tunnel, see AoE 2nd

ed., pp 49, 891, 904bridge, 431catch, 642clamp, 36current-regulator, 143g, 623gdrop compensation, 35fast recovery, 671fault protection, 606, 607, 619forward current, 294, 295gforward drop, 31freewheeling, 642gate, 36I vs V , 92inductive clamp, 38input protection, 37, 37, 159, 160, 210, 266,

269, 294, 362, 362, 532, 804JFET as, 294laser, see laser diodeleakage current, see current, leakageLED, see optoelectronicslimiter, 37MOSFET body, 199operating point, 1112photo, 537n, 539, 841, 841p, 842

amplifier, 547, 548

Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1203

wideband amplifier, 540PIN, 837pprotection array, 805representative, 32treverse current, see current, leakagereverse recovery, 634, 635n, 670, 671Schottky, 32t, 35, 199n, 222, 608, 634, 642,

643, 645–649, 651, 655, 657, 665, 666,671, 696, 717, 757, 792, 912, 913protection with, see input, see op-amp,input protection

suppression, 75tunnel, 7, 1113varactor, 64, 435, 440, 441, 960, 969, 971

capacitance vs voltage, 441gzener, see also voltage reference, 12ff, 82,

199, 670, 674, 696–698, 7013-terminal, 680as voltage regulator, 595biasing, 675buried, 546compensated, 674dissipation, 82drift, 675dynamic resistance, 13, 675gfor crowbar, 690IC, 676fflow voltage, 13gnoise, 676nprogrammable, 677t, 680tempco, 675gthe astonishing LTZ1000, 675

DIP (dual in-line package), see IC, packagesdirect digital synthesis, see oscillator, DDSdirect memory access, see computerdischarge

curves, of battery, 687gof high-voltage supply, 211RC, 21

discontinued parts, 273 (box)discontinuous mode, see conduction, see

switchmodedisplay

LCDinterface timing, 1028

xy vectorinterface, 999, 999

display devices, see optoelectronicsDisplayPort, see connectordistortion, see also op-amp, distortion

barn-roof, 95, 95scrossover, 286, 309, 311

effect of feedback, 235sin push-pull follower, 107

of differential amplifier, 386, 386gof filtered sinewave, 436of modified sinewave, 674of op-amp, 329ff, 331, 332g

rail-to-rail, 318

of phase-shift oscillator, 439of photoconductive cell, 437of switched-capacitor sinewave, 436of Wien-bridge oscillator, 437, 438test circuit, 332ultra-low, oscillator, 437, 438

dithering, 382n, 636s, 658t, 968, 969divider

Kelvin-Varley, see AoE 2nd ed., p 1025voltage, 7

DMM, 10, 1152Agilent’s accurate, 342ff

block diagram, 343current sink, 344front end, 343, 344gain block, 345ranging, 345

favorites, 1152Dobkin, Bob, 604 (box), 679dogs, 63pdominant pole

compensation, 282ffdouble buffering, 1000doughnut, 29DPCP, 1145drain, see also FET, see also JFET, see also

MOSFETopen, see open-drainoutput impedance, see JFET, output

conductance, see JFET, output resistanceDRAM, see computer, see memory, dynamicdry switching, see switchDSL, 1141DTE, 1038DTL, see logicdual-slope

conversion, see ADCdual-tracking, see voltage regulatorduty cycle, 643duty-cycle

limiting, 465DVD, 703n, 852, 992, 1135DVI, see also connector, 1062dynamic RAM, see memorydynamic range

of delta-sigma converter, 925of numbers, 1048of switched-capacitor filters, 418vs precision, 292

Early effect, 92, 93n, 99, 99n, 101g, 127r, 151nconfigurations that avoid, 102, 127r, 148in current mirror, 101

Early voltage, see voltage, 502Ebers–Moll model, see also BJT, 90ffECL, see logicEden

garden of, 549edge

detector, 26leading, 25trailing, 25triggered, 458ff, 957, 1010

flip-flop, see logicEEPOT, see also potentiometer, 63, 1067EEPROM, see memoryegg

Easter, see if you can find all eightelectrical engineer

view of biology, 805electrical tape, 63pelectrolytic capacitor, see capacitorelectromagnetic interference, see EMIelectrometer, 10n, 259, 297, 570ffelectromotive force, see EMFelectrostatic discharge, see ESDelliptic filter, see filterEMF, 2

back, 28EMI, 649, 668

in instrumentation amplifiers, 365emitter, see also BJT, see also optoelectronics

degeneration, 88, 96, 98, 116, 126r, 128,129r, 308, 502

emitter ballast resistor, see BJT, see resistoremitter follower, see also BJT, 79, 79–85, 91,

128rability to source/sink, 81ac coupled, 84as voltage regulator, 82base-emitter breakdown, 77nbiasing, 83cancelling offset, 85, 87current flow in, 81example, 84gain, 93impedances of, 80JFET current-sink pulldown, 144noise of, 487ffoutput impedance, 84output impedance of, 94push-pull, 81, 106–108revisited (Ebers-Moll), 93with split supplies, 84

en, see noise, density, voltage, see noiseen-C, see transimpedance amplifierencoder, see also logic

flash, 903Gray code, 708keyboard, 803logic, 727quadrature, 844protary, 844p, 852, 1066video, 1030, 1030

energydensity

battery vs capacitor, 690gin capacitor, 19

1204 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition

in inductor, 28storage

battery vs capacitor, 690tENOB (effective number of bits), 900, 905t,

928, 929g, 985renvelope, 54, 55, 55g, 55s, 970, 973, 974, 978,

979, 1163EPROM, see memoryequalization, see also amplifier, 40g, 223, 284,

380, 381, 864, 870, 870, 871s, 873gequivalent series inductance, see capacitor, see

resistorequivalent series resistance, see capacitorerror

budget, 293, 295–299, 307, 388rcomponent, 299, 388r

eSATA, see computer, data busESD, see also human body model, see also

spike, 200, 200t, 804input protection, 258, 362

ESL, see capacitor, see resistorESR, see capacitorEthernet, see also computer, data bus, 867,

992, 1027, 1041, 1045ff, 1061, 1064,1081, 1089, 1095r

3-level signaling in, 1040n, 10464b/5b coding in, 1040n, 10468b/10b coding in, 1041, 1046Manchester coding in, 1040power over (PoE), 1046n

Euler, Leonhard, 1098excluded state, see logicexclusive-OR, see logic, gateseye diagram, 870, 870, 871, 872s, 975, 988r,

1027, 1028s

failurepattern sensitive, 857

fan, see also AoE 2nd ed., p 858, 627fanout, see logicfarad, 18feature size

scaling, 793nfeedback, 115ff, 130r, 223ff

BJT examples, 121Blackman’s impedance relation, 120closed-loop gain, 117compensation, 120current, see also op-amp, 118–120, 150,

308, 378, 513, 521, 524t, 527, 544, 593effect on amplifier circuits, 117ffeffect on input impedance, 118effect on output impedance, 119gain equation, 116improved frequency response, 118in PLL, 960, 961loading by the feedback network, 120nonlinear, 276nonlinear control, 1075

output-current sensing, 120PID, 1069, 1069, 1074, 1077

circuit, 1075convergence, 1076gtuning, 1069, 1074

predictability of gain, 117series, 118shunt, 119split, 263, 286, 913stability, 120

in switchmode converters, 650with inductive load, 899

ferrite, 29, 29p, 51, 579, 581, 584, 585, 655,670

bead, 51, 212, 366, 582, 669–672, 696–698,921

FET, see also JFET, MOSFET, 115, 131ffanalog switch, see analog switchbasic circuits, 140capacitance, 132, 148, 163, 164, 170, 178,

187, 188–191t, 192ff, 194, 197ff, 202t,204, 206t, 207, 222, 511, 516t, 662, 670

depletion-modeas current source, see also current source,622

drain characteristics, 137g, 137, 139gdynamic gate current, 164enhancement and depletion, 135, 219rfamily tree, 134, 136gate current, 163, 220rgate drive, 137gate leakage current, 163, 303Gmax, 141tinterdigitation, 140JFET and MOSFET, 134leakage, 530

circuit cure for, 259fflinear region, 137, 137g, 220rlinear switch, see analog switchmanufacturing spread, 140g, 138–140, 145g,

157, 158, 169, 169gmatching, 139operating regions, 219rpolarities, 131, 136, 219rprobe, 810pquadratic region, 132, 137, 137g, 138, 147,

165ffresistive region, 132saturation current, IDSS, 136, 139g, 361saturation region, 132, 137g, 137, 147,

165ff, 219rsimilarity to BJT, 132square law, 137ff, 165subthreshold region, 138, 139g, 166, 167g,

168, 220rswitch, 132, 171, 220rtempco of ID, 138g, 138nterminal nomenclature, 131

threshold voltage (Vth), 136n, 137ff, 137,138g, 147

transconductance (gm), 132, 141t, 146, 219rtransfer characteristics, 135g, 137g, 139g,

142gtypes, 134V−I curves, 132, 133gVGS spread, 140g

FEXT (far-end crosstalk), 581FFT, 422, 560sfiber optics, 852ff, 853p, 877r

integrated transceiver, 853p, 855, 856ST/SC, 853p, 855TOSLINK (EIAJ), 852, 853, 853p, 854sVersatile Link, 853p, 854

field-effect transistor, see FETFIFO, see logicfilter

active, 396–399, 405–415, 423rbandpass, 411fflowpass, 241, 400ffSallen and Key, 242guniversal, 416, 417, 417, 418

allpass, 415analog FIR, 983anti-alias, 395, 901ffattenuation

degraded by ESR, 393gbandpass

noise bandwidth, 564t, 565gBessel, 402g, 403, 409g, 423r

VCVS, 408biquad, 411, 423rbrickwall, 391g, 477, 902

equivalent bandwidth, 477, 561, 561,563ff

bridged differentiator, 415Butterworth, 401, 401, 402g, 409g, 423r,

902LC, 1109ff, 1110tVCVS, 408

Cauer, 402characteristics, 400, 401g, 423rChebyshev, 401, 402g, 409g, 423r

phase and amplitude, 400gVCVS, 408vs RC, 396g

comparison, 402gcontinuous-time, 397, 406, 423rdelay equalizer, 415delay time, 400digital, 419ff, 424r

in delta-sigma, 924, 926of PRBS, 979response, 421g

discrete-time, 418, 423reco-friendly, 1073effect of component tolerances, 402geffect of non-ideal capacitors, 392

Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1205

electrically tunable, 412elliptic, 402, 403g, 1068equiripple, 401, 402finite-impulse-response (FIR), 419, 421g,

424rfrequency response

comparison, 409gfrequency-domain characteristics, 399Gaussian, 404highpass

approximate, 43exact, 48VCVS, 408

implementation, 405–418, 423rinductorless, see filter, activeinfinite-impulse-response (IIR), 419, 424rLC, 54g, 54p, 55s, 393, 423r

brickwall bandwidth, 561multisection, 394

linear-phase, 400, 404linearity, 422lowpass

after transimpedance amplifier, 542anti-alias, 395approximate, 42dc-accurate, 418exact, 50FIR, 420IIR, 420in switching amplifier, 109, 673of PRBS, 979VCVS, 407

maximally flat, 401multiple-feedback, 413

effect of op-amp Zout, 414gnode of difference amplifier, 355noise bandwidth, 564t, 565gnotch, 53g, 414, 423rovershoot, 400passive, 391–396, 423rperformance parameters, 399phase shift, 404gphase-sequence, 455, 456, 456gpower-supply, 32, 699rpowerline, see also ac line filter, 631RC highpass, 69r

approximate, 43exact, 48

RC lowpass, 69rapproximate, 42gexact, 50phase shift of, 50gphasor diagram, 51switchable, 182

RC, 402g, 423rbrickwall bandwidth, 561loading by, 44phase shift, 393gresponse, 392g

worst-case impedance of, 44recursive, 419ringing, 400ripple, 399rise time, 400Sallen and Key, 399, 409, 423rsettling time, 400skirt, 399specifying, 403gstate-variable, 410ff, 423r

bandpass, 411step response, 405g, 406t

comparison, 405g, 406tswitched-capacitor, 397, 406, 415ff, 423,

424r, 436advantages, 416configurations, 417drawbacks, 417noise, 418gsine from square, 436, 436s

Thomson, 403time delay, 404gtime-domain characteristics, 400tracking, 436, 577twin-T, 414, 423rtypes, 400ffVCVS, 407, 408, 408t, 407–410, 423r

effect of op-amp Zout, 414ghighpass, 408

finite state machine (FSM), see logicFIR, see filter, digitalFireWire, see computer, data busfirmware, 1056first-in, first-out, see logicflash

conversion, see ADCmemory, see memory

flicker, see also noise, 1/ fof ADC code, 935

flip-flop, see logicfloating gate, see memory, non-volatile, see

voltage reference, MOSFET floating gatefloating point, see numberflowchart, 1056fluctuation-dissipation theorem, 475flyback, see inductor, see switchmodeflying

amplifier, 367capacitor, see capacitor

foldback, see power supply, see voltageregulator

follower, see emitter follower, see op-amp, seesource follower

forgettory, 991forward

converter, see switchmodeFourier transform, 395nFPGA, 788, 789r, 1031, 1036, 1053n, 1060,

1090p, 1093, 1096

frequencyanalysis of reactive circuits, 41ffangular, 14beat, 973, 974compensation, 280ff

in linear regulator, 597dithering, 649n, 969intermediate (IF), 562, 1139log sweep, 1069modulation, see modulationmultiplier, 961, 962shifting, 395spurs, 966, 967, 971, 1066, 1067synthesis, 394, 451, 471r, 966–969synthesizer, 17, 1082, 1152

microcontroller, 1065–1069to voltage converter, 890translation, 562unity-gain, see op-amp

fT , see op-amp, gain vs frequency, see op-amp,unity-gain frequency

full duplex, 1033, 1042, 1051function generator, 17

arbitrary, 18favorites, 1152low-distortion, 1152

fuse, 630, 699rrating, 631

GaAs, 135n, 793, 841pgain

amplifier, see amplifier, see BJT, see JFET,see op-amp

loop, see loop gainGAL, see programmable logic device (PLD)galvanic isolation, 843, 873

CAN bus, 1045Garwin, R. L., 571ngate

charge, see JFET, see MOSFETdelay

vs power, 792gvs voltage, 794g

input current, 795glogic

as pulse generator, 459CMOS, 185

speedvs power, 719g, 792gvs voltage, 719g, 794g

universal, 715, 717Gaussian, see filter, see noiseGBW, see BJT, gain-bandwidth product, see

op-amp, gain vs frequencygeneralized impedance converter, 398

op-amp bandwidth, effect on, 399gGilbert cell, 162glitch, see also logic, see also runt pulse, 738

ground-bounce, 856

1206 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition

in 555 output, 429in active clamp, 238in analog switch, 180in counter, 743sin crowbar, 691in DAC, 882, 892, 893t, 939in logic MUX, 756in logic one-shot, 463, 759in logic race, 738with slow transitions, 808

GLONASS, 451nglossary, 1166GPIB, see computer, data busGPIO, 1084GPS, 451, 1053, 1061Gray code, 708

binary conversion, 711ground, 2

bounce, 758s, 759, 793, 856, 856, 877rinductance, 758loop, 442, 582

isolation, 349, 350mecca, 582noise, 856, 856oscilloscope probe, 1161plane, 581, 758, 759, 857, 1117sensing, 316separate analog and digital, 915

grounded coplanar waveguide, 1117grounding, 579ff, 582ff, 593r, 758

between instruments, 583blunders, 582

group delay, 400guard, see also current, leakage, 358, 360, 587Gummel plot, 92g, 127r, 500Gummel-Poon, 93ngyrator, 393n, 397ff

H-bridge, 655, 659, 889, 1077, 1084, 1085half duplex, 1034, 1042, 1084, 1084nHall effect, 1161Hamming, see also window, sampling, 975handshake, 1017, 1029t, 1031, 1033, 1038,

1039tHanning, see window, samplinghard disk (hdd), 1135Hartley, see oscillatorHarvard architecture, see computer,

architectureHDCP, 1145HDL, see programmable logic device (PLD)HDMI, see also connector, 1041HDTV, 1137headroom, see also voltage regulator,

low-dropout, 195, 277, 351, 497, 579,600, 600n, 604 (box), 636, 936

heat, 623ff, 701rheatsink, 236, 600, 623ff, 625p, 701r, 834

air flow, 627

insulating, 626LED, 834, 835pPCB foil as, 626, 627gsizing, 626gsizzle test, 625thermal resistance of, 626g

heelAchilles’, 536n

henry, see inductorheterodyne, 562, 563Hewlett, William, 437nhex file, 1059hex number, see numberhexadecimal, see numberhibernate, 755high side, see MOSFET, power, see switchinghigh voltage

amplifier, 696, 696clearance distance, 663creepage barrier, 665pcreepage distance, 663, 664, 665pcurrent source, see also current sourcecurrent source in SMU, 897discharge circuit, 211electrostatic, 200, 200tin SMPS, 662MOSFET isolated switches, 205op-amps, 272tpulse generator, 333, 917, 918regulator, 609, 609, 693, 693, 695ff, 696resistor, see resistor

high-voltageamplifier, 209

hold time, see logic, flip-flophot carrier diode, see diode, Schottkyhour of power, 466, 467, 469hour of power (design example), 466Howland current source, see op-amp, current

sourcehuman

body model (HBM), 200, 804ff, 805, 872,875r

system interface (HI), 1059, 1096rhumidity

and MOSFET damage, 200effect on ICs, 684

hybridsignal isolator, 1046

hysteresis, see also Schmitt trigger, 237clock inputs, 808in tunnel diode, 1114thermal, 683

hystereticSMPS, see switchmode

ICdiscontinued, 273 (box)packages

DIP, 3p, 57p, 65p, 73p, 224p, 225, 269,

340, 443p, 664, 715p, 758, 765p, 861,1059SMT, 73p, 224p, 225, 269, 340, 443p,715p, 758, 765p, 861

parallel interface, see also computer, databus, 1028, 1030example, 1028, 1030

serial interface, see also computer, data bus,1032–1046

IEC power entry, 629IEEE 1394 (FireWire), see computer, data busIEEE 488 bus (GPIB), see computer, data busIEEE number format, 1047IGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistor), 207,

222r, 695desaturation, 847

I2C, see also computer, data bus, 887, 1028,1030, 1061, 1081, 1089, 1094

address selection, 952, 953bridge, 1084in DAQ, 954microcontroller peripherals, 1085,

1084–1086immediate argument, 993impedance, 40ff, 68r

audio, 351characteristic, of transmission line, 1116converter, generalized (GIC), 398

op-amp bandwidth, effect on, 399gconverter, negative (NIC), 397in parallel, 46in series, 46input

of difference amplifier, 352, 354of differential amplifier, 376of op-amp, 245

loading effect of, 11, 11g, 69r, 99, 105, 861,862

matching, 1120of LC, 52, 444nof RC, 49gof common-emitter amplifier, 88of emitter follower, 80of sources and loads, 79of transmission line, 1120output

of op-amp, 309of RRO op-amp, 316

output, of op-amp, 246small-signal, 12, 50, 81transmission-line matching, 1122

in, see noise, density, currentin-phase, 395ninductance

leakage, 30, 633–635, 656, 659, 664, 667,667n, 668disadvantages, 633nenergy in, 669in powerline transformer, 633

Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1207

snubber, 634, 656, 659, 669spike, 634, 659spike from, 667symbols, 665n

magnetizing, 30, 656, 666, 667, 669of coil, 28of op-amp output, 250gsensor, 1084

inductivekick, see also spike, 38loads, 38

inductor, see also ferrite, 28ff, 29p, 68ractive, 397, 398, 399g, 645nAL value, 670drawbacks of, 396flyback, transformer as, 655, 656international notation, 5nreactance of, 44, 45, 49gsome magic with, 29stored energy, 689, 700r

in switchmode converter, 636, 655, 666variable, 64volt-second balance, 30, 643

inputprotection, 37, 37, 159, 160, 175, 175, 210,

266, 269, 294, 294, 362, 532, 804, 805,946, 949logic, 804, 804robust, 362

inrush current, see currentinstrumentation amplifier, 273, 288r, 297, 306,

363t, 390r, 512, 1070, 1071accuracy, 306as current source, 367autozero, 342, 370bootstrapped power supply, 359, 359classic, 357CMRR, 306, 347, 358, 363t, 364, 364g, 367

vs frequency, 364CMRR depends on gain, 358CMRR vs Rsource mismatch, 366gcommon-mode range, 367, 1071configurations, 357, 368, 368ff, 369discrete, 361EMI, 365hybrid, 513in DAQ, 948input current, 362JFET-input, 512miscellany, 362noise, 362noise depends on gain, 358offset drift, 306offset trim, 366, 366offset voltage, 306PGA, 370, 370, 371tresistor matching, 358roll-your-own, 359signal guards, 358

integrated circuit, see ICintegrating

ADC, see ADCconversion, see ADC

integratordroop, 257–260in active filter, 406in PLL, 960in quadrature oscillator, 453op-amp, 230, 231s, 257–260RC, 26, 51reset, 230, 231, 288r, 388r, 552

amusing story, 573switched-capacitor, 416

interdigitation, 140, 515interface, see computer, data bus, see logicinterference, 478, 579ff

intersymbol, 870interlace, 1133nInternet

video streaming, 1140interrupt, see computerinverter

ac power converting, 673, 673scharge-pump, 183flying-capacitor, 183logic

CMOS, 185nMOS, 185op-amp, 225optional, 232pMOS, 185

invertingswitchmode converter, see switchmode

IP, see programmable logic device (PLD)ISA, see computer, data busisolation

amplifier, 585ff, 847barrier in offline SMPS, 663coupler, see also optocoupler, 847power switch, 203, 205

jam-load, see also logic, counter, see alsologic, flip-flop, see also logic, register,730, 742, 748, 751

jetpack, 1095rJFET

source ballasting, 547nJFET (junction field-effect transistor

bootstrapped drain, 343, 344JFET (junction field-effect transistor), see also

FET, 134, 217t1/ f noise, 510, 517gamplifier

biasing, 220rcommon-source, 149gos gain error, 167instrumentation, 512, 513low noise, 346, 509–520

maximum gain Gmax, 166with cascode, 148

as diode, 294as variable resistor, 161ff, 437, 438

linearizing, 161, 162, 162gbiasing, 150, 150n, 156, 513capacitance, 157, 164, 170, 510, 519care and feeding of, 346characteristic curves, 143gcurrent noise, 511g, 511, 591rcurrent source, 142, 623g

as BJT follower pulldown, 144self-biased, 143g, 145g

deep subthreshold region, 166, 167gdifferential amplifier, 152, 343, 512, 513dual, 139, 515dynamic gate current, 164gate charge, 164gate current, 146, 157, 163g, 325, 509, 511,

511g, 591r, 593rimpact ionization, 164g, 546

Gmax, 141thybrid amplifier, 151, 153g, 155g, 343, 344,

512, 513, 544compensation, 154, 154gvs FET op-amp, 155

impact-ionization current, 164, 538in Wien bridge oscillator, 437, 438leakage, see JFET gate currentlinear circuits, 142fflow distortion, 346low noise

hybrid op-amp, 534low-noise, 516t

selecting, 515manufacturing spread, 140g, 138–140, 145g,

157, 158, 169, 169gmini-table, 141tnoise, 346, 500, 509–520, 591r, 593r

reduction by paralleling, 509vs BJT, 517

op-amp, see also op-ampfast, 155t

operating point, 156, 1112oscillator, 155, 441

in PLL, 395spectrum, 442g

output conductance, 148n, 166output resistance, 148n, 166, 517pinch-off reference, 680, 680pinch-off voltage tester, 240pinch-off voltage, VP, 136schematic symbols, 135series-feedback pair, 150, 151gsource follower, see source followersubthreshold region, 166g, 167g, 168g,

166–170switch, 220r

1208 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition

threshold voltage (Vth), 137, 147, 166, 167g,169g

transconductance, 132, 141t, 146vs drain current, 168g, 169, 169gvs drain voltage, 170, 517within a family, 169, 169g

transfer characteristics, 135g, 137g, 139g,142g, 165ff, 166–169g

trimming offset with DAC, 345VGS spread, 140gvoltage noise, 346, 509–511, 518–520g

theory vs measurement, 509gvs frequency, 510gvs transconductance, 509g

voltage reference, 680, 680vs MOSFET, 170g

jitter, see also oscillator, see also slew rate,427, 457g, 457, 464, 870, 907, 964, 966,971

rejection in PLL, 974Johnson noise, 474ff, 475g, 475t, 482g, 494g,

526g, 569, 590ras noise source, 557calculation example, 486gain resistor contribution, 152, 352, 358,

379, 384, 906greater at low gain, 387

in differential amplifier, 520in JFET channel, 509in TIA feedback resistor, 537ff

eliminating, 552joule, 2joy

and pain, 65JTAG, see also computer, data bus, see also

memory, nonvolatile, see alsomicrocontroller, 764, 769, 787r, 1028,1036, 1061

bootloader, 1091jump, 996junction

capacitance, see capacitanceleakage current, see current

Karnaugh map, see logicKCL, KVL, see Kirchhoff’s lawsKelvin connection, 277, 294n, 350, 365, 898,

1070Kelvin-Varley divider, see AoE 2nd ed., p 1025keyboard, 1064

parallel bus interface, 1003, 1005keypad, 1081

hex, 1068, 1069Kirchhoff’s laws, 2, 68r, 1107

L network, 1123laboratory power supply, see power supplyladder

R−2R, 234

DAC, 882, 883replaced by charge redistribution, 909

lamp, 62, 437as a problem load, 694neon, 428

Lantronix XPort, 1064Larkin, John, 360laser diode, 830p, 834, 835, 836s, 973, 973

current, 835sdriver, 835n, 836linearizing, 836smodulating, 836

laser trimming, 244, 305, 352, 357, 416latch, see logiclatchup

in analog switch, 174in CMOS, 754, 759

latencyin ADCs, 903ff, 905t, 931, 937, 938, 940,

985–987rnone, 903, 916t

in FIFOs, 747in processors, 1011in RAM, 1014n, 1021, 1021ff

LC, see also filter, 52Butterworth filter, 1109ff, 1110tdamped oscillation, 53gfilter, 54g, 54p, 55sfilter examples, 1109ffimpedance of, 52, 444nnotch, 53oscillator, see oscillatorparallel, 52resonant circuit, 52, 69rseries, 52tank, 53trap, 441n

LCseries, 394

LCD, see optoelectronicsLCR meter, 1152LDO, see voltage regulator, low-dropoutleakage, see also capacitor, see also current,

see also JFET, 420, 1062cancellation, 298, 897, 898spectral, 420

leakage inductance, see inductanceleap year, 967nLebowski, see eggLED, 13, 62, 575, 830p, 829–834, 876r, 1062

angular illumination, 830g, 832garrays, 832as bias reference, 86nbacklight, 1084BJT driver, 76constant-current drive, 832current-source drive, 622desklamp, 834, 835pdriver, 1086

driver ICs, 833tdriving

series string, 832driving from comparator, 13, 14driving from logic, 817ff, 833driving from MOSFET, 206, 465, 466driving from TTL, 718nforward drop, 76g, 827ghigh-current driver, 835slamp (design example), 833multiplexed display, 751, 751–752multiplexed drive, 744norganic, see OLEDpanel-mount, 832tpulsed, 466, 835ssynchronous detection of, 577voltage budget, 752wavelength, 76

Lehrer, Tom, 1099LFSR, 558, 771, 771, 975, 975ffLi-ion battery, see batterylighting, see also LED, see also optoelectronics

theater, 1081lightning detector (design example), 497limiter

diode, 37line driver

difference amplifier, 351linear

circuit, 14, 68rlinearity

converter, 880, 899DNL warning, 900INL vs DNL, 899, 899

linearizingJFET resistor, 162optocoupler, 849via lookup table, 1067, 1096r

Little Logic, see mini-logicLMOS, see mini-logicLO, see oscillator, localload

active, see also active load, 85, 105, 158,266, 266, 496

capacitivelogic, 857, 857op-amp, 263s, 264, 264

dump, 618inductive, 38

load lines, 145g, 156, 156g, 1112ffloading, 10ff, 11g, 69r, 79lock-in, see bandwidth, narrowinglockup, see logic, pathologylogarithmic

amplifier, see amplifierfrequency sweep, 1069

logic0 and 1, 7041-of-8 decoder, 727

Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1209

4-bit full adder, 728Verilog code for, 729

5V-tolerant, 7988-input multiplexer, 726active-HIGH, active-LOW, 704, 714adder, 728arithmetic logic unit (ALU), 728, 990, 1049rassertion-level, 713asynchronous, 733, 734, 734s, 743sBiCMOS, 714, 717nbuffer, see buffercapacitive load, 857, 857class-A current, 186, 186, 754clock

global, 777clock skew, 757, 757, 759, 801CML, 874CMOS, 221r, 714, 790–794

characteristics, 718ffcircuits, 791failure modes, 760input current, 795gminimizing power, 754open inputs with, 759, 760output current, 798goutput voltage, 797gpathology, 759shoot-through current, 760, 760gspeed vs power, 792gspeed vs voltage, 794gthreshold skew, 760threshold voltage, 797gtransfer characteristics, 796gweak outputs, 827

combinational, 708–728, 762rcombinatorial, 708contention, 721, 722, 730counter, 742t, 741–744, 762r

asynchronous, 733, 734, 734smodulo-n, 748ff, 750modulo-n, timing, 750gripple, 733, 734, 734ssynchronous, 737, 737sup-down, 736, 742, 909

currentclass-A, 754, 760, 760g

D-registerVerilog code for, 741

data bus, 720, 721DCL, 790decoder, 726, 751, 838

expansion, 727Verilog code for, 727

delayvs power, 792gvs voltage, 794g

demultiplexer, 726digital vs analog, 703diode, 711

divide-by-2, 731, 732divide-by-3, 734, 743, 743s

asynchronous glitch, 743ssynchronous, 735Verilog code for, 736

double transitions, 759driving

external loads, 721, 818, 817–829, 875rfrom comparator, 806from op-amp, 808pre-emphasis, 864

driving ac loads from, 821, 822driving negative loads from, 821, 822DTL, 790dynamic current, 186ECL, 714, 717n, 718, 718, 722, 750, 790edge rate, 801, 801senable, 720, 752encoder, see also encoder, 727excluded states, 735expansion, 726, 726, 727families, 704n, 706t, 714, 717ff, 763r

characteristics, 718ffchoosing, 719, 794, 875rchronology, 790–794circuits, 791CMOS, 790–794DTL, 790ECL, 790input, 718, 795, 797g, 875rinput current, 795, 795ginterconnecting, 799, 798–802, 875rlife cycle, 715glogic levels, 706 (box), 718output, 718, 796, 797, 798g, 875rRTL, 790speed and power, 719speed vs power, 719g, 792gspeed vs voltage, 719g, 794gsupply voltage, 718threshold voltage, 796, 797gtransfer characteristics, 796gTTL, 790–793

fan-out, 711, 720, 794ff, 795nnone in transmission gate, 725, 726

FIFO, 747flip-flop, 196, 728ff, 762r

clocked, 730, 732debouncer, 802, 802sedge-triggered, 731hold time, 732master-slave, 732metastability, 732, 733g, 733smultiple inputs, 730propagation time, 732RS, 729setup time, 732setup time violation, 733g, 733stoggling, 731, 732

type-D, 731, 732type-JK, 731type-T , 731

floating input, see logic, unused inputFPGA, see FPGAgate, see also buffer, logic, see also

mini-logic, 708–724, 762r2-input select, 724, 725AND, 709, 709circuits, discrete, 711example, 712, 714exclusive-OR, see logic, gate, XOR

interchangeability, 713inverter, 709, 710NAND, see also memory, nonvolatile, 186,710, 710, 1024NOR, see also memory, nonvolatile, 710,710, 1024NOT, 709, 710OR, 709, 709standard, 709transmission, 172, 725, 725universal, 715, 717, 800XOR, 710, 710, 737, 753, 771, 782, 957,975, 982XOR realization, 722

glitch, 738, 739, 743sin one-shot, 759

glue, 793GTL, 857hardware description language, see also

programmable logic device, see logic,HDL, 711

HDL, see also programmable logic device,711

HIGH and LOW, 704hold time, 732IC packages, 715pidentities, 722tinput characteristics, 795input overdrive, 806input protection, 804, 804inputs, 795

current, 795, 795gdriving, 802overcurrent, 806pulldown, 805pullup, 805unused, 806voltage, 797g

interfacing, 790–874between logic families, 799, 798–802

isolator, 823Karnaugh map, 723keeper circuit, 802, 803latch, 740level translator, 800, 802levels, 17, 706 (box), 762r

CAN bus, 1044

1210 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition

symmetrizing, 978life cycle, 715glockup, 755LVDS, see also LVDS, 794LVPECL, see LVPECLmagnitude comparator, 728, 728metastability, 732, 733g, 733s, 756Mickey-Mouse, 468micropower design, 753mini, 712n, 715n, 793minimization, 723MOSFET, 184multiplexed display, 751, 751ffmultiplexer, 724

expansion, 726, 726race condition in, 756, 756Verilog code for, 726

multiplier-accumulator, 728NECL, 718, 718nnegative-true, 704n, 714nMOS, 712

driving LED, 827g, 828driving loads, 828input characteristics, 828interfacing, 826ffoutput characteristics, 827output circuit, 827

open-collector, 721, 800, 807, 811, 817, 993as level translator, 721

open-drain, 721, 721, 800, 807, 811output characteristics, 796

voltage vs current, 798gparity generator, 728pathology, 755–760, 763r

unspecified rules, 757PECL, see also PECL, 718, 718npositive-true, 704n, 714power

dynamic, 754minimizing, 754

preloadasynchronous, 748, 752synchronous, 748

priority encoder, 727probing, 808, 809s, 810pprogrammable, see programmable logic

devicepropagation time, 710s, 732pulse generator

design example, 739with flip-flops and counters, 739

quiet, 759, 793race, see also runt pulse, 724n, 738, 748, 756register, see also computer, 740, 762r, 990

power, 819, 819tshift, 744, 744

removal time, 758reset

asynchronous, 743

synchronous, 743reset/supervisor, 756tringback, 759nrobust link, 1120RTL, 711n, 712, 790runt pulse, see runt pulseSCR latchup, 759sequential, 728–745, 762r

miscellaneous, 746timing example, 748

setup time, 732violation, 733g, 733s, 756n

shift register, 762r, 1081feedback PRBS, 975linear feedback, see LFSRnoise source, see also LFSR, 558RAM as, 745, 745, 746gtiming, 746g

speed, 710svs power, 792gvs voltage, 794g

standard, 763r, 793combinational ICs, 724gates, 715, 716tsequential ICs, 740when to use, 782

startup reset, 755, 755state machine, 734, 734

Mealy, Moore, 736states, 704, 797gstrobe, 725SUHL, 790switch, 725, 917tswitch input as pulldown, 729nsynchronizer, 737, 738synchronous, 734, 743s, 777syntax, 711tthree-state, 720, 720, 993through cables, 856ff, 877r, 1117

comparison, 874timing skew, 737ntoggling, 196toggling flip-flop, 731

Verilog code for, 732transmission gate, 172, 725, 725, 917t, 1016

bidirectional, 725, 727truth table, 708TTL, 714, 790–793

characteristics, 718ffnoise in, 758output characteristics, 827

unspecified rules, 757unused input, 718, 738, 754, 759, 760, 806

LVDS trick, 800wired-AND, 722, 1082wired-OR, 721, 722

lookup table, 735loop

second-order, see PLL

loop gain, 111, 117, 118–120loss

switching, 662loudspeaker

as microphone, 486low dropout, see voltage regulator, low-dropoutlow-voltage differential signaling, see LVDSLSB, see also number, 705, 711, 734, 737, 751,

882, 903, 909LVDS, 705n, 794, 864, 869, 869s, 868–870,

870, 871s, 878r, 1030levels, 873power, 874grates, 873gsignal conditioning, 870, 871storture test, 869, 869s

LVPECL, 794, 874

macrocell, see programmable logic device(PLD)

magazines, 1153magnet controller, 365man

transistor, 75Manchester code, 1041Manchester coding, 1039ffmantissa, 1048MARK and SPACE, 771nMark (RS-232), 871math review, 1097–1100maximal length shift register, see LFSRMDAC, see DAC, multiplyingmecca, see groundmemory, see also computer, see also logic, see

also microcontroller, 745, 990, 991,1014–1027, 1051r

1T1C cell, 10196T cell, 1016access time, see also memory, dynamic, see

also memory, static, 746gburst mode, 1021cache, 990, 991computer, 991configuration, for FPGA, 769double data rate, see DDRndynamic, 991, 1019, 1018–1021, 1051r

asynchronous, 1018, 1020, 1021latency, 1021synchronous, 1021, 1022timing, 1021, 1022

endurance, 769EPROM, 769flash, 769, 991, 1082, 1094, 1096rHDD, 991multilevel cell (MLC), 1025non-volatile, 764, 769, 770, 772, 779, 787r,

1051rnonvolatile, 1021–1027, 1067

Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1211

EEPROM, 1023, 1051r, 1053, 1064,1082, 1084, 1094, 1096rEPROM, 1023ferroelectric, 1022, 1025flash, 1022, 1024ff, 1051r, 1053, 1089,1094floating gate, 1022, 1023JTAG programming, 1036magnetoresistive, 1022, 1026mask ROM, 1023NAND flash, 1024, 1025NOR flash, 1024, 1024phase change, 1022, 1026PROM, 1023

page mode, 1019npseudo-static, 1017, 1017RAM

as shift register, 745, 745, 746gread cycle, 1017, 1019, 1021, 1022, 1049rretention, 769ROM

in state machine, 735, 736nSSD, 992static, 769, 991, 1016, 1016–1018, 1051r,

1061, 1094, 1095, 1096rasynchronous, 1016, 1016, 1017synchronous, 1018, 1019timing, 1016, 1017, 1019

static vs dynamic, 1015volatile, 991volatile/nonvolatile, 1014wrapup, 1026write cycle, 1017, 1019, 1021, 1022, 1049r

MEMS, 446nmetastability, see logicmeter, 61mho, 6microcomputer

terminology, 989, 1049rmicrocontroller, 747, 749, 763r, 797, 887,

1053–1094, 1095r8051, 1060, 1067, 1087, 1090p, 1091–1093ac power control (design example), 1063,

1062–1065pseudocode, 1064, 1065

ADC timing example, 1088, 1088gpseudocode, 1089

ARM, 1036, 1060, 1087, 1090, 1090p,1091–1093, 1094n, 1095r

as debouncer, 803, 804as timer, 469assembly code

for PRBS generator, 783PRBS generator, 779

assembly language, 779AVR, 1036, 1055, 1059, 1060, 1087,

1089–1093, 1095rBlackfin, 1061block diagram, 1054

bypassing, 1056C-language code

for PRBS generator, 784PRBS generator, 782

code download, 1059Coldfire, 1061, 1090p, 1093constraints, 1086debugger, 779, 1095rdevelopment environment, 1086–1092,

1095rcost, 1092

development kit, 1090, 1090pfirmware, 1056frequency synthesizer (design example),

1067p, 1065–1069block diagram, 1066pseudocode, 1067, 1068

how to select, 1094IDE, 779implementing delta-sigma ADC, 932, 933in-circuit debugging, 1092, 1096rin-circuit programming, 1053instrumentation amplifier frontend, 1071JTAG programming, 1036, 1053loading code on, 1089–1092

JTAG bootloader, 1091parallel bootloader, 1091proprietary bootloader, 1091SPI bootloader, 1091UART bootloader, 1090USB bootloader, 1091

logic inputs, 1081, 1084MIPS, 1061MSP430, 1061object code, 779, 1096routput characteristics, 798goutput current, 798gperipheral ICs, 1078–1086

direct connection, 1080, 1079–1082I2C connection, 1085, 1084–1086SPI connection, 1083, 1082–1084

peripheralson-chip, 1061ff

PIC, 1060popular families, 1059–1061PowerPC, 1061PRBS generator, 777ff, 782precision ADC in, 1071Propeller, 1061PSoC, 1061Rabbit, 1060realtime constraints, 1088SH-4, 1061simulator, 779, 1095, 1096rsoftware, 1086ff

assembly code, 1087assembly language, 1095rBASIC, 1087C/C++, 1087

Java, 1088Python, 1088

special-function register, 779ST6/7, 1061stabilized platform (design example), 1077,

1077p, 1079pblock diagram, 1078pseudocode, 1078

suntan monitor (design example),1054–1059C-language code, 1058circuit, 1054, 1055pseudocode, 1056, 1057

terminology, 989thermal controller (design example), 1071,

1069–1077block diagram, 1069control loop, 1074, 1075pseudocode, 1075, 1075

when to use, 785, 1093, 1096rwrapup, 1092–1094XMOS, 1061

microconverter, 1070microphone

capacitor as, 682loudspeaker as, 486ribbon preamp, 505

micropower, see also ADC, see also logic, seealso op-amp, see also oscillator, crystal

digital design, 753microstrip, see also stripline, 858, 1117, 1119Miller effect, see also capacitor, 105, 113ff,

130r, 153, 164, 197, 197g, 198s, 511and differential amplifier, 114configurations that avoid, 115, 148, 152n

Millman’s theorem, 6, 1108mini-logic, 715n, 715p, 772n, 800nMiniGate, see mini-logicmixer, 395, 562, 563, 1139M2L, see logic, Mickey-Mousemodem, 873modified sinewave, 673smodulation

8-VSB, 1138n8PSK, 1139amplitude (AM), 55, 56s, 970, 1134

homodyne, 970synchronous, 970

BPSK, 970delta, 910frequency (FM), 969, 1134

demodulation with PLL, 969Foster-Seeley detector, 970quadrature demodulation, 969quieting in, see AoE 2nd ed., p 898ratio detector, 970slope detector, 970

pulse-code (PCM), 703, 971QAM, 970

1212 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition

QPSK, 970, 1139quadrature amplitude (QAM), 1138nsynchronous detection, 575, 576video, 1133

modulatordelta-sigma, 924, 925magic in, 927

monostable multivibrator, see one-shotmonotonicity

converter, 880Monticelli output circuit, 318, 330Moore’s law, xxix, 748, 989n, 990p, 1018nMOSFET, see also FET, 134

as pullup, 828avalanche rated, 819n, 1073, 1073capacitance, 164, 165, 187, 188–191t, 197g,

197ff, 205construction, 134depletion-mode, 209, 210t, 222r, 698

as current source, 622as input protection, 210, 949current source, 211extending regulator VIN, 211, 693HV discharge, 211

dynamic gate current, see also MOSFET,gate driver, 164

floating-gate reference, see voltage referencegate capacitance, 197g, 197ffgate charge, see also MOSFET, power, 164ngate driver, 194, 194, 218t, 222, 222, 753,

797, 798g, 823, 828, 833, 861, 1073,1095roptocoupler, 206

gate leakage, 163, 1059gate threshold, 137handling precautions, 200

gate damage, 201phigh-voltage

creepage barrier, 665pisolated power switch, 203, 205lateral, 213logic switch, 184maximum current, 221rmaximum ratings, 221rnoise, 519, 520gon-resistance, see MOSFET, RON and

RDS(ON)

polarity, 134power, 187ff, 188–191t

applications, 202ffballast, see also ballast, 213body diode, 199drain capacitance, 198floating switches, 205gate breakdown, 199gate capacitance, 197ggate charge, 188–191t, 197g, 197, 198s,202, 205, 221rgate protection, 199

high-side switching, 202ff, 204high-voltage, 202, 662, 695lateral, 214glight-at-night, 206linear applications, 208logic-level, 192, 193paralleling, 201, 212ff, 214, 222rpiezo amplifier, 208piezo driver, 207power rating, 199protected switch, 204push-pull follower, 214source ballasting, 192, 212ff, 213, 214switch, 206t, 221r, 1073switch examples, 206switching applications, 195, 196,192–196switching cautions, 196thermal runaway in, 214thermal stability, 187vs BJT and IGBT, 201, 202t, 208t

RDS(ON), 139, 188–191t, 199, 221rRON vs VCE(sat), 201, 202tRON vs temperature, 187, 199, 213gRON vs voltage, 202, 662schematic symbols, 134series connection of, 697source ballasting, 192, 214switch, 1081

floating, 203high-side, 825, 826t, 1082protected, 824, 825, 825t, 1082protecting, 823ff

switching examples, 193, 204, 205, 820transfer characteristics, 212gvs BJT, 202tvs BJT and IGBT, 201vs JFET, 170

motor driver, 1078, 1079pmotorboating, 287mouse, 1064MOV, see varistorMP3, 1137nMPEG, 1093MPEG-2, 1137nMPEG-4, 1061, 1137nMSB, see also number, 705, 711, 734, 737,

751, 882, 903, 909MSP430, see microcontrollermultichannel scaling, see bandwidth,

narrowingmultimeter, 2, 10 (box)

true rms, 631multiplex

video, 1138multiplexer, see also analog switch, see also

logic, 724FET analog switch, 173in DAQ, 946

multiplier, see also Gilbert cellanalog, 162, 562, 575capacitance, see capacitancefrequency, see frequencylogic, see logic, multiplier-accumulator

multiplyhow to, 761

multiplying DAC, see DACmultislope conversion, see ADC

Nakamura, Shuji, 62NAND, see logic, see memory, nonvolatilenarrowcast, 1142negative-impedance converter, 397negative-true, see logicnetlist, see programmable logic device (PLD)network

local-area (LAN), 1046neutral, see powerline, wiringNEXT (near-end crosstalk), 581night light, 206NMR, 577node, 2noise, see also amplifier, see also avalanche,

see also op-amp, 15, 326, 473–481, 636s,637

1/ f , 337, 476g, 476, 491, 520, 590rcancellation of, 485ncorner frequency, 566filtered bandwidth, 564tforever?, 566, 567sintegrated, 566gJFET, 510, 517gop-amp, 324, 324g, 530

analogfiltered PRBS, 975, 977–982

averaging time, 574band-limited, 477bandpass filters

response, 565gbandwidth, 477, 561ff

multisection RC, 561of LC, 561of an average, 562

bistable, 477sBJT, see BJT

test circuit, 557burst, 477, 477s, 590rcapacitively coupled, 581common-mode choke, 585crest factor, 568, 981current

density, 483measuring, 569ffof bias-canceled op-amp, 327, 527ultra-low measurement, 571, 572

current source, of, 487ffdensity, 474, 479, 590r

voltage, 481ff

Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1213

differential amplifier, 520digital

generation with PRBS, 974–982emitter follower, 487ffen-C, see also transimpedance amplifier,

532, 538, 538ff, 540–542g, 542s, 543gequivalent power (NEP), 537nexceedance probability curve, 574gexcess, 475ff, 590rfigure, 479, 480g, 493g, 519, 592r

contour plot, 490g, 492, 493gconversion to SNR, 480example, 492

filteredover decades, 567s

filtering out-of-band, 911flicker, see noise, 1/ ffloor, 418Gaussian, 475g, 482, 590r, 979, 981generator, 559

pink, 559pink, spectrum, 560sPRBS, 558

immunity, 705, 754in inverting amplifier, 521in noninverting amplifier, 520instrumentation amplifier, 362integrals, 564tintegrated

calculating, 563of op-amps, 338g, 530, 531g, 531t

interference as, 478JFET, see JFETJohnson, see Johnson noiselow-frequency specification, 564magnetically coupled, 581maxima, 574measurement, 555ff, 568, 592r

hot-cold, 557RF, 558transistor test circuit, 557

MOSFET, see MOSFETmosquito, 1137nNyquist, see Johnson noiseof switching power supplies, 649of voltage regulator, 618

filtering, 619, 620op-amp, 522t, 523t, 524t, 528g, 529g, 532s,

520–533autozero, 333ff, 334s, 568g, 570g, 572schoosing, 525–533spectrum, 568g, 568s, 570g, 572svs Cin, 532g

peak vs rms, 532, 564, 568, 935nphase, see phasepink, 477s, 559, 563ff, 566popcorn, 477s, 478g, 590rpotpourri, 574

power supply, 578ff, 580g, 580t, 593r, 618,913capacitance multiplier, 557, 578, 579g

pseudorandom, see PRBSquantization, 927gquantization error, 574quick guide to, 473red, 477s, 563ffrejection in PLL, 974resistance, 494, 501, 502t, 522t, 528, 569,

592rrms vs magnitude, 574shaping, see also delta-sigma, 927, 927ffshot, 327, 475ff, 476t, 482g, 511g, 590, 591r

equivalent to Johnson noise, 482, 509,525nsuppression of, 476, 487ff, 488

sourcePRBS circuit, 980

sources, 558ff, 590r, 592rswitchmode power supply, 636g, 636s, 637telegraph, 477stemperature, 480, 519, 592rthreshold-crossing rate, 574true random, 982, 988r

circuit, 984types of, 474, 477s, 558, 590runits of, 474unspecified, 503, 504g, 507, 517, 517g, 519,

535voltage

from filtered PRBS, 978voltage reference, see also voltage reference,

677t, 682g, 682white, 474ff, 477s, 563ffzener, 676n

nonlinearityconverter error, 880, 899

nonmonotonicityconverter error, 880

NOR, see logic, see memory, nonvolatileNorton equivalent circuit, 66, 69r, 1108notch, see LC, see filterNRZ, 1041NRZI, 1041NTSC, 1062, 1132n, 1134, 1136number

2’s complement, 707, 1046arithmetic in, 708

BCD, 706codes, 705–708, 880, 1046–1048denormalized, 1048dynamic range, 1048floating-point, 708n, 1047

formats, 1047formats, 1047Gray-code, 708, 709

binary conversion, 711hex, 705

integerformats, 1047justification, 1046signed, 707t, 1046unsigned, 1046

MSB in, 707ff, 1046ffnot a, 1048of the beast, the, 666offset binary, 707overflow, 708packed BCD, see AoE 2nd ed., pp 736, 741sign-magnitude, 707signed, 707storage in memory, 1048

nybble, 990Nyquist, see also sampling, 395, 419

noise, 474Nyquist criterion, see samplingNyquist noise, see also Johnson noise

Odroid, 1053noff-axis pole, see poleoffline, see ac poweredoffset binary, see number, codesOhm’s law, 4

generalized, 46not obeyed by diode, 31

ON resistance, see analog switch, FET, seeMOSFET

one second per hour (design example), 467one-shot, 77, 242, 459, 460, 463t, 461–465,

471r, 739, 762r555, 460, 460application examples, 465cautions, 462ffcircuit, 461problems with, 462ffprotecting pulsed power devices with, 465reset, 462retriggerability, 462timing coefficient, 464g

op-amp, 223ff, 224p1/ f noise, see noiseabsolute-value circuit, 257ac amplifier, 226

biasing, 261, 262accuracy vs linearity, 313active clamp, 257, 289ractive peak detector, 254active rectifier, 238ff, 257, 289r

effect of slew rate, 238as voltage regulator, 235autozero, 254, 272, 295, 333ff, 334, 335t,

370, 388, 389r, 528g, 933common-mode input range, 340external, 341, 341input current, 339instrumentation amplifier, 342integrated noise, 338g

1214 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition

noise, 336g, 336, 337s, 569tnoise current, 339, 569, 570g, 572snoise voltage, 339, 568goffset voltage, 339overload recovery, 337selecting, 338ffself-calibrating, 341settling time, 340slew rate, 340supply voltage, 338

bandwidth, 247, 249, 290r, 308, 328, 329gbasic circuits, 225–231, 288rbias canceled, 125, 252, 266

better than JFET, 303gcurrent noise of, 327, 527

BJT, 163, 244, 244n, 245t, 248n, 290, 522t,524t, 525, 569bias canceled, 327input current, 244, 290, 303, 303g, 304,304gnoise, 337, 526g, 568gRFI, 366, 369nslew rate, 308g

Bode plot, 290rcapacitive load, 332

driving, 264stability, 265gstabilizing, 263s, 264

cautions, 231, 289rchopper-stabilized, see also op-amp,

autozero, 340, 340, 1070clamping, 912CMOS, see also op-amp, autozero, see also

op-amp, input current, 163g, 245t, 258,265, 290r, 296t, 389r, 523, 524t, 525input current, 225, 244, 259, 289r, 303,304g, 325, 325g, 339noise, 526g, 531, 531g, 568g

CMRR, 305, 328CMRR and PSRR, 249common-mode input range, 245, 290r

of autozero, 340of difference amplifier, 354

compensation, see also op-amp,overcompensation, 247, 280ff, 283, 290r,308

compensation pin, 320, 321tclamping, 912, 913

current feedback, see also feedback, 270,271, 272t, 308, 310t, 331g, 375t, 378,384–386, 513, 514, 521, 524t, 548peaking vs gain-setting R, 379g

current source, 228–230, 242, 254, 344, 367,622, 623, 895Howland, 229, 230

current-to-voltage converter, 233decompensated, 283, 283g, 308, 328, 515,

542, 550, 553departure from ideal, 243–249, 289r

detailed look, 242–253die (LT1028), 527pdifference amplifier, 227, 288r, 347–387

bandwidth, 355CMRR trim, 356, 357configurations, 356filter node, 355offset trim, 355, 357

differential amplifier, 347–387differential input range, 232, 246, 535differentiator, 260, 288rdistortion, 329ff, 331, 332g

slew-rate, 248svs frequency, 311g

driving logic from, 808electrometer, 259, 289, 290rfeedback at dc, 232follower, 227, 288r

with bootstrap, 233frequency compensation, see op-amp,

compensationgain, 249, 290r

vs frequency, 281g, 281ff, 282–284g,311g, 328, 329g

gain error, 312, 312ggain nonlinearity, 312ff, 313

measuring, 313golden rules, 225, 288rhigh-power, 272thigh-speed, 310thigh-voltage, 272thybrid amplifier with JFET, 151, 153g,

155g, 343, 344, 534, 545ideal, 243, 288rinput capacitance, 532input current, 163, 163g, 244, 252, 289r,

295, 302, 325, 388r, 530, 535BJT better than JFET, 303gcommon-mode voltage, variation with,304, 304g, 306geffect on integrator, 257measuring, 325ffof autozero, 339temperature, variation with, 295, 303g,307, 325g, 530

input impedance, 245, 250, 301, 306input offset current, 244, 252input protection, 258, 294, 362instrumentation, see instrumentation

amplifierintegrator, 230, 231s, 257–260, 288r, 933

resistor stabilization, 259inverting amplifier, 225, 288r, 316n

noise, 521JFET, 140, 155, 163, 163g, 226, 245t, 252,

274, 296t, 389r, 492, 523, 524t, 525, 532gfast, 155timpact-ionization input current, 538

input current, 225, 244, 303, 303g, 304,304g, 325, 325g, 339noise, 526g, 531, 531g, 568gRFI, 369nslew rate, 308g

JFET hybrid, see op-amp, hybrid amplifierwith JFET

limitations, effect on circuits, 249–254linearity, 251low input-current, 303tlow noise, 522–524t

choosing, 525–533hybrid, 534

micropower, 273Monticelli output circuit, 318, 330noise, 289r, 528g, 529g, 520–533, 592r

0.001–10Hz, 1/ f , Vn(pp), 531g0.01–10Hz, 1/ f , Vn(pp), 5641/ f , 528, 529gautozero, 333ff, 334simpedance, 326integrated, 338g, 530, 531g, 531tlow-frequency, 530ff, 532s, 564measuring, 568vs Cin, 532g

noise current, 326ff, 336g, 530, 570g, 572smeasuring, 569ffof autozero, 339

noise resistance, 528noise spectrum, 568g, 568s, 570g, 572snoise voltage, see also noise, 323, 324g,

336g, 337, 535, 568gmeasuring, 567of autozero, 339

noise voltage and current, 249, 526of bias-canceled, 327vs supply current, 525g

noninverting amplifier, 226, 288rnoise, 520

nonlinear circuits, 236, 289roffset trim, 306, 534offset voltage, 244, 251, 289r, 304, 306, 323,

388reffect on integrator, 257of autozero, 339test circuit, 323

offset voltage drift, 244, 289roptional inverter, 232oscillator

precision VCO, 267output current, 251, 272t, 290routput errors, 389routput impedance, 246, 250, 290r, 309

effect on MFB filter, 414geffect on VCVS filter, 414gvs frequency, 250g, 311, 312g

output range, 231output swing, 246, 290r

vs frequency, 251g, 307g

Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1215

vs load resistance, 246goutput voltage

vs load current, 247govercompensation, 263, 285, 542, 571parameters, 245t

unspecified, 295peak detector, 289r

resetting, 255phase error, 314, 315g, 315t

active compensation, 314, 315g, 315tphase reversal in, 275, 361nphase shift, 247, 290r

vs frequency, 311gphotodiode amplifier, 233photometer, 265pinch-off voltage tester, 240pinout, 225power, 588power and high-voltage, 272tpower booster, 234precision, 292ff, 320, 321t, 388r

choosing, 319representative, 302tvs speed, 329

programmable pulse-width generator, 241PSRR, 306, 328, 533push-pull booster, 234rail-to-rail, 236, 246, 266, 277, 289, 290r,

315ff, 389rdistortion, 317g, 318gain, 318ginput circuit, 316input crossover, 316, 317goutput circuit, 317output impedance, 316, 318goutput saturation, 317output swing, 247gVOS shift, 316g

relaxation oscillator, see also oscillator,relaxation, 425

representative, 271tsample-and-hold, 256, 289rschematic

LF411, 243TLC271, 266

self heating, 306sensitive millivoltmeter (design example),

253, 293, 296tseries damping, 263, 263ssettling time, 308ff, 311g, 320, 321t, 328

of autozero, 340sign of feedback, 232single-supply, 245, 261, 265–270, 289r, 322slew rate, 248g, 251, 290r, 307, 328, 329

distortion, 248sof autozero, 340vs fT, 308vs input differential, 308g

smorgasbord, 232

split feedback, 263, 264s, 265stuck-node tracer, 276gsumming amplifier, 234summing junction, see summing junctionsupply rail splitter, 262

stability, 263, 263ssupply voltage, 248, 322

of autozero, 338supply-rail bypass, 232tables of, 271–272t, 296t, 302, 303t, 310t,

320, 321t, 335t, 522–524ttrack-and-hold, 256transconductance, see OTA (operational

transconductance amplifier)transimpedance amplifier, see

transimpedance amplifiertriangle oscillator, 239uncompensated, see also op-amp,

decompensated, 283unity-gain frequency, 247, 247g, 281g,

281ff, 282–284g, 328, 329gvoltage feedback, 385voltage gain, 247

vs frequency, 247gzero-crossing detector, 269

open collector, 173, 173, 721, 799, 807, 811,817, 818

open drain, 721, 799, 807, 811open frame, see power supply, modularoptocoupler, 805, 837p, 844p, 845, 846, 847,

848, 850, 851, 843–851, 852, 877r, 915,1062, 1064, 1081

analog, 586, 847as variable resistor, 437, 438ncurrent transfer ratio (CTR), 844ff, 845, 852for isolated feedback, 663gate drive, 206, 846linearizing, 849logic output, 844photoconductive

linearity, 437phototransistor output, 844signal isolator, 586

optoelectronics, 829–856, 876r16-segment display, 8385x7 matrix display, 8397-segment display, 838, 838angle encoder, 877rAPD, 877coupler, see optocouplerdetectors, 837p, 840, 841p, 876rdisplay

LED, multiplexed, 751, 751ff, 838multiplexed, 443, 751, 751

display technology, 1142displays, 62, 830p, 836ff, 837p, 876r, 1081emitters, 830p, 829–840family tree, 829, 831 (box)fiber optics, see fiber optics

image sensor, 841p, 1061interrupter, 844p, 851, 877rIrDA, 1061, 1081laser diode, see laser diodeLCD, 836, 837p, 840, 1061, 1066, 1095,

1096r, 1142interface timing, 1028

LED, see LEDLED backlight, 1084LED stick, 839light-to-frequency, 1081miscellaneous, 837pmulticharacter display, 839OLED, 836, 1082, 1143optocoupler, see optocoupler, 1081photo-Darlington, 842photoconductive, 437, 438n, 844pphotoconductive mode, 842photodiode, see also avalanche, 841photomultiplier, 837p, 842, 842

amplifier, 843phototransistor, 841photovoltaic mode, 842photovoltaic stack, 204, 849, 850PIN diode, 837p, 973plasma, 1143proximity detector, 851, 877rrotary encoder, 1066smart display, 839

codes, 840synchronous detection, 578VFD, 836, 1066, 1067

optointerrupter, see optoelectronicsoptoisolator, see optocouplerorthogonal

adjustments, 515oscillation

damped, 53gparasitic, 426, 427s, 442parasitic oscillations in, 427sslow logic transition, from, 801s

oscillator, 289r, 425–457, 470r, 700r, 1081555, 429, 430t, 428–432

50% duty-cycle, 429full-range duty-cycle, 430sawtooth, 430, 430triangle, 431, 432

atomic standard, 451blocking, 656ceramic resonator, 450, 471rClapp, 440, 441CMOS, 426Colpitts, 440, 440, 447crystal, 439, 443p, 443–450, 471r, 1063

a caution, 449aging, 451, 471rcircuits, 447, 447equivalent circuit, 444micropower, 448, 449g

1216 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition

modules, 449“pulling”, 435series and parallel modes, 444, 444g

DDS, 451, 453, 455, 471r, 969, 1065, 1082,1089

emitter-coupled, 440GPS-disciplined, 451, 471rGunn-diode, 434, 435Hartley, 440, 440, 442inverter chain, 435, 973JFET, 155

low-noise, 441spectrum, 442g

jitter, 457, 971LC, 439, 470r

electrically tunable, 440local (LO), 395, 562, 971, 1139low-distortion, 437, 438, 1152MEMS, 960, 971microwave, 1152not needed in µC example, 1056OCXO, 968op-amp

triangle wave, 239parasitic oscillations in, 426Peltz, 440, 440phase noise, see phase, noisephase-shift, 438, 439Pierce, 447, 447PLL, 452, 471rprecision, 1152precision VCO, 267programmable, 267quadrature, 454, 454s, 453–456, 470rquartz crystal, 443–450ratiometric, 431relaxation, 267, 432, 425–435, 470r

555, 429CMOS logic, 426, 427, 559diac, 428high-voltage, 428neon, 428op-amp, 425, 426unijunction, 427, 428

resistor-programmed, 433, 433gring, 960SAW, 450, 471r, 960, 971sawtooth, 430, 430, 917, 918silicon, 432, 433tsinewave, 435–443, 470r

Wien bridge, 436ff, 437, 438, 452t, 470rTCXO, OCXO, 450, 471rtriangle, 239, 267, 431, 432tuning-fork, 441types, 452tvaractor-tuned, 441VCXO, 446, 471r, 960, 965, 969, 971voltage-controlled, 267, 434ff, 470r, 959

in PLL, 959

Wien bridge, see oscillator, sinewave, 847with integrated divider, 434YIG, 434, 435

oscilloscope, 2, 1158ffanalog, 1152, 1159digital, 1152, 1162ff, 1163

aliasing, 1164dead time, 1164

hints, 1160probe, 67, 808, 809, 810s, 1160, 1161

active, 809, 809s, 810p, 1161current, 1161skew, 1164

OTA (operational transconductance amplifier),100

outputcomparator stage, 811comparator swing, 810creating differential, 372current, comparator, 811, 811gcurrent, op-amp, 272t

output currentcritical, in SMPS, see switchmode

oven, 450, 681overcompensation, see also op-amp, 285, 285,

286overcurrent protection, see current, limiting,

see power supply, see voltage regulatoroversampling, see samplingovertemperature

sensor, see also sensor, 13, 14, 203, 602,604, 604 (box), 608, 671absent, 695

overvoltage, see also switchmode, OVP, 691shutdown, see also crowbar, see also power

supply, 598, 658t, 672, 687, 691, 702r,825

OVP, see overvoltage, see switchmode

packet, 1138switching, 1141

PAL, see programmable logic device (PLD),1062

PALASM, see programmable logic device(PLD)

parallel, 2bootloader, 1091capacitors, 21conversion, see ADCimpedances, 46, 69rJFETs to reduce noise, 509MOSFETs, 201port, 999–1002, 1063, 1066, 1067, 1069,

1081, 1084, 1095rresistors, 5resonant crystal mode, 444, 444g, 446g

parametersunspecified, 295

parasitic

coupling, see capacitive couplingoscillation, see oscillationSCR, see SCR

parity generator, 728pass transistor, see transistor, see voltage

regulator, linearpattern sensitivity, 857, 871sPC board design, see AoE 2nd ed.,

pp 816–852, 954PC104, see computer, data busPCB

ground plane, 759, 857ground wiring, 758

PCI, see computer, data busPCIe, see computer, data busPCM, see modulation, pulse-codepeak detector, 156

active, 254, 255passive, 254

peak-to-peakamplitude, 14full-power bandwidth, 251goutput swing, 246

PECL, 874permeability, 29perpetual motion, 116PGA, see amplifier, programmable gainphase

control in DDS, 1068detector, see also PLL, 575equalizer, 415error

of op-amp, 314, 315g, 315tmargin, 247, 263, 276, 282noise, 966, 968, 971sequence filter, 455, 456, 456gshift, see phase shiftsplitter, 105

with discrete BJTs, 88phase shift

and feedback stability, see also Bode plot,281–285, 285

control in SMPS, 659filter comparison, 404goscillator, 438RC lowpass, 50g

phase shifterconstant-amplitude, 89, 89

phase-locked loop, see PLLphase-sequence filter, see filter, see phasephasor, 51, 52g, 89photoconductive mode, 537n, 831 (box), 841nphotocoupler, see optocouplerphotodiode, 841photometer

single-supply, 265photomultiplier, 842, 842

amplifier, 843

Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1217

photon counting, see avalanche photodiode, seeoptoelectronics, APD

photoresistor, 206, 844pphototransistor, 841photovoltaic mode, 537n, 831 (box), 841photovoltaic stack, 204, 849, 850PHY, 871pi network, 1109, 1124PIC, see microcontrollerpickup, 59, 442

common-mode, 583PicoGate, see mini-logicPID loop, see feedbackPierce oscillator, see oscillatorpiezo, 24, 1054, 1055piezo amplifier, see amplifierpiezo driver, 207, 333piezoelectric effect

capacitor, in, 682ncrystal, 443

pink noise, see noisePLA, see also programmable logic device

(PLD)platinum RTD, see sensor, temperaturePLD, see programmable logic device (PLD)PLL, 435, 452, 972t, 955–974, 987r, 1066,

1072AM demodulation, 970block diagram, 956Bode plot, 961g, 963gBPSK demodulation, 971capture and lock, 964capture transient, 964, 965clock generation, 972, 1072“cut and try”, 963design, 960–964first-order loop, 960FM demodulation, 969frequency multiplier (design example),

961–964circuit, 962

frequency synthesis, 442, 966–969fractional-n, 966, 966rational-approximation, 968, 968

laser offset locking, 973, 973loop

block diagram, 961loop filter, 395, 960, 961, 988rloop gain, 962, 962 (box)loop stability, 960, 961phase detector, 957, 957g, 957ff, 957t, 958g,

958s, 959g, 987ranti-backlash, 959backlash, 958dead zone, 958

pulse synchronization, 971rejection of noise and jitter, 974sampling clock, 907second-order loop, 960

signal regeneration, 971some realities, 964spur removal, 395VCO, 959

4046-type, 959, 959sVCO variability, 964with JFET oscillator, 394

PMT, see photomultiplierpod, 745, 769, 1036, 1053, 1059, 1090, 1091,

1096polar coordinates, 1098pole, 52, 69r

off-axis, 393splitting, 114

pole-zero, see compensationPOP, 995popcorn

noise, 477, 478gpositive-true, see logicpot, see potentiometerpot core, 29, 581potential difference, see voltagepotentiometer, 7, 8p, 63

digital, see also EEPOT, 63, 184, 412, 1082taper, 739

power, 2ac detect, 1081ac monitor, 1082an hour of (design example), 466density

battery vs capacitor, 690gdesign, 623ffdynamic, see current, 754entry module, 629, 630, 631, 699rfactor, 47

correction in offline SMPS, 668, 699rin offline SMPS, 661, 699rin unregulated supply, 635

five minutes of, 196in ideal capacitor, none, 19, 47in reactive circuits, 47in resistor, 6micro, see micropowerminimizing, in CMOS design, 754one minute of, 23phantom, 1046nprecision source, 285quiescent

in CMOS, 185, 718, 719g, 790in ECL, 719in FPGAs, 769in nMOS inverter, 185in push-pull stage, 106ff, 107, 108, 215in TTL, 718, 719, 758

semiconductor packages, 628, 629pspectrum

from PRBS, 977, 979gsupervisor, 613, 691, 755, 755, 803, 1079switching, 755

from logic levels, 192with MOSFETs, 192–200with outboard driver, 237

too hot!, see heatsink, sizzle testtradeoffs

noise, 483g, 509g, 525gspeed, 792g

train, see switchmode (SMPS)transfer, 11transistor, 624ff

series connection, 697power dissipation

capacitance, 719, 719gpower supply, see also voltage regulator, 594ff,

595pauxiliary, 668clamp, 692commercial modules, 684, 685pcurrent limit, 597

foldback, 693, 694, 694gof outboard pass transistor, 695

favorites, 1152filtering, 32flying capacitor

droop, 639gripple, 639g

high voltage, 695ff, 696, 1152kick-start, 669laboratory, 608, 608, 611, 1152linear

compared with switchmode, see alsoswitchmode, 635fftopology, compared with SMPS, 630

low noise, 578ff, 580g, 913low-noise, see also AoE 2nd ed., p 375modular, 684, 685pnoise, see noiseoffline, see switchmode, offlineovervoltage protection, 598, 690ffpass transistor, see transistor, passpower-factor correction, 661programmable, see programmablerectifier, 634

damping spikes, 634regulated, 123regulator, 34resonant charging, 40ripple voltage, 33sequencing, 912spike, 635nspikes, 633n, 634split, 34, 630, 639storage capacitor, see also capacitor, 633

ripple current in, 634supervisor, see powerswitchmode, 636ff

ac-powered, see also power supply, seeswitchmode, offlinecompared with linear, 630, 635ff

1218 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition

controller ICs, 658tcurrent-mode ICs, 654tprogrammable, 1086voltage-mode ICs, 653t

uninterruptible, 673, 673sunregulated, 630, 699r

bench vs SPICE, 634, 635sfrom ac powerline, 628ffpower factor in, 635

voltage multiplier, 34power-on reset, see reset, logic startuppowerline

capacitor, 631, 668discharge resistor, 632, 668

controller, 1063entry, 629filter, 631monitor, 1082monitor IC, 943, 943rejection in integrating ADC, 914, 934switch, 631transformer, 632

leakage inductance in, 633rating, 632

wiring, 628ff, 943PRBS, 558ff, 762r, 770–782, 974–982, 988r

8051 assembly code for, 783ABEL code for, 776analog noise from, 975, 977–982analog noise voltage, 978C-language code for, 784chipping sequence, 975digital

filter, 979eye diagram, 871sfeedback shift register, 975, 976, 979

properties, 976taps, 976t

noise generator, 559, 771spectrum, 560s

noise sourcecircuit, 980

power spectrum, 977, 979gVerilog code for, 778VHDL code for, 780with cPLD, 772with discrete logic, 559, 771, 772with ECL logic, 981, 983pwith microcontroller, 777ff, 782

assembly code, 779, 783C-language code, 782, 784

with PLDs, 981wrapup, 981

pre-emphasis, 864, 870, 870, 871s, 873gprecision

vs dynamic range, 292, 388rprefixes, 4 (box)printed circuit

SMT vs through-hole, 268, 269

printer port (Centronics), see computer, databus

priority encoder, see logicprobe

active, 810pfor logic signals, 808, 810p

probingdigital signals, 808, 809s, 810p

programmultiplex video, 1138

programmable (with voltage)current source, 228–230, 367, 896oscillator, 267power supply, 605, 607, 610pulse generator, 918timer (one-shot), 242voltage source, 195

programmable logic device (PLD), see alsologic, 728, 737, 745, 763r, 765p, 787r,764–789, 797, 1036

ABEL, 764, 775, 776address decoder, 1000advice, 782ff, 788rapplications, 787rcPLD, 764, 766, 789r

PRBS bit generator, 772–777CUPL, 764FPGA, see also FPGA, 764, 768, 787r, 1031

configuration memory, 769logic element, 770

GAL, 764HDL, 745, 764, 765, 787r

behavioral coding, 777, 778structural coding, 777, 779

HDL entry, 775ff, 787radvantages, 777, 787r

in-circuit programming, 764, 769, 774macrocell, 764mixed-signal, 769netlist, 769, 787rnoise generator, 981output characteristics, 798gpackages, 765pPAL, 764, 765–768

circuit, 766, 767macrocell, 768

PALASM, 764PLA, 768place and route, 769, 773, 787rpod, 745programmer, 769, 773, 1152programming, 787rschematic entry, 745, 773, 773ff, 774, 787r

advantages, 775, 787rsoftware, 769Verilog, 775, 778VHDL, 745, 765, 775, 777, 780WebPACK, 770nwhen to use, 782ff

programmable oscillator, 267programmable-gain amplifier (PGA), see

amplifierpropagation time, 710protection, input, see input protectionproximity sensor, see sensorpseudo-differential, 275, 583pseudo-op, 996pseudo-random bit sequence, see PRBSpseudocode, 1056PSoC, see microcontrollerPTAT, see also bandgap, 92n, 104, 431n, 604

(box), 606, 621, 679, 680pullup

active, 270, 717, 720, 721current-source, 85, 696passive, 185resistor, 5 (box), 185, 209, 237, 623, 712,

720, 721pulse, 16

code, see modulation, pulse-codeduty-cycle

limiting, 465forming network, 1126from step, 77, 458ff, 459sgenerator, 17

high-voltage, 333, 917, 918long pulses, 740n-pulse, 752, 753programmable pulse-width, 241single, 739single-pulse, 739triggerable (design example), 739, 740with discrete BJTs, 77–79with flip-flops and counters, 739

height analysis, 914limiting width of, 465runt, see also logic, see runt pulse, 757spectrum of, 941gstretcher, 194synchronization

with PLL, 971width modulation, see PWM

PUSH, 995push-pull

BJT output stage, 81, 106–108, 129rbiasing, 108crossover distortion, 107thermal stability of, 108, 214

MOSFET output stagethermal stability of, 214

op-amp power booster, 234PWM, see also switchmode, 470r, 645, 699r,

1061, 1062, 1072, 1077, 1094, 1095,1096r

analog vs digital, 1072, 1072as digital-to-analog converter, 888, 888, 890,

985rdigital, 1072

Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1219

in class-D amplifier, 109sin switchmode converters, 642, 645ff, 656,

665in thermal control, 1070light dimming, 834rate multiplier as, 890thermal controller, 1069–1077to DAC converter, 889torque-motor control, 890

pyroelectric detector, 841p

Q (quality factor), 53g, 53ff, 54gof crystal, 443spoiling, 53

QAM, 456quadrature, 395n

detector, 969encoder, 844p, 852, 1066FM demodulation, 969oscillator, 454, 454s, 453–456, 470rRF, 455square waves, 455

quadrature-amplitude modulation, see QAMquantization

noise, 927gquiescent, see current, see powerquieting

in FM, see AoE 2nd ed., p 898

R−2R, see ladderRabbit, see microcontrollerradio

AM, 55, 56swaveforms, 55g, 56s

radiofrequency, see RFrail splitter, 262, 277rail-to-rail, see op-ampramp, 15

generator, 27random walk, 981RAS, 1019Raspberry Pi, 1053nraster, 1132rate multiplier

as PWM, 890ratiometric, 123, 431, 739, 884, 1072rbb, see BJTRC circuit, 21, 21g, 21ffRC snubber, see snubberRCA, see connectorreactance, 40ff

graph of, 49greactive circuits, 40ff

power in, 47read cycle, see computer, programmed IO, see

memoryreading and references, 1154ffrectification, 31ffrectifier, see also diode, 12, 31ff, 32t, 634

active, 238ff, 289r, 634, 634nbridge, 32, 33, 612, 613, 630, 662s, 699r,

805active, 634ndual-voltage input, 660

fast-recovery, 670forward drop, 31full-wave, 32

active, 257full-wave center-tapped, 33half-wave, 32inrush current in, 651power supply

spikes, 633n, 634Schottky, see diodesignal, 35soft-recovery, 670synchronous, 289r, 634

referencedesign, 671

reflection coefficient, 1117refresh, see also memory, dynamic

display, 1001register, see logicregulation

cross, 672line, 595nload, 595nsecondary, in SMPS, 671

regulator, see voltage regulatorseries pass, 598

relaydriver, 194driving from logic, 817ffelectromechanical, 59, 818latching, 459, 515, 819low-level, 515optocoupled, 843ffsolid-state, see SSR

resetlogic startup, 691, 755, 755, 1079of core, in SMPS, 657

resistancebase-spreading, see BJT, rbbdark, 206, 537n, 1059dynamic, see also BJT, emitter resistance, 12internal, 10leakage, 10negative, 7, 397, 646, 650n, 1113noise, see noise resistanceof analog switch, 175, 948nON, see analog switch, FET, see MOSFETsmall-signal, 12source, 10thermal, see thermal resistancetrimmer, see trimmer

resistor, 3ff, 3p, 5 (box), 68r4-wire, 294naccuracy, 1106t

active, see also AoE 2nd ed., p 257, 416, 416bleeder, 211, 634carbon, 5 (box), 300, 476, 591, 696, 1105

nonlinearity, 697, 698gchip

sizes, 4ncolor code, 1105tcurrent-sensing, 754, 760digital, 1082discharge, for powerline capacitor, 632E96 series, 1104temitter-ballasting, 113, 113, 138, 146, 192,

201, 214, 508excess noise in, 476high-voltage, 698, 1104, 1105

nonlinearity, 697, 698gin parallel, 5in series, 5international notation, 5nKelvin, 277, 294n, 350, 365, 898, 1070metal-film, 5 (box), 300, 476, 679, 696,

1105negative temperature coefficient, see also

sensor, temperature, thermistor, 661noninductive, 696nonlinearity, 697, 698g, 1106tpositive temperature coefficient, see AoE

2nd ed., p 216power in, 6power package, 3pprecision, 293, 300, 345, 348–350, 696,

1105precision divider, 679properties of, 300, 388rpullup, 5 (box), 209, 237, 623, 720, 721

logic input, 805MOSFET as, 828on demultiplexer, 727

series damping, 263, 263s, 264, 264source-ballasting, 192standard values, 1104suppression, 573T-network, 259tempco, 300, 679, 1106tthick-film, 1105thin-film, 1105types, 1104ff, 1106tvariable, 63

JFET, 161stability, 679

voltage coefficient, 697, 1106tvoltage rating, 697, 697nwirewound, 3p, 5 (box), 8p, 476, 591, 1070,

1105resonance, see LC, see capacitor, bypass, see

oscillator, crystal; oscillator, LC, seepower supply, resonant charging

resonantcharging, 39, 40

1220 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition

circuit, 52ffreverse polarity protection, 616, 665, 671RF

driving cable, 862noise measurement, 558

RFI (radiofrequency interference), 582, 668ribbon microphone, 505ring buffer, see bufferring detection, see AoE 2nd ed., p 985ringback, 759ringing

capacitive loads, 263s, 264in SMPS, 668, 668nlogic signals, 809s, 856ff, 877r

ripple, 635, 636s, 639g, 699rcurrent, 644effect of capacitor ESR, 639neffect of switchmode frequency, 641filtering, 619in unregulated supply, 599, 632of filter, 399switchmode power supply, 636s

rise time, 16of RC, 22of filter, 400slow causes failure, 426, 757, 801

RLL, 1041rms amplitude, see amplitudeRogowski coil, 944, 944rotary encoder, 1066RS-232, see also computer, data bus, 771,

872s, 871–873, 1038, 1038ff, 1039s,1061–1063, 1066, 1081, 1089, 1095r

and cable length, 873driver ICs, 872levels, 873mark, 1038power, 874gpseudo-random byte generator, 770rates, 873gsignals, 1039tSTART bit, 1038STOP bit, 1038timing ambiguity in, 1038to USB adapter, 871n, 1064

RS-422, 864, 865, 865ff, 865slevels, 873power, 874gtorture test, 866, 866s

RS-485, 865, 865ff, 865s, 1038ff, 1061isolated, 867, 868levels, 873power, 874grates, 873g

RTC, 1084RTD, see sensor, temperaturerubidium, see oscillator, atomicrunt pulse, see also logic race, 738, 743s, 748,

753n, 757

s-plane, 52S/H, see sample-and-holdS/PDIF, 1061safe operating area (SOA), 113n, 192g, 216,

603n, 604 (box), 627, 702rSallen and Key filter, 399, 409sample

PLL clock, 907sample-and-hold, see also op-amp, 156, 183,

183, 256, 256g, 301g, 342, 388r, 843,849, 904, 950

sampling, 419, 900ff, 901, 907bandpass, 907depth

and dynamic range, 900direct IF to digital, 907images, 931gNyquist criterion, 900, 901over, see also delta-sigma, 901, 901, 902n,

924, 928ratio (OSR), 924

rateand aliasing, 900, 901and bandwidth, 900

rate and aliasing, 931gunder, 901, 907

band conversion, 907window, see window

SAS, see computer, data busSATA, see computer, data bussatellite

geostationary, 1139saturation, see also antisaturation, see also

BJT, see also comparator, see also FETcurrent, 132, 165ncurrent (IDSS), see also FET, drain

characteristicscurrent (IS), see also BJTDarlington, see BJTIGBT desaturation, see IGBTin BJT, 73

Schottky clamp prevents, 717nin oscillator, 437of magnetic core, 657, 659of output, see op-amp, rail-to-railvoltage, 165n

sawtooth, see oscillatorscaling

of IC feature size, 793nscary stuff, 1025schematic

diagramhow to draw, 1101ff

entryin SPICE, 1146

ugly, 1102Schmitt trigger, 128r, 237, 237, 237g, 267, 269,

270, 279, 279, 289r, 459, 717, 754, 755,801, 801s, 803s, 805, 807, 807, 808s

logic input, 801, 801s, 802speedup capacitor, 808stransfer function, 237gwith discrete BJTs, 79

Schottky, see diode, SchottkySCPI, 1065nSCR, 691, 1062

latchup, see also AoE 2nd ed., Fig. 14.41,222, 759, 795

overvoltage crowbar, 598, 672, 690ffSCSI, see computer, data busSD card, 1082SDR, 1021second breakdown, 113n, 187, 216, 627, 702rsecond-order loop, see PLLSeebeck effect, see thermal EMFsensor

ac power, 943, 944acceleration, 1077, 1079p, 1082, 1084,

1095ratom, 553ffcharge, 933current, 943, 944force, 1077grasp, 372gyro, 1077inductance, 1084light, 498, 548, 578, 837p, 841p, 844plightning, 497magnetic field, 1082proximity, 1084rotation, 1077, 1082, 1095rsound, 486, 505ffstrain, 297ff, 347, 348, 588, 937suntan, 278–280, 922, 1054–1059temperature, see also PTAT, 13, 14, 671,

1070absolute, 621, 680RTC, 1071RTD, 347n, 1070, 1070nsemiconductor, 621, 680, 1070thermistor, 123, 372, 661, 1070thermocouple, see also AoE 2nd ed.,pp 988–992, 337, 341t, 367, 675n, 937,1070, 1084

SEPIC converter, see switchmodeSERDES, 855, 870, 870, 874serial, see computer, data bus, see logicseries, 5

capacitors, 21damping, 263, 263s, 264, 264feedback, see feedbackimpedances, 46, 69rresistors, 5resonant crystal mode, 444, 444g

series-feedback pair, 122, 286with JFET, 150, 151g

servo, 1069, 1074SETI, see also AoE 2nd ed., p 1038, 973

Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1221

settling time, 309gof RC lowpass, 309gof filter, 400of op-amp, 308ff, 320, 321t

setup time, see logicSH-4, see microcontrollerShannon sampling theorem, see Nyquist

criterionshielded twisted-pair, see STPshielding, 579ff, 581, 593r

magnetic, 581shift register, see logicshoot-through, see currentshootout

ADCs, SAR vs ∆Σ, 939at the ADC corral, 939tJFET vs BJT, 517low-power ADC, 941

shot noise, see noiseshrinkage factor, 391nshunt, 294n

current, 277feedback, see feedback

shutdown, see also overcurrent, see alsoovervoltage, 272t, 524t, 600, 653t

fault, 847, 847regulator failure during, 606, 619thermal, 235, 602, 604 (box), 671, 825

siemens, 6, 90n, 147sign extend, see AoE 2nd ed., p 794sign-magnitude, see numbersignal

amplitude, 68raveraging, 575, 576

bandwidth reduction by, 562, 575differential, 347ff, 705ngenerator, 17guard, 358, 360, 587mixed

PLD, 769protector, 175regeneration

with PLL, 971sampling, 419single-ended, 347, 705nslew rate of, 362to-noise ratio, see SNRtransformer, see transformer

signals, 13ffsigned number, see numbersignificand, 1048Silicon Valley, law of, 750gsilicon-controlled rectifier (SCR), see SCRSIM Card, 1061simulation, see SPICESINAD, 985rsinewave, 14

3-level, 673arbitrary phase, 456

digital generation, see DDSfrom square wave, 394s, 435, 436sinverter, 673smodified, 673, 673soscillator, see oscillator, sinewave

Single Gate, see mini-logicsingle pulse, 739single slope

conversion, see ADCsingle-ended

logic signal, 705nsignal, 347

sizzle test, 625skepticism

of fourth fundamental element claim, 18nof parts-per-billion claim, 437

skewclock, see logicprobe, see oscilloscopethreshold, see logictiming, see logic

skin depth, 1122gslew rate, see also op-amp, 328

and jitter, 457causes interference, 581, 587, 705filtered, 1073in oscillators, 426of composite amplifier, 920of current source, 367of differential amplifier, 385of op-amp, 248, 307, 328, 329, 515, 862of signal, 362reduced, 222, 607, 650, 759, 820, 865, 871too slow, 757, 808

slopecompensation, 650

SMA, see connectorsmall-signal, 12, 80, 147

impedance, 81, 245symbol for, 80, 90, 1097transistor, 74t

SMB, see connectorSMBus, 1061Smith chart, 1121smoke, 672nsmoothness

silky, 505nSMU, 554, 1115

favorites, 1152SNR, 478ffsnubber, 39, 630, 634, 656, 659, 660, 669SOA, see safe operating areaSoC, 1031soft start, 606n, 607, 645, 650solar cell, 2soldering iron

favorite, 1152solenoid, 29sound pressure level (SPL), 505ff

sourcedegeneration, 148, 159, 160, 169, 346, 367sinewave, 41

source followerJFET, 156ff

gain, 157input impedance, 157low distortion, 160, 161goutput impedance, 157tutorial, 159with active load, 158

operating point, 156output impedance

vs BJT follower, 157push-pull power MOSFET, 214

source-measure unit, see SMUsource-measure unit (SMU), 897Space (RS-232), 871SparkFun, 1082, 1095rspectrum

analyzer, 567, 1152spreading, 649, 975

SPI, see also computer, data bus, 887, 1028,1030, 1032ff, 1061, 1066, 1081, 1086,1087, 1094

ADC SAR example, 909bootloader, 1091bridge, 1084in ADC, 937, 943, 945in DAQ, 946, 947, 954isolation in DAQ, 950microcontroller peripherals, 1083,

1082–1084SPICE

amplifier analysis, 314, 315g, 1148comparison with bench, 459s, 635scrystal analysis, 444ff, 445, 446gfilter analysis, 393g, 399g, 414g, 456g, 560gfun with, 93nMOSFET models, 168npower supply analysis, 633–635, 635sprimer, 1146ffpulser analysis, 459ssimulation

comparison with bench, 1148stransistor model, 482nunregulated power supply

bench comparison, 634spike, see also charge injection, 17

differentiated edge, 26sfrom discharge, 200from flyback, 38, 193from hard switching, 668from leakage inductance, 669from snapoff, 199, 633n, 634ground-current, 856in frequency domain, 978in power supply rectifier, 633n, 634in SMPS driver, 669, 669

1222 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition

logic driving capacitive load, 857, 857spur, see frequency

removal, 394square wave, 16

converting to sinewave, 394squadrature, 455

SRAM, see computer, see memory, staticSSR, see also zero-crossing, see also

zero-voltage switching, 24, 59, 823,848ff, 850, 851, 875r, 877r, 1062, 1063,1081, 1095r

leakage current, 1062stabilized platform

microcontroller, 1077, 1077p, 1079pmicrocontroller (design example)

block diagram, 1078standing-wave ratio, see VSWRstar network, 1042START and STOP, 771state machine, see logicstate-variable filter, 410ffstatus bit, see computer, programmed IOstatus register, see computer, programmed IOstep, 17

responsefilter comparison, 405g, 406t

stepping motor, 1084STM (scanning tunneling microscope), 553ff

image of Si crystal, 554pstorage capacitor, see capacitorSTP, 583, 1117strain gauge, see sensorstripline, see also microstrip, 456, 858, 871s,

1117, 1119nstuck node

tracer, 276gsubroutine, see also computer, instruction set,

996subthreshold region, see FET, see JFETsuccessive approximation, see ADCsumming amplifier, see op-ampsumming junction, 225, 225, 230, 250ff, 270,

288r, 297, 298, 319, 369, 384, 497, 511,547, 550

bias current, 257ffcapacitance of, 547impedance of, 251

suntan monitordelta-sigma, 922ffmicrocontroller, 1054–1059op-amp, current divider, 279op-amp, integrating, 278op-amp, two-step, 279with ADC, 922with microcontroller, 1054–1059

superbeta, see BJTsupervisory, see power, supervisorsurface acoustic wave, see oscillator, SAWsurface-mount technology (SMT), 3p, 65, 66p,

268, 269, 432n, 601, 603, 627p, 789r,793, 1104, 1152

size compared, 3p, 20p, 29p, 65p, 269, 269sizes, 4n, 269n

susceptance, 90nsweep generator, 17switch, see also analog switch

3-way, 59analog, see analog switchas digital input, 802, 802, 1081bounce, 729, 802, 802, 803sbreak-before-make, 179, 920cold-weld sticking, 573debouncer, 753, 802s

built-in, 803clocked, 803, 803keeper circuit, 803latch as, 730, 802, 803slowdown plus Schmitt, 802, 803, 803ssoftware, 803, 804SR flip-flop, 802, 802SR flip-flop as, 730supervisor as, 803

debouncing, 729, 802DIP, 57pdry-switching, 58, 804, 817floating, 203form A, 58, 803form C, 58, 803high-side, 825, 826tmatrix, 1068, 1069, 1081, 1095rmechanical, 56, 57pMOSFET, see MOSFET, see switchmodeopto-interrupter, 851PCB-mounting, 57ppowerline, 631protected, 175, 824, 825tprotecting, 823ffpushbutton, 58reed, 573rotary, 58self-wiping, 804simple logic with, 58SPDT, 56, 58, 803SPST, 56, 58, 803T-switch, 179toggle, 57ptoggling, 195

switched-capacitorADC, see also ADC, charge redistribution,

see also switchmode, inductorlessfilter, 415ffintegrator, 416resonator, 454

switchingactive, 32n, 643amplifier, 109, 109s, 673cold, 75, 725dry, see switch

hard, 659, 671high-side, 77, 193, 195, 196, 820, 820ff,

821, 821, 823, 825, 826, 828loss, 662, 671, 1073soft, 671synchronous, 32n, 643

switchmode (SMPS), see also power supply,see also voltage regulator, 609, 636ff,699r

basic topologies, 641ff, 642boost, 30, 647, 647, 700rbridge converter, 659, 700rbuck, 30, 642ff, 700r

intrinsically regulated, 643buck, examples, 644ff, 645, 646buck–boost, 649, 651, 700rburst mode, 643ncompared with linear, 630, 635ffcontinuous-conduction mode, 644, 670ncontroller ICs, 658tcore

gapped, 656, 670core reset, 657critical conduction mode, 643critical output current, 643cross regulation, 672Cuk, 649, 700rcurrent discontinuity in, 649, 651current pulsation, 649–651current-mode, 642, 649, 651, 651ff, 701r

pros and cons, 652, 701rcurrent-mode ICs, 654tdesign equations, 644, 647, 648, 656, 657,

659discontinuous-conduction mode, 645, 666,

670duty cycle, 643efficiency, 636, 637, 646, 672feedback stability, 650, 669flux balance, 659flyback, 655, 657, 665, 700r

power train, 671transformer in, 670

forward converter, 656, 700rH-bridge, 655, 659hysteretic, 644, 644, 700rinductorless, 638ff, 639g, 640t, 699r

regulated, 641ripple, 639n, 641

internally compensated, 645ffinverting, 648, 648, 700risolated, 653ff, 700r

flyback, 655topologies, 655

LED driving, 832loss, 662low-noise, 649, 673nminimum output current, 643, 672negative input resistance, 646, 650n, 672

Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1223

noise, 636s, 637, 649, 672, 673nnoise spectrum, 636gnon-isolated, 641ff, 642

boost, 647, 647buck, 642ffbuck, examples, 644ffbuck-boost, 651design equations, 644, 647, 648hysteretic, 644internally compensated, 645ffinverting, 648, 648waveforms, 643, 647, 648, 652wrapup, 649ff

offline, 637, 656, 657, 660ffdual-voltage, 660feedback, 662input filter, 646, 650n, 660, 661, 665, 668,672input transient, clamp, 669inrush current, 661, 668power-factor correction (PFC), 661, 661,662s, 668real-world example, 665ffsafety, 672when to use, 672wrapup, 672

OVP, 654tphase-shift control, 659point-of-load, 637n, 685PWM, 659, 701rPWM modes, 651ffreference design, 671regulation, 630, 637, 637, 641, 642, 645,

646, 649–651, 656, 657, 659, 659, 662,665, 671, 672, 700r

ringing, 667s, 668ripple, 636s, 642, 645, 646, 649SEPIC, 649, 700rslope compensation, 650soft start, 650synchronous switching in, 643topologies, 638, 700r

compared with linear, 630transformer in, 653voltage-mode, 642, 649, 651, 651ff, 701r

pros and cons, 652voltage-mode ICs, 653twaveforms, 643, 647, 648, 652, 666, 667swrapup, non-isolated, 649ffzero-current switching (ZCS), 650, 659zero-voltage switching (ZVS), 650, 659, 671

synchronous, see also logic, see also memorycounter , see logic, counterswitching, see switching

synchronous detection, see bandwidth,narrowing

synthesizer, see also frequency, synthesizer, 17clock, 1084

Sziklai, see BJT

T network, 259, 1109, 1124tables, see Table of Contentstake-back-half, 1075

convergence, 1076gtank circuit, see also AoE 2nd ed., p 883, see

LCtape

electrical, 63phelical, 1135Kapton, 626

taper, 739TCP/IP, 1094, 1140Teensy, 1053nTeflon, 299n, 301g, 326television

analogbroadcast, 1134recording, 1135spectrum, 1136s

cable, 1134switched broadcast, 1142

digital, 1136ffbroadcast, 1138cable, 1138recording, 1142satellite, 1139spectrum, 1136s

display technology, 1142HD, 1137satellite

uplink, 1140pspectrum, 1137stutorial, 1131ff

temperaturestabilized, 681

oscillator, 450voltage reference, 676, 681

temperature coefficientautozero amplifier, 335t, 339bandgap reference, 604 (box), 679BJT base voltage, 140collector current, 92crystal oscillator, 450FET drain current, 138, 138g, 547nFET gate current, 163FET gate voltage, 140IC reference, 677, 678tIC zeners, 676MOSFET RON, 187, 192, 202, 212, 213g,

215gMOSFET drain current, 212, 214, 215offset voltage, 244, 289r, 306, 388rresistor, 300, 388r, 679, 1105ways to specify, 683gzener diode, 674, 675

temperature compensationbandgap reference, 604 (box), 679, 701rcrystal oscillator, 446n, 450current source, 87, 431

transistor, 87, 97, 102zener diode, 674

temperature controller, see thermal controllertemperature sensor, see sensortermination

of transmission line, 739, 858ff, 1117texting, 707nThevenin equivalent Circuit, 69rThevenin equivalent circuit, 9ff, 69r

examples, 1108Thevenin’s theorem, 1107ff

generalized, 55thermal controller, 123

microcontroller, 1069–1077thermal EMF, see also op-amp, autozero, 339,

340, 675nthermal hysteresis, 683thermal resistance, 216, 603n, 624ff, 701r

of heatsinks, 626gof PCB foil, 627gtransient, 628, 702r, 1073

thermal runaway, see also second breakdown,108, 108ff, 112, 187, 212ff, 214, 215

absent in MOSFET, 138thermal shutdown, see shutdownthermistor, see sensorthermocouple, see sensors, temperaturethree-state, see logicthree-terminal regulator, see voltage regulatorthree-way switch, see switchthreshold voltage, see FET, see JFET, see logic,

see Schmitt triggerthyristor, 208, 581TIA, see transimpedance amplifiertime

delay, see also latencyfilter comparison, 404gin ADC, 903minimized with DMA, 1010

delay circuit, 23hold, see logiclatency, see latencypropagation, see logicremoval, see logicripple-through, see logic, counterrise, see rise timesettling, see settling timesetup, see logicstandard, 1152storage, see BJT

time constant, see also rise time, 22time-interval measurement, see AoE 2nd ed.,

p 1022time-to-amplitude converter, see convertertimer, 457–469, 470, 471r, 1096r

555, 460, 460an hour of power, 466camera control (design example), 467ICs for, 468

1224 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition

microcontroller as, 469one second per hour, 467programmable, 241

timingskew, 737n, 1027

TinyLogic, see mini-logictoggle, see logic, flip-flop, see switchtolerance, 6, 299, 388r

effect on filter response, 402gtools

favorites, 1152toroid, 581, 585

common-mode choke, 584totem-pole, 697, 697touchscreen, 1082, 1084touchscreen digitizer, 944track-and-hold, see also op-amp, 256, 909tracking ADC, 909transconductance, see also BJT; FET; JFET,

89, 91amplifier, see also OTA, 90, 90ffenhancer, 148

transconductor, 99transducer, see sensortransfer function, 7transform, see Fouriertransformer, 30

balun, 379, 380bifilar winding, 656current, see currentflyback, see inductorfor wideband ADC input, 382gapped, 656, 670in feedback loop, 286, 536in switchmode converter, 653, 699rinductance, see inductanceisolated SMPS, see also switchmode, 653ff,

670isolation, 672leakage inductance, see inductancepowerline, 632, 699r

leakage inductance in, 633rating, 632

pulsefor isolated feedback, 663

signal, 497, 535–537, 1124signal isolator, 586toroidal, see also toroid, 29, 29p, 537, 581variable, 64p

transientaveraging, see bandwidth, narrowingcapture, in PLL, 964suppressor, 632, 670, 699rthermal resistance, 628, 702r, 1073

transient responseof voltage regulator, 617

transimpedance amplifier, 233, 288r, 537,537ff, 547–549

bandwidth, 537ff

bootstrapped cascode, 550, 550bootstrapping, 547capacitive feedback, 552, 571cascode input, 548ffcommercial, 570compensation, 539ff, 540–542gcomposite, 543ff, 544

noise, 544scurrent calibrator, 555JFET hybrid, 544noise, 499, 511, 532, 593r

en-C, 538, 538ff, 540–542g, 542s, 543ginput, 538reduction by bootstrapping, 547

noise calculation, 539noise model, 539patch clamp, 552regulated cascode (RGC), 551stability, 537, 570STM, 553wideband

example, 540world’s best, 545

transistor, see also BJT; FET; JFET; MOSFETbias-resistor, 712n, 827bipolar, see BJTBJT switch, 73–79, 91diamond, 100digital, 712n, 827field-effect, see FETman, 75packages, 73ppass, 594, 596, 597, 598, 695, 699, 700r

protection, 695perfect, 99photo, 841, 841ppower, 624ffpre-biased, 712n, 827series connection of, 697superbeta, see BJTswitch, 127rthermal resistance of, see also thermal

resistance, 624unijunction, 427, 428

transmission gate, see logictransmission line, 1116ff

and sinewaves, 1120ffcharacteristic impedance, 1116

derivation of, 1127computer bus as, 1027delay line, 1128pdifferential, 878r

LVDS, 868–870rejection of common-mode signals, 866,866s, 869, 869s

digital signals on, 858ff, 878rpower dissipation, 874g

impedance matching, 1122broadband lossless, 1124

minimum loss, 1123narrowband lossless, 1125reactive, 1125transformer, 1124

loss, 1121, 1122gmatched

capacitance disappears, 1116pre-emphasis, 864reflection, 1027, 1117, 1118, 1119sresistive attenuator, 1123, 1124tringing, 1119stermination, 1117ff

back, 1118series, 1118

twisted pair, 1117unterminated, 859, 859, 860s, 1119

transresistance amplifier, see transimpedanceamplifier

tri-state, see logic, three-statetriac, 581, 691, 1062

quadrants, 692ntriangle wave, 15triboelectric effect, 573trigonometric function generator, see AoE 2nd

ed., p 293trigonometry, 1097trimmer

capacitance, 64CMRR, see CMRRdistortion, 438frequency, 466notch frequency, 415offset, 244, 251, 304ff, 305, 305g, 355, 515resistance, 8p, 63, 66p, 1128ptime, 466voltage, 600, 603, 671

truth table, see logicTTL, see logictuned circuit, see LC, resonant circuittunnel diode, see diodeTVS, 39, 670twin-T filter, 414twisted pair, see cable

wideband analog over, 352, 353

UART, see also computer, 1038ff, 1061, 1063,1064, 1067, 1071, 1089, 1090, 1095

bootloader, 1090ugly

diagram, 1102UHF, see connectorunblanking, 1000uncompensated, see op-ampundersampling, see also ADC, see samplingundersampling, deliberate, 907undervoltage, 691

lockout, 701runicast, 1142uninterruptible power supply (UPS), 673, 673s

Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1225

unity-gain frequency, see also op-amp, gain, vsfrequency

universeage of, 771, 988

unshielded twisted-pair, see UTPunsigned number, see numberunused input, see logicup-down counter, see logic, counterUPS, see uninterruptible power supplyUSB, see also computer, data bus, 1042, 1042,

1062–1064, 1081, 1089, 1095rbootloader, 1091isolated, 1081to RS-232 adapter, 871n, 1064

UTP, 1117

V to fconversion, see ADC

varactor, see also diode, 64, 435, 960, 969, 971tuned oscillator, 440, 470r

Variac, 64pvaristor, 39, 632

aging, 632VBE, see BJTVCE(sat), see BJT, saturationVCE(sat) vs FET RON, see MOSFET, RONVCO, see oscillator, voltage-controlledVCVS, see filter, types, see filterVerilog, see also logic, see programmable logic

device (PLD), 711, 745, 765vertical retrace, see video, compositeVGA, 1062, 1132nVHDL, see programmable logic device (PLD)Victoreen, 3p, 698video

amplifier, see amplifieranalog, 1132back-terminated, 315, 352, 859n, 862coax, 1140composite, see also NTSC, 1133, 1133sconnectors, 1143ff, 1144pDAC, see DACdigitizer, 1084encoder, 1030field, 1133nframe, 1132interlaced, 1133nmodulation, 1133multiplex, 1138multiplexer, 178on demand, 1141over Internet, 1140phase compensation, 314, 381, 864progressive, 1133nswitch, 178sync, 1133

volt, 2voltage, 1, 68r

amplifier, see also amplifier, 88, 117

as complex quantity, 44ffburden, 10common-mode, see amplifiercomparator output swing, 810compliance, 8converter

flying capacitor, 183defined, 1divider, 7, 7

adjustable, 7equation, 7generalized, 48

doubler, see also charge pump, 34, 34, 639,660, 872, 1063

dropof diode, 31

dropout, see voltage regulatorEarly, 93, 151n, 502electrostatic, 200tgain with RC, 71nhigh, see high voltageinverter, 639, 872, 1063Kirchhoff’s voltage law, 2logic threshold, 796mode, see switchmodemultiplier, 34noise, see noiseoffset, see also amplifier, see also op-amp,

366cancelling VBE, 85, 87comparator, 812correction with DAC, 949JFET, 139, 512, 515op-amp, 244

offset in op-amp, see op-amppower-supply ripple, 33reference, see voltage referenceregulator, see voltage regulatorsaturation, see also BJT, see also saturation,

165nsignal, 14, 21–27source, see also SMU, 8

8-channel, 893, 895low-noise, 891, 892stiff, 37

source, general laboratory, 891, 892spike, see spikethermal, kT/Q, 136nthermal, kT/q, 91thermoelectric, 341tthreshold

of digital logic, 797gtrigger, see also Schmitt trigger, 428

triboelectric, 573voltage controlled, see programmable (with

voltage)voltage controlled oscillator, see oscillatorvoltage reference, 275, 674ff, 700, 701r

2-terminal, 677t

3-terminal, 678taccuracy, 683aging, 683bandgap, 104, 599, 602, 604 (box), 606,

611, 677, 678t, 679, 701ras temperature sensor, 680noise in, 679n

current source with, 896drift, 683humidity, 684in DAQ, 949, 950JFET pinchoff, 680, 680, 701rline and load regulation, 684low tempco, 676, 676, 681MOSFET floating gate, 681, 701r, 912noise, 677t, 682g, 682, 701rprecision, 681PTAT, see PTATself-heating, 684series, 674, 678t, 701rshunt, 674, 677ttempco, 683, 701r

ways to specify, 683gtemperature stabilized, 676, 677t, 681trim, 683VBE, see voltage reference, bandgapx-ray exposure, 684zener, 674ff, 701r

biasing, 675bootstrap biasing, 676compared with bandgap, 679compensated, 674drift, 675dynamic resistance, 675gIC, 676ff, 677tLTZ1000, the spectacular, 675noise, 674, 676ntempco, 675g

voltage regulator, see also power supply, seealso switchmode (SMPS), 34, 82

3-terminal, 700ras current source, 620, 620, 621gfloating HV, 698

317-style, 604 (box), 605t, 700radjustable to zero, 605, 607, 608as current source, 620, 620, 621gcircuit, 606dual voltage, 612dual-tracking lab supply, 608high-voltage supply, 609hints, 604, 607proportional fan control, 608protection, 619schematic, 603, 606

337-styleschematic, 606

7800-style, 602t723, 598ff

in defense of, 600

1226 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition

current limit, 619, 693foldback, 693

current-reference, 611dropout, 599, 600, 700remitter follower as, 82extending VIN, 211, 693fault protection, 619filtering, 619, 620floating, 698fully integrated, 600ffhigh voltage, 609, 610, 695ff, 696linear, 699r

3-terminal adjustable, see also 317-style,602ff, 6033-terminal fixed, 601, 602, 602tadjustable to zero, 605, 607, 608, 611,612bypassing, 616choosing, 613crowbar, 598current limit, 597dropout voltage, 606gerror amplifier, 597feedback stability, 597ground-pin current, 616high-voltage, 693, 698idiosyncrasies, 613LDO stability, 617, 617gnoise, 618pinouts, 613reverse polarity, 616taxonomy, 601transient response, 263g, 263s, 264, 617,618stutorial, 595ff, 596

load dump, 618low-dropout, 561, 599, 700rlow-dropout (LDO), 610, 610ff, 611, 612g,

614, 615texcess current near dropout, 616stability, 617, 617g, 700r

LT3080-style, 611, 611as current source, 620, 620, 621g

op-amp, 235point-of-load (POL), 685protection, 606, 607, 619

ramp-up control, 606nschematic, LM317, 603, 606schematic, LM337, 606switching, 609taxonomy, 699rzener as, 595

voltmeter, 2sensitive (design example), 253, 293true rms, 568

VOM, 10von Neumann architecture, see computer,

architectureVSWR, 1121

wall plugblades and wires, 628n

wall wart, 637n, 686wall-wart, 661watchdog, 755, 1059, 1061, 1064, 1067, 1079,

1096watt, 2wave

standing, 1121waveform

sampling, 419Wheeler’s formula, 29white noise, see noisewideband

analog link, 380Widlar, Bob, 97n, 101n, 102, 307, 598ff, 604

(box), 679Wien bridge, see bridge, see oscillator,

sinewaveWiFi, 1053, 1062Williams, Jim, 316n, 330, 438n, 1074, 1154Willison, John, 968Wilson mirror, see also current, mirror, 102,

102, 146window

averaging, 562n, 941gcomparator, see comparatorquartz, 769, 1023sampling, 420

tradeoffs, 421switch, 573

wire

in Verilog, 777long

digital signals through, 856ff, 877r, 1117wired-AND, -OR, see logicwirewound resistor, see resistor, wirewoundWords and Phrases, 714nworld’s best

DMM, 918frequency-control algorithm, 1068low en amplifier, 505low-distortion oscillator, 437, 438low-memory capacitor (Teflon), 301glow-noise power supply, 578, 580gmultichannel fast ∆Σ ADC, 956op-amp noise plot, 526g, 531gprecision current source, 898precision resistor, 227n, 300, 1105, 1106tPWM DAC, 889transimpedance amplifier, 544, 545voltage reference, 675, 677t, 681, 684, 892n,

920nworst-case specifications

violating, 296, 347, 388rwrite cycle, see computer, programmed IO, see

memory

X-capacitor, see capacitor, powerline ratedXLR, see connectorXOR, see logic, gates

Y-capacitor, see capacitor, powerline ratedyesterday, 273 (box)

ZCS, 1062zener, see also diode

active, 692, 692zero-crossing, 823

detector, 269, 269solid-state relay, 823, 850, 851

zero-current switching, 650, 823zero-voltage switching, 650, 823ZigBee, 1053, 1061ZVS, 850, 1062ZVS, ZCS, see also switchmode