Subject Index - dl.iran-mavad.comdl.iran-mavad.com/pdf95/Shreirs Corrosion Endpages_iran-mavad.com.pdf · Subject Index Page numbers suffixed by Tand Frefer to Tables and Figures

Subject Index

Page numbers suffixed by T and F refer to Tables and Figures respectively. vs. indicates a comparison.

A

abrasionabrasive blastingburied and ground-contact structures 4:2705marine vessels 4:2687tsurface pretreatmentsgeneral discussion 4:2492surface finish 4:2492surface profile 4:2492

tribocorrosion mechanismsbasic concepts 2:1031open circuit potential (OCP) 2:1034fsliding metallic surfaces 2:1032fsynergy levels 2:1038ftungsten/tungsten carbide (W/W2C) phases 2:1033fwear rates 2:1032fwear theory 2:1028, 2:1028f

accelerated low water corrosion (ALWC) 3:1729, 4:3200acetal resins 3:2379tacetate 3:2060tacetic acidacidic vapor corrosion 2:1326aluminum coatings 4:2564fanodic protection 4:2882cast iron corrosion 3:1766, 3:1767tcopper/copper alloys 3:1963corrosion predictions 4:3059tdry deposition rates 2:1073tHenry’s law coefficients for common gases 2:1056tinhibitors 4:2990nickel/nickel alloys 1:98fproduction processes 3:1907solubility parameters 3:2380tstainless steels 3:1842wood 2:1324, 3:2444zirconium corrosivity 3:2125

acetone 1:98f, 3:2380tacetylacetone (C5H8) 2:1067facid corrosionaluminum alloys 3:1998, 3:1999fcopper/copper alloys 3:1963glasses 3:2313inhibitors 4:2908iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 3:1792, 3:1792tmaraging steels 3:1795microbially-induced corrosion (MIC)sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)concrete degradation 2:1180fungi 2:1181sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 2:1179, 2:1180f, 2:1181f

mineral acidsglass enamel corrosion 3:2073, 3:2326lead corrosivity 3:2063niobium corrosion 3:2144, 3:2145ftantalum corrosion 3:2144, 3:2145f

organic acidsaluminum alloys 3:1998–1999anodic protection 4:2882glass enamel corrosion 3:2073, 3:2326lead corrosion 3:2063molybdenum corrosion 3:2163

acidic cleaners 4:2485acidic vapor corrosion 2:1326Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 4:2949Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans 4:2949Acidovorax spp. 2:1179acid picklingalloy steels 4:2489, 4:2992t

general discussion 4:2487hydrogen embrittlement 2:907, 4:2489millscale formation 4:2487nonferrous metals 4:2491, 4:2491tpickling inhibitorsbasic concepts 4:2990characteristics 4:2992thydrofluoric acid (HF) 4:2993tinorganic inhibitors 4:2490nitric acid (HNO3) 4:2993torganic inhibitors 4:2489, 4:2490fphosphoric acid (H3PO4) 4:2993tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2992t

scale removal mechanisms 4:2488, 4:2488f, 4:2991, 4:2993tacid-producing bacteria (APBs) 4:2949, 4:3279acid rain 2:1062, 2:1064tacid-resistant bricks 3:2338, 3:2338tacid soils 3:2087t, 4:2563tacrylate esters 3:1909acrylic acid 3:1909, 4:2966acrylic elastomers (ACM)applications 3:2412theat/oil resistance class 3:2413fprotective measures 3:2431structure–property relationships 3:2416tvulcanization systems 3:2436

acrylic polymers 4:2652, 4:2995t, 4:3328acrylonitrile–styrene–butadiene polymers (ABS) 3:2382, 3:2385t, 4:2578additiveslubricant systemsadditive types 2:1302, 2:1303textreme pressure/antiwear additives 2:1302, 2:1303tin greases 2:1303interaction concerns 2:1303sulfur-containing additives 2:1303

molybdenum additives 3:2159organic coatings 4:2645, 4:2645f, 4:2653wastewater treatment 3:1871

adhesivesadhesive bond failure 3:2421, 3:2463aluminum alloys 3:2000structural adhesive joints 3:2463–2481adhesive bond failure 3:2421, 3:2463adhesively bonded substrate materialsaluminum substrates 3:2475, 3:2477f, 3:2478f, 3:2479faqueous solutions 3:2477fgeneral discussion 3:2473low carbon steel substrates 3:2473, 3:2473f, 3:2475f, 3:2476f, 3:2477fseawater 3:2476fzinc substrates 3:2479

bond durability improvements 3:2480failure mechanismsadhesive plasticization 3:2465, 3:2466fclassifications 3:2469corrosion-induced failures 3:2466hydrodynamic displacement 3:2464, 3:2464f, 3:2465f

general discussion 3:2480rubber–to–metal bonding 3:2421

advanced technical ceramics 3:2282–2305applicationsbiomedical devices 3:2303chemical process vessels 3:2302flow-meter bodies 3:2303food processing equipment 3:2303rotating seals 3:2303valves 3:2303

boron nitride (BN)comparative attack rates 3:2302fcorrosion resistance 1:679, 3:2285

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advanced technical ceramics (continued)cubic boron nitride (CBN) 3:2301hexagonal boron nitride (HBN) 3:2301hydrolysis processes 3:2301fmaterial types 3:2301

engineering applicationsadvantages 3:2282limitations 3:2284

microstructurecorrosion–erosion synergism 3:2286corrosion resistance 3:2284corrosivity 3:2285high-alumina ceramics 3:2284porosity 3:2284–2285subcritical crack growth 3:2285

performance characteristicsalumina (Al2O3)

corrosion resistance 1:674, 3:2289, 3:2290tcorrosion test results 3:2291t, 3:2293fdye penetration 3:2291fflexural strength 3:2292fspalling tendencies 3:2291f

comparative attack rates 3:2302, 3:2302fnonoxide-based materialsboron nitride (BN) 3:2285, 3:2301, 3:2302fsilicon carbide (SiC) 1:675, 1:676f, 3:2297, 3:2302fsilicon nitride (SiN) 3:2299, 3:2302fspecialist materials 3:2301

oxide-based materialsalumina (Al2O3) 1:674, 3:2289aluminosilicates 3:2289, 3:2302fglass ceramics 3:2297, 3:2298fglasses 3:2296mullite 3:2296, 3:2302fporcelains 3:2289, 3:2302fzirconia (ZrO2) 1:674, 3:2294, 3:2302f

zirconia (ZrO2)material types 3:2294stabilized zirconia 1:674, 3:2294tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (TZP) 3:2294, 3:2302ftransformation toughened partially stabilized materials 3:2294,

3:2295fzirconium dioxide (ZrO2) composites 3:2295

selection guidelines 3:2303silicon carbide (SiC)chemical vapor deposition (CVD) silicon carbides 3:2299comparative attack rates 3:2302fcorrosion resistance 1:675, 1:676f, 3:2285hot corrosion 1:675, 1:676fliquid phase sintered silicon carbides 3:2299material types 3:2297parabolic rate constant plot 1:677fpartial pressure effects 1:676fpenetration time–temperature plot 1:679freaction-bonded silicon carbides 3:2297silicon carbide/titanium carbide (SiC/TiC) composites 3:2299sintered silicon carbides 1:677, 1:678f, 3:2298

silicon nitride (SiN/Si3N4)comparative attack rates 3:2302fcorrosion resistance 1:678hot corrosion 1:678–679material types 3:2299penetration time–temperature plot 1:679freaction-bonded silicon nitrides 3:2300sintered silicon nitrides 3:2300

testing proceduresassessment techniquescorrodant changes 3:2288cross-section changes 3:2287dye penetration 3:2288flexural strength 3:2288general discussion 3:2288hardness 3:2288mass change 3:2287surface texture changes 3:2288

equipment 3:2287testing standards 3:2286, 3:2288

Aerobacter spp. 4:2949, 4:2920aerobic microorganisms 2:1172, 2:1173faerosolscharacteristics 2:1059cloud nucleation 2:1062, 2:1063fcompositions 2:1061deliquescent relative humidity (DRH) 2:1060, 2:1061tmarine aerosols 2:1059, 2:1061, 2:1067pH 2:1061size distributions 2:1060fsources 2:1059surface moisture effects 2:1077transport mechanismsgeneral discussion 2:1067ground roughness effects 2:1070f, 2:1070tocean-produced aerosols 2:1069frainfall effects 2:1067relative humidity (RH) 2:1067scale of movement 2:1065, 2:1067fsurf-produced aerosols 2:1069f, 2:1070fwind speed effects 2:1067, 2:1069f, 2:1070f

African mahogany 2:1325tAgateen™ lacquer 4:3331air-assisted airless spray application 4:2640air-borne pollutants 3:1715, 3:1715t, 3:1716faircraft corrosion 4:3175–3197airframe corrosioncorrosion typesabsence of applied stress 4:3177, 4:3178tcrevice corrosion 4:3178t, 4:3179, 4:3180tfiliform corrosion 4:3178t, 4:3179galvanic corrosion 4:3178t, 4:3179, 4:3180tgeneral discussion 4:3177microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 2:1181, 4:3177, 4:3178t,

4:3180tpresence of applied stress 4:3178, 4:3178tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 4:3178, 4:3178t, 4:3179, 4:3180t

general discussion 4:3176in-service corrosion 4:3179operational environments 4:3176structural integrity degradation 4:3179, 4:3180t

crevice corrosion 2:767in-service corrosion managementaircraft washing and cleaning 4:3192corrosion removal methods 4:3193dehumidification 4:3195future trends 4:3196general discussion 4:3192inspection techniques 4:3193paint removal and repainting methods 4:3195reprotective treatments 4:3194, 4:3194tsupplementary protective coatings 4:3195

manufacturing-related corrosion managementaluminum alloysdesign guidelines 4:3191texfoliation 4:3181tmaterials selection 4:3180protective treatments 4:3184, 4:3185fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 4:3180, 4:3182tthreshold stresses 4:3181–3182, 4:3182t

design guidelines 4:3190, 4:3191tfinal assembly and finishes 4:3191manufacturing strategies 4:3180materials selectionaluminum alloys 4:3180composite materials 4:3184general discussion 4:3180high-strength steels 4:3182magnesium alloys 4:3183titanium alloys 3:2048, 4:3183

protective treatmentsaluminum alloys 4:3184, 4:3185fcomposite materials 4:3190current methods 4:3184, 4:3184thigh-strength steels 4:3186, 4:3187fmagnesium alloys 4:3188, 4:3189fplating alternatives 4:3188t

3370 Subject Index

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titanium alloys 3:2048, 4:3189, 4:3190fwear/fretting resistant coatings 4:3190

airless spray application 4:2639air spraying techniques 4:2610, 4:2638Alcaligenes spp. 4:2920alcohols 3:1772, 3:1773t, 3:2000, 4:2490, 4:2992taldehydes 4:2490, 4:2992talgaecharacteristics 2:1172industrial heating and cooling systems 4:2943, 4:2949,

4:2950alkali corrosion 2:1191–1206aluminum alloys 3:1999cast iron 3:1767, 3:1767f, 3:1768f, 3:1768tcopper/copper alloys 2:1204, 3:1963glasses 3:2313inhibitors 4:2908nickel/nickel alloysalloying element influences 2:1200fcorrosion rates 2:1200, 2:1202f, 2:1203fnickel–water system Pourbaix diagram 2:1201ftemperature effects 2:1202f

nonmetallic materialselastomers 2:1205inorganic materials 2:1205reinforced plastics 2:1204thermoplastic materials 2:1204

process equipment risk management 4:3217fsilver (Ag) 2:1204stainless steelsalloying element influences 2:1199f, 2:1200faustenitic stainless steels 2:1198f, 2:1199fcomposition effects 2:1197t, 2:1201tcorrosion potential 2:1196corrosion rates 2:1198fduplex stainless steels 2:1199f, 2:1202fgeneral corrosion 3:1843, 3:1844fpotentiodynamic polarization curves 2:1196fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:1200, 3:1833

steelsanodic polarization curves 2:1194fcorrosion rates 2:1196fcrevice corrosion 2:1194–1195, 2:1195fgeneral discussion 2:1192iron–water system Pourbaix diagram 2:1193fstress relief techniques 2:1194ftemperature effects 2:1194f, 2:1195f

titanium/titanium alloys 2:1204vitreous silica 3:2315zirconium/zirconium alloys 2:1204, 3:2124

alkaline cleaners 4:2486, 4:2486t, 4:2487f, 4:2487talkaline copper quat (ACQ) 2:1327alkaline soils 3:2087t, 4:2563talkali–silica reaction (ASR) 3:2362, 3:2362falkyds 4:2652, 4:2995talligatoring 4:2730alloysabove-water fastener selection 2:847facid picklingchemical cleaning 4:2489hydrochloric acid (HCl) 4:2992tnitric acid (HNO3) 4:2993tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2992t

aluminum (Al) 3:1974–2010acid picklinghydrochloric acid (HCl) 4:2992tphosphoric acid (H3PO4) 4:2993tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2992t

aircraft corrosionairframe corrosion 4:3178tcorrosion-resistant alloys 4:3184tdesign guidelines 4:3191texfoliation 4:3181tmaterials selection 4:3180plating methods 4:3188tprotective treatments 4:3184, 4:3185freprotective treatments 4:3194t

stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 4:3180, 4:3182tthreshold stresses 4:3181–3182, 4:3182t

alloy designation systemscast aluminum alloys 3:1980tcopper/copper–magnesium-containing alloys 3:19818xxx alloys 3:1982general discussion 3:1979lithium-containing alloys 3:1981magnesium-containing alloys 3:1980magnesium–silicon/silicon-containing alloys 3:1981manganese-containing alloys 3:1979pure aluminum 3:1979temper designations 3:1980twrought aluminum alloys 3:1980tzinc/zinc–magnesium-containing alloys 3:1981

aluminum–copper (Al–Cu) alloys 1:68faluminum–lithium (Al–Li) alloys 2:930fapplications 3:2007atmospheric conditions 2:1086, 2:1087fautomotive industry 4:3170carburization 1:551, 1:639cast iron corrosion 3:1773characteristicsalloy designation systems 3:1979, 3:1980tcast aluminum alloys 3:1980t, 3:1983, 3:1983tmechanical properties 3:1977, 3:1983tphysical properties 3:1982, 3:1982t, 3:1983ttemper designations 3:1980twrought aluminum alloys 3:1980t, 3:1982, 3:1983t

cobalt-based alloys 3:1918tcobalt–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (CoCrAlY) alloys 1:537f, 1:631cobalt–nickel–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (CoNiCrAlY) alloys

1:537f, 4:2552compositions 1:246tcorrosion fatigue 2:947, 2:948fcorrosion prevention strategiesanodized coatings 3:2005, 3:2006fcleaning 3:2003, 4:3319–3320conversion coatings 3:2002corrosion susceptibility 3:2003, 3:2003fgrinding effects 3:2004, 3:2005finhibitors 3:2001organic coatings 3:2006pretreatment options 3:2002

corrosion removal methods 4:3322, 4:3323fcorrosivityacid corrosion 3:1998, 3:1999falkali corrosion 3:1999alloy processing influences 3:1996atmospheric corrosion 3:1996bimetallic corrosion 3:1988chemical environments 3:1998corrosion potential 3:1988t, 3:1991tcrevice corrosion 3:1989early stage corrosion 3:1991fenvironmentally-assisted cracking 3:1993exfoliation 3:1993filiform corrosion 2:996f, 2:999, 2:999f, 2:1000f, 3:1990forms and causes 3:1986galvanic corrosion 3:1988general dissolution 3:1986high-temperature corrosion 3:2000inorganic salts 3:1999intergranular corrosion 3:1992, 3:1993fintermetallic particles 3:1990, 3:1991tmarine environments 2:1138microstructure effects 3:1990, 3:1991torganic compounds 3:2000pitting corrosion 3:1986, 3:1988f, 3:1991fpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:1987fprotective oxidation films 3:1978f, 3:1979f, 3:1986soil corrosion 3:1998water corrosion 3:1997

current markets 3:2007electroplated coatings 4:2578, 4:2590environmentally-assisted crackingcorrosion fatigue 3:1995, 3:1996f

Subject Index 3371


alloys (continued)hydrogen embrittlement 3:1996liquid metal embrittlement (LME) 3:1995, 3:1995fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1993, 3:1994f, 3:1995t

erosion resistance 2:985fferritic chromium steels 1:501tfiliform corrosion 2:996fgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:1119fgeneral discussion 3:1975global production 3:1976high-temperature corrosionapplied stress conditions 3:2001dry atmospheres 3:2000high-temperature aqueous systems 3:2000molten salts and metals 3:2000nonmetal material contact 3:2000

historical background 3:1975intergranular corrosion 2:814, 2:821tiron–aluminum (Fe–Al) alloys 1:292, 1:452, 1:613f, 1:636firon–chromium–aluminum (Fe–Cr–Al) alloysalloy grain size effects 1:616fbase metal oxide formation 1:619fcubic alumina phases 1:620f, 1:621fcycle frequency effects 1:632, 1:632f, 1:633finternal oxidation 1:633, 1:634fmetal dusting 1:292nitridation processes 1:639parabolic rate constants 1:622t, 1:624treactive element additions 1:227tscale adhesion 1:628fscale growth rate 1:546f, 1:621, 1:622f, 1:623fscale morphology 1:626, 1:627fspecimen mass gain 1:623fsulfidation 1:552f, 1:638sulfur impurities 1:230, 1:231fwater vapor effects 1:637

laser cladding (LC) 4:2624, 4:2633tlaser gas nitriding (LGS) 4:2632, 4:2632flow-alloy steels 1:566magnesium (Mg) 3:2013, 3:2016t, 3:2019f, 3:2019tmarine environmentscorrosion rates 2:1139tmaximum depth of attack 2:1140tpit depth measurements 2:1140fwrought aluminum alloy designations 2:1139t

metal dusting 1:292microscopy-based analytical techniquesaluminum–copper (Al–Cu) alloy oxide film 2:1410–1411, 2:1412felectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) 2:1413felectron diffraction 2:1417, 2:1417felectron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) 2:1421, 2:1423felectron probe microanalysis (EPMA) 2:1420, 2:1422fheat-affected zone (HAZ) 2:1406fhigh-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) 2:1415,

2:1416fscanning electron microscopy (SEM) 2:1410f, 2:1411f, 2:1415fspecimen preparation techniques 2:1424, 2:1425ftransmission electron microscopy (TEM) 2:1414f, 2:1415f, 2:1425fX-ray analysis 2:1418, 2:1419f, 2:1420f

nickel–chromium–aluminum (Ni–Cr–Al) alloysbase metal oxide formation 1:617, 1:618f, 1:619fcompositions 1:609t, 1:693tdepletion profiles 1:695fdiffusion-controlled internal nitridation 1:307fhigh-temperature oxidation 1:613, 1:614f, 1:692, 1:693fnitridation processes 1:639oxide map 1:614fplatinum-group metal effects 1:616specimen mass gain 1:619fthermodynamic stability 1:308, 1:308f

nickel–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (NiCrAlY) alloys 1:615–616,1:632f, 1:639

nickel–cobalt–aluminum–yttrium (NiCoAlY) alloys 4:2624–2625oxidation processesAuger depth profiles 1:216fcross-section image 1:221fdiffusion rates 1:221, 1:222f

general discussion 1:215isotope profiles 1:220foxidation rates 1:218, 1:219foxide growth mechanisms 1:219, 1:220freactive elements 1:224scale adhesion 1:223, 1:223fscale development 1:216, 1:216fscale morphology 1:217f, 1:220f

pitting corrosioncathodic polarization curves 2:795fintergranular corrosion 2:795, 2:796tmarine environments 2:1138pitting potentials 2:782f, 2:795, 2:796t

process equipment materials 4:3210f, 4:3211processing techniquescontinuous casting 3:1985direct chill casting 3:1984extrusion 3:1985hot and cold rolling 3:1985shape casting 3:1983

relative humidity threshold values 4:3315sacrificial anodes 4:2767–2768, 4:2768t, 4:2772silicon–aluminum (Si–Al) alloys 2:1440, 2:1441fstainless steels 3:1811strength comparisons 3:2388fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t, 3:1993, 3:1994f, 3:1995tstress growth measurements 1:159tsulfidation corrosion 1:551–552, 1:552fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1242, 3:1999fwelding processes 3:2461wrought aluminum alloy designations 2:1139t

amorphous alloys 3:2192–2204alloying element influencescorrosion rates 3:2199fcurrent density dissolution 3:2198fmolybdenum (Mo) 3:2198phosphorus (P) 3:2196, 3:2198fsputter-deposited alloy structures 3:2198f

anodic dissolution rates 3:2195, 3:2195fbackground information 3:2192bulk metallic glassescorrosion behavior 3:2199corrosion-resistant bulk metallic glasses 3:2200zirconium (Zr)-based bulk metallic glasses 3:2199

enriched alloy layers 3:2196f, 3:2197fextremely high corrosion resistance mechanisms 3:2194hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution testing 3:2193, 3:2193firon–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloys 3:2194–2195, 3:2195tmaterial types 3:2193nanocrystalline alloysconventional corrosion-resistant materials 3:2202corrosion behavior 3:2201pitting potential 3:2201fprecipitated materials 3:2201repassivation potential 3:2201f

passive films 2:727, 3:2194–2195, 3:2195t, 3:2196fpitting corrosion 3:2193–2194, 3:2194f

antimony–lead (Sb–Pb) alloys 1:65f, 1:66f, 3:2055, 3:2055tarchaeological metals 4:3312–3313atomic force microscopy (AFM) 2:1440, 2:1441fbelow-water fastener selection 2:849fborderline alloys 1:426, 1:452carburizationalumina-forming alloys 1:551, 1:639basic concepts 1:265carbide precipitation zones 1:278fcarburization rates 1:269fchromium carbide precipitationiron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloys 1:276tnickel–chromium (Ni–Cr) alloys 1:277t

corrosion mechanisms 1:265corrosion products prediction 1:266, 1:267f, 1:268fdiffusion paths 1:278fequipment concerns 1:265gas composition effects 1:267f, 1:268fgeneral discussion 1:267, 1:301heat-resisting alloys

3372 Subject Index


aluminum effects 1:284, 1:285fcarbon effects 1:283carburization rate constants 1:283tenvironment-based alloy selection 1:551molybdenum effects 1:283niobium effects 1:284, 1:284fpost-carburization appearance 1:282fprotective treatments 1:284reaction morphologies 1:282silicon effects 1:283

internal carbides 1:277tkinetic mechanisms 1:277, 1:279f, 1:279tmetal dustingadsorbed sulfur protection 1:300, 1:301falumina-forming alloys 1:551, 1:639austenitic iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 1:296, 1:297background information 1:285carbon uptake kinetics 1:297fcementite decomposition 1:286–287, 1:287f, 1:288fcementite formation 1:285, 1:286f, 1:287fcoating protection 1:300coke filaments 1:286, 1:287fcoking rates 1:290f, 1:291fenvironmental conditions 1:402environment-based alloy selection 1:551ferritic chromium steels 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fgas composition effects 1:288, 1:290f, 1:297general discussion 1:301graphite–cementite interface 1:287, 1:289fHochman–Grabke model 1:286firon–aluminum (Fe–Al) alloys 1:292iron–chromium–aluminum (Fe–Cr–Al) alloys 1:292low-alloy steel 1:290, 1:290f, 1:291fmass transport model 1:287fnickel alloys 1:293, 1:294f, 1:295f, 1:296f, 1:297nickel–copper (Ni–Cu) alloys 1:296, 1:296fnon-cementite iron dusting conditions 1:288, 1:289foxide scale protection 1:298, 1:299f, 1:300foxide to carbon conversion thermodynamics 1:300frisk management strategies 4:3224–3226, 4:3225fsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:497temperature effects 1:288, 1:290f, 1:297

microstructure characteristics 1:280, 1:280f, 1:281fpartitioning effects 1:278fpermeability data 1:276t, 1:279tphase diagram 1:278frate variations 1:280freaction morphologies 1:276thermochemistry 1:265thermodynamic properties 1:276

chromium (Cr) 1:583–605amorphous alloys 3:2193, 3:2197f, 3:2198fcast refractory iron–nickel–chromium (Fe–Ni–Cr) alloys 1:603tcathodic modificationgeneral discussion 3:2230kinetic effects 3:2230noble metal additions 3:2230

chromium–aluminum (Cr–Al) alloys 3:2198fchromium carbide precipitation 1:277tchromium–molybdenum (Cr–Mo) alloys 1:466f, 1:468f, 1:589chromium–niobium (Cr–Nb) alloys 1:549–550, 1:550f, 3:2198–2199,

3:2198f, 3:2199f, 3:2202chromium–tantalum (Cr–Ta) alloys 3:2198–2199, 3:2198f, 3:2199fchromium–titanium (Cr–Ti) alloys 3:2198f, 3:2199fchromium–zirconium (Cr–Zr) alloys 3:2198–2199, 3:2198f, 3:2199f,

3:2201cobalt-based alloys 3:1918, 3:1918tcobalt–chromium–carbon (Co–Cr–C) system 3:1920cobalt–chromium (CoCr) alloys 1:584, 1:586f, 1:593, 1:594fcobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloycorrosion fatigue 2:1318corrosion resistance 2:764, 2:1314, 3:1927crevice corrosion 2:1317galvanic corrosion 2:1319, 3:1928historical background 2:1310hydrogen embrittlement 2:1317pitting corrosion 2:1317

replacement joints 2:1046f, 2:1047fzirconium (Zr)-based bulk metallic glasses 3:2200

cobalt–chromium–tungsten (Co–Cr–W) system 3:1920compositions 1:246tcopper–nickel–chromium (Cu–Ni–Cr) alloys 3:1943ferritic chromium steelsanodic polarization curves 2:1231ferosion resistance 2:985fflow-induced corrosion 2:982fmetal dusting 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:492, 1:494t, 1:495f, 1:496f, 1:499,

1:501tgeneral discussion 1:597growth behaviorchromia (Cr2O3) growth 1:588high temperature corrosion protection 1:587spinel phase growth 1:588

high chromium cast iron 3:1746, 3:1748f, 3:1764fhigh-silicon–chromium iron (Si–Cr Fe) alloys (HSCI) 4:2784high temperature corrosion protectionalloy types 1:584cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) phase diagram 1:584, 1:586fgrowth behavior 1:587iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) phase diagram 1:584, 1:585fminor element influences 1:589nickel–chromium (Ni–Cr) phase diagram 1:584, 1:586f

high temperature oxidation behavioraustenitic stainless steels 1:591, 1:591f, 1:592f, 1:592t, 1:593fcalculated partial pressures 1:590tcobalt–chromium (CoCr) alloys 1:593, 1:594fcomparison studies 1:594, 1:594f, 1:595t, 1:596f, 1:597fgeneral discussion 1:589global rating parameter (KB4) 1:594, 1:596fmartensitic and ferritic stainless steels 1:589, 1:590tmetal loss/metal penetration studies 1:595t, 1:596f, 1:597fnickel–chromium (Ni–Cr) alloys 1:554f, 1:592, 1:593tnickel–iron–chromium (Ni–Fe–Cr) alloys 1:552f, 1:593, 1:593f,

1:594fsolid oxygen fuel cell (SOFC) interconnectors 1:590ttime to breakaway 1:590tweight gain 1:590f

historical development 1:583intermetallic alloysalloyed aluminide coatings 1:663, 1:664fnickel aluminides (NiAl/Ni3Al) 1:655–656titanium aluminides (TiAl/Ti3Al) 1:658

internal carbides 1:277tiron–40% chromium–platinum-group metals (Fe–40% Cr–PGM)

system 3:2243iron–chromium–aluminum (Fe–Cr–Al) alloysalloy grain size effects 1:616fbase metal oxide formation 1:619fcubic alumina phases 1:620f, 1:621fcycle frequency effects 1:632, 1:632f, 1:633finternal oxidation 1:633, 1:634fmetal dusting 1:292nitridation processes 1:639parabolic rate constants 1:622t, 1:624treactive element additions 1:227tscale adhesion 1:628fscale growth rate 1:546f, 1:621, 1:622f, 1:623fscale morphology 1:626, 1:627fspecimen mass gain 1:623fsulfidation 1:552f, 1:638sulfur impurities 1:230, 1:231fwater vapor effects 1:637

iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloysbreakaway oxidation mechanisms 1:428f, 1:430carbide precipitation zones 1:278fcarburization diffusion paths 1:278fcarburization kinetics 1:277, 1:279f, 1:279tcarburization rate variations 1:280fcathodic modification 3:2231chromia (Cr2O3) scale growth mechanisms 1:419chromium carbide precipitation 1:276tcompositions 1:609tcorrosion rates 3:2232t

Subject Index 3373


alloys (continued)external chromia scale formation 1:427, 1:429finternal carbides 1:277tinternal oxidation 1:427, 1:428fnoble metal additions 3:2231, 3:2241nonprotective oxidation 1:426passive films 2:727, 3:2194–2195, 3:2195tphase diagram 1:70f, 1:278f, 1:568f, 1:584, 1:585fpolarization curves 3:2235fsimulation techniques 2:1550fsteam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:444fsurface alloying processes 3:2240

iron–chromium–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Mo) alloys 3:2233, 3:2234t,3:2241

iron–chromium–nickel–manganese (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mn) alloys 3:2236iron–chromium–nickel–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mo) alloys 3:2236low-alloy steels 1:568, 1:568fmaximum isothermal service temperature 1:585fmetal–chromium–aluminum (MCrAl) alloys 1:613, 1:614f, 1:615fnickel–chromium–aluminum (Ni–Cr–Al) alloysbase metal oxide formation 1:617, 1:618f, 1:619fcompositions 1:609t, 1:693tdepletion profiles 1:695fdiffusion-controlled internal nitridation 1:307fhigh-temperature oxidation 1:613, 1:614f, 1:692, 1:693fnitridation processes 1:639oxide map 1:614fplatinum-group metal effects 1:616reactive element additions 1:227tspecimen mass gain 1:619fsulfur impurities 1:230, 1:231fthermodynamic stability 1:308, 1:308f


nickel–chromium–cobalt (Ni–Cr–Co) alloys 1:250nickel–chromium–molybdenum (Ni–Cr–Mo) alloysabove-water fastener selection 2:847fbelow-water fastener selection 2:849ffireside corrosion 1:480fgalvanic corrosion 2:1119fgalvanic series 2:831fgeneral discussion 3:1886hydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion 2:1215f, 2:1216fhydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1214f

nickel–chromium (Ni–Cr) alloysalumina scale formation 1:623fanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1209fcarburization kinetics 1:279tcarburization rate variations 1:280fchromia (Cr2O3) scale growth mechanisms 1:419, 1:421fchromium carbide precipitation 1:277tcoefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) 1:632fcorrosion resistance 3:1885, 3:1886f, 3:1900galvanic corrosion 2:1119fhigh temperature oxidation behavior 1:554f, 1:592, 1:593thistorical development 3:1882thydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1214finternal carbides 1:277tinternal nitridation processes 1:308–309, 1:309fmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881tminor alloying element addition effects 1:424f, 1:425f, 1:426fmolybdenum additives 3:2159oxide overlay coatings 1:698fscale adhesion 1:627, 1:628fsteam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:430, 1:431f, 1:432fsulfidation corrosion 1:247ftime to breakaway 1:636fvanadium attacks 1:472f

nickel–iron–chromium (Ni–Fe–Cr) alloyscarbide precipitation zones 1:281fcarburization rate variations 1:280fcast refractory iron–nickel–chromium (Fe–Ni–Cr) alloys 1:603tcathodic modification 3:2235coke deposition 1:292fgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:1119fglobal rating parameter (KB4) 1:594, 1:596fhigh temperature oxidation behavior 1:552f, 1:593, 1:593f, 1:594f

intergranular corrosion 2:819intragranular corrosion 2:1478metal dusting 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fpost-carburization appearance 1:282fsulfidation corrosion 1:250surface alloying processes 3:2240wrought refractory iron–nickel–chromium (Fe–Ni–Cr) alloys 1:599t,

1:600tnoble metal additions 3:2231, 3:2241oxidation processesgeneral discussion 1:211localized oxidation 1:212foxidation rates 1:211, 1:212foxide layer development 1:213, 1:213f, 1:215freactive elements 1:224scale formation 1:213fscale morphology 1:212f, 1:213f, 1:214, 1:215ftransport properties 1:211

passivity 2:744quaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2244refractory austenitic stainless steels 1:598trefractory ferritic stainless steels 1:597tscaling index 1:584tsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)anode gas effects 1:494, 1:496f, 1:497fanode-side interactions 1:510, 1:511f, 1:512fbehavior in hydrogen/water (H2/H2O)-based gases 1:488, 1:489fcarbonaceous gas formation 1:497, 1:498fcathode-side interactions 1:507, 1:508fcomponent thickness effects 1:502, 1:503f, 1:504f, 1:505fdual atmosphere conditions 1:507electronic conductivity 1:492, 1:493fequilibrium constants 1:488fferritic chromium steels 1:492, 1:494t, 1:495f, 1:496f, 1:499gas compositions 1:497tmetal–glass sealant interactions 1:512, 1:513fmixed-gas corrosion 1:489, 1:490f, 1:491foxidation rates 1:490, 1:492foxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys 1:485, 1:486f, 1:487foxygen partial pressure effects 1:498fscale formation 1:490f, 1:491f, 1:495f, 1:496f, 1:506fvaporization protection methods 1:509, 1:510f, 1:511fvolatile species 1:485

stainless steels 2:1232–1233, 2:1233f, 3:1809steam and steam/hydrogen environmentschromia (Cr2O3) scale growth mechanisms 1:419, 1:421fchromia-forming iron- and nickel-based alloys 1:418, 1:420fcommercial chromia-forming iron- and nickel-based alloys 1:422,

1:422f, 1:423fminor alloying element addition effects 1:423, 1:424f, 1:425f, 1:426foxidation processes 1:418spalling tendencies 1:419fsurface morphologies 1:423fweight change comparisons 1:419f, 1:420f

sulfidation corrosion 1:259fwrought refractory cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) alloys 1:602twrought refractory iron–nickel–chromium (Fe–Ni–Cr) alloys 1:599t,

1:600tcoatingsintermetallic alloysalloyed aluminide coatings 1:663, 1:664f, 1:665faluminide coatings 1:663, 1:701, 1:701fdifferent base–different substrate 1:665, 1:665fgeneral discussion 1:662laser cladding (LC) 4:2624, 4:2633tsame base–same substrate 1:663simple aluminide coatings 1:663uranium alloys 3:2188

metal–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (MCrAlY) coatingscharacteristics 1:696compositions 1:696tmicrostructure 1:697fstructure 1:697f

titanium–aluminum (Ti–Al) alloys 1:697cobalt (Co)alloying element influences 3:1918, 3:1920falumina-forming alloys 1:606–645

3374 Subject Index


alumina scale formation 1:623fbreakaway oxidation 1:634compositions 1:607, 1:608t, 1:609tcreep rupture life 1:611fenvironmental conditions 1:637functionality 1:609tgeneral discussion 1:640hydrogen permeability 1:612fselective oxidation 1:612spalled oxide mass 1:610f, 1:617fsteady-state oxidation 1:621total mass gain 1:607, 1:610f, 1:614f, 1:617ftransient oxidation 1:617

cobalt–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (CoCrAlY) alloys 1:537f, 1:631cobalt–chromium–carbon (Co–Cr–C) system 3:1920cobalt–chromium (CoCr) alloys 1:584, 1:586f, 1:593, 1:594f, 1:602tcobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloycorrosion fatigue 2:1318corrosion resistance 2:764, 2:1314, 3:1927crevice corrosion 2:1317galvanic corrosion 2:1319, 3:1928historical background 2:1310hydrogen embrittlement 2:1317pitting corrosion 2:1317replacement joints 2:1046f, 2:1047fzirconium (Zr)-based bulk metallic glasses 3:2200

cobalt–chromium–tungsten (Co–Cr–W) system 3:1920cobalt–nickel–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (CoNiCrAlY) alloys

1:537f, 4:2552comparison studies 1:595tcompositions 1:246tcorrosion behavior 3:1924, 3:1926f, 3:1927fflow-induced corrosion 2:982fglobal rating parameter (KB4) 1:596firon–nickel–cobalt (Fe–Ni–Co) alloys 1:551fmagnesium alloys 3:2016tmaterials selection 2:982fnickel-based superalloys 1:693tnickel–chromium–cobalt (Ni–Cr–Co) alloys 1:250nickel–cobalt–aluminum–yttrium (NiCoAlY) alloys 4:2624–2625nitridation resistance 1:309fprocess equipment materials 4:3211processing techniques 3:1920stacking fault energy 3:1919–1920, 3:1920fstainless steels 3:1811strengthening mechanisms 3:1922superalloys 3:1918wear effects 1:349wrought refractory cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) alloys 1:602t

copper (Cu) 3:1937–1973above-water fastener selection 2:847facid picklinghydrochloric acid (HCl) 4:2992tnitric acid (HNO3) 4:2993tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2992t

aluminum–copper (Al–Cu) alloys 1:68farchaeological metals 4:3311fbackground information 3:1938below-water fastener selection 2:849fcathodic protection 4:2755, 4:2755tcharacteristicsaluminum bronzes 3:1943, 3:1952tbrasses 2:820, 3:1942, 3:1952tcast copper alloys 3:1941t, 3:1942t, 3:1952tcopper–nickel–chromium (Cu–Ni–Cr) alloys 3:1943cupronickel alloys 3:1942, 3:1952t, 3:1967heat treatable copper alloys 3:1942high conductivity coppers 3:1942mechanical properties 3:1940t, 3:1942tnickel silvers 3:1943, 3:1952tphysical properties 3:1940tpure copper 3:1938silicon bronzes 3:1943, 3:1952ttin bronze 3:1943wrought copper alloys 3:1939t, 3:1940t, 3:1952t

compositions 1:246t, 3:1939t, 3:1941tcontaminated environments

brass-product stress corrosion 3:1961corrosivity 3:1960stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1962

copper–gold (Cu–Au) alloys 2:805f, 2:867t, 3:2215copper–zinc (Cu–Zn) alloys 1:68fcorrosion potential 4:2591tcorrosion prevention strategies 4:3320corrosive environmentsatmospheric corrosion 3:1946, 3:1947tcontaminated environments 3:1960freshwater environments 3:1954general discussion 3:1946high-temperature oxidation 3:1965industrial chemicals 3:1962internal corrosion risks 4:3217f, 4:3218fnatural water corrosion 3:1950polluted conditions 3:1963, 3:1964t, 3:1965fseawater 3:1958soil corrosion 2:1158, 2:1159f, 3:1949, 3:1949t

corrosivityanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1214f, 2:1220,

2:1220fcrevice corrosion 3:1952telectrode behavior 3:1944electrode potential relationships 3:1944potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:1945, 3:1945ftheoretical aspects 3:1943

dealloying mechanisms 2:802electroplated coatings 4:2578freshwater environmentschemical attacks 3:1956, 3:1956fcorrosivity 3:1954dissolution conditions 3:1957microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:1956, 3:1957fpipework systems 3:1954pitting corrosion 3:1954stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1957, 3:1957f

future developmentsantimicrobial benefits 3:1967cupronickel alloys 3:1967shape-memory alloys 3:1968

hydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1214findustrial chemicalsacid corrosion 3:1963alkali corrosion 2:1204, 3:1963corrosivity 3:1962hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pollution 3:1963, 3:1964t, 3:1965fneutral solutions 3:1963organic compounds 3:1964

lead–copper (Pb–Cu) alloys 3:2055, 3:2055tlow-alloy steel 1:569marine environmentscorrosivity 2:1131, 3:1760fcritical design velocities 2:1132tdealloying 2:1135dissolved oxygen–corrosion rate plot 2:1134fgalvanic corrosion 2:1134–1135, 3:1757timpingement attacks 2:1134macrofouling 2:1133metal-ion concentration cell corrosion 2:1135pitting corrosion 2:1133–1134self-corrosion 2:1135shear stresses 2:1132tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:1135sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1132–1133temperature–corrosion rate plot 2:1133f

metal dusting 1:296, 1:296fnickel–copper (Ni–Cu) alloyscorrosion protection methods 2:1143corrosion resistance 3:1883galvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:854t, 2:1119f, 3:1845fhistorical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881tmarine environments 2:1131, 2:1132t, 2:1133f, 2:1134f,

2:1135metal dusting 1:296, 1:296fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t

Subject Index 3375


alloys (continued)pitting corrosioncarbon film pitting 3:1955, 3:1955felectrochemical processes 3:1955freshwater environments 3:1954hot soft water conditions 3:1955natural waters 3:1954Type III pitting 3:1955Type II pitting 3:1955Type I pitting 3:1955, 3:1955f

process equipment materials 4:3210f, 4:3211protective treatments 3:1966, 4:3332, 4:3333fsilver–copper (Ag–Cu) alloys 1:67fstainless steels 2:1232–1233, 2:1233f, 3:1809sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1243uniform corrosion 2:729water corrosionbrass dezincification 3:1952contaminated environments 3:1960freshwater environments 3:1954impingement attacks 3:1950, 3:1951f, 3:1952tnatural waters 3:1950pitting corrosion 3:1954seawater 3:1952t, 3:1958selective attacks 3:1954

wood 2:1326corrosion fatiguealuminum alloys 2:947, 2:948fcarbon steel 3:2457ferrous alloys 2:944stainless steels 2:946, 2:946ttitanium alloys 2:948

corrosion-resistant alloysamorphous alloys 3:2192–2204alloying element influences 3:2196anodic dissolution rates 3:2195, 3:2195fbackground information 3:2192enriched alloy layers 3:2196f, 3:2197fextremely high corrosion resistance mechanisms 3:2194hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution testing 3:2193, 3:2193firon–chromium alloys 3:2194–2195, 3:2195tmaterial types 3:2193passive films 2:727, 3:2194–2195, 3:2195t, 3:2196fpitting corrosion 3:2193–2194, 3:2194f

body fluids 2:1311, 2:1312fcoatings 4:3184tcobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy 2:764, 2:1310, 2:1314,

2:1317, 3:1927corrosion typescorrosion fatigue 2:944, 2:1318, 3:2049, 4:3178crevice corrosion 2:1317, 4:3179fretting corrosion 2:1318, 4:3178galvanic corrosion 2:1319, 4:3179general corrosion 2:1316hydrogen embrittlement 2:1317, 4:3178pitting corrosion 2:1317, 4:3177stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:1317, 4:3178

dental amalgams 2:1316design requirements 1:541–557carburization 1:551environment-based alloy selection 1:549free energies 1:542fgeneral discussion 1:555high-temperature environments 1:541nitridation processes 1:549, 1:550f, 1:551foxidation lifetime maximization 1:547, 1:548fprotective oxidation 1:542, 1:542f, 1:543frare earth element additions 1:546, 1:546f, 1:547fscale adhesion 1:546, 1:546f, 1:547fscale formation 1:543, 1:543f, 1:545fselective oxidation 1:543, 1:543f, 1:545fsteady-state oxidation 1:546sulfidation corrosion 1:551–552, 1:552f, 1:554fthermal expansion coefficients 1:548fwater vapor effects 1:553, 1:553t, 1:554f

health effects 2:1310, 2:1310thistorical background 2:1308

magnesium alloys 2:1315metallic foams 2:1315molybdenum additives 3:2159nickel titanium (NiTi) alloys 2:764, 2:1312–1313, 2:1314niobium (Nb) 3:2148oral cavity 2:1312–1313pipeline corrosion management 4:3296porous materials 2:1315rare earth magnets 2:1310, 2:1316safety concerns 2:1308stainless steels 2:764, 2:1314stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867tsurface finish 2:1313tantalum (Ta) 3:2148titanium nitride (TiN) coatings 2:1316titanium/titanium alloys 2:764, 2:1310, 2:1313, 2:1317, 3:2164

crevice corrosion 2:759dental fixtures 3:2220, 3:2220tdispersion strengthened alloys 3:22098xxx alloys 3:1982electrochemical stability diagrams 2:1596electroplated coatings 4:2578, 4:2590erosion resistance 2:985ffireside corrosion 1:466f, 1:472f, 1:480, 1:480fgas turbines 1:525tgraphitic materials 3:2278hafnium (Hf)alumina-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609t, 1:628, 1:630fchromia-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609theat-resisting alloys–carburization effects 1:284intermetallic alloys 1:655, 1:659, 1:665nickel-based superalloys 1:693tzirconium–hafnium (Zr–Hf) alloys 3:2097t, 3:2098

heat-resisting alloyscarburizationaluminum effects 1:284, 1:285fcarbon effects 1:283carburization rate constants 1:283tenvironment-based alloy selection 1:551molybdenum effects 1:283niobium effects 1:284, 1:284fpost-carburization appearance 1:282fprotective treatments 1:284reaction morphologies 1:282silicon effects 1:283

internal nitridation processesbasic concepts 1:260iron- and nickel-based superalloys 1:310, 1:311fmechanical/kinetic effects 1:311, 1:312fprotective measures 1:312

nitridation processesbasic concepts 1:260corrosion mechanisms 1:262environment-based alloy selection 1:549, 1:550f, 1:551fpredictive modeling 1:261f, 1:262pressure effects 1:263f, 1:264f, 1:265fthermochemistry 1:262transition stages 1:265f

high-temperature oxidation 1:180–194alumina (Al2O3) scale growth 1:148chromia (Cr2O3) scale growth 1:148, 1:413, 1:414fexclusive scale growth criteria 1:191, 1:191ffireside corrosion 1:466fgeneral discussion 1:180, 1:190, 1:193internal oxidation 1:192internal oxidation–external scale formation transition 1:193nitridation processesbasic concepts 1:260corrosion mechanisms 1:262environment-based alloy selection 1:549, 1:550f, 1:551fpredictive modeling 1:261f, 1:262pressure effects 1:263f, 1:264f, 1:265fthermochemistry 1:262transition stages 1:265f

oxide scale growth 1:146parabolic rate constant plot 1:146f, 1:147fPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:146t

3376 Subject Index


reactive element effectsgeneral discussion 1:146location detection 1:148oxide scale adherence 1:148oxide scale growth kinetics 1:147f, 1:148oxide scale growth mechanisms 1:148

spalling tendencies 1:144thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fthermodynamics 1:190titanium–aluminum (Ti–Al) alloys 1:697

hydrogen embrittlement 2:913Incoloy alloyscharacteristics 1:354‘glaze’ formation 1:389, 1:391fIncoloy 800HTcharacteristics 1:355tKnoop hardness 1:357fNimonic alloys 1:364, 1:366f, 1:367fwear effects 1:355, 1:356f, 1:358f, 1:359f, 1:360f, 1:361f, 1:363f, 1:368fweight change comparisons 1:355f, 1:362f

load effects 1:358, 1:361f, 1:362fwear maps 1:394f, 1:395, 1:395f

Inconel alloys 1:354intermetallic alloys 1:646–667aluminide coatingsalloyed aluminide coatings 1:663, 1:664f, 1:665fdifferent base–different substrate 1:665, 1:665fgas turbines 1:537fhigh-temperature coatings 1:701, 1:701fplatinum aluminides 4:2544, 4:2545f, 4:2546f, 4:2547f, 4:2549fsame base–same substrate 1:663simple aluminide coatings 1:663uranium alloys 3:2188

applications 1:646coatingsaluminide coatings 1:537f, 1:663, 1:701, 1:701fgeneral discussion 1:662laser cladding (LC) 4:2624, 4:2633t

common intermetallic alloyscrystal structure 1:648fgeneral discussion 1:646iron aluminides (FeAl/Fe3Al) 1:292, 1:609t, 1:648, 1:648f, 1:650,

1:650fnickel aluminides (NiAl/Ni3Al) 1:547f, 1:609t, 1:623f, 1:646, 1:648f,

1:649f, 1:650, 1:652f, 1:654ftitanium aluminides (TiAl/Ti3Al) 1:145f, 1:648f, 1:649, 1:651f

copper–gold (Cu–Au) alloys 2:805f, 2:867t, 3:2215general discussion 1:646, 1:666high-temperature tribocorrosioncharacteristics 1:359silicon nitride (SiN/Si3N4) 1:355f, 1:360f, 1:364f, 1:365f, 1:371, 1:372ftitanium–aluminum (Ti–Al)–ceramic counterfaces 1:362, 1:365ftitanium–aluminum (Ti–Al)–metallic counterfaces 1:360, 1:363f,

1:364fhot corrosionalumina-forming alloys 1:638chlorine-containing environments 1:661, 1:662fgeneral discussion 1:660sulfur-containing environments 1:660

metal–matrix composites 3:2263, 3:2263toxidation processesEllingham diagram 1:652fgeneral discussion 1:649iron aluminides (FeAl/Fe3Al) 1:227t, 1:650nickel aluminides (NiAl/Ni3Al) 1:227t, 1:547f, 1:623f, 1:650, 1:652f,

1:654fplatinum aluminides 1:227t, 1:659titanium aluminides (TiAl/Ti3Al) 1:656

silver–gold (Ag–Au) alloys 2:803f, 2:805f, 2:806f, 2:867t, 3:2215structural metallurgy 1:63sulfur (S)gaseous environments 1:660impurities 1:230, 1:231f, 1:654–655molten salts 1:661, 1:661f

thermal barrier coatingsaeroengine applications 1:704fcharacteristics 1:664–665, 1:704

chemical failures 1:719, 1:720fcross-section diagram 1:705ffailure characteristics 1:713, 1:714f, 1:715f, 1:716fmartensite formation 1:717mechanical instabilities 1:716f, 1:717oxidation-induced failure 1:712schematic cross-section diagram 1:705fstrain energy 1:715subcritical crack growth 1:716, 1:721fsurface roughness 1:718, 1:719f, 1:720, 1:720f, 1:721ftime-to-failure data plot 1:713ftopcoat cracking 1:716f, 1:721ftransformation strains 1:716

iron (Fe)alumina-forming alloys 1:606–645breakaway oxidation 1:634compositions 1:607, 1:608t, 1:609tcreep rupture life 1:611fenvironmental conditions 1:637functionality 1:609tgeneral discussion 1:640hydrogen permeability 1:612fselective oxidation 1:612spalled oxide mass 1:610f, 1:617fsteady-state oxidation 1:621total mass gain 1:607, 1:610f, 1:614f, 1:617ftransient oxidation 1:617

austenitic iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 1:296, 1:297carburizationdissolution thermodynamics 1:275tpermeability data 1:276treaction morphologies 1:276thermodynamic properties 1:276

cast iron 3:1737–1788alcohol corrosion 3:1772, 3:1773talkali corrosion 2:1192, 2:1196f, 3:1767, 3:1767f, 3:1768f, 3:1768talloy cast irons 3:1740alloyed ferritic cast irons 3:1748, 3:1748f, 3:1756f, 3:1767t, 3:1770t,

3:1771fanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1209, 2:1209fanodic protection 4:2876atmospheric corrosion 3:1750, 3:1751t, 3:1752f, 3:1752taustenitic cast irons 3:1748, 3:1749t, 3:1764f, 3:1768f, 3:1784taustenitic nickel cast iron 3:1744, 3:1744f, 3:1745t, 3:1756tcavitation corrosion 3:1777, 3:1777tcharacteristics 3:1739compositions 3:1741tcorrosion fatigue 3:1768, 3:1769t, 3:1770f, 3:1770t, 3:1771f, 3:1772fcorrosion rates 2:1196fcorrosion removal methods 4:3321–3322ductile cast iron 3:1740, 3:1740f, 3:1752t, 3:1769terosion corrosion 3:1778, 3:1779f, 3:1780f, 3:1780terosion resistance 2:985fflow-induced corrosion 3:1777food product corrosion 3:1773, 3:1773tgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:849f, 2:851t, 2:982f, 2:1119f, 3:1845fgalvanic coupling effects 3:1743, 3:1756, 3:1757tgaseous environments 3:1780glycol corrosion 3:1772, 3:1773tgray cast iron 3:1739, 3:1739f, 3:1741f, 3:1751t, 3:1756t, 3:1759t,

3:1769t, 3:1773thigh-alloy cast irons 3:1744high chromium cast iron 3:1746, 3:1748f, 3:1764fhigh silicon cast iron 3:1746, 3:1747t, 3:1748thigh-temperature oxidation 3:1780, 3:1781f, 3:1782f, 3:1783f, 3:1784fhistorical background 3:1695hydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion 3:1765, 3:1765f, 3:1765timpressed current anodes 4:2782industrial environments 3:1763iron-oxidizing bacteria 3:1775liquid aluminum/aluminum alloy corrosion 3:1773liquid metals 3:1774liquid sulfur corrosion 3:1774, 3:1774tliquid zinc/zinc alloy corrosion 3:1774low-alloy lamellar cast irons 3:1742f, 3:1743, 3:1752f, 3:1759tmalleable cast iron 3:1740, 3:1751t, 3:1752tmarine corrosion 2:1125, 2:1125t

Subject Index 3377


alloys (continued)microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:1774microstructural effects 3:1741, 3:1741f, 3:1742fmineral acid corrosion 3:1766molten materials corrosion 3:1773natural water corrosion 3:1752nickel-resist cast irons 3:1750, 3:1753f, 3:1753t, 3:1760f, 3:1761f,

3:1762t, 3:1765tnitric acid (HNO3) corrosion 3:1765, 3:1766forganic acid corrosion 3:1766, 3:1767torganic compound corrosion 3:1772phosphoric acid (H3PO4) corrosion 3:1765, 3:1766f, 3:1767tproduction processes 3:1740protective measures 3:1762salt solutions 3:1768, 3:1768t, 3:1769tseawater corrosion 2:1125, 2:1125t, 3:1758soil corrosion 2:1152f, 3:1760, 3:1762tspheroidal graphite cast irons 3:1743, 3:1759tstandard reduction potential 3:2074tsteam environments 3:1757stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1770, 3:1772fstress growth measurements 1:159tsulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1175, 2:1176f, 3:1775sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 2:1228, 2:1228f, 2:1229fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) corrosion 3:1761f, 3:1762f, 3:1763, 3:1764fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) effects 3:1743funalloyed cast irons 3:1747, 3:1756t, 3:1760f, 3:1761f, 3:1768f, 3:1768t,

3:1784t, 3:1785t, 3:1786turban/rural/marine atmospheres 3:1751tvitreous enamel coatings 3:2331white cast iron 3:1739, 3:1751t

comparison studies 1:595tcompositions 1:246tcorrosion fatigue 2:944ferritic chromium steelsanodic polarization curves 2:1231ferosion resistance 2:985fflow-induced corrosion 2:982fmetal dusting 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:492, 1:494t, 1:495f, 1:496f, 1:499,

1:501thigh-silicon–chromium iron (Si–Cr Fe) alloys (HSCI) 4:2784Incoloy alloys 1:354iron–40% chromium–platinum-group metals (Fe–40% Cr–PGM)

system 3:2243iron aluminides (FeAl/Fe3Al)

alumina scale formation 1:654characteristics 1:648chlorine-containing environments 1:661compositions 1:609tcrystal structure 1:648fmetal dusting 1:292microstructure 1:651partial pressure effects 1:654phase diagram 1:650fporosity 1:651reactive element additions 1:227t, 1:655scale adhesion 1:223scale properties 1:650sulfur-containing environments 1:660sulfur impurities 1:230, 1:231f, 1:654–655water vapor effects 1:654

iron–aluminum (Fe–Al) alloys 1:292, 1:452, 1:613f, 1:636firon- and nickel-based superalloys 1:310, 1:311firon–carbon (Fe–C) alloysequilibrium microstructures 3:1697, 3:1698fmechanical properties 3:1699, 3:1699tnonequilibrium microstructures 3:1697, 3:1698fphase diagram 3:1695, 3:1696fphysical properties 3:1699, 3:1699t

iron–chromium–aluminum (Fe–Cr–Al) alloysalloy grain size effects 1:616fbase metal oxide formation 1:619fcubic alumina phases 1:620f, 1:621fcycle frequency effects 1:632, 1:632f, 1:633finternal oxidation 1:633, 1:634fmetal dusting 1:292

nitridation processes 1:639parabolic rate constants 1:622t, 1:624treactive element additions 1:227tscale adhesion 1:628fscale growth rate 1:546f, 1:621, 1:622f, 1:623fscale morphology 1:626, 1:627fspecimen mass gain 1:623fsulfidation 1:552f, 1:638sulfur impurities 1:230, 1:231fwater vapor effects 1:637

iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloysbreakaway oxidation mechanisms 1:428f, 1:430carbide precipitation zones 1:278fcarburization diffusion paths 1:278fcarburization kinetics 1:277, 1:279f, 1:279tcarburization rate variations 1:280fcathodic modification 3:2231chromia (Cr2O3) scale growth mechanisms 1:419chromium carbide precipitation 1:276tcompositions 1:609tcorrosion rates 3:2232texternal chromia scale formation 1:427, 1:429finternal carbides 1:277tinternal oxidation 1:427, 1:428fnoble metal additions 3:2231, 3:2241nonprotective oxidation 1:426passive films 2:727, 3:2194–2195, 3:2195tphase diagram 1:70f, 1:278f, 1:568f, 1:584, 1:585fpolarization curves 3:2235fsimulation techniques 2:1550fsteam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:444fsurface alloying processes 3:2240


iron–chromium–nickel–manganese (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mn) alloys 3:2236iron–chromium–nickel–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mo) alloys 3:2236iron–nickel–cobalt (Fe–Ni–Co) alloys 1:551firon–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 3:1789–1801acid corrosion 3:1792, 3:1792tatmospheric corrosion 3:1790, 3:1791f, 3:1791tcarburization 1:296, 1:297diffusion coefficients 1:307telectrochemistry 3:1790, 3:1790ffireside corrosion 1:472ffreshwater environments 3:1791galvanic corrosion 3:1793, 3:1794tgeneral discussion 3:1790industrial environments 3:1792nitridation processes 1:307tphase diagram 1:70fsalt solutions 3:1792seawater corrosion 3:1791, 3:1791t, 3:1792tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1793, 3:1793t

iron–nickel–sulfur (Fe–Ni–S) alloys 1:244f, 1:245firon–silicon (Fe–Si) alloys 4:2783metal dustingbackground information 1:285cementite decomposition 1:286–287, 1:287f, 1:288fcementite formation 1:285, 1:286f, 1:287fcoke filaments 1:286, 1:287fcoking rates 1:290f, 1:291fferritic chromium steels 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fgas composition effects 1:288, 1:290fgraphite–cementite interface 1:287, 1:289fHochman–Grabke model 1:286firon–aluminum (Fe–Al) alloys 1:292iron–chromium–aluminum (Fe–Cr–Al) alloys 1:292low-alloy steel 1:290, 1:290f, 1:291fmass transport model 1:287fnon-cementite iron dusting conditions 1:288, 1:289ftemperature effects 1:288, 1:290f

nickel–iron–chromium (Ni–Fe–Cr) alloyscarbide precipitation zones 1:281fcarburization rate variations 1:280fcast refractory iron–nickel–chromium (Fe–Ni–Cr) alloys 1:603tcathodic modification 3:2235coke deposition 1:292f

3378 Subject Index


galvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:1119fglobal rating parameter (KB4) 1:594, 1:596fhigh temperature oxidation behavior 1:552f, 1:593, 1:593f, 1:594fintergranular corrosion 2:819intragranular corrosion 2:1478metal dusting 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fpost-carburization appearance 1:282fsulfidation corrosion 1:250surface alloying processes 3:2240wrought refractory iron–nickel–chromium (Fe–Ni–Cr) alloys 1:599t,

1:600tnitridation resistance 1:309fquaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2244silicon–molybdenum iron (Si–Mo Fe) alloys 4:2784

laser cladding (LC) 4:2624, 4:2633tlead (Pb)compositions 3:2055timpressed current anodes 4:2786, 4:2787t, 4:2814t, 4:2815lead–antimony (Pb–Sb) alloys 1:65f, 1:66f, 3:2055, 3:2055tlead–calcium (Pb–Ca) alloys 3:2055, 3:2055tlead–copper (Pb–Cu) alloys 3:2055, 3:2055tlead–silver (Pb–Ag) alloys 3:2055, 3:2055t, 4:2814t, 4:2815lead–tellurium (Pb–Te) alloys 3:2055, 3:2055tlead–tin (Pb–Sn) alloys 3:2055, 3:2055tprocess equipment materials 4:3211sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1244, 2:1245f

magnesium (Mg) 3:2011–2041aircraft corrosionairframe corrosion 4:3178tcorrosion behavior 4:3183design guidelines 4:3191tplating methods 4:3188tprotective treatments 4:3184t, 4:3188, 4:3189freprotective treatments 4:3194t

applicationsautomotive industry 3:2037, 3:2038fcommunication industry 3:2038fcurrent applications 3:2014fpotential applications 3:2011

biomedical devices 2:1315characteristicsalloy compositions 3:2018talloy designation systems 3:2015, 3:2019talloying elements 3:2013, 3:2016t, 3:2019fbinary alloy systems 3:2015tcast magnesium alloys 3:2017, 3:2020t, 3:2021t, 3:2023felectrolyte composition 3:2014textraction processes 3:2013metallurgical properties 3:2013metal matrix composites (MMCs) 3:2020physical properties 3:2014t, 3:2017traw material sources 3:2013ttemper designations 3:2020twrought magnesium alloys 3:2019, 3:2021t, 3:2022t, 3:2024f

coatingsanodic films 3:2034, 3:2035f, 3:2035t, 3:2036fchemical vapor deposition (CVD) 3:2036chromate conversion coatings (CCC) 3:2033coating systems and design 3:2037corrosion prevention strategies 3:2033electrochemical conversion coatings 3:2034, 3:2035f, 3:2035t,

3:2036felectro/electroless deposition 3:2034, 3:2036felectron beam deposition techniques 3:2036laser-applied coatings 3:2036organic coatings 3:2036thermal spraying 3:2036

corrosion prevention strategiescoatings 3:2033coating systems and design 3:2037

corrosivityalloying process/impurities influences 3:2031, 3:2032fcorrosion mechanisms 3:2026corrosion potential 3:2027fcorrosion rates 3:2025f, 3:2032felectromotive force series (EMF series) 3:2026fenvironmentally-assisted cracking 3:2028

general discussion 3:2025potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:2027fsurface condition changes 3:2028f

current applications 3:2014fenvironmentally-assisted crackingcontinuous crack propagation 3:2030ffracture surface appearance 3:2030f, 3:2031ffriction stir weldment (FSW) 3:2031fopen circuit potential (OCM) 3:2032fprocessing condition effects 3:2031fslow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests 3:2029f, 3:2030f, 3:2031fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:2030t, 3:2028stress–strain plots 3:2029f, 3:2031f, 3:2032fsusceptibility 3:2030ttransgranular cracking model 3:2030f

galvanic corrosion 2:851t, 2:852tglobal production trends 3:2012fhistorical development 3:2012laser cladding (LC) 4:2624, 4:2633tmagnesium–tin (Mg–Sn) alloys 1:67fpitting corrosion potential 2:782fpotential applications 3:2011processing techniquescasting technologies 3:2021, 3:2023fjoining technologies 3:2023, 3:2025fmetal forming processes 3:2022, 3:2024fwelding 3:2023, 3:2025f

sacrificial anodes 4:2769, 4:2769t, 4:2773scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis 2:1411f

manganese (Mn)alumina-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609taluminum alloys 3:1979chromia-forming alloys 1:424f, 1:425f, 1:426f, 1:608t, 1:609tchromium-containing alloys 1:584t, 1:589compositions 1:246tferritic chromium steels 1:501tiron–chromium–nickel–manganese (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mn) alloys

3:2236low-alloy steels 1:567magnesium alloys 3:2015, 3:2016t, 3:2019tmanganese bronze 2:831f, 2:849f, 2:1119fsacrificial anodes 4:2769stainless steels 3:1810

metal dustingbackground information 1:285cementite decomposition 1:286–287, 1:287f, 1:288fcementite formation 1:285, 1:286f, 1:287fcoke filaments 1:286, 1:287fcoking rates 1:290f, 1:291fenvironmental conditions 1:402environment-based alloy selection 1:551ferritic chromium steels 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fgas composition effects 1:288, 1:290fgraphite–cementite interface 1:287, 1:289fHochman–Grabke model 1:286firon–aluminum (Fe–Al) alloys 1:292iron–chromium–aluminum (Fe–Cr–Al) alloys 1:292low-alloy steel 1:290, 1:290f, 1:291fmass transport model 1:287fnon-cementite iron dusting conditions 1:288, 1:289frisk management strategies 4:3224–3226, 4:3225fsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:497temperature effects 1:288, 1:290f

mixed-gas corrosionbasic concepts 1:245corrosion mechanisms 1:250, 1:251f, 1:252f, 1:253fcorrosion rate predictions 1:259fgas composition effects 1:259kinetic models 1:255, 1:255f, 1:256f, 1:259flaboratory simulations 1:250, 1:254f, 1:254t, 1:255fparabolic rate constant plot 1:256fphase stability diagram 1:257f, 1:258fpressure effects 1:259f, 1:260fsteam concentration effects 1:260fsulfidation/oxidation mechanisms 1:249, 1:250f, 1:255f, 1:256f, 1:259f,

1:260fthermochemical models 1:247, 1:248f, 1:254f, 1:254t, 1:255f

Subject Index 3379


alloys (continued)molybdenum (Mo)amorphous alloys 3:2193–2194, 3:2194f, 3:2198, 3:2198faqueous corrosive environments 3:2163characteristics 3:2161chromium–molybdenum (Cr–Mo) alloys 1:466f, 1:468f, 1:589cobalt-based alloys 3:1918, 3:1918tcobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloycorrosion fatigue 2:1318corrosion resistance 2:764, 2:1314, 3:1927crevice corrosion 2:1317galvanic corrosion 2:1319, 3:1928historical background 2:1310hydrogen embrittlement 2:1317pitting corrosion 2:1317replacement joints 2:1046f, 2:1047fzirconium (Zr)-based bulk metallic glasses 3:2200

compositions 1:246tcorrosion-resistant alloys 2:1308heat-resisting alloys–carburization effects 1:283intermetallic alloys 1:656, 1:658iron–chromium–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Mo) alloys 3:2233, 3:2234t,

3:2241iron–chromium–nickel–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mo) alloys 3:2236low-alloy steel 1:569nickel-based superalloys 1:693tnickel–chromium–molybdenum (Ni–Cr–Mo) alloysfireside corrosion 1:480fgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:1119fgeneral discussion 3:1886hydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion 2:1215f, 2:1216fhydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1214f

nickel–molybdenum (Ni–Mo) alloyscorrosion resistance 3:1884, 3:1885fgalvanic corrosion 2:851thistorical development 3:1882tintergranular corrosion 2:819laser surface alloying (LSA) 4:2631major alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881ttime–temperature–notch impact energy diagram 3:1885f

quaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2244silicon–molybdenum iron (Si–Mo Fe) alloys 4:2784stainless steels 2:1232–1233, 2:1233f, 3:1809thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fTi15Mo5Zr3Al alloy 2:1313, 3:2164Ti6Al2Nb1Ta0.8Mo alloy 2:1313titanium molybdenum (TiMo) alloys 2:1312–1313uranium–molybdenum (U–Mo) alloys 3:2182, 3:2182t

nanocrystalline alloysconventional corrosion-resistant materials 3:2202corrosion behavior 3:2201pitting potential 3:2201fprecipitated materials 3:2201repassivation potential 3:2201f

nickel-free biomedical alloys 2:766nickel–iron–chromium (Ni–Fe–Cr) alloysintragranular corrosionbackground information 2:1478boiling nitric acid (HNO3) test (Huey test) 2:1478, 2:1479t,

2:1480fboiling sulfuric acid/copper sulfate (H2SO4/CuSO4) tests 2:1479t,

2:1480f, 2:1481, 2:1482felectrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) test 2:1485,

2:1486felectrochemical tests 2:1483, 2:1484felectrolytic oxalic acid etching test 2:1483, 2:1483f, 2:1484fmaximum acceptable evaluation test rates 2:1480tnitric acid–hydrofluoric acid (HNO3–HF) test 2:1479t, 2:1480f,

2:1480t, 2:1482sulfuric acid–iron sulfate (H2SO4–FeSO4) test (Streicher test)

2:1479t, 2:1480f, 2:1480t, 2:1482test potentials 2:1480ftest summary 2:1479t

nickel (Ni)aircraft corrosion 4:3188talkali corrosionalloying element influences 2:1200f

corrosion rates 2:1200, 2:1202f, 2:1203fnickel–water system Pourbaix diagram 2:1201ftemperature effects 2:1202f

alloy 59acetic acid production 3:1908corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion rates 3:1889f, 3:1905f, 3:1911fcorrosion resistance 3:1887, 3:1900fine and specialty chemicals 3:1910hydrochloric acid (HCl) isocorrosion diagram 3:1888fhydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907major alloying elements 3:1881tmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1906fpitting resistance 3:1894fpollution controls 3:1912sulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 3:1888fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903, 3:1904f,

3:1905ftank transport studies 3:1912thermal stability 3:1890t, 3:1891ftime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891ftoluene di-isocyanate (TDI) 3:1909vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy 20corrosion resistance 3:1891galvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:1119fhistorical development 3:1882thydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907major alloying elements 3:1881tmaximum depth of crevice attack 2:1128tpitting resistance 3:1897tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1238fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903

alloy 625acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion rates 3:1889fcorrosion resistance 3:1890, 3:1899galvanic corrosion 2:849fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tnuclear waste isolation 2:767phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1905pitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1900sulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 2:1243fthermal expansion coefficients 1:145ftime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891fvinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy 31acetic acid production 3:1908acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909corrosion loss measurements 3:1894t, 3:1895tcorrosion rates 3:1905f, 3:1911fcorrosion resistance 3:1892, 3:1900fine and specialty chemicals 3:1910historical development 3:1882thydrochloric acid (HCl) isocorrosion diagram 3:1894fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tphosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1905, 3:1906fpitting potential 3:1895fpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1897t, 3:1900, 3:1901tpollution controls 3:1912stability limits 3:1895fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 2:1237f, 3:1893fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903, 3:1904f,

3:1905ftank transport studies 3:1912

alloy 33caustic soda (NaOH) production 3:1902, 3:1902fcorrosion loss measurements 3:1896t, 3:1897tcorrosion resistance 3:1892, 3:1896fhistorical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881tpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1897tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1238fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 3:1897fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903

3380 Subject Index


alloy 400acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909alkali corrosion 2:1200fhydrofluoric acid (HF) production 2:1214f, 3:1907marine environments 2:1135, 2:1136tmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909oxidizing environments 2:1240fstyrene production 3:1908sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1247fvelocity factors 2:1241fvinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy 600alkali corrosion 2:1200f, 2:1202–1203, 2:1203faqueous corrosive environments 2:1136t, 3:1902, 3:1908stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t

alloy 617 3:1908alloy 690 2:1238f, 3:1896talloy 800 2:1136t, 3:1908alloy 904L 2:1238f, 3:1897t, 3:1906f, 4:3059t, 4:3060falloy 926acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909corrosion loss measurements 3:1894t, 3:1895thydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1906fpitting potential 3:1895fpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1897tpollution controls 3:1914stability limits 3:1895fstyrene production 3:1908vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy B-2 2:1238f, 2:1240f, 3:1903, 3:1907, 3:1908, 3:1909, 3:1911f,4:3058f

alloy C-276acetic acid production 3:1908acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion rates 3:1889fcorrosion resistance 3:1886, 3:1900galvanic corrosion 2:849fhydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907major alloying elements 3:1881tmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1906fpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1900pollution controls 3:1912styrene production 3:1908sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1238f, 2:1240f, 2:1243fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 3:1887fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fthermal stability 3:1890ttime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891ftoluene di-isocyanate (TDI) 3:1909vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alumina-forming alloys 1:606–645breakaway oxidation 1:634compositions 1:607, 1:608t, 1:609tcreep rupture life 1:611fenvironmental conditions 1:637functionality 1:609tgeneral discussion 1:640hydrogen permeability 1:612fselective oxidation 1:612spalled oxide mass 1:610f, 1:617fsteady-state oxidation 1:621total mass gain 1:607, 1:610f, 1:614f, 1:617ftransient oxidation 1:617

anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acidsalloy 2000 2:1218falloy B 2:1217falloy B-3 2:1218fcompositions 2:1213tcorrosion rates 2:1212hydrobromic acid (HBr) 2:1217fhydrochloric acid (HCl) 2:1214f, 2:1215f, 2:1216f, 2:1217f, 2:1218f,

2:1220fhydrofluoric acid (HF) 2:1214f, 2:1219f

aqueous corrosive environments 3:1879–1915acetic acid production 3:1907acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909age-hardenable nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–

Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu) alloys 3:1898alloy 28 3:1894t, 3:1895f, 3:1895t, 3:1896t, 3:1897t, 3:1905alloy 39 3:1911falloy 200 3:1902, 3:1908alloy 201 3:1902, 3:1902falloy 316 2:1238f, 2:1247f, 3:1897talloy 600 2:1136t, 3:1902, 3:1908alloy 617 3:1908alloy 690 2:1238f, 3:1896talloy 800 2:1136t, 3:1908alloy 904L 2:1238f, 3:1897t, 3:1906f, 4:3059t, 4:3060falloy B-2 2:1238f, 2:1240f, 3:1903, 3:1907, 3:1908, 3:1909, 3:1911f,

4:3058fbackground information 3:1881caustic soda (NaOH) production 3:1902chemical process industry and environmental technology 3:1901fine and specialty chemicals 3:1910general discussion 3:1880heat-affected zone (HAZ) 3:1898, 3:1898fhistorical development 3:1882thydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907intercrystalline corrosion (IC) 3:1894–1895, 3:1900materials selection 2:982fmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu)

alloys 3:1881, 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891nickel–chromium–molybdenum (Ni–Cr–Mo) alloys 3:1881, 3:1881t,

3:1882t, 3:1886nickel–chromium (Ni–Cr) alloys 3:1881, 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1885,

3:1886fnickel–copper (Ni–Cu) alloys 2:1119f, 3:1881, 3:1881t, 3:1882t,

3:1883nickel–molybdenum (Ni–Mo) alloys 3:1881, 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1884,

3:1885fphosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1905pitting resistance 3:1900pollution controls 3:1912principal alloys 3:1881, 3:1881tstyrene production 3:1908sulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903, 3:1904f,

3:1905fsurface conditions and treatment 3:1899tank transport studies 3:1912toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) 3:1909vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1886–1887, 3:1908welded-state corrosion behavior 3:1898

austenitic iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 1:296, 1:297austenitic nickel cast iron 3:1744, 3:1744f, 3:1745t, 3:1756tbrazed joints 3:2451carburizationdissolution thermodynamics 1:275tpermeability data 1:276treaction morphologies 1:276thermodynamic properties 1:276

cobalt-based alloys 3:1918tcobalt–nickel–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (CoNiCrAlY) alloys

1:537f, 4:2552comparison studies 1:595tcompositions 1:246t, 2:1213t, 2:1242tcopper–nickel–chromium (Cu–Ni–Cr) alloys 3:1943crevice corrosion 2:759–760cupronickel alloys 3:1942, 3:1952t, 3:1967diffusion coefficients 1:307tferritic chromium steels 1:501tgalvanic corrosion 3:1757tInconel alloys 1:354intergranular corrosion 2:819, 2:823t, 2:825tinternal corrosion risks 4:3217f, 4:3218firon- and nickel-based superalloys 1:310, 1:311firon–chromium–nickel–manganese (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mn) alloys

3:2236iron–chromium–nickel–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mo) alloys

3:2236

Subject Index 3381


alloys (continued)iron–nickel–cobalt (Fe–Ni–Co) alloys 1:551firon–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 3:1789–1801acid corrosion 3:1792, 3:1792tatmospheric corrosion 3:1790, 3:1791f, 3:1791tcarburization 1:296, 1:297diffusion coefficients 1:307telectrochemistry 3:1790, 3:1790ffireside corrosion 1:472ffreshwater environments 3:1791galvanic corrosion 3:1793, 3:1794tgeneral discussion 3:1790industrial environments 3:1792nitridation processes 1:307tphase diagram 1:70fsalt solutions 3:1792seawater corrosion 3:1791, 3:1791t, 3:1792tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1793, 3:1793t

iron–nickel–sulfur (Fe–Ni–S) alloys 1:244f, 1:245flow-alloy steels 1:568maraging steelsacid corrosion 3:1795applications 3:1800atmospheric corrosion 3:1795, 3:1797fcompositions 3:1793, 3:1795tfabrication processes 3:1794industrial environments 3:1795mechanical properties 3:1794, 3:1796tnatural environments 3:1795physical properties 3:1795tseawater corrosion 3:1795, 3:1797fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1796structural characteristics 3:1794

marine corrosion 2:1135, 2:1136tmetal dusting 1:293, 1:294f, 1:295f, 1:296f, 1:297nickel aluminides (NiAl/Ni3Al)alumina scale formation 1:547f, 1:623f, 1:652f, 1:654faluminide coatings 1:665, 1:665f, 3:2188characteristics 1:646chlorine-containing environments 1:661coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) 1:632fcompositions 1:609tcrystal structure 1:104, 1:648fdislocations 1:106–107internal oxidation 1:633microstructure 1:651parabolic rate constants 1:624tpartial pressure effects 1:654phase diagram 1:649fporosity 1:651reactive element additions 1:227t, 1:655scale adhesion 1:223scale properties 1:650sulfur-containing environments 1:660sulfur impurities 1:230, 1:231f, 1:654–655water vapor effects 1:637, 1:638f, 1:654

nickel–chromium–aluminum (Ni–Cr–Al) alloysbase metal oxide formation 1:617, 1:618f, 1:619fcompositions 1:609t, 1:693tdepletion profiles 1:695fdiffusion-controlled internal nitridation 1:307fhigh-temperature oxidation 1:613, 1:614f, 1:692, 1:693fnitridation processes 1:639oxide map 1:614fplatinum-group metal effects 1:616reactive element additions 1:227tspecimen mass gain 1:619fsulfur impurities 1:230, 1:231fthermodynamic stability 1:308, 1:308f


nickel–chromium–cobalt (Ni–Cr–Co) alloys 1:250nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu)

alloysalloy 20 2:831f, 2:1119f, 2:1128t, 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1897talloy 825 2:767, 2:1238f, 2:1243f, 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1897t,

3:1908

alloy G-3 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1894t, 3:1907alloy G-30 2:1238f, 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1896tcorrosion resistance 3:1891historical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881t

nickel–chromium–molybdenum (Ni–Cr–Mo) alloysabove-water fastener selection 2:847falloy 22 2:767, 3:1881t, 3:1887, 3:1888f, 3:1890t, 3:1891falloy 686 3:1881t, 3:1889, 3:1890t, 3:1891falloy 2000 2:1241f, 2:1247f, 3:1881t, 3:1889, 3:1890t, 3:1891falloy C-4 1:145f, 3:1881t, 3:1887, 3:1888f, 3:1891f, 3:1900alloy MAT 21 3:1881t, 3:1889below-water fastener selection 2:849fcorrosion resistance 3:1886fireside corrosion 1:480fgalvanic corrosion 2:1119fgalvanic series 2:831fgeneral discussion 3:1886historical development 3:1882thydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion 2:1215f, 2:1216fhydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1214fintergranular corrosion 2:819major alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881t

nickel–chromium (Ni–Cr) alloysalumina scale formation 1:623fanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1209fcarburization kinetics 1:279tcarburization rate variations 1:280fchromia (Cr2O3) scale growth mechanisms 1:419, 1:421fchromium carbide precipitation 1:277tcoefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) 1:632fcorrosion resistance 3:1885, 3:1886f, 3:1900galvanic corrosion 2:1119fhigh temperature oxidation behavior 1:554f, 1:592, 1:593thistorical development 3:1882thydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1214finternal carbides 1:277tinternal nitridation processes 1:308–309, 1:309fmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881tmechanical properties 1:584minor alloying element addition effects 1:424f, 1:425f, 1:426fmolybdenum additives 3:2159oxide overlay coatings 1:698fphase diagram 1:586fscale adhesion 1:627, 1:628fsteam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:430, 1:431f, 1:432fsulfidation corrosion 1:247ftime to breakaway 1:636fvanadium attacks 1:472f

nickel–cobalt–aluminum–yttrium (NiCoAlY) alloys 4:2624–2625nickel–copper (Ni–Cu) alloyscorrosion protection methods 2:1143corrosion resistance 3:1883erosion resistance 2:985fflow-induced corrosion 2:982fgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:854t, 2:1119f, 3:1845fhistorical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881tmarine environments 2:1131, 2:1132t, 2:1133f, 2:1134f, 2:1135materials selection 2:982fmetal dusting 1:296, 1:296fphase diagram 1:64fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t

nickel–iron–chromium (Ni–Fe–Cr) alloyscarbide precipitation zones 1:281fcarburization rate variations 1:280fcast refractory iron–nickel–chromium (Fe–Ni–Cr) alloys 1:603tcathodic modification 3:2235coke deposition 1:292fgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:1119fglobal rating parameter (KB4) 1:594, 1:596fhigh temperature oxidation behavior 1:552f, 1:593, 1:593f, 1:594fintergranular corrosion 2:819intragranular corrosion 2:1478metal dusting 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fpost-carburization appearance 1:282fsulfidation corrosion 1:250

3382 Subject Index


surface alloying processes 3:2240wrought refractory iron–nickel–chromium (Fe–Ni–Cr) alloys 1:599t,

1:600tnickel–molybdenum (Ni–Mo) alloyscorrosion resistance 3:1884, 3:1885fgalvanic corrosion 2:851thistorical development 3:1882tintergranular corrosion 2:819major alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881ttime–temperature–notch impact energy diagram 3:1885f

nickel-resist cast ironsacetic acid corrosion 3:1767tcharacteristics 3:1750corrosion rates 3:1753f, 3:1753tgaseous environments 3:1785t, 3:1786thydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion 3:1765tsalt solution corrosion 3:1768t, 3:1769tseawater corrosion 2:1125, 2:1125t, 3:1760f, 3:1761f, 3:1761f,

3:1762tnickel silvers 3:1943, 3:1952tnickel–sulfur (Ni–S) alloys 1:242, 1:243f, 1:245fnickel titanium (NiTi) alloys 2:764, 2:1312–1313, 2:1314nitridation resistance 1:309fprocess equipment materials 4:3210f, 4:3211quaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2244scaling index 1:584tsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:510, 1:511f, 1:512fstainless steels 2:1232–1233, 3:1809stress growth measurements 1:159tsulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1178sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

anodic polarization curves 2:1239fchloride contamination 2:1241fcorrosion rates 2:1238, 2:1239firon alloying influences 2:1240foxidizing environments 2:1240fperformance characteristics 2:1241, 2:1242f, 2:1242t, 2:1243fprotection mechanisms 2:1238, 2:1239fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 2:1242f, 2:1243fvelocity factors 2:1241f

superalloyscompositions 1:693thigh-temperature oxidation 1:692, 1:693fmolybdenum additives 3:2159

welding processes 3:2461Nimonic alloyscoefficient of friction 1:380f‘glaze’ formation 1:379Incoloy 800HT counterfaces 1:366f, 1:367fload effects 1:366, 1:368f, 1:371Nimonic alloys–Stellite 6 wear-affected surfaces studyaluminum oxide segregation 1:387f‘glaze’ formation 1:382f, 1:384frelevant element oxidation tendencies 1:389fscanning electron microscopy (SEM) 1:381f, 1:383scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) 1:383sliding wear comparisons 1:388fspectral data 1:392tstructural characteristics 1:387, 1:390f, 1:391fwear effects 1:385f, 1:386fwear maps 1:393, 1:394f

processing route effects 1:371silicon nitride (SiN/Si3N4) counterface 1:371, 1:372fsliding wear comparisons 1:371Stellite 6 counterface 1:366wear effects 1:366f, 1:367f, 1:369f, 1:370f, 1:372fweight change comparisons 1:380f

niobium (Nb)alumina-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609t, 1:615famorphous alloys 3:2193chromia-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609tchromium–niobium (Cr–Nb) alloys 1:549–550, 1:550f, 1:589, 3:2198–

2199, 3:2198f, 3:2199f, 3:2202compositions 1:246theat-resisting alloys–carburization effects 1:284, 1:284fintermetallic alloysnickel aluminides (NiAl/Ni3Al) 1:656

niobium aluminides 1:660titanium aluminides (TiAl/Ti3Al) 1:658

mechanical properties 3:2137t, 3:2137nickel-based superalloys 1:693tstainless steels 3:1811Ti18Nb4Sn alloy 2:1314Ti6Al2Nb1Ta0.8Mo alloy 2:1313titanium niobium (TiNb) alloys 2:1312–1313uranium–niobium (U–Nb) alloys 3:2182, 3:2182t

Nitinol 2:764nitridation processes 1:304–315alumina-forming alloys 1:549, 1:639basic concepts 1:260computer simulation modelling 1:313, 1:313f, 1:314fcorrosion mechanisms 1:262environmental conditions 1:400, 1:549environment-based alloy selection 1:549, 1:550f, 1:551fequipment concerns 1:260general discussion 1:267, 1:314heat-resisting alloysbasic concepts 1:260environment-based alloy selection 1:549, 1:550f, 1:551firon- and nickel-based superalloys 1:310, 1:311fmechanical/kinetic effects 1:311, 1:312fprotective measures 1:312

internal nitridation attacks 1:304, 1:305flaser gas nitriding (LGS) 4:2632molybdenum nitride (Mo2N) 3:2165nitridation resistance 1:309fpredictive modeling 1:261f, 1:262pressure effects 1:263f, 1:264f, 1:265fthermochemistry 1:262thermodynamicsdiffusion coefficients 1:307tdiffusion-controlled internal nitridation 1:306, 1:306f, 1:307f,

1:308finternal–external nitridation transition 1:309, 1:310fnitrogen-containing gas atmospheres 1:305, 1:305fsolvent surface protrusions 1:307fstability conditions 1:308, 1:308f

transition stages 1:265foxidation processescarburization 1:265nitridation processes 1:260sulfidation/oxidation mechanisms 1:249

oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloyscharacteristics 1:354Incoloy alloyscharacteristics 1:354Incoloy 800HT 1:355, 1:364load effects 1:358, 1:361f, 1:362f

Inconel alloys 1:354Nimonic alloys 1:364

passive alloyscathodic modification 3:2224–2249active–passive state 3:2227, 3:2228factive state 3:2227, 3:2228fbackground information 3:2226basic concepts 3:2227chromium alloys 3:2241chromium/chromium-based alloys 3:2230current research areas 3:2245duplex stainless steels 3:2237, 3:2238t, 3:2239f, 3:2241tgeneral discussion 3:2225, 3:2247iron–40% chromium–platinum-group metals (Fe–40% Cr–PGM)

system 3:2243noble metal additions 3:2230, 3:2241tpassivation processes 3:2225, 3:2226fpassive film growth and structure analysis 3:2242passive state 3:2227, 3:2228fprocess mechanisms 3:2229quaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2244Russian research 3:2242schematic diagram 3:2227fstainless steels 3:2231surface alloying processes 3:2239transpassive state 3:2228, 3:2228f

Subject Index 3383


alloys (continued)electroplated coatings 4:2590

passivity 2:744platinum–iridium (Pt–Ir) alloys 3:2209platinum–rhodium (Pt–Rh) alloys 3:2209platinum–ruthenium (Pt–Ru) alloys 3:2209rare earth materials 1:246t, 3:2014–2015, 3:2019treducing environments 1:465, 1:469frhenium (Re)cobalt-based alloys 3:1918, 3:1918tnickel-based superalloys 1:693t

ruthenium (Ru) 1:693tsilicon (Si)alumina-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609taluminum alloys 3:1981chromia-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609tchromium-containing alloys 1:584t, 1:589compositions 1:246theat-resisting alloys–carburization effects 1:283high silicon cast iron 3:1746, 3:1747t, 3:1748thigh-silicon–chromium iron (Si–Cr Fe) alloys (HSCI) 4:2784intermetallic alloys 1:658, 1:664iron–silicon (Fe–Si) alloys 4:2783low-alloy steels 1:566magnesium alloys 3:2015, 3:2016t, 3:2019tmagnesium–silicon-containing alloys 3:1981silicon–aluminum (Si–Al) alloys 2:1440, 2:1441fsilicon bronzes 2:1119f, 3:1943, 3:1952tsilicon–molybdenum iron (Si–Mo Fe) alloys 4:2784stainless steels 2:1232–1233, 3:1810

silver (Ag)galvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:836f, 2:851timpressed current anodes 4:2814t, 4:2815lead–silver (Pb–Ag) alloys 3:2055, 3:2055t, 4:2814t, 4:2815silver–copper (Ag–Cu) alloys 1:67fsilver–gold (Ag–Au) alloys 2:803f, 2:805f, 2:806f, 2:867t, 3:2215

soldering and brazing processes 3:2451tsolders 3:2075solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:484standard reduction potential 3:2074tStellite 6 steelcorrosion behavior 3:1924, 3:1926f, 3:1927fmicrostructure 3:1921fnormalized alloy content 3:1932, 3:1933tpassive film analysis 3:1923, 3:1925fprocessing techniques 3:1920total weight loss (TWL) tests 3:1930, 3:1933f, 3:1934fwear–corrosion 3:1931, 3:1932f

stress growth measurements 1:159tstructural metallurgycomplex alloy systems 1:75components and phases 1:62dislocation-based segregation 1:63equilibrium phase diagramsbinary isomorphous phase diagrams 1:64, 1:64fcomplex binary phase diagrams 1:66, 1:67f, 1:68f, 1:69f, 1:70fcoring 1:65eutectic phase diagrams 1:65, 1:65f, 1:66fgeneral discussion 1:63

general discussion 1:61grain boundary-based segregation 1:63intermediate phases/intermetallic compounds 1:63iron–iron carbide (Fe–Fe3C) phase diagram

austenite decomposition 1:66bainite formation 1:70, 1:71fgeneral discussion 1:66hypo-eutectoid steel transformation 1:71, 1:72firon-rich end 1:69fisothermal transformation diagrams 1:71, 1:71f, 1:72fmartensite formation 1:70, 1:71fmartensite tempering 1:72, 1:73fpearlite formation 1:69, 1:70f, 1:71fspheroidized structures 1:73

limited and complete solid solubility 1:63solid solutions 1:62, 1:62f

sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)copper/copper alloys 2:1178, 2:1178f

copper–nickel alloys 2:1178stainless steels 2:1175, 2:1176, 2:1177f, 2:1178f

sulfidation corrosionenvironment-based alloy selection 1:551–552, 1:552fequipment concerns 1:240general discussion 1:267process mechanismsalloy compositions 1:246tbasic concepts 1:240, 1:241fcarbon steel 1:241fcorrosion rate predictions 1:243, 1:246f, 1:247f, 1:259fhigh-nickel alloys 1:242, 1:243f, 1:245fhydrogen sulfide (H2S) 1:241f, 1:242firon–nickel–sulfur (Fe–Ni–S) alloys 1:244f, 1:245flaboratory simulations 1:245nickel–sulfur (Ni–S) alloys 1:242, 1:243fparabolic rate constant plot 1:256fpressure effects 1:259f, 1:260fsteam concentration effects 1:260fsulfidation/oxidation mechanisms 1:249, 1:250f, 1:255f, 1:256f,

1:259f, 1:260ftime dependence factors 1:243, 1:248f

superalloys 1:692, 1:693f, 1:693t, 3:1918tantalum (Ta)amorphous alloys 3:2193–2194anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1216f, 2:1222,

2:1223fchromium–tantalum (Cr–Ta) alloys 3:2198–2199, 3:2198f,

3:2199fcobalt-based alloys 3:1918, 3:1918tintermetallic alloys 1:656mechanical properties 3:2137t, 3:2137nickel-based superalloys 1:693tprocess equipment materials 4:3211sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1246, 2:1246f, 2:1247fTi6Al2Nb1Ta0.8Mo alloy 2:1313

tin (Sn)bearing metals 3:2076lead–tin (Pb–Sn) alloys 3:2055, 3:2055tmagnesium–tin (Mg–Sn) alloys 1:67fsacrificial anodes 4:2768–2769solders 3:2075tin interconnections 3:2076

titanium (Ti)acid picklinghydrochloric acid (HCl) 4:2992tnitric acid (HNO3) 4:2993tphosphoric acid (H3PO4) 4:2993tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2992t

aircraft corrosion 4:3178tcorrosion behavior 4:3183design guidelines 4:3191tfretting corrosion 4:3183galvanic corrosion 4:3183industrial applications 3:2048protective treatments 4:3184t, 4:3189, 4:3190fsolid-metal embrittlement 4:3183stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 4:3183

alkali corrosion 2:1204anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1220, 2:1221fapplicationsaerospace industry 3:2048biomedical devices 3:2049chemical process industry 3:2049dental fixtures 3:2049general discussion 3:2048power generation 3:2049seawater and brine applications 3:2048

chromia-forming alloys 1:424fcobalt-based alloys 3:1918tcompositions 1:246tcorrosion behaviorfluorine (F) influences 3:2045general discussion 3:2044hydrogen absorption 3:2046pH factors 3:2045temperature effects 3:2045

3384 Subject Index


corrosion fatigue 2:948crevice corrosion 2:760electroplated coatings 4:2578erosion resistance 2:985fferritic chromium steels 1:501tgeneral discussion 3:2042internal corrosion risks 4:3217flocalized corrosion processescrevice corrosion 3:2046general discussion 3:2046hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) 3:2047stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:2047

marine corrosion 2:1120f, 2:1137nickel-based superalloys 1:693tnickel titanium (NiTi) alloys 2:764, 2:1312–1313, 2:1314physical properties 3:2042, 3:2044tprocess equipment materials 4:3210f, 4:3211sacrificial anodes 4:2769stainless steels 3:1810steam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:452, 1:452f, 1:453fstrength comparisons 3:2388fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1243, 2:1244furanium–titanium (U–Ti) alloys 3:2182, 3:2182t

tungsten (W)aluminum–tungsten (Al–W) alloys 3:2194f, 3:2195–2196amorphous alloys 3:2155, 3:2193–2194, 3:2194fchemical compositions 1:246t, 3:2153tcobalt-based alloys 3:1918, 3:1918tcobalt–chromium–tungsten (Co–Cr–W) system 3:1920general discussion 3:2153intermetallic alloys 1:656, 1:658nickel-based superalloys 1:693t

unified numbering system (UNS) 4:3053wood corrosivity 2:1326zinc (Zn) 3:2078–2093cast iron corrosion 3:1774copper–zinc (Cu–Zn) alloys 1:68fcorrosion propertiesacid environments 3:2086alkaline environments 3:2086atmospheric corrosion 3:2081, 3:2082t, 3:2083f, 3:2083tbimetallic corrosion 3:2081cathodic protection 3:2089chemical environments 3:2086conductivity water 3:2084fcorrosion rates 3:2081fcorrosion reactions 3:2081tdistilled water 3:2084t, 3:2085fgalvanic corrosion 3:2080–2081general discussion 3:2080hard water 3:2084fintergranular corrosion 2:820, 3:2091natural waters 3:2083organic chemicals 3:2089pH effects 3:2081f, 3:2084–2085protective film formation 3:2080salt solutions 3:2089seawater 2:1142, 3:2085soil corrosion 3:2085, 3:2087ttemperature effects 3:2085, 3:2085f, 3:2086fzinc–aluminum (Zn–Al) casting alloy corrosion 3:2090, 3:2091t

electroplated coatings 4:2578intergranular corrosion 2:820, 3:2091magnesium (Mg) 3:2013mechanical properties 3:2079physical properties 3:2079pitting corrosion potential 2:782frecent research developments 3:2091sacrificial anodes 4:2767–2768, 4:2768tuniform corrosion 2:730

Zircaloy 3:2096, 3:2097t, 3:2099t, 3:2111zirconium (Zr)alloy categories 3:2096alumina-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609t, 1:628amorphous alloys 3:2194anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1216f, 2:1221

chemical properties 3:2100chromia-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609tchromium–zirconium (Cr–Zr) alloys 1:589, 3:2198–2199, 3:2198f,

3:2199f, 3:2201cobalt-based alloys 3:1918tcorrosion resistance 3:2100corrosive environmentsacetic acid 3:2125alkaline solutions 2:1204, 3:2124chlorinated organic compounds 3:2126chromic acid 3:2122cooling waters 3:2112formic acid 3:2125halogen acids 3:2116, 3:2130hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 3:2124inorganic acids 3:2113mixed acids 3:2122, 3:2124tnitric acid (HNO3) 3:2119, 3:2122f, 3:2124t, 3:2131organic acids 3:2125phosphoric acid (H3PO4) 3:2121, 3:2123fpressurized water and steam 3:2112salt solutions 3:2113, 3:2113tsulfur compounds 3:2113sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 3:2113, 3:2115f, 3:2116f, 3:2117f, 3:2118f,

3:2124turea 3:2125

corrosivitycorrosion rates 3:2128tcrevice corrosion 3:2106delayed hydride cracking 3:2109erosion 3:2110, 3:2111ffretting corrosion 3:2110galvanic corrosion 3:2109, 3:2110tintergranular corrosion 3:2107, 3:2108flocalized corrosion 3:2106microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:2110oxide films 3:2103pH effects 3:2105pitting corrosion 3:2106, 3:2107fpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:2105fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:2108surface conditions 3:2111, 3:2111ftemperature effects 3:2104, 3:2105ftin additions 3:2111water effects 3:2104Zircaloy 3:2096, 3:2097t, 3:2099t, 3:2111

fatigue limits 3:2099tferritic chromium steels 1:501tfuture developments 3:2132halogen acid corrosionanodic polarization curves 3:2120f, 3:2121fcharacteristics 3:2116corrosion rates 3:2124t, 3:2128telectrochemical protection 3:2129tfluoride-containing solutions 3:2119thydrochloric acid (HCl) 3:2120f, 3:2121findustrial environments 3:2130isocorrosion diagram 3:2120f

high-temperature environmentshigh-temperature oxidation 3:2126hot corrosion 3:2126molten salts/molten metals 3:2127

industrial applicationsgeneral discussion 3:2130halogen acid-using processes 3:2130nitric acid-using processes 3:2131sulfuric acid-using processes 3:2130

intergranular corrosion 2:820intermetallic alloys 1:655, 1:659internal corrosion risks 4:3217fmagnesium alloys 3:2013, 3:2016t, 3:2019tmanufacturing processeschemical cleaning 3:2103fabrication processes 3:2101handling concerns 3:2102heat treatments 3:2103welds 3:2103

Subject Index 3385


alloys (continued)mechanical properties 3:2098tmicrostructure 3:2099, 3:2101f, 3:2102fnuclear and nonnuclear grades 3:2097tprocess equipment materials 4:3211protective treatmentselectrochemical protection 3:2128, 3:2128t, 3:2129tfilm formation 3:2127heat treatments 3:2128, 3:2129tpH adjustments 3:2128, 3:2129tsurface conditions 3:2111f, 3:2128welds 3:2128, 3:2129t

safety concerns 3:2132stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867tstress–strain plots 3:2100fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1244, 2:1245ftensile properties–temperature curves plot 3:2100fTi15Mo5Zr3Al alloy 2:1313zirconium–hafnium (Zr–Hf) alloys 3:2097t, 3:2098

all volatile treatment (oxidizing) (AVT(O)) 4:2978all volatile treatment (reducing) (AVT(R)) 4:2977alpha(a)-radiation 2:1330alternating current (AC) corrosion 4:2833background information 4:2833interference effectsassessment techniques 4:2836bituminous-coated pipeline 4:2835fdata results and analysis 4:2837FBE-coated pipeline 4:2836fgeneral discussion 4:2834mitigation measures 4:2837, 4:2837tPE-coated pipeline 4:2835fvoltage calculations 4:2835, 4:2836f

interference sources 4:2833pipeline corrosion management 4:3281, 4:3286

alternating current (AC) impedance spectroscopy (ACIS) 4:3130aluminum (Al)above-water fastener selection 2:847fadhesive bond failure 3:2471f, 3:2475, 3:2477f, 3:2478f,

3:2479fairframe corrosion 4:3177, 4:3178talumina (Al2O3)alumina-forming alloys 1:606–645amorphous alloys 3:2197fchemically resistant bricks 3:2340, 3:2340tcomparative attack rates 3:2302fcorrosion resistance 3:2289, 3:2290tcorrosion test results 3:2291t, 3:2293fcorundum 1:653, 1:654f, 1:674diffusion-controlled internal nitridation 1:307fdiffusion processes 1:129, 1:137dye penetration 3:2291fEllingham diagram 1:542f, 1:652fenamel frit compositions 3:2321t, 3:2331tequilibrium oxygen partial pressure 1:410fflexural strength 3:2292ffracture toughness values 1:168tfree energy 1:542fglass compositions 3:2308thigh alumina cement (HAC) 3:2353high-temperature coatings 1:693Kirkendall effect 1:651–653, 1:652fmetal–matrix composites 3:2251nitridation processes 1:307foxidation processes 1:606–645Auger depth profiles 1:216fbreakaway oxidation 1:634compositions 1:607, 1:608t, 1:609tcreep rupture life 1:611fcross-section image 1:221fdiffusion rates 1:221, 1:222fenvironmental conditions 1:637general discussion 1:215, 1:640high-temperature oxidation 1:606–645hydrogen permeability 1:612fisotope profiles 1:220foxidation rates 1:218, 1:219f

oxide growth mechanisms 1:219, 1:220freactive elements 1:224scale adhesion 1:223, 1:223fscale development 1:216, 1:216fscale morphology 1:217f, 1:220fselective oxidation 1:612spalled oxide mass 1:610f, 1:617fsteady-state oxidation 1:621steam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:449total mass gain 1:607, 1:610f, 1:614f, 1:617ftransient oxidation 1:617

oxidation tendencies 1:389foxide basicity 1:477foxide scale growth 1:148oxide solubility 1:476–477, 1:476fpack aluminizing process 4:2537tparabolic rate constant plot 1:146fPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:146t, 1:160tpoint defects 1:129Poisson ratios 1:170tPortland cement 3:2349, 3:2350tprotective oxidation coatings 1:705, 1:706fresistivities 3:2257tscale failure strain measurements 1:167tsilicon nitride (SiN) 3:2300solubility plot 1:320fspalling tendencies 1:144, 3:2291fstress growth measurements 1:159tsulfidation corrosion 1:551–552, 1:552fsuperheater deposit composition 1:464tsurface fracture energies 1:170tthermal expansion coefficients 1:145ftitanium aluminides (TiAl/Ti3Al) 1:656, 1:656f

alumina-forming alloysoxidation processesAuger depth profiles 1:216fcross-section image 1:221fdiffusion rates 1:221, 1:222fgeneral discussion 1:215high-temperature oxidation 1:606–645isotope profiles 1:220foxidation rates 1:218, 1:219foxide growth mechanisms 1:219, 1:220freactive elements 1:224scale adhesion 1:223, 1:223fscale development 1:216, 1:216fscale morphology 1:217f, 1:220fsteam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:449

aluminized steel 4:3043, 4:3043t, 4:3044taluminosilicate ceramics 3:2289, 3:2302faluminum alloys 3:1974–2010acid picklinghydrochloric acid (HCl) 4:2992tphosphoric acid (H3PO4) 4:2993tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2992t

aircraft corrosionairframe corrosion 4:3178tcorrosion-resistant alloys 4:3184tdesign guidelines 4:3191texfoliation 4:3181tmaterials selection 4:3180plating methods 4:3188tprotective treatments 4:3184, 4:3185freprotective treatments 4:3194tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 4:3182tthreshold stresses 4:3181–3182, 4:3182t

alloy designation systemscast aluminum alloys 3:1980tcopper/copper–magnesium-containing alloys 3:19818xxx alloys 3:1982general discussion 3:1979lithium-containing alloys 3:1981magnesium-containing alloys 3:1980magnesium–silicon/silicon-containing alloys 3:1981manganese-containing alloys 3:1979pure aluminum 3:1979temper designations 3:1980t

3386 Subject Index


wrought aluminum alloys 3:1980tzinc/zinc–magnesium-containing alloys 3:1981

aluminum–copper (Al–Cu) alloys 1:68faluminum–lithium (Al–Li) alloys 2:930fapplications 3:2007atmospheric conditions 2:1086, 2:1087fautomotive industry 4:3170carburization 1:551, 1:639cast iron corrosion 3:1773characteristicsalloy designation systems 3:1979, 3:1980tcast aluminum alloys 3:1980t, 3:1983, 3:1983tmechanical properties 3:1977, 3:1983tphysical properties 3:1982, 3:1982t, 3:1983ttemper designations 3:1980twrought aluminum alloys 3:1980t, 3:1982, 3:1983t

cobalt-based alloys 3:1918tcobalt–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (CoCrAlY) alloys 1:537f, 1:631cobalt–nickel–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (CoNiCrAlY) alloys

1:537f, 4:2552compositions 1:246t, 1:608t, 1:609tcorrosion fatigue 2:947, 2:948fcorrosion prevention strategiesanodized coatings 3:2005, 3:2006fcleaning 3:2003, 4:3319–3320conversion coatings 3:2002corrosion susceptibility 3:2003, 3:2003fgrinding effects 3:2004, 3:2005finhibitors 3:2001organic coatings 3:2006pretreatment options 3:2002

corrosion removal methods 4:3322, 4:3323fcorrosivityacid corrosion 3:1998, 3:1999falkali corrosion 3:1999alloy processing influences 3:1996atmospheric corrosion 3:1996bimetallic corrosion 3:1988chemical environments 3:1998corrosion potential 3:1988t, 3:1991tcrevice corrosion 3:1989early stage corrosion 3:1991fenvironmentally-assisted cracking 3:1993exfoliation 3:1993filiform corrosion 2:996f, 2:999, 2:999f, 2:1000f, 3:1990forms and causes 3:1986galvanic corrosion 3:1988general dissolution 3:1986high-temperature corrosion 3:2000inorganic salts 3:1999intergranular corrosion 3:1992, 3:1993fintermetallic particles 3:1990, 3:1991tmarine environments 2:1138microstructure effects 3:1990, 3:1991torganic compounds 3:2000pitting corrosion 3:1986, 3:1988f, 3:1991fpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:1987fprotective oxidation films 3:1978f, 3:1979f, 3:1986soil corrosion 3:1998water corrosion 3:1997

creep rupture life 1:611fcurrent markets 3:2007electroplated coatings 4:2578, 4:2590environmentally-assisted crackingcorrosion fatigue 3:1995, 3:1996fhydrogen embrittlement 3:1996liquid metal embrittlement (LME) 3:1995, 3:1995fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1993, 3:1994f, 3:1995t

erosion resistance 2:985fferritic chromium steels 1:501tfiliform corrosion 2:996ffunctionality 1:609tgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:1119fgeneral discussion 3:1975global production 3:1976high-temperature corrosionapplied stress conditions 3:2001

dry atmospheres 3:2000high-temperature aqueous systems 3:2000molten salts and metals 3:2000nonmetal material contact 3:2000

historical background 3:1975hydrogen permeability 1:612fintergranular corrosion 2:814, 2:821tiron–aluminum (Fe–Al) alloys 1:292, 1:452, 1:613f, 1:636firon–chromium–aluminum (Fe–Cr–Al) alloysalloy grain size effects 1:616fbase metal oxide formation 1:619fcubic alumina phases 1:620f, 1:621fcycle frequency effects 1:632, 1:632f, 1:633finternal oxidation 1:633, 1:634fmetal dusting 1:292nitridation processes 1:639parabolic rate constants 1:622t, 1:624treactive element additions 1:227tscale adhesion 1:628fscale growth rate 1:546f, 1:621, 1:622f, 1:623fscale morphology 1:626, 1:627fspecimen mass gain 1:623fsulfidation 1:552f, 1:638sulfur impurities 1:230, 1:231fwater vapor effects 1:637

laser cladding (LC) 4:2624, 4:2633tlaser gas nitriding (LGS) 4:2632, 4:2632flow-alloy steels 1:566magnesium (Mg) 3:2013, 3:2016t, 3:2019f, 3:2019tmarine environmentscorrosion rates 2:1139tmaximum depth of attack 2:1140tpit depth measurements 2:1140fwrought aluminum alloy designations 2:1139t

metal dusting 1:292microscopy-based analytical techniquesaluminum–copper (Al–Cu) alloy oxide film 2:1410–1411, 2:1412felectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) 2:1413felectron diffraction 2:1417, 2:1417felectron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) 2:1421, 2:1423felectron probe microanalysis (EPMA) 2:1420, 2:1422fheat-affected zone (HAZ) 2:1406fhigh-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) 2:1415,

2:1416fscanning electron microscopy (SEM) 2:1410f, 2:1411f, 2:1415fspecimen preparation techniques 2:1424, 2:1425ftransmission electron microscopy (TEM) 2:1414f, 2:1415f, 2:1425fX-ray analysis 2:1418, 2:1419f, 2:1420f



nickel–cobalt–aluminum–yttrium (NiCoAlY) alloys 4:2624–2625oxidation processes 1:606–645Auger depth profiles 1:216fbreakaway oxidation 1:634compositions 1:607cross-section image 1:221fdiffusion rates 1:221, 1:222fenvironmental conditions 1:637general discussion 1:215, 1:640isotope profiles 1:220foxidation rates 1:218, 1:219foxide growth mechanisms 1:219, 1:220freactive elements 1:224scale adhesion 1:223, 1:223fscale development 1:216, 1:216fscale morphology 1:217f, 1:220f

Subject Index 3387


aluminum (Al) (continued)selective oxidation 1:612steady-state oxidation 1:621transient oxidation 1:617

pitting corrosioncathodic polarization curves 2:795fintergranular corrosion 2:795, 2:796tmarine environments 2:1138pitting potentials 2:782f, 2:795, 2:796t

process equipment materials 4:3210f, 4:3211processing techniquescontinuous casting 3:1985direct chill casting 3:1984extrusion 3:1985hot and cold rolling 3:1985shape casting 3:1983

relative humidity threshold values 4:3315sacrificial anodes 4:2767–2768, 4:2768t, 4:2772silicon–aluminum (Si–Al) alloys 2:1440, 2:1441fspalled oxide mass 1:610f, 1:617fstainless steels 3:1811strength comparisons 3:2388fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t, 3:1993, 3:1994f, 3:1995tstress growth measurements 1:159tsulfidation corrosion 1:551–552, 1:552fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1242, 3:1999ftitanium–aluminum (Ti–Al) alloys 1:697total mass gain 1:607, 1:610f, 1:614f, 1:617fwelding processes 3:2461wrought aluminum alloy designations 2:1139t

aluminum bronzesbrazed joints 3:2452characteristics 3:1943, 3:1952tflow-induced corrosion 2:982fgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:852t, 2:853t, 2:854t, 2:1119f, 3:1845f

aluminum carbide (Al4C3) 1:275t, 3:2263aluminum chloride (AlCl3) 2:1086–1087, 3:1769taluminum citrate 3:1769taluminum fluoride (AlF3) 3:1907, 4:2537taluminum nitride (AlN) 3:2301nitridation processescomputer simulation modelling 1:314fdiffusion-controlled internal nitridation 1:306, 1:307fgeneral discussion 1:314heat-resisting alloys 1:260iron- and nickel-based superalloys 1:310, 1:311flaser gas nitriding (LGS) 4:2632–2633mechanical/kinetic effects 1:311, 1:312fthermodynamic stability 1:308, 1:308f

thermal expansion coefficients 1:145faluminum sulfate (Al2SO4) 2:1086–1087, 3:1769taluminum thiocyanate 3:1769taluminum–tungsten (Al–W) alloys 3:2194f, 3:2195–2196amorphous alloys 3:2193–2194, 3:2194f, 3:2195–2196, 3:2197f, 3:2201,

3:2201fatmospheric corrosion 2:848fatomic force microscopy (AFM) 2:1440, 2:1441fbelow-water fastener selection 2:849fcast iron corrosion 3:1773cathodic protection 4:2755, 4:2755tchromium–aluminum (Cr–Al) alloys 3:2198fcoatingsaircraft corrosion 4:3184, 4:3186faluminide coatings 1:537f, 4:2543aluminum pigmented coatings 4:2694tcharacteristics 2:1165, 4:2525corrosion-resistant coatings 4:2618, 4:3184tdiffusion coatings 4:2535t, 4:2536tfailures and defects 4:2731flame sprayed coatings 4:2613, 4:2780hot-dipped coatingsbasic concepts 4:2556corrosion behavior 4:2564hot dip aluminization 4:2572

metal–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (MCrAlY) coatingsaluminum depletion 1:709characteristics 1:696, 4:2550

compositions 1:696tcracking 1:706, 1:707f, 1:708festimated effective fracture energies 1:709tfinite-element modeling predictions 1:708, 1:708fgas turbines 1:537fmicrostructure 1:697fprotective oxidation 1:705, 1:706fspalling tendencies 1:706, 1:707f, 1:708f, 1:709tsteam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:449, 1:450f, 1:451f, 1:452fstructure 1:697f

titanium–aluminum (Ti–Al) alloys 1:697cobalt-based alloys 3:1918tcobalt–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (CoCrAlY) alloys 1:537f, 1:631cobalt–nickel–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (CoNiCrAlY) alloys 1:537f,

4:2552cordierite (Al3Mg2(Si5AlO18)) 1:674corrosion vulnerability data 4:2956tcorrosive environments 1:405crystal structure 1:55telectrochemical scanning tunnel microscopy (ECSTM) 2:1436Ellingham diagram 1:652fexchange current density 3:2217tgalvanic corrosion 2:850t, 2:852tgalvanizing zinc melts 4:2570general discussion 3:1975heat-resisting alloys–carburization effects 1:284, 1:285fhigh-temperature oxidation 1:183fhistorical background 3:1975intermetallic alloys 1:646–667aluminide coatingsalloyed aluminide coatings 1:663, 1:664f, 1:665fdifferent base–different substrate 1:665, 1:665fgas turbines 1:537fhigh-temperature coatings 1:701, 1:701fsame base–same substrate 1:663simple aluminide coatings 1:663uranium alloys 3:2188

applications 1:646coatingsaluminide coatings 1:537f, 1:663, 1:701, 1:701fgeneral discussion 1:662laser cladding (LC) 4:2624, 4:2633tplatinum aluminides 4:2544, 4:2545f, 4:2546f, 4:2547f, 4:2549f




general discussion 1:646, 1:666hot corrosionalumina-forming alloys 1:638chlorine-containing environments 1:661, 1:662fgeneral discussion 1:660sulfur-containing environments 1:660

oxidation processesEllingham diagram 1:652fgeneral discussion 1:649iron aluminides (FeAl/Fe3Al) 1:650nickel aluminides (NiAl/Ni3Al) 1:547f, 1:623f, 1:650, 1:652f,

1:654fplatinum aluminides 1:659titanium aluminides (TiAl/Ti3Al) 1:656

ionizing radiation effects 2:1331iron aluminides (FeAl/Fe3Al)alumina scale formation 1:654characteristics 1:648chlorine-containing environments 1:661compositions 1:609tcrystal structure 1:648fmetal dusting 1:292microstructure 1:651partial pressure effects 1:654phase diagram 1:650fporosity 1:651

3388 Subject Index


reactive element additions 1:227t, 1:655scale adhesion 1:223scale properties 1:650sulfur-containing environments 1:660sulfur impurities 1:230, 1:231f, 1:654–655water vapor effects 1:654

iron aluminum beryllide (FeAlBe4) 3:2173, 3:2173flaser cladding (LC) 4:2624, 4:2633tmagnesium alloys 3:2013, 3:2016t, 3:2019f, 3:2019tmetallurgical properties 3:2169tNd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) laser 3:2024,

4:2623nickel aluminate (NiAl2O4) 1:182tnickel aluminides (NiAl/Ni3Al)

alumina scale formation 1:547f, 1:623f, 1:652f, 1:654faluminide coatings 1:665, 1:665f, 3:2188characteristics 1:646chlorine-containing environments 1:661coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) 1:632fcompositions 1:609tcrystal structure 1:104, 1:648fdislocations 1:106–107internal oxidation 1:633microstructure 1:651outward grown diffusion coatings 4:2538, 4:2539fpack aluminizing process 4:2534, 4:2537f, 4:2538fparabolic rate constants 1:624tpartial pressure effects 1:654phase diagram 1:649f, 4:2539fplatinum aluminide coatings 4:2544, 4:2545fporosity 1:651reactive element additions 1:227t, 1:655reactive element-modified aluminides 4:2549scale adhesion 1:223scale properties 1:650sulfur-containing environments 1:660sulfur impurities 1:230, 1:231f, 1:654–655thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fwater vapor effects 1:637, 1:638f, 1:654


nickel–cobalt–aluminum–yttrium (NiCoAlY) alloys4:2624–2625

nitric acid (HNO3)containment materials 2:1255corrosion rates 2:1255fcorrosion reactions 2:1252t

nitridation processes 1:400, 1:549, 1:639pack aluminizing process 4:2534, 4:2537f, 4:2537t, 4:2538fpitting corrosion 2:774t, 2:779fpotassium aluminum sulfate (KAl(SO4)2�12H2O) 3:1769tpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 1:31, 1:32f, 2:1192freactive metal pigments 4:2653redox couples equilibrium potential values 1:26tsacrificial anodes 4:2772, 4:2773silicon–aluminum (Si–Al) alloys 2:1440, 2:1441fstainless steels 3:1811standard reduction potential 3:2074tsurgical implantshealth effects 2:1310, 2:1310thistorical background 2:1308

tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF) 3:2350t, 3:2351Ti15Mo5Zr3Al alloy 2:1313Ti6Al2Nb1Ta0.8Mo alloy 2:1313Ti6Al4V alloycoatingslaser cladding (LC) 4:2625laser gas nitriding (LGS) 4:2632, 4:2632f

laser-hybrid sprayed coating techniques 4:2627laser melt/particle injection (LMI) 4:2628

corrosion fatigue 2:949, 2:1318, 3:2049corrosion resistance 2:764, 2:1313crevice corrosion 2:1317fretting corrosion 2:1318–1319galvanic corrosion 2:1319, 3:2278historical background 2:1310strength comparisons 3:2388fzirconium (Zr)-based bulk metallic glasses 3:2200

titanium aluminides (TiAl/Ti3Al)alloyed aluminide coatings 1:665, 1:697characteristics 1:649chlorine-containing environments 1:661, 1:662fcrystal structure 1:648fdifferent base–different substrate coatings 1:665high-temperature tribocorrosiontitanium–aluminum (Ti–Al)–ceramic counterfaces 1:362, 1:365ftitanium–aluminum (Ti–Al)–metallic counterfaces 1:360, 1:363f,

1:364foxidation processesgeneral discussion 1:656microstructure 1:657–658nitrogen influences 1:657pretreatment options 1:658reactive element additions 1:658, 1:659fscale properties 1:656, 1:656fsteam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:452, 1:452f, 1:453fwater vapor effects 1:658

phase diagram 1:651fsulfur-containing environments 1:660, 1:661fthermal expansion coefficients 1:145furanium alloys 3:2188

tricalcium aluminate (C3A) 3:2350t, 3:2351water chemistry 2:1098twood corrosivity 2:1326zinc–aluminum (Zn–Al) alloy coatings 4:2557f, 4:2558, 4:2558fzirconium (Zr)-based bulk metallic glasses 3:2199

Alzheimer’s disease 2:1310amalgamscorrosion resistance 2:1316crevice corrosion 2:766health effects 2:1310

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 4:3053American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 4:3053American Water Works Association (AWWA) 2:1162amines 3:2000, 4:2490, 4:2992t, 4:3217famino acids 4:2490amino plastics 3:2384ammeters 4:2841, 4:2842fammonia (NH3)aluminum coatings 4:2564fammonia–nitric acid–sulfuric acid–water (NH3–HNO3–H2SO4–H2O)

systems 2:1058ammonia–nitric acid–water (NH3–HNO3–H2O) systems 2:1058ammonium bisulfide (NH4HS) 4:3221–3223ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) 3:1769t, 4:2537tammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) 3:1769t, 4:2883anodic protectionammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) 4:2883aqueous ammonia solutions 4:2884reference electrodes 4:2874t

atmospheric gases 2:1053t, 2:1054coal plant ammonia absorber system 4:3140, 4:3141fcombustion conditions 1:461fdry deposition rates 2:1073tenvironmental conditions 2:1082tflue gas composition 1:462tglass linings and coatings 3:2324tHenry’s law coefficients for common gases 2:1056, 2:1056tnitridation processes 1:400process equipment risk management 4:3217f, 4:3219, 4:3220f, 4:3220train chemistry 2:1063f, 2:1064tsteam boiler systems 4:2977, 4:2986sulfuric acid–ammonia–water (H2SO4–NH3–H2O) systems 2:1057,

2:1058ftin corrosivity 3:2073

Subject Index 3389


ammonia (NH3) (continued)water chemistry 2:1096, 2:1098t

amorphous alloys 3:2192–2204alloying element influencescorrosion rates 3:2199fcurrent density dissolution 3:2198fmolybdenum (Mo) 3:2198phosphorus (P) 3:2196, 3:2198fsputter-deposited alloy structures 3:2198f




amorphous thermoplasticsacrylonitrile–styrene–butadiene polymers (ABS) 3:2382cellulose-based plastics 3:2383physical behavior 3:2373plasticized amorphous thermoplastics 3:2374polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) 3:2379t, 3:2382polystyrene 3:2382polyvinyl acetate 3:2379t, 3:2382polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 3:2382rubber-modified amorphous plastics 3:2374temperature–molecular weight phase diagram 3:2373f

anaemia 2:1310anaerobic microorganisms 2:1172, 2:1173fanalog signals 2:1345analytical methodsdifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 3:2393dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) 3:2393Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 3:2393gas chromatography (GC) 3:2393general discussion 2:1403infrared spectroscopyattenuated total reflection spectroscopybasic concepts 2:1402characteristics 2:1376t

basic concepts 2:1402, 2:1426characteristics 2:1376tIR reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS)basic concepts 2:1403characteristics 2:1376t

tin analyses 3:2071ion spectrometrygeneral discussion 2:1385ion scattering spectrometry (ISS)basic concepts 2:1385characteristics 2:1376tdepth profile 2:1385fultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions 2:1376

Rutherford back scattering (RBS) spectrometrybasic concepts 2:1386characteristics 2:1376tspectral data plot 2:1386fultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions 2:1376

secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)basic concepts 2:1387characteristics 2:1376tcorrosion product characterizations 1:140, 1:142fultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions 2:1376

mass spectrometry (MS) 3:2393microscopy

atomic force microscopy (AFM)background information 2:1439general discussion 2:1441implementation processes 2:1440limitations 2:1440operating principles 2:1439, 2:1439fsolid/liquid interface applications 2:1440, 2:1441f

electrochemical scanning tunnel microscopy (ECSTM)background information 2:1433electrochemical tunneling spectroscopoy (ECTS) 2:1438, 2:1438fimplementation processes 2:1433, 2:1434flimitations 2:1433solid/liquid interface applications 2:1434, 2:1435f

scanning probe microscopy 2:1430–1442atomic force microscopy (AFM) 2:1439, 2:1439fbackground information 2:1431electrochemical scanning tunnel microscopy (ECSTM) 2:1433scanning tunnel microscopy (STM) 1:379, 2:1431

scanning tunnel microscopy (STM)background information 2:1431general discussion 2:1441limitations 2:1432operating principles 2:1431, 2:1432fscanning tunnel spectroscopy (STS) 1:379, 2:1432solid/gas interface applications 2:1432

spectroscopy 2:1374–1404Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)basic concepts 2:1384energy diagram 2:1384f

basic concepts 2:1375characteristics 2:1376telectrochemical tunneling spectroscopoy (ECTS) 2:1438, 2:1438fFourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 3:2393general discussion 2:1403glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES)basic concepts 2:1398characteristics 2:1376tdepth profile 2:1401fschematic diagram 2:1399f

infrared spectroscopy 2:1402scanning tunnel spectroscopy (STS) 2:1432surface analytical methods 2:1375, 2:1376tultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions 2:1376, 2:1377fultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS)basic concepts 2:1382energy diagram 2:1383f, 2:1384f

X-ray absorption (XAS)basic concepts 2:1395, 2:1395fcharacteristics 2:1376textended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) 2:1397–1398,

2:1398fnear edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy

2:1396–1397X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) 2:1396–1397, 2:1397f

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)angular resolved XPS (ARXPS) measurements 2:1380–1382, 2:1381fAuger energy yield 2:1380fbasic concepts 2:1378energy diagram 2:1379firon oxidation film evaluations 2:1380–1382, 2:1381f, 2:1382fpassive film analysis 2:1380–1382, 2:1381f, 2:1382fschematic diagram 2:1378fultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions 2:1377f

X-ray reflectivity (XRR)basic concepts 2:1393characteristics 2:1376tpenetration depth plot 2:1393fspecular X-ray reflectivity profiles 2:1394f

thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) 3:2393thermomechanical analysis (TMA) 3:2393X-raysbasic conceptsbrilliance measurements 2:1388fcell geometries schematic diagram 2:1389fsynchrotron radiation 2:1388, 2:1388f

general discussion 2:1403X-ray absorption (XAS)

3390 Subject Index


basic concepts 2:1395, 2:1395fcharacteristics 2:1376textended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) 2:1397–1398,



X-ray diffraction (XRD)basic concepts 2:1390, 2:1390fcementite analysis 1:286characteristics 2:1376tcorrosion product characterizations 1:140, 1:143fpassive film structure analysis 2:746, 2:1392fscattering geometry schematic diagram 2:1391fthermally induced scale changes 1:162–163, 1:163f


anhydrite (CaSO4) 4:2938, 4:2942tAnobium punctatum 3:2445anodic oxide films 4:2503–2518aircraft corrosion 4:3184tanodizing procedures 4:2504, 4:2504tcolor anodizing processes 4:2505, 4:2505tcorrosion resistanceatmospheric exposure 4:2513t, 4:2516general discussion 4:2516maintenance factors 4:2513research developments 4:2516

magnesium alloys 3:2034, 3:2035f, 3:2035t, 3:2036fporous oxide formation mechanismscross-section diagram 4:2507fgeneral discussion 4:2505pore quantity 4:2506tresearch developments 4:2515–2516TEM cross-section image 4:2507f, 4:2510f, 4:2516funit barrier-layer thickness 4:2506t

propertiesbreakdown voltage 4:2509composition 4:2507density 4:2508, 4:2508fdielectric constant 4:2509effect on mechanical properties 4:2514emissivity 4:2510t, 4:2511flexibility 4:2508friction 4:2514hardness 4:2508heat conduction 4:2510heat reflectivity 4:2509f, 4:2511heat resistance 4:2511reflectivity 4:2511t, 4:2513refractive index 4:2513research developments 4:2516resistance 4:2509thermal expansion 4:2510thickness measurements 4:2511t, 4:2515

research developmentsanodizing procedures 4:2514–2515color anodizing processes 4:2514corrosion resistance 4:2516porous oxide formation mechanisms 4:2515–2516properties 4:2516

anodic protection 4:2857–2889background information 4:2858beryllium (Be) corrosion 3:2174componentscathodes 4:2871, 4:2872felectric equipment 4:2874reference electrodes 4:2872, 4:2873f, 4:2874tschematic diagram 4:2871f

corrosivityerosion 4:2864intragranular corrosion 4:2863pitting corrosion 4:2863stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 4:2864

electroplated coatings 4:2586, 4:2587f, 4:2588tenvironmental conditionsaqueous ammonia solutions 4:2884carbon steel–sulfuric acid (H2SO4) interactions

corrosion rates 4:2876, 4:2878fpassivation current density 4:2876f, 4:2877fpassive range 4:2877fpotentiodynamic curves 4:2876f

electroless nickel plating baths 4:2886, 4:2887electrolyte conductivity 4:2875, 4:2875fhydrochloric acid (HCl) 4:2882, 4:2883finorganic saltsammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) 4:2883chloride compounds 4:2883phosphate compounds 4:2883sulfate compounds 4:2883thiocyanate compounds 4:2883

melts 4:2885organic acids 4:2882phosphoric acid (H3PO4) 4:2881, 4:2882fsodium hydroxide (NaOH)corrosion rates 4:2884, 4:2885fpotentiodynamic curves 4:2885freference electrodes 4:2874tstorage tanks 4:2888

stainless steels–sulfuric acid (H2SO4) interactionscorrosion rates 4:2878, 4:2879fpassivation current density 4:2879fpassive range 4:2879f

sulfuric acid (H2SO4)carbon steel 4:2876cast iron 4:2876specific conductivity 4:2876stainless steels 4:2878, 4:2879ftitanium (Ti) 4:2880, 4:2881f

titanium–sulfuric acid (H2SO4) interactionscorrosion rates 4:2880, 4:2881fpassivation current density 4:2881f

industrial applicationscarbon steelalkaline environments 4:2888cellulose boilers 4:2888liquid fertilizer storage tanks 4:2888sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2887

cellulose boilers 4:2888liquid fertilizer storage tanks 4:2888molybdenum heating electrodes 4:2888stainless steel vesselselectroless nickel plating baths 4:2887phosphoric acid (H3PO4) 4:2887sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2886, 4:2887, 4:2887f, 4:2888f

titanium exchangers 4:2888operation modesemergency modes 4:2869, 4:2870fgeneral discussion 4:2867polarization conditionsconstant terminal voltage polarization 4:2869periodic polarization 4:2869potentiostatic polarization 4:2868

protectors 4:2871start-up modes 4:2868

passive metalsbasic concepts 4:2860passivation potential 4:2860fpolarization curve potential–current density plot 4:2860f, 4:2862f

protected objectsbasic requirements 4:2865heat transfer conditions 4:2867level influences 4:2866object types 4:2865throwing power 4:2866

anthracite coal 1:459tanthraquinone 2:1326antichip coatings 4:3173anticorrosive waxes 4:3173antifouling coatings 2:1143, 4:2691, 4:2692t, 4:2949antimony (Sb)

Subject Index 3391


antimony (Sb) (continued)antimony oxide (Sb2O3) 3:2197f, 3:2331tcorrosion-resistant coatings 4:2995lead–antimony (Pb–Sb) alloys 1:65f, 1:66f, 3:2055, 3:2055tmagnesium alloys 3:2019t

antioxidants 2:1303tantiozonant mechanisms 3:2433antiwear compounds 2:1302, 2:1303tAPI 580/API 581 4:3238–3239, 4:3016, 4:3016f, 4:3017f, 4:3091aqueous corrosive environments 3:1879–1915age-hardenable nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–

Fe–Mo–Cu) alloys 3:1898alloy 28corrosion loss measurements 3:1894t, 3:1895t, 3:1896t, 3:1897tphosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1905pitting potential 3:1895f

alloy 200 3:1902, 3:1908alloy 201 3:1902, 3:1902falloy 316 3:1897talloy 39 3:1911falloy 400 3:1907, 3:1908, 3:1909alloy 600 3:1902, 3:1908alloy 617 3:1908alloy 690 3:1896talloy 800 3:1908alloy 904L 3:1897t, 3:1906falloy 926acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909corrosion loss measurements 3:1894t, 3:1895thydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1906fpitting potential 3:1895fpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1897tpollution controls 3:1914stability limits 3:1895fstyrene production 3:1908vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy B-2 3:1903, 3:1907, 3:1908, 3:1909, 3:1911faqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosionmild steelcarbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressure effects 2:1281, 2:1282f, 2:1283fcarbonic acid (H2CO3) reduction reactions 2:1278carbonic species concentrations 2:1275fcharacteristics 2:1273condensation effects 2:1285corrosion inhibitors 2:1284corrosion rate calculations 2:1280crude oil effects 2:1285electrochemical reactions 2:1277equilibrium relations 2:1273, 2:1274f, 2:1275fflow effects 2:1283, 2:1284fglycol/methanol effects 2:1285hydronium (H+) ion reduction reactions 2:1278influencing factors 2:1281iron carbonate (FeCO3) 2:1275f, 2:1276f, 2:1290flocalized corrosion 2:1286mixed hydrogen sulfide–carbon dioxide (H2S–CO2) saturated

aqueous solutions 2:1289, 2:1292modeling approaches 2:1280, 2:1281fnonideal solutions/gases 2:1286organic acid effects 2:1285oxidation reactions 2:1278pH effects 2:1274f, 2:1281, 2:1282fsolubility calculations 2:1287ftemperature effects 2:1282, 2:1283ftransport processes 2:1279water (H2O) reduction reactions 2:1279

aqueous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) corrosionmild steelcharacteristics 2:1286corrosion rate calculations 2:1291, 2:1294f, 2:1296fcorrosion rate predictions 2:1297fequilibrium relations 2:1287flow effects 2:1295, 2:1295fhydrogen sulfide (H2S) partial pressure effects 2:1293, 2:1293f,

2:1294finfluencing factors 2:1293

iron sulfide (FeS) surface layer 2:1289f, 2:1290flocalized corrosion 2:1297mixed hydrogen sulfide–carbon dioxide (H2S–CO2) saturated

aqueous solutions 2:1289, 2:1292modeling limitations 2:1292pH effects 2:1287fpure hydrogen sulfide (H2S) aqueous environment 2:1291solubility calculations 2:1287f, 2:1289fsolubility product constants 2:1288tsulfide species calculations 2:1287ftime effects 2:1294f, 2:1295, 2:1296f

background information 3:1881chemical process industry and environmental technologyacetic acid production 3:1907acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909caustic soda (NaOH) production 3:1902fine and specialty chemicals 3:1910general discussion 3:1901hydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907methylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1905pollution controls 3:1912styrene production 3:1908sulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903, 3:1904f, 3:1905ftank transport studies 3:1912toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) 3:1909vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

corrosion management 4:3162corrosion resistance 3:1882, 3:1883fcorrosive agent removal (CAR) 4:2893, 4:2894fgeneral discussion 3:1880historical development 3:1882tmild steelacid gas corrosion 2:1270–1298aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion 2:1273background information 2:1273

aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosioncarbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressure effects 2:1281, 2:1282f, 2:1283fcarbonic acid (H2CO3) reduction reactions 2:1278carbonic species concentrations 2:1275fcharacteristics 2:1273condensation effects 2:1285corrosion inhibitors 2:1284corrosion rate calculations 2:1280crude oil effects 2:1285electrochemical reactions 2:1277equilibrium relations 2:1273, 2:1274f, 2:1275fflow effects 2:1283, 2:1284fglycol/methanol effects 2:1285hydronium (H+) ion reduction reactions 2:1278influencing factors 2:1281iron carbonate (FeCO3) 2:1275f, 2:1276f, 2:1290flocalized corrosion 2:1286mixed hydrogen sulfide–carbon dioxide (H2S–CO2) saturated


aqueous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) corrosioncharacteristics 2:1286corrosion rate calculations 2:1291, 2:1294f, 2:1296fcorrosion rate predictions 2:1297fequilibrium relations 2:1287flow effects 2:1295, 2:1295fhydrogen sulfide (H2S) partial pressure effects 2:1293, 2:1293f,

2:1294finfluencing factors 2:1293iron sulfide (FeS) surface layer 2:1289f, 2:1290flocalized corrosion 2:1297mixed hydrogen sulfide–carbon dioxide (H2S–CO2) saturated

aqueous solutions 2:1289, 2:1292

3392 Subject Index


modeling limitations 2:1292pH effects 2:1287fpure hydrogen sulfide (H2S) aqueous environment 2:1291solubility calculations 2:1287f, 2:1289fsolubility product constants 2:1288tsulfide species calculations 2:1287ftime effects 2:1294f, 2:1295, 2:1296f

modeling approaches 2:1585–1629background information 2:1586general discussion 2:1626kinetic modelsactive–passive transition state 2:1614, 2:1616f, 2:1617f, 2:1619fadsorption phenomena 2:1604charge–transfer reactions 2:1601corrosion processes model 2:1611, 2:1612fgeneral discussion 2:1600localized corrosion 2:1620, 2:1621fmass transfer coefficients 2:1609mass transport computations 2:1611partial electrochemical reactions 2:1605passive dissolution 2:1614, 2:1616f, 2:1617f, 2:1619fporous media effects 2:1614practical applications 2:1624scaling effects 2:1618

localized corrosionbasic concepts 2:1620critical crevice corrosion temperature (CCT) 2:1624, 2:1625fpassivity breakdown potential 2:1621repassivation potential 2:1622, 2:1623f, 2:1624f, 2:1625fschematic diagram 2:1621f

partial electrochemical reactionsanodic reactions 2:1605cathodic reactions 2:1607general discussion 2:1605temperature dependence 2:1609

practical applications 2:1624thermodynamic modelsactivity coefficient computations 2:1588, 2:1590talloy stability diagrams 2:1596background information 2:1587chemical equilibrium computations 2:1597, 2:1598felectrochemical stability diagrams 2:1591, 2:1593f, 2:1596felevated temperature diagrams 2:1594metastability computations 2:1599, 2:1599fmultiple active species effects 2:1594nonideal solution diagrams 2:1595potential–concentration diagrams 2:1597potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 2:1012, 2:1591, 2:1593f,

2:1596fstandard-state chemical potential computations 2:1588

molybdenum (Mo) 3:2161nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu)

alloysalloy 20 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1897talloy 31corrosion loss measurements 3:1894t, 3:1895tcorrosion resistance 3:1892, 3:1900historical development 3:1882thydrochloric acid (HCl) isocorrosion diagram 3:1894fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tpitting potential 3:1895fpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1897t, 3:1901tstability limits 3:1895fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 3:1893f

alloy 33corrosion loss measurements 3:1896t, 3:1897tcorrosion resistance 3:1892, 3:1896fhistorical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881tpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1897tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 3:1897f

alloy 825 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1897t, 3:1908alloy G-3 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1894t, 3:1907alloy G-30 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1896tcorrosion resistance 3:1891historical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881t

nickel–chromium–molybdenum (Ni–Cr–Mo) alloysalloy 22 3:1881t, 3:1887, 3:1888f, 3:1890t, 3:1891falloy 59corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion rates 3:1889fcorrosion resistance 3:1887, 3:1900hydrochloric acid (HCl) isocorrosion diagram 3:1888fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tpitting resistance 3:1894fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 3:1888fthermal stability 3:1890t, 3:1891ftime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891f

alloy 625 3:1899corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion rates 3:1889fcorrosion resistance 3:1890major alloying elements 3:1881tpitting resistance 3:1894ftime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891f

alloy 686 3:1881t, 3:1889, 3:1890t, 3:1891falloy 2000 3:1881t, 3:1889, 3:1890t, 3:1891falloy C-4 3:1881t, 3:1887, 3:1888f, 3:1891f, 3:1900alloy C-276corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion rates 3:1889fcorrosion resistance 3:1886, 3:1900major alloying elements 3:1881tpitting resistance 3:1894fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 3:1887fthermal stability 3:1890ttime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891f

alloy MAT 21 3:1881t, 3:1889general discussion 3:1886historical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881tmaterials selection 2:982f

nickel–chromium (Ni–Cr) alloyscorrosion resistance 3:1885, 3:1886fhistorical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881t

nickel–copper (Ni–Cu) alloyscorrosion resistance 3:1883historical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881tmaterials selection 2:982f

nickel–molybdenum (Ni–Mo) alloyscorrosion resistance 3:1884, 3:1885fhistorical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881ttime–temperature–notch impact energy diagram 3:1885f

principal alloys 3:1881, 3:1881tsacrificial anode performance 4:2770, 4:2771f, 4:2772fsteelanode and cathode separation 3:1708, 3:1708fflow rate effects 3:1708mass transport processes 3:1708

tungsten (W) 3:2155uranium compounds 3:2183water system modifications 4:2930–2970chemical inhibitorscooling systems 4:2964, 4:2965t, 4:2968fgeneral discussion 4:2961steam boiler systems 4:2961

closed-loop water systems 4:2943cooling systems 4:2964, 4:2965t, 4:2968fcorrosion mechanismsconcentrated cell/crevice corrosion 4:2947condensate line corrosion 4:2948crevice corrosion 2:766erosion 4:2948galvanic corrosion 4:2946general discussion 4:2945grooving corrosion 4:2948impingement attacks 4:2948microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 4:2949, 4:2949f, 4:2967,

4:2969tpitting corrosion 4:2945, 4:2946f

Subject Index 3393


aqueous corrosive environments (continued)stress corrosion 4:2947uniform corrosion 4:2945white rust 4:2949

heat capacity 4:2931importance 4:2931industrial heating and cooling systemsalkalinity 4:2939, 4:2939t, 4:2940t, 4:2953, 4:2958bacterial growth count evaluation 4:2969tblistering 4:2958fchemical inhibitors 4:2961contaminant cycles of concentration (COC) 4:2959t, 4:2960, 4:2961tcontaminant saturation conditions 4:2956cooling systems 4:2964, 4:2965t, 4:2968fcorrosion mechanisms 4:2945corrosion mitigation 4:2933, 4:2936fcorrosion monitoring 4:3143corrosion rate quantification 4:2957tcorrosion test coupon 4:2956fcorrosion vulnerability data 4:2956tfreshwater consumption 4:2932, 4:2935fhardness 4:2940–2941, 4:2953, 4:2958hydrologic cycle 4:2936, 4:2937fLangelier saturation index (LSI) 4:2958Larson–Skold index (L–SI) 4:2960makeup water treatment 4:2959tmetal and alloy materials selection 4:2955, 4:2956tmicrobially-induced corrosion (MIC) 4:2967, 4:2969tmicrobiological fouling 4:2950, 4:2950f, 4:2967, 4:2969tmineral scales, muds, and sludges 4:2941, 4:2942f, 4:2942t, 4:2943forganic inhibitors 4:2966, 4:2966fpathogenic bacteria 4:2951, 4:2951fpretreatment processes 4:2953, 4:2954fPuckorius scaling index (PSI) 4:2959Ryznar stability index (RSI) 4:2959scale formation 4:2935, 4:2936fsteam boiler systems 4:2961treatment guidelines 4:2952water chemistry 4:2936, 4:2939twater treatment factors 4:2933

latent heat 4:2932new-construction HVAC systems 4:2944organic inhibitors 4:2966, 4:2966fpotable systemsalkalinity 4:2939, 4:2939t, 4:2940t, 4:2953, 4:2958bacterial growth count evaluation 4:2969tblistering 4:2958fchemical inhibitors 4:2961contaminant cycles of concentration (COC) 4:2959t, 4:2960, 4:2961tcontaminant saturation conditions 4:2956corrosion mechanisms 4:2945corrosion mitigation 4:2933, 4:2936fcorrosion rate quantification 4:2957tcorrosion test coupon 4:2956fcorrosion vulnerability data 4:2956tfreshwater consumption 4:2932, 4:2935fhardness 4:2940–2941, 4:2953, 4:2958hydrologic cycle 4:2936, 4:2937fLangelier saturation index (LSI) 4:2958Larson–Skold index (L–SI) 4:2960makeup water treatment 4:2959tmetal and alloy materials selection 4:2955, 4:2956tmicrobially-induced corrosion (MIC) 4:2967, 4:2969tmicrobiological fouling 4:2950, 4:2950f, 4:2967, 4:2969tmineral scales, muds, and sludges 4:2941, 4:2942f, 4:2942t, 4:2943fpathogenic bacteria 4:2951, 4:2951fpretreatment processes 4:2953, 4:2954fPuckorius scaling index (PSI) 4:2959Ryznar stability index (RSI) 4:2959scale formation 4:2935, 4:2936ftreatment guidelines 4:2952water chemistry 4:2936, 4:2939twater treatment factors 4:2933

steam boiler systems 4:2961welded-state corrosion behaviorheat-affected zone (HAZ) 3:1894–1895, 3:1898, 3:1898fintercrystalline corrosion (IC) 3:1894–1895, 3:1900

pitting resistance 3:1900surface conditions and treatment 3:1899

zinc/zinc alloys 3:2083zirconium/zirconium alloysalkaline solutions 2:1204, 3:2124cooling waters 3:2112hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 3:2124inorganic acids 3:2113organic acidsacetic acid 3:2125chlorinated organic compounds 3:2126formic acid 3:2125

pressurized water and steam 3:2112salt solutions 3:2113, 3:2113tsulfur compounds 3:2113urea 3:2125

aqueous electrolytes 4:2582, 4:2582fArabian Gulf 2:1109taragonite (CaCO3) 4:2942tAramid 3:2388farchaeological metals 2:1159, 4:3310, 4:3311f, 4:3312fArchard wear law 2:1010argon (Ar)argon–oxygen decarburization (AOD) 3:1882atmospheric gases 2:1053tsteam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:408, 1:410f,

1:412fArrhenius relationfiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) 3:2392, 3:2403low-alloy steel oxidation 1:560foxide scale growth 1:117–118, 1:122f, 1:345surface energy–temperature relationship 1:344

arsenic (As)arsenic oxide (As2O5) 3:2197fcopper–chromium–arsenic (CCA) preservatives 2:1327, 3:2441

artifact corrosion 2:1326ash 1:459, 1:459tAspergillus spp. 4:2933–2934asphalt/epoxy mastic 3:2342, 4:2668tASSET (Alloy Selection System for Elevated Temperatures ) program

1:242, 1:243asset integrity management (AIM) 4:3086, 4:3088fAtlantic Ocean 2:1109tatmosphere 2:1051–1093atmospheric conditionsaerosolscharacteristics 2:1059cloud nucleation 2:1062, 2:1063fcompositions 2:1061deliquescent relative humidity (DRH) 2:1060, 2:1061tmarine aerosols 2:1059, 2:1061, 2:1067pH 2:1061size distributions 2:1060fsources 2:1059surface moisture effects 2:1077transport mechanisms 2:1065, 2:1067, 2:1069f, 2:1070f

aqueous phase reactionsabsorption processes 2:1055gas/aqueous phase reactions 2:1056general discussion 2:1055Henry’s law coefficients for common gases 2:1056tionic reactions 2:1057oxidation reactions 2:1056secondary reactions 2:1056

atmospheric gasescharacteristics 2:1053, 2:1053thydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 2:1055moisture layer interactions 2:1054nitrogen-containing compounds 2:1054, 2:1054torganic acids 2:1055ozone (O3) 2:1054t, 2:1055, 2:1056tsulfur-containing compounds 2:1054, 2:1054t

atmospheric systemsammonia–nitric acid–sulfuric acid–water

(NH3–HNO3–H2SO4–H2O) systems 2:1058ammonia–nitric acid–water (NH3–HNO3–H2O) systems

2:1058

3394 Subject Index


general discussion 2:1057sulfuric acid–ammonia–water (H2SO4–NH3–H2O) systems 2:1057,

2:1058fcharacteristics 2:1052cloud nucleation 2:1062, 2:1063frain chemistry 2:1062, 2:1063f, 2:1064tredox potential–pH variations 2:1065, 2:1066f

atmospheric corrosionaluminum alloys 3:1996atmospheric galvanic tests 2:1503, 2:1504f, 2:1505f, 2:1506fcast iron 3:1750, 3:1751t, 3:1752f, 3:1752tcopper/copper alloys 3:1946, 3:1947tcorrosive agent removal (CAR) 4:2892general discussion 2:1090hot-dipped zinc coatings 4:2558, 4:2559t, 4:2560tiron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 3:1790, 3:1791f, 3:1791tlead (Pb) 3:2060maraging steels 3:1795, 3:1797fmonitoring techniques 4:3145stainless steelsgeneral discussion 3:1858influencing factors 3:1860materials selection 3:1858, 3:1858tSikla bridge (Sweden) 3:1858furban/rural/marine atmospheres 2:848f, 3:1858, 3:1858t

steelacid regeneration cycle 3:1718air-borne pollutants 3:1715, 3:1715t, 3:1716falloying effects 3:1720f, 3:1722f, 3:1723, 3:1724fatmospheric corrosivity classifications 3:1725, 3:1726t,

3:1727tclimatic variation 3:1720, 3:1721tcorrosion kinetics 3:1720corrosion mechanisms 3:1718corrosion product composition 3:1719corrosion rates 3:1722, 3:1722f, 3:1723telectrochemical effects 2:1088electrochemical mechanisms 3:1719environmental influences 3:1714exposure conditions 3:1721next generation weathering steels 3:1725, 3:1725tparticulate matter 3:1715f, 3:1717, 3:1718trelative humidity (RH) 3:1714, 3:1715f, 3:1715tsea salt 3:1718turban/rural/marine atmospheres 2:848fweathering steels 3:1723, 3:1724wet/dry cycles 3:1719, 3:1720f, 3:1723, 3:1725f

testing methods 2:1502uranium (U) 3:2185zinc/zinc alloysenvironmental conditions 3:2081, 3:2083fUnited Kingdom 3:2082turban/rural/marine atmospheres 3:2083twhite rust 3:2083, 4:2563–2564, 4:2949

deposition processesbuilding deposition rates 2:1070, 2:1073f, 2:1073tdeposition efficiencies 2:1072tdeposition mode comparison studies 2:1074, 2:1074t, 2:1075fdeposition rates 2:1073f, 2:1073tdeposition velocity studies 2:1070, 2:1071fdry deposition rates 2:1073tgas and particle deposition 2:1070, 2:1071f, 2:1073f, 2:1073tgeneral discussion 2:1069rainfall 2:1069shape coefficients 2:1072t

environmental conditions 2:1082, 2:1082tsurface cleaninggeneral discussion 2:1075pollutant transfer mechanisms 2:1077rainfall 2:1075, 2:1076f, 2:1077wind speed effects 2:1076

surface moistureaerosol effects 2:1077condensation effects 2:1078, 2:1081, 2:1081tevaporationevaporation rates 2:1079, 2:1080f, 2:1081tgeneral discussion 2:1078

metal surfaces 2:1078, 2:1079f, 2:1080fporous surfaces 2:1081, 2:1081t

rainfall effects 2:1077relative humidity (RH) 2:1077rewetting effects 2:1078

surface reactionselectrochemical effectsbasic concepts 2:1084oxide films 2:1086, 2:1087f, 2:1088f, 2:1089fsteel corrosion 2:848f, 2:1088

equilibrium conditions 2:1082potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 2:1083f, 2:1084f

transport mechanismsgases and aerosolsaerosol transport analyses 2:1067, 2:1069f, 2:1070fgas transport analyses 2:1067, 2:1068fscale of movement 2:1065, 2:1067f

atomic force microscopy (AFM)background information 2:1439general discussion 2:1441implementation processes 2:1440limitations 2:1440operating principles 2:1439, 2:1439fsolid/liquid interface applications 2:1440, 2:1441f

attenuated total reflection spectroscopybasic concepts 2:1402characteristics 2:1376t

Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)atmospheric corrosion 3:2072basic concepts 2:1384characteristics 2:1376tenergy diagram 2:1384fpassive film analysis 2:746, 3:1923, 3:2244ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions 2:1376

austenitic cast irons 3:1748, 3:1749t, 3:1764f, 3:1768f, 3:1784taustenitic nickel cast iron 3:1744, 3:1744f, 3:1745t, 3:1756taustenitic stainless steelsacid pickling 4:2993talkali corrosion 2:1198f, 2:1199fanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1209f, 2:1212fanodic protection 4:2874t, 4:2878atmospheric environmentsgeneral discussion 3:1858influencing factors 3:1860materials selection 3:1858, 3:1858tSikla bridge (Sweden) 3:1858furban/rural/marine atmospheres 3:1858, 3:1858t

chemical compositions 3:1810t, 3:1812t, 3:1825t, 3:1855t, 3:1863t, 3:1864t,3:1874t

chemical plant heating/cooling waters 2:1334chromium-containing alloys 1:591, 1:591f, 1:592f, 1:592t, 1:593fcommercial applicationsart and architecture 3:1858f, 3:1866, 3:1867f, 3:1866fdomestic products/kitchenware 3:1860, 3:1861tprocess industrycopper production 3:1862corrosion resistance 3:1863desalination 3:1863, 3:1865fhydrometallurgy 3:1861nickel production 3:1862oil and gas production 3:1867, 3:1869pulp and paper industry 3:1865wastewater treatment 3:1870zinc production 3:1862

compositional ranges 3:1808tcorrosion propertiesalloy composition influence 3:1825, 3:1826falloying element influences 3:1822common test procedures 3:1846corrosion fatigue 2:1258, 3:1836crevice corrosion 3:1829, 3:1830fcrevice formers 3:1850fcritical crevice corrosion temperature (CCT) 3:1850fcritical pitting temperature (CPT)alloying element influences 3:1829fbasic concepts 3:1827grade resistance 3:1847, 3:1848f, 3:1849f

Subject Index 3395


austenitic stainless steels (continued)photographic illustration 3:1829fpotential dependence 3:1828f

electrochemical reactions 3:1823, 3:1824felectrochemical testing methods 3:1846, 3:1847ferosion 3:1846galvanic corrosion 3:1844, 3:1845fgeneral corrosionalkaline solutions 3:1843, 3:1844fcharacteristics 3:1838hydrochloric acid (HCl) 3:1840, 3:1840fnitric acid (HNO3) 3:1842organic acids 3:1842, 3:1843fphosphoric acid (H3PO4) 3:1841, 3:1841f, 3:1842fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 3:1838, 3:1839f, 3:1840f

general discussion 3:1821grade resistance 3:1847, 3:1848f, 3:1849f, 3:1850fgrade screening methods 3:1849, 3:1850fintergranular corrosion 3:1845, 3:1845flaboratory tests 3:1850, 3:1851tlocalized corrosion 3:1824material selection tests 3:1849passive films 3:1822, 3:1822fpassivity breakdown 3:1824pitting corrosion 2:749, 3:1826, 3:1826fpitting potentials 3:1849fpitting resistance equivalent (PRE) value 3:1825–1826, 3:1825tpolarization curves 3:1824fpostweld treatments 3:1837stress corrosion cracking (SCC)alkaline solutions 2:1200, 3:1833atmospheric environments 3:1834, 3:1835fcharacteristics 3:1830, 3:1831fchlorine-induced mechanisms 3:1832, 3:1832ffilm-induced cleavage 3:1831hydrogen embrittlement 3:1831hydrogen-induced stress cracking (HISC) 2:859, 2:859f, 3:1833laboratory tests 3:1850, 3:1851tmaterial selection tests 3:1849process mechanisms 3:1831slip dissolution 3:1831stress intensity factor–crack rate relationship 3:1832, 3:1832fsulfide stress cracking (SSC) 2:859, 2:859f, 2:860f, 3:1833

welding-related corrosion 3:1837crevice corrosion 2:759cyclic oxidation 1:592f, 1:592t, 1:593fdesign-based mitigation 4:3070f, 4:3071felectrochemical scanning tunnel microscopy (ECSTM) 2:1436erosion resistance 2:985fflow-induced corrosion 2:982f, 2:983fgalvanic corrosion 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:853thigh temperature oxidation behavior 1:553, 1:554fhigh-temperature stainless steelschemical compositions 3:1874tcorrosion resistance 3:1873halogen gas corrosion 3:1876molten metal environments 3:1877molten salt environments 3:1876oxidation behaviors 3:1875, 3:1875fsulfur attacks 3:1876

hydrochloric acid (HCl) 2:1212f, 2:1213fhydrofluoric acid (HF) 2:1212fhydrogen embrittlement 2:920, 2:920fhydrogen sulfide (H2S) environments 2:983fimmersion tests/test compounds 3:1863, 3:1864tintergranular corrosionanodic polarization curves 2:816fgeneral discussion 2:810grain boundary attack susceptibility 2:813, 2:813fgrain boundary structure and network 2:812grain dropping 2:811fknife line attacks 2:818metallurgical aspects 2:812polarization curves 2:824fsensitization conditions 2:815, 2:815f, 2:816f, 2:817fsensitization prevention 2:817standard practices and test methods 2:822t, 2:824f

theoretical aspects 2:811time–temperature–precipitation (TTP) diagram 2:816, 2:817f, 2:818fweld decay 2:818, 2:818f

isothermal air behavior 1:591fmarine corrosion 2:1125mechanical properties 3:2137tcold work effects 3:1815, 3:1816ffatigue properties 3:1816, 3:1816f, 3:1817tgeneral discussion 3:1812room temperature conditions 3:1812, 3:1813tstress–strain plots 3:1813ftempering temperature effects 3:1814ftoughness impacts 3:1815, 3:1816f

microstructure 3:1809f, 3:1811natural water environmentschlorination effects 3:1852, 3:1852fdrinking water 3:1853freshwater 3:1853, 3:1854fgeneral discussion 3:1851microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:1851, 3:1852friver waters 3:1853seawateranaerobic conditions 3:1857cathodic protection 3:1856exposure factors 3:1856, 3:1856t, 3:1857thydrogen embrittlement 3:1856materials selection 3:1854, 3:1855fpolluted environments 3:1855resistance factors 3:1854, 3:1855t

neural network method case studycarbonate concentration effects 2:1689fchloride concentration effects 2:1688fgeneral discussion 2:1687hydroxide concentration effects 2:1690fnitrate concentration effects 2:1689fsulfate concentration effects 2:1688ftemperature effects 2:1690f

nitric acid (HNO3) 2:1253nitridation processes 1:263f, 1:264fnoble metal additions 3:2241toxide overlay coatings 1:698fphysical properties 3:1819, 3:1820tprecipitation/embrittlementcarbide/nitride precipitation 3:1817carburization 3:1818475�C embrittlement 3:1817general discussion 3:1817heat treatmentsgeneral discussion 3:1818precipitation hardening 3:1819quenching 3:1818solution annealing 3:1818, 3:1818tstabilization annealing 3:1819tempering 3:1819

intermetallic phases 3:1817primary uses 3:1807process equipment materials 4:3210–3211property relationships 3:1820refractory austenitic stainless steels 1:598tSchaeffler–Delong diagram 3:1811fspalling tendencies 1:591fsteam and steam/hydrogen environmentsconstruction materials 1:432tgeneral discussion 1:431inner scale formation 1:443flong-term behavior 1:436, 1:437f, 1:438f, 1:439foxidation rates 1:440f, 1:441f, 1:442fpressure effects 1:449, 1:450fscale growth rate 1:445, 1:445fscale morphology 1:447f, 1:448f, 1:449f, 1:450fspalling tendencies 1:439fsteam oxidation mechanisms 1:433, 1:434f, 1:435ftemperature dependence effects 1:440, 1:440f, 1:441f, 1:442f, 1:443f,

1:445ftime-based mass change 1:446fvoid and gap formation 1:435, 1:436f, 1:437f, 1:438f, 1:439fweight change comparisons 1:433f, 1:442f, 1:444f

3396 Subject Index


stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t, 2:872f, 3:1835, 4:3061fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1232f, 2:1235, 2:1237fsurgical implants 2:1308thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fweight loss 1:592twelding processes 3:2458, 3:2459f

automotive industryaluminum alloys 4:3170corrosion management 4:3167–3174background information 4:3167corrosion mechanisms 4:3168economic aspects 4:3174environmental conditions 4:3167paint systemsantichip coatings 4:3173anticorrosive waxes 4:3173general discussion 4:3171pretreatment guidelines 4:3171primers 4:3172seam sealants 4:3173surfacers 4:3173underbody protection 4:3173

prevention strategiesdesign improvements 4:3170general discussion 4:3169material advancements 4:3170paint systems 4:3171

vehicle bodywork 4:3167, 4:3168fmagnesium alloys 3:2037, 3:2038f

AWWA/DIPRA (American Water Works Association/Ductile Iron PipeResearch Association) soil assessment system 2:1162, 2:1163f

azoles 4:2966Aztac test 2:1472

B

Bacillus spp. 4:2949, 4:2920backscattered Kikuchi diffraction (BKD) 2:1411, 2:1413fbacteriaacid-producing bacteria (APBs) 4:2949, 4:3279airframe corrosion 4:3177characteristics 2:1170general aerobic bacteria (GAB) 4:2920industrial heating and cooling systems 4:2933, 4:2943, 4:2949,

4:2950iron-oxidizing bacteria 3:1775iron-related bacteria (IRBs) 4:2949monitoring techniques 4:2922f, 4:3135, 4:2920oil and gas industrybiocide application procedures 4:2922biocide treatments 4:2922corrosion effects 4:2922f, 4:2920monitoring techniques/serial dilution 4:2922f, 4:2920

pathogenic bacteria 4:2951, 4:2951fpotable water systems 4:2949seawater-based aerobic biofilms 2:1111, 2:1182sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)acid corrosionconcrete degradation 2:1180fungi 2:1181sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 2:1179, 2:1180f, 2:1181f

black water corrosion 2:1175f, 2:1176cast iron 3:1775copper/copper alloys 2:1178, 2:1178fDesulfovibrio spp. 2:1174, 2:1174fenvironmental conditions 2:1174, 2:1175f, 2:1176fGallionella spp. 2:1177, 2:1178f, 2:1183, 4:2920industrial heating and cooling systems 4:2949iron corrosion 2:1176, 2:1177flead (Pb) 3:2063low-alloy steel 2:1176, 2:1177fmarine environments 2:1114–1115oil and gas industry 4:2920pipeline corrosion management 4:3279, 4:3295seawater constituents 2:1109, 2:1109tstainless steels 2:1176, 2:1177f, 2:1178f

sulfur-oxdizing bacteriaacid corrosion 2:1179, 2:1180f, 2:1181fconcrete degradation 2:1180

zirconium/zirconium alloys 3:2110baked carbon 3:2272, 3:2275tballast tankscoating selection criteria 4:2692coating types and schemes 4:2694tinterior photograph 4:2693fschematic diagram 4:2684fsquare meters of steel 4:2684t

Baltic Sea 2:1109tbarium (Ba)barium oxide (BaO) 3:2308t, 3:2321t, 3:2331tcorrosion-resistant coatings 4:2995t

barrier coatings 1:509, 1:510f, 1:511f, 2:949basic oxides 3:2316batteries, lead–acid 3:2065bauxite 3:1975see also aluminum (Al)

bayerite 2:1086–1087, 2:1087fBayes’ theoryBayes’ theorem 2:1557general discussion 2:1557prior and posterior possibilities 2:1558prior predictive possibility 2:1558probability theories 2:1557risk-based assessments 4:3016–3017robust Bayes method 2:1559specifying the prior 2:1558uninformative prior possibility 2:1558wall thickness measurements 2:1569

Beggiatoa spp. 4:2920bentonite 3:2331tbenzene 3:2380tbenzimidazole 4:2896fbenzotriazole (BTA) 3:1967, 4:3332, 4:3333fbenzylamine 4:2998tbenzylmercaptan 4:2896fBering Sea 2:1109tberyllium (Be) 3:2168–2180aqueous corrosion behaviorchloride concentrations 3:2170, 3:2170f, 3:2171fcommercial grades 3:2169corrosion controls 3:2174corrosion current density 3:2170, 3:2170fenvironmental fracture 3:2173galvanic effect–impurity relationships 3:2173, 3:2173fhigh-purity berylliumcorrosion pits 3:2172fcorrosion resistance 3:2171damage events 3:2172fpotentiodynamic polarization parameters 3:2171–2172, 3:2171t,

3:2172fsurface orientation 3:2171t

passive current density 3:2169–2170, 3:2170fberyllium oxide (BeO) 3:2169t, 3:2197fchromium beryllide (CrBe2) 3:2177copper–nickel–beryllium (CuNiBe) intermetallic compound 3:2177crystal structure 1:55textraction and fabrication processes 3:2168galvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:1119fhigh-temperature oxidationberyllium (Be)dry carbon dioxide (CO2) effects 3:2176fgeneral discussion 3:2174moist carbon dioxide (CO2) effects 3:2177ftemperature effects 3:2175f

beryllium (Be) intermetallics (beryllides)general discussion 3:2177temperature effects 3:2178f, 3:2179f

iron aluminum beryllide (FeAlBe4) 3:2173, 3:2173firon beryllide (FeBe5) 3:2173, 3:2173fmagnesium alloys 3:2015metallurgical properties 3:2168, 3:2169tniobium beryllide (NbBe2) 3:2177nitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252t

Subject Index 3397


beryllium (Be) (continued)tantalum beryllide (TaBe2) 3:2177titanium beryllide (FeBe2) 3:2177titanium beryllide (FeBe12) 3:2173, 3:2173fvanadium beryllide (VBe2) 3:2177zirconium beryllide (ZrBe2) 3:2177, 3:2178f, 3:2179f

beta(b)-radiation 2:1330BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) reaction 3:1714bile 2:1312fbimetallic corrosion 1:95t, 2:1325, 2:1470, 3:1988, 3:2081

see also galvanic corrosionbiocidal coatings 2:1187, 4:2691–2692, 4:2692t, 4:2949biocide treatmentsbiocide application procedures 4:2922biocide treatments 4:2922

biocorrosion 4:2949biofilmscharacteristics 2:1172crevice corrosion 2:758formation processes 2:1173findustrial heating and cooling systems 4:2949oil and gas industry 4:2922f, 4:2920scale formation 2:1103seawater-based aerobic biofilms 2:1111, 2:1182stainless steel corrosion 3:1851, 3:1852f

biological slimes 2:1111, 2:1182biomass corrosivity 1:402, 4:2949biomedical devicesadvanced technical ceramics 3:2294, 3:2303corrosion-resistant alloyscobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy 2:764, 2:1310, 2:1314,

2:1317, 3:1927corrosion typescorrosion fatigue 2:1318, 3:2049crevice corrosion 2:1317fretting corrosion 2:1318galvanic corrosion 2:1319general corrosion 2:1316general discussion 2:1319hydrogen embrittlement 2:1317pitting corrosion 2:1317stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:1317

dental amalgams 2:1316environmental conditions 2:1311, 2:1312fhealth effects 2:1310, 2:1310thistorical background 2:1308magnesium alloys 2:1315metallic foams 2:1315nickel titanium (NiTi) alloys 2:764, 2:1312–1313, 2:1314niobium (Nb) 3:2148oral cavity 2:1312–1313porous materials 2:1315rare earth magnets 2:1310, 2:1316safety concerns 2:1308stainless steels 2:764, 2:1314surface finish 2:1313tantalum (Ta) 3:2148titanium nitride (TiN) coatings 2:1316titanium/titanium alloys 2:764, 2:1310, 2:1313, 2:1317, 3:2049, 3:2164

tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (TZP) 3:2294see also surgical implants

bio-tribocorrosiondentistry 2:1045, 2:1046treplacement joints 2:1046, 2:1046f, 2:1047f

birch 2:1325tbismuth (Bi)anodic protection 4:2874tbismuth oxide (Bi2O3) 3:2197fcorrosive environments 1:405galvanizing zinc melts 4:2570magnesium alloys 3:2019tnitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252t

bisphenol A polycarbonate 3:2379t, 3:2385tbittiness 4:2731bitumen 3:2342bituminous coal 1:459tblack magnetic muds 4:2944

Black Sea 2:1109tblack water corrosionflue gas composition 1:460tfuel chemistry 1:459, 1:459t, 1:460fsulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1175f, 2:1176superheater deposit composition 1:461, 1:464t, 1:465f

bleaching 4:2731, 4:2968bleeding/bleed through 4:2731blister cracking 2:924blisteringcoating failuresaluminum corrosion 4:2731characteristics 4:2732marine coatings 4:2685–2686

industrial heating and cooling systems 4:2958fbloodcorrosion-resistant alloys 2:1310t, 2:1311oxygen–carbon dioxide level comparisons 2:1311–1312, 2:1312t

bloom/blush 4:2732Bode plot of impedance data 2:1359, 2:1359fbody fluidscorrosion-resistant alloys 2:1308–1322biological components 2:1311biomedical devicescobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy 2:764, 2:1310,

2:1314, 2:1317, 3:1927corrosion fatigue 2:1318, 3:2049corrosion types 2:1316crevice corrosion 2:1317dental amalgams 2:1316fretting corrosion 2:1318galvanic corrosion 2:1319general corrosion 2:1316general discussion 2:1319health effects 2:1310, 2:1310thistorical background 2:1308hydrogen embrittlement 2:1317magnesium alloys 2:1315metallic foams 2:1315nickel titanium (NiTi) alloys 2:764, 2:1312–1313, 2:1314pitting corrosion 2:1317porous materials 2:1315rare earth magnets 2:1310, 2:1316stainless steels 2:764, 2:1314stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:1317surface finish 2:1313titanium nitride (TiN) coatings 2:1316titanium/titanium alloys 2:764, 2:1310, 2:1313, 2:1317, 3:2164

environmental conditions 2:1311, 2:1312fhealth effects 2:1310, 2:1310tmetal ion concentrations 2:1310tniobium (Nb) 3:2148oxygen–carbon dioxide level comparisons 2:1311–1312, 2:1312tsafety concerns 2:1308tantalum (Ta) 3:2148

boehmite 2:1086–1087, 2:1087fBogue compositions 3:2350, 3:2350tboiler water treatmentall-polymer treatments 4:2982all volatile treatment (AVT) 4:2985caustic treatment 4:2986chelant treatments 4:2981congruent phosphate treatment 4:2983coordinated phosphate treatment 4:2982, 4:2983fequilibrium phosphate treatment 4:2984, 4:2985fresidual phosphate treatment 4:2980, 4:2981tsteam purity 4:2980

boiling water reactors (BWRs)corrosion effects 2:1333crevice corrosion 2:766schematic diagram 2:1669fstress corrosion cracking (SCC)corrosion evolutionary path (CEP) 2:1672fcrack depth modeling 2:1673felectrochemical corrosion potential (ECP) calculation 2:1670f, 2:1671fpredicted damage plot 2:1672fpredictive modeling 2:1669

3398 Subject Index


boron (B)advanced technical ceramics 3:2285boric acid 3:1998boron carbide (B4C) 1:675, 3:2251, 3:2257t, 3:2301, 3:2302fboron nitride (BN)advanced technical ceramicscomparative attack rates 3:2302fcorrosion resistance 1:679, 3:2285cubic boron nitride (CBN) 3:2301hexagonal boron nitride (HBN) 3:2301hydrolysis processes 3:2301fmaterial types 3:2301

nitridation processes 1:308fboron oxide (B2O3) 3:2308t, 3:2321t, 3:2331tborosilicate glass 2:1224, 2:1248, 3:2307, 3:2308t, 3:2309t, 3:2324t, 3:2325tchromium–boron (Cr–B) alloys 1:589cobalt-based alloys 3:1918tcobalt boride (Co3B) 3:2195diffusion coatings 4:2535t, 4:2536t, 4:2548tdisodium octaborate (Na2B8O13�4H2O) 2:1328disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) 3:2441fire-retardant treatment chemicals 2:1328metal–matrix composites 3:2251, 3:2257tsacrificial anodes 4:2769seawater constituents 2:1109ttitanium diboride (TiB2) 1:680, 3:2251, 3:2301, 3:2302f

Boudouard reaction 1:274bounce-back 4:2639boundary element method (BEM) 2:1584Bragg peaks 2:1390, 2:1390fbrassacid picklinghydrochloric acid (HCl) 4:2992tnitric acid (HNO3) 4:2993tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2992t

adhesive bond failure 3:2472farchaeological metals 4:3312–3313, 4:3313fcharacteristics 3:1942corrosion rates 3:1952tcorrosion vulnerability data 4:2956tdealloying mechanisms 2:802dezincification 2:807, 2:807f, 3:1952electroplated coatings 4:2578erosion resistance 2:985fgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:1119f, 3:1757t, 3:1845fintergranular corrosion 2:820marine environments 2:1132t, 2:1133fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t, 3:1961velocity effects 2:1459fwood corrosivity 2:1326

brazing methods see soldering and brazing methodsbricksaluminum alloys 3:2000sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1248

bridges see highway infrastructurebridging 4:2732brines 3:2013tbromine (Br)high-temperature stainless steels 3:1876hydrobromic acid (HBr) 2:1207–1225aluminum alloys 3:1999fcharacteristics 2:1207nickel/nickel alloys 2:1217f

hypobromous acid (HOBr) 2:1057intermetallic alloys 1:659methyl bromide (CH3Br) 2:1067fpitting corrosion 2:774tseawater constituents 2:1109ttantalum corrosion 3:2144water chemistry 2:1098, 2:1098twater system modifications 4:2968–2969

bronzealuminum bronzesbrazed joints 3:2452characteristics 3:1943, 3:1952tflow-induced corrosion 2:982fgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:852t, 2:853t, 2:854t, 2:1119f, 3:1845f

archaeological metals 2:1159, 4:3312–3313dealloying mechanisms 2:802electroplated coatings 4:2578flow-induced corrosion 2:982fgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:854t, 2:1119f, 3:1757tmanganese bronze 2:831f, 2:849f, 2:982f, 2:1119fmarine environments 2:1132t, 3:1760fsilicon bronzes 2:831f, 2:1119f, 3:1943, 3:1952tsoil corrosion 2:1153ftin bronze 2:831f, 2:1119f, 3:1943

Brouwer’s approximation 1:113–114brown field sites 2:1153–1154brown rot 3:2445brucite (Mg(OH)4) 3:2013t, 4:2942tBrunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) reaction 3:1714brush marks 4:2733brush plating 4:2597BS EN ISO 8501 4:2723BS EN ISO 8502 4:2725BS EN ISO 8503 4:2724bubbles/bubbling 2:1134, 4:2733building stone 3:2000Burgers vector 1:57, 1:58f, 1:104, 1:105f, 1:109fburied and ground-contact structurescathodic protectionanode backfill 4:2818attenuationcable materials selection 4:2821coating resistance measurements 4:2821drainage point measurements 4:2821, 4:2821ffield measurements 4:2820, 4:2820f, 4:2821fgeneral discussion 4:2820power sources 4:2822

groundbed resistancedeep-well groundbeds 4:2819f, 4:2820rectifier voltage determinations 4:2820resistance calculations 4:2818

impressed current designs 4:2817, 4:2819fsoil resistivity 4:2816, 4:2816f

crevice corrosion 2:768field signature monitoring method (FSM) 4:3131, 4:3132f,

4:3133fsoil corrosion 4:2702steel corrosionburied steellong-term burial 3:1733pilings 3:1732pipelines 3:1733

controlling factors 3:1731, 3:1732tstray-current corrosion 3:2062

butadiene rubber (BR) 3:2411, 3:2412t, 3:2413f, 3:2416tbutanenitrile 3:2380tbutanol 3:2380tButler–Volmer equationout-of-equilibrium conditionscurrent–overpotential curve 1:35flarge overpotential limit 1:37, 1:38fquantitative approach 1:33small overpotential limit 1:36, 1:37f

butyl acrylate 3:1909butyl rubber (IIR) 3:2412t, 3:2413f, 3:2416t, 3:2436butyric acid 2:1324

C

cadmium (Cd)cadmium oxide (CdO) 3:2197fcadmium plating methods 4:3184t, 4:3186, 4:3187f, 4:3194tcoating characteristics 4:2524corrosion-resistant coatings 4:3184tcrystal structure 1:55telectroplated coatings 4:2584galvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:850t, 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:1119fmagnesium alloys 3:2019tnitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252tpitting corrosion 2:774t, 2:782f

Subject Index 3399


cadwaladerite 2:1086–1087calcined petroleum coke 4:2789, 4:2790tcalcite (CaCO3) 4:2938, 4:2942tcalcium (Ca)atmospheric conditions 2:1082tcalcium carbonate (CaCO3) 2:1100, 2:1101f, 4:2938, 4:2939t, 4:2942t,

4:2956calcium chloride (CaCl2) 3:2119t, 4:2938–2939calcium fluoride (CaF2) 3:2119t, 3:2301, 3:2321t, 3:2331tcalcium nitrite (CaNO2) 4:2997calcium oxide (CaO)amorphous alloys 3:2197fcorrosion resistance 3:2290tenamel frit compositions 3:2321t, 3:2331tglass compositions 3:2308toxide basicity 1:477fPortland cement 3:2349, 3:2350tsuperheater deposit composition 1:464t

calcium phosphate (Ca10(OH)2(PO4)6) 2:1102, 4:2942tcalcium sulfate (CaSO4) 1:477f, 2:1102, 4:2938–2939, 4:2942tcorrosion-resistant coatings 4:2995fuel chemistry 1:459, 1:459tgypsum (CaSO4�2H2O) 4:2938, 4:2942themihydrate (CaSO4�1/2H2O) 4:2942tlead–calcium (Pb–Ca) alloys 3:2055, 3:2055tmagnesium alloys 3:2015, 3:2016tmarine environments 2:1111, 2:1115–1116, 2:1117fnitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252train chemistry 2:1064tseawater constituents 2:1109, 2:1109tsoda-lime glass 3:2324t, 3:2325ttetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF) 3:2350t, 3:2351tricalcium aluminate (C3A) 3:2350t, 3:2351tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) 4:2942t

capillary water 2:1156carbohydrazide 4:2976–2977, 4:2976tcarbon black 4:2995carbon (C) 3:2271–2281alloying effects 1:565alumina-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609t, 1:630aluminum carbide (Al4C3) 1:275t, 3:2263boron carbide (B4C) 1:675, 3:2251, 3:2257t, 3:2301, 3:2302fcarbonatesalkaline cleaners 4:2486calcium carbonate (CaCO3) 2:1100, 2:1101f, 4:2938, 4:2939t, 4:2942t,

4:2956iron carbonate (FeCO3) 2:965f, 2:1275f, 2:1276f, 2:1290f, 4:2942tlead carbonate (PbCO3) 3:2060t, 4:2670marine environments 2:1111molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) 1:328molten saltscharacteristics 1:319gas solubility 1:319oxide solubility 1:320, 1:320f, 1:321fredox reactions 1:319

polycarbonates 3:2384potassium carbonate (K2CO3) 3:2331tprocess equipment risk management 4:3217fseawater constituents 2:1109, 2:1109tsodium carbonate (Na2CO3) 3:2324t, 4:2564fwater chemistry 2:1096, 2:1097, 2:1097f, 3:1754f, 4:2937–2938, 4:2939tzinc carbonate (ZnCO3) 2:1088f, 4:2745, 4:2942t

carbon bricks 2:1224, 2:1248, 3:2339, 3:2339tcarbon dioxide (CO2)aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion 2:1273atmospheric gases 2:1053tberyllium (Be) corrosion 3:2175–2176, 3:2176f, 3:2177fbody fluid levels 2:1311–1312, 2:1312tcombustion conditions 1:461fcondensate treatment 4:2986corrosive environments 2:855fflue gas composition 1:460t, 1:462t, 1:463tHenry’s law coefficients for common gases 2:1056, 2:1056thigh-temperature oxidation 1:182t, 1:183fhigh-temperature tribocorrosion 1:373localized corrosionflow-induced localized corrosion (FILC) 4:3293

mesa corrosion 4:2902f, 4:3293pitting corrosion 4:2902f, 4:3293

low-alloy steel 1:578, 1:579fpipeline corrosion management 4:3291process equipment risk management 4:3217fsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:497tstainless steel corrosion 3:1868steel reinforcement corrosion 3:2359, 3:2359fsuperheater deposit composition 1:464tsweet corrosionbasic concepts 4:3291flow rate effects 4:3292hydrogen sulfide (H2S) content effects 4:3293partial pressure effects 4:3292pH effects 4:3292temperature effects 4:3292

uranium compounds 3:2184f, 3:2187water chemistry 2:1096, 2:1097, 2:1097f, 3:1754f, 4:2937–2938, 4:2939t

carbon disulfide (CS2) 2:1054, 2:1054t, 3:2380tcarbonic acid (H2CO3) 2:1275f, 2:1278carbon monoxide (CO)atmospheric gases 2:1053tcombustion conditions 1:461fflue gas composition 1:462t, 1:463tlow-alloy steel 1:578, 1:579fprocess equipment risk management 4:3217fsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:497ttransport mechanisms 2:1067furanium compounds 3:2184f, 3:2187

carbon steel 3:1693–1736above-water fastener selection 2:847facetic acid–sodium chloride mixtures 4:3059tacid corrosion 3:1792, 3:1792tadhesive bond failure 3:2473, 3:2473f, 3:2475f, 3:2476f, 3:2477falkali corrosionanodic polarization curves 2:1194fcorrosion rates 2:1196fcrevice corrosion 2:1194–1195, 2:1195fgeneral discussion 2:1192iron–water system Pourbaix diagram 2:1193fstress relief techniques 2:1194ftemperature effects 2:1194f, 2:1195f

ammonia damage 4:3220tammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) 4:2883anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1209faqueous corrosioncorrosion rates 3:1761fcrevice corrosion 3:1711differential aeration cell corrosion 3:1710, 3:1710ferosion-corrosion 3:1712flow-assisted corrosion 3:1712galvanic corrosion 3:1711, 3:1757tgeneral corrosion 3:1710pitting corrosion 3:1711protective treatments 3:1713solubility products 3:1712ttuberculation corrosion 3:1710f

atmospheric corrosionacid regeneration cycle 3:1718air-borne pollutants 3:1715, 3:1715t, 3:1716falloying effects 3:1720f, 3:1722f, 3:1723, 3:1724fatmospheric corrosivity classifications 3:1725, 3:1726t, 3:1727tclimatic variation 3:1720, 3:1721tcorrosion kinetics 3:1720corrosion mechanisms 3:1718corrosion product composition 3:1719corrosion rates 3:1722, 3:1722f, 3:1723telectrochemical mechanisms 3:1719environmental influences 3:1714exposure conditions 3:1721next generation weathering steels 3:1725, 3:1725tparticulate matter 3:1715f, 3:1717, 3:1718trelative humidity (RH) 3:1714, 3:1715f, 3:1715tsea salt 3:1718turban/rural/marine atmospheres 2:848fweathering steels 3:1723, 3:1724wet/dry cycles 3:1719, 3:1720f, 3:1723, 3:1725f

3400 Subject Index


below-water fastener selection 2:849fbrazed joints 3:2451carbon dioxide (CO2) environments 2:855fcathodic protection criteria 4:2847tchlorine-related corrosion 1:479fcorrosion fatigue 2:944corrosion processesaqueous corrosion 3:1710corrosion products 3:1709tenvironmentally-assisted cracking 3:1712general discussion 3:1709high-temperature oxidation 3:1713hydrogen embrittlement 3:1713microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:1713

corrosion rateshydrochloric acid (HCl) 2:1209f, 3:1765thydrofluoric acid (HF) 2:1210f, 2:1212fmarine environments 2:1114f, 3:1761fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 3:1792, 3:1792t, 4:2876, 4:2878f

electrochemical effects 2:1088electrochemistryanodic dissolution 3:1704aqueous corrosive environments 3:1708cathodic reactions 3:1707passivity 3:1705potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:1702, 3:1703f, 3:1706fthermodynamics 3:1702

environmentally-assisted cracking 4:3217f, 4:3218ferosion resistance 2:985fgalvanic corrosion 2:1011, 2:1013fhigh-temperature oxidation 1:466fhistorical background 3:1695hydrogen sulfide (H2S) damage 4:3219fhydrogen sulfide (H2S) environments 2:855firon–carbon (Fe–C) alloysequilibrium microstructures 3:1697, 3:1698fmechanical properties 3:1699, 3:1699tnonequilibrium microstructures 3:1697, 3:1698fphase diagram 3:1695, 3:1696fphysical properties 3:1699, 3:1699t

marine corrosionalloying element influences 3:1702f, 3:1702tcorrosion profile 2:1121fcorrosion rates 2:1114f, 2:1120, 2:1121t, 3:1761fdesign-based mitigation 4:3080fexposure rate–dissolved oxygen plot 2:1124fexposure rate–seawater depth plot 2:1124fhydrogen embrittlement 2:1123–1124mass loss 2:1122fpitting corrosion 2:1122–1123, 2:1122f, 2:1123fpolarization curves 2:1114f, 2:1120fprotective treatments 2:1143seawater velocity effects 2:1122f

materials selection 4:3210, 4:3210fmolybdenum additives 3:2159oil and gas industry facilities 4:3234passivation current density 4:2876f, 4:2877fpassive range 4:2877fphosphoric acid (H3PO4) 4:2881potentiodynamic curves 4:2876fprocessing techniquesalloying element influences 3:1702f, 3:1702tcorrosion rates 3:1700, 3:1701t, 3:1702tmarine corrosion resistance 3:1702tmechanical deformation 3:1700, 3:1701f

protective barrier inducement (PBI) 4:2898f, 4:2899freducing environments 1:468fscale inhibitors/dispersants 4:2993tS–N (stress–number of cycles to failure) curves 2:930fsoil corrosion 2:1152f, 2:1157, 2:1157fstorage tanksalkaline environments 4:2888cellulose boilers 4:2888liquid fertilizer storage tanks 4:2888sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2887

stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t, 2:871f, 4:3058fsulfidation corrosion 1:241f, 1:246f

sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1236f, 2:1238f, 4:3058fsweet corrosion 4:3291underground corrosionburied steel 3:1732controlling factors 3:1731, 3:1732tlong-term burial 3:1733pilings 3:1732pipelines 3:1733

water corrosionaccelerated low water corrosion (ALWC) 3:1729boiler waters 3:1731deposits and scales 3:1728dissolved gases 3:1726dissolved solids 3:1727fouling deposits 3:1728heating and cooling systems 3:1730, 3:1731theight-related corrosion 3:1730, 3:1731fmicrobial effects 3:1728natural waters 3:1728, 3:1729tpiped fresh water systems 3:1729, 3:1730tprocess waters 3:1730under-deposit corrosion 3:1728unprotected structural steel 3:1729water composition 3:1726

wear effects 1:393fwelding processes 3:2456, 3:2457f

carbonyl sulfide (COS)atmospheric gases 2:1054, 2:1054tcombustion conditions 1:461fflue gas composition 1:462tsulfidation corrosioncorrosion mechanisms 1:240laboratory simulations 1:245, 1:254f, 1:254t, 1:255fparabolic rate constant plot 1:256fsulfidation/oxidation mechanisms 1:249, 1:250f, 1:255f, 1:256f,

1:259f, 1:260fthermochemical models 1:254f, 1:254t, 1:255f

carboxylates 4:3334carburization 1:272–303alloy carburizationalumina-forming alloys 1:551, 1:639carbide precipitation zones 1:278fchromium carbide precipitation 1:276t, 1:277tdiffusion paths 1:278fheat-resisting alloys 1:282internal carbides 1:277tkinetic mechanisms 1:277, 1:279f, 1:279tmicrostructure characteristics 1:280, 1:280f, 1:281fpartitioning effects 1:278fpermeability data 1:276t, 1:279tphase diagram 1:278frate variations 1:280freaction morphologies 1:276thermodynamic properties 1:276

alloysbasic concepts 1:265carburization rates 1:269fcorrosion mechanisms 1:265corrosion products prediction 1:266, 1:267f, 1:268fequipment concerns 1:265gas composition effects 1:267f, 1:268fgeneral discussion 1:267thermochemistry 1:265

basic concepts 1:274carbonaceous gas formationbackground information 1:273gas-phase processes 1:274, 1:274t, 1:275fsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:497, 1:498f

dissolution thermodynamics 1:275tenvironmental conditions 1:401general discussion 1:301green rot 1:401heat-resisting alloysaluminum effects 1:284, 1:285fcarbon effects 1:283carburization rate constants 1:283tenvironment-based alloy selection 1:551

Subject Index 3401


carbon (C) (continued)molybdenum effects 1:283niobium effects 1:284, 1:284fpost-carburization appearance 1:282fprotective treatments 1:284reaction morphologies 1:282silicon effects 1:283

metal carbide properties 1:275tmetal dustingadsorbed sulfur protection 1:300, 1:301falumina-forming alloys 1:551, 1:639austenitic iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 1:296, 1:297background information 1:285carbon uptake kinetics 1:297fcementite decomposition 1:286–287, 1:287f, 1:288fcementite formation 1:285, 1:286f, 1:287fcoating protection 1:300coke filaments 1:286, 1:287fcoking rates 1:290f, 1:291fenvironmental conditions 1:402environment-based alloy selection 1:551ferritic chromium steels 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fgas composition effects 1:288, 1:290f, 1:297general discussion 1:301graphite–cementite interface 1:287, 1:289fHochman–Grabke model 1:286firon–aluminum (Fe–Al) alloys 1:292iron–chromium–aluminum (Fe–Cr–Al) alloys 1:292low-alloy steel 1:290, 1:290f, 1:291fmass transport model 1:287fnickel alloys 1:293, 1:294f, 1:295f, 1:296f, 1:297nickel–copper (Ni–Cu) alloys 1:296, 1:296fnon-cementite iron dusting conditions 1:288, 1:289foxide scale protection 1:298, 1:299f, 1:300foxide to carbon conversion thermodynamics 1:300frisk management strategies 4:3224–3226, 4:3225fsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:497temperature effects 1:288, 1:290f, 1:297

molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) 3:2165stainless steels 3:1818

chromia-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609tchromium–carbon (Cr–C) alloys 1:589cobalt-based alloys 3:1918, 3:1918tcobalt–chromium–carbon (Co–Cr–C) system 3:1920degradation conditionsaqueous corrosion behavior 3:2276aqueous environments 3:2276galvanic corrosion 3:2278high-temperature environments 3:2279high-temperature oxidation 3:2278, 3:2279fprotective treatments 3:2279

diamond (C) 3:2279fdiffusion coatings 4:2535tfluorocarbon membranes 3:2343, 3:2343tfuel chemistry 1:459, 1:459tgraphite (C) 3:2271–2281above-water fastener selection 2:847falkali corrosion 2:1205anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1224anodic protection 4:2874tatomic structure 3:2275fbackground information 3:2271below-water fastener selection 2:849fdegradation conditionsaqueous corrosion behavior 3:2276aqueous environments 3:2276galvanic corrosion 3:2278high-temperature environments 3:2279high-temperature oxidation 3:2278, 3:2279fprotective treatments 3:2279

galvanic corrosion 2:1119f, 3:2110tgalvanic series 2:831fgraphite–cementite interface 1:287, 1:289fgraphitizationcharacteristics 1:95tindustrial-use carbon 3:2273f

impressed current anodes 4:2788, 4:2789t, 4:2813

industrial applications 3:2275industrial graphite 3:2272, 3:2275t, 3:2276, 3:2277fmetal dusting 1:293, 1:294f, 1:295f, 1:296fmetal–matrix composites 3:2251nuclear graphiteenhanced radiolytic oxidation 3:2281radiation damage 3:2280

physical properties 3:2274, 3:2275tprocess equipment materials 4:3211fpyrolytic graphite 3:2273, 3:2275tresistivities 3:2257tstandard reduction potential 3:2074tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1248, 4:3058f

heat-resisting alloys–carburization effects 1:283industrial-use carbonapplications 3:2275background information 3:2271baked carbon 3:2272, 3:2275tcarbon composites 3:2274carbon fibers 3:2273degradation conditionsaqueous corrosion behavior 3:2276aqueous environments 3:2276galvanic corrosion 3:2278high-temperature environments 3:2279high-temperature oxidation 3:2278, 3:2279fprotective treatments 3:2279

fullerenes 3:2274, 3:2279fglassy carbon 3:2273, 3:2275t, 3:2276graphitization 3:2273fmanufacturing processes 3:2274nanotubes 3:2274, 3:2279fphysical properties 3:2274, 3:2275tsurface finishing 3:2274

intermetallic alloys 1:656iron–carbon (Fe–C) alloysequilibrium microstructures 3:1697, 3:1698fmechanical properties 3:1699, 3:1699tnonequilibrium microstructures 3:1697, 3:1698fphase diagram 3:1695, 3:1696fphysical properties 3:1699, 3:1699t

low-alloy steels 1:565metallurgical properties 3:2169tmolten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) 1:328physical properties 3:2274, 3:2275tsilico-carbonitrides 1:680silicon carbide (SiC)advanced technical ceramicschemical vapor deposition (CVD) silicon carbides 3:2299comparative attack rates 3:2302fcorrosion resistance 1:675, 1:676f, 3:2285hot corrosion 1:675, 1:676fliquid phase sintered silicon carbides 3:2299material types 3:2297parabolic rate constant plot 1:677fpartial pressure effects 1:676fpenetration time–temperature plot 1:679freaction-bonded silicon carbides 3:2297silicon carbide/titanium carbide (SiC/TiC) composites

3:2299sintered silicon carbides 1:677, 1:678f, 3:2298

anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1224chemically resistant bricks 3:2339, 3:2340tmetal–matrix composites 3:2251process equipment materials 4:3211fproperties 1:275tresistivities 3:2257tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1248thermal expansion coefficients 1:145f

stainless steels 3:1810, 3:1874tsteel–magnesium oxide–carbon (MgO–C) contact 1:688titanium carbide (TiC) 1:680, 3:2301tungsten carbide (WC) 3:1920, 3:2152, 3:2301uranium carbide (UC) 3:2187

carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR)applications 3:2412tcrosslink concentration effects 3:2428, 3:2430f, 3:2430t

3402 Subject Index


carboxylates 4:3334carcinogenesiscorrosion-resistant alloys 2:1310nickel titanium (NiTi) alloys 2:1314

cardiac dysfunction 2:1310cargo holds 4:2696, 4:2697f, 4:2697tcargo tanks 4:2694carnallite 3:2013tCarnot cycle 1:3–4, 1:518carrier fluids 4:2654Caspian Sea 2:1109tcast basalt 3:2340, 3:2341tcast iron 3:1737–1788alkali corrosion 2:1192, 2:1196falloy cast irons 3:1740anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1209, 2:1209fanodic protection 4:2876applicationsalkali corrosion 3:1768talloyed ferritic cast irons 3:1748, 3:1748f, 3:1756f, 3:1767t, 3:1770t,

3:1771faustenitic cast irons 3:1748, 3:1749t, 3:1764f, 3:1768f, 3:1784tunalloyed cast irons 3:1747

characteristics 3:1739compositions 3:1741tcorrosion behavioraustenitic nickel cast iron 3:1744, 3:1744f, 3:1745t, 3:1756thigh-alloy cast irons 3:1744high chromium cast iron 3:1746, 3:1748f, 3:1764fhigh silicon cast iron 3:1746, 3:1747t, 3:1748tlow-alloy lamellar cast irons 3:1742f, 3:1743, 3:1752f, 3:1759tspheroidal graphite cast irons 3:1743, 3:1759tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) effects 3:1743f

corrosion rates 2:1196fcorrosion removal methods 4:3321–3322corrosive environmentsatmospheric corrosion 3:1750, 3:1751t, 3:1752f, 3:1752tflow-induced corrosioncavitation 3:1777, 3:1777terosion corrosion 3:1778, 3:1779f, 3:1780f, 3:1780t

gaseous environmentschlorine gas 3:1784, 3:1784tgaseous mixtures 3:1785t, 3:1786tgas transport and distribution pipes 3:1784high-temperature oxidation 3:1780, 3:1781f, 3:1782f, 3:1783f,

3:1784fhydrogen sulfide (H2S) 3:1783, 3:1784tsulfur dioxide (SO2) 3:1783

industrial environmentsalcohol corrosion 3:1772, 3:1773talkali corrosion 3:1767, 3:1767f, 3:1768f, 3:1768tcorrosion fatigue 3:1768, 3:1769t, 3:1770f, 3:1770t, 3:1771f,

3:1772ffood product corrosion 3:1773, 3:1773tgeneral discussion 3:1763glycol corrosion 3:1772, 3:1773thydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion 3:1765, 3:1765f, 3:1765tmineral acid corrosion 3:1766nitric acid (HNO3) corrosion 3:1765, 3:1766forganic acid corrosion 3:1766, 3:1767torganic compound corrosion 3:1772phosphoric acid (H3PO4) corrosion 3:1765, 3:1766f, 3:1767tsalt solutions 3:1768, 3:1768t, 3:1769tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1770, 3:1772fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) corrosion 3:1761f, 3:1762f, 3:1763, 3:1764f

microbially-induced corrosion (MIC)action mechanisms 3:1775gelatinous vesicle development 3:1775, 3:1776fgeneral discussion 3:1774iron-oxidizing bacteria 3:1775prevention strategies 3:1776sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 3:1775

molten materialsliquid aluminum/aluminum alloys 3:1773liquid metals 3:1774liquid sulfur corrosion 3:1774, 3:1774tliquid zinc/zinc alloy corrosion 3:1774

natural waterscorrosion rates 3:1754, 3:1756f, 3:1756tdissolved oxygen effects 3:1753, 3:1755fgalvanic corrosion 3:1756, 3:1757tgeneral discussion 3:1752inhibitors 3:1757water aggressiveness and corrosiveness 3:1752, 3:1754f,

3:1754tnickel-resist cast ironsacetic acid 3:1767tcharacteristics 3:1750corrosion rates 3:1753f, 3:1753tgaseous environments 3:1785t, 3:1786thydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion 3:1765tsalt solutions 3:1768t, 3:1769tseawater corrosion 2:1125, 2:1125t, 3:1760f, 3:1761f, 3:1762t,

3:1761fprotective measures 3:1762seawater 2:1125, 2:1125t

corrosion rates 3:1759t, 3:1760f, 3:1760t, 3:1761f, 3:1762t,3:1761f

general discussion 3:1758gray cast iron corrosion rates 3:1759tsodium chloride (NaCl) concentration effects 3:1758f

soil corrosion 3:1760, 3:1762tsteam corrosion 3:1757urban/rural/marine atmospheres 3:1751t

ductile cast iron 3:1740, 3:1740f, 3:1752t, 3:1769terosion resistance 2:985fflow-induced corrosioncavitation 3:1777, 3:1777terosion corrosion 3:1778, 3:1779f, 3:1780f, 3:1780t

galvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:849f, 2:851t, 2:982f, 2:1119f, 3:1845fgalvanic coupling effects 3:1743, 3:1756, 3:1757tgaseous environmentschlorine gas 3:1784, 3:1784tgaseous mixtures 3:1785t, 3:1786tgas transport and distribution pipes 3:1784high-temperature oxidationaluminum additive effects 3:1783f, 3:1784fchromium additive effects 3:1782fgeneral discussion 3:1780heating and cooling cycle plot 3:1781foxidation behaviors 3:1782fsilicon additive effects 3:1783fsuperficial oxidation 3:1781f

hydrogen sulfide (H2S) 3:1783, 3:1784tsulfur dioxide (SO2) 3:1783

gray cast iron 3:1739, 3:1739f, 3:1741f, 3:1751t, 3:1756t, 3:1759t, 3:1769t,3:1773t

impressed current anodes 4:2782industrial environmentsalcohol corrosion 3:1772, 3:1773talkali corrosion 3:1767, 3:1767f, 3:1768f, 3:1768tcorrosion fatiguecurve plots 3:1770f, 3:1771ffatigue resistance 3:1770t, 3:1771f, 3:1772fgeneral discussion 3:1768limiting strengths 3:1769t

food product corrosion 3:1773, 3:1773tgeneral discussion 3:1763glycol corrosion 3:1772, 3:1773thydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion 3:1765, 3:1765f, 3:1765tmineral acid corrosion 3:1766nitric acid (HNO3) corrosion 3:1765, 3:1766forganic acid corrosion 3:1766, 3:1767torganic compound corrosion 3:1772phosphoric acid (H3PO4) corrosion 3:1765, 3:1766f, 3:1767tsalt solutions 3:1768, 3:1768t, 3:1769tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1770, 3:1772fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) corrosioncorrosion rates 3:1761f, 3:1763, 3:1764fhigh chromium cast iron 3:1764fiso-corrosion curve plot 3:1762f, 3:1764fsilicon-based cast iron 3:1764f

malleable cast iron 3:1740, 3:1751t, 3:1752tmarine corrosion

Subject Index 3403


cast iron (continued)corrosion rates 2:1125t, 3:1759t, 3:1760f, 3:1760t, 3:1761f, 3:1762t,

3:1761fgeneral discussion 2:1125, 3:1758gray cast iron corrosion rates 3:1759tsodium chloride (NaCl) concentration effects 3:1758f


microstructural effects 3:1741, 3:1741f, 3:1742fmolten materialsliquid aluminum/aluminum alloys 3:1773liquid metals 3:1774liquid sulfur corrosion 3:1774, 3:1774tliquid zinc/zinc alloy corrosion 3:1774

production processes 3:1740standard reduction potential 3:2074tstress growth measurements 1:159tsulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1175, 2:1176fsulfuric acid (H2SO4)anodic polarization curves 2:1229fanodic protection 4:2876corrosion rates 2:1228, 2:1228f, 3:1743f, 3:1761f, 3:1763, 3:1764fhigh chromium cast iron 3:1764fiso-corrosion curve plot 3:1762f, 3:1764fsilicon-based cast iron 3:1764f

sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 4:3058funalloyed cast ironsalkali corrosion 3:1768fcharacteristics 3:1747corrosion rates 3:1760f, 3:1761fgaseous environments 3:1785t, 3:1786thydrogen sulfide (H2S) corrosion 3:1784tnatural water corrosion 3:1756tseawater corrosion 3:1759t

vitreous enamel coatings 3:2331white cast iron 3:1739, 3:1751t

cathodic blistering 4:2732cathodic delamination 2:988–1004basic concepts 2:989, 2:990fdelamination kinetics 2:994f, 2:995fdisbondment mechanisms 2:991disbondment prevention 2:992experimental setup schematic diagram 2:990fgeneral discussion 2:988iron/steel surfaces 2:1001f, 2:1002fmarine environments 4:2685–2686metal composition modifications 2:995structural adhesive joints 3:2466, 3:2467f, 3:2468ftime-dependent effects 2:990f, 2:991f

cathodic modification 3:2224–2249background information 3:2226basic conceptsactive–passive state 3:2227, 3:2228factive state 3:2227, 3:2228fgeneral discussion 3:2227passive state 3:2227, 3:2228ftranspassive state 3:2228, 3:2228f

chromium alloys 3:2241chromium/chromium-based alloysgeneral discussion 3:2230kinetic effects 3:2230noble metal additions 3:2230

current research areas 3:2245general discussion 3:2225, 3:2247iron–40% chromium–platinum-group metals (Fe–40% Cr–PGM)

system 3:2243noble metal additions 3:2230, 3:2241tpassivation processes 3:2225, 3:2226fpassive alloys 3:2224–2249background information 3:2226basic conceptsactive–passive state 3:2227, 3:2228f

active state 3:2227, 3:2228fgeneral discussion 3:2227passive state 3:2227, 3:2228ftranspassive state 3:2228, 3:2228f



system 3:2243noble metal additions 3:2230, 3:2241tpassivation processes 3:2225, 3:2226fpassive film growth and structure analysis 3:2242process mechanisms 3:2229quaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2244Russian research 3:2242schematic diagram 3:2227fstainless steelscorrosion rates 3:2232tduplex stainless steels 3:2237, 3:2238t, 3:2239f, 3:2241tgalvanic coupling 3:2237iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloys 3:2231, 3:2235firon–chromium–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Mo) alloys 3:2233, 3:2234t,

3:2241iron–chromium–nickel–manganese (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mn) alloys 3:2236iron–chromium–nickel–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mo) alloys 3:2236nickel–iron–chromium (Ni–Fe–Cr) alloys 3:2235, 3:2240noble metal additions 3:2231surface alloying processes 3:2240, 3:2241t

surface alloying processeschromium coatings 3:2239electrochemical parameters 3:2241tgeneral discussion 3:2239iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloys 3:2240nickel–iron–chromium (Ni–Fe–Cr) alloys 3:2240

passive film growth and structure analysis 3:2242process mechanisms 3:2229quaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2244Russian research 3:2242schematic diagram 3:2227fstainless steelscorrosion rates 3:2232tduplex stainless steels 3:2237, 3:2238t, 3:2239f, 3:2241tgalvanic coupling 3:2237iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloys 3:2231, 3:2235firon–chromium–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Mo) alloys 3:2233, 3:2234t,

3:2241iron–chromium–nickel–manganese (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mn) alloys 3:2236iron–chromium–nickel–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mo) alloys 3:2236nickel–iron–chromium (Ni–Fe–Cr) alloys 3:2235, 3:2240noble metal additions 3:2231surface alloying processes 3:2240, 3:2241t


titanium alloys 3:2045, 3:2047cathodic protection 4:2747–2762, 4:2801

application methodsimpressed current method 4:2751, 4:2751f, 4:2753t, 4:2759sacrificial anodes 4:2752, 4:2753f, 4:2754t, 4:3287, 4:3287f

background informationgalvanic anodesadvantages/disadvantages 4:2806characteristics 4:2804telectrochemical reactions 4:2803

general discussion 4:2858hybrid systems 4:2807impressed current anodesadvantages/disadvantages 4:2806characteristics 4:2804telectrochemical reactions 4:2803

3404 Subject Index


stray-current bonding systems 4:2807, 4:2807fstructures and installations 4:2802

buried structuresanode backfill 4:2818attenuationcable materials selection 4:2821coating resistance measurements 4:2821drainage point measurements 4:2821, 4:2821ffield measurements 4:2820, 4:2820f, 4:2821fgeneral discussion 4:2820power sources 4:2822

groundbed resistancedeep-well groundbeds 4:2819f, 4:2820rectifier voltage determinations 4:2820resistance calculations 4:2818

impressed current designs 4:2817, 4:2819fsoil resistivity 4:2816, 4:2816f

calcareous deposits 4:2759coatings 4:2758, 4:2758fcorrosion fatigue prevention strategies 2:950, 3:2457–2458current requirements 4:2757design guidelinescurrent requirements 4:2811, 4:2812teconomic factors 4:2811electrical continuity 4:2810electrolyte resistivity 4:2811initial design process 4:2807, 4:2808tsurface area 4:2810

economic factors 4:2828, 4:2830felectrochemical principlesaqueous corrosion 4:2748, 4:2748fbasic concepts 4:2748, 4:2749f, 4:2750fhydrogen evolution 4:2750, 4:2751foxygen reduction 4:2749, 4:2750fpolarization diagram 4:2750f, 4:2751f

galvanic anodesadvantages/disadvantages 4:2806characteristics 4:2804tdesign guidelines 4:2808telectrochemical reactions 4:2803research developments 4:2828seawater-cooled circulating water systems 4:2822ships 4:2825

general discussion 4:2761, 4:2802, 4:2832historical background 4:2747impressed current anodes 4:2781–2800advantages/disadvantages 4:2806applicationsburied structures 4:2817, 4:2819fconcrete structures 4:2798, 4:2815general discussion 4:2798marine/immersed structures 4:2824f, 4:2823, 4:2825f,

4:2826foffshore installations/marine structures 4:2798onshore installations 4:2798seawater-cooled circulating water systems 4:2822seawater-cooled condenser water boxes 4:2798ships 4:2825, 4:2827fwater storage tanks 4:2826

background information 4:2782basic concepts 4:2751, 4:2751fcarbonaceous materialscarbonaceous backfills 4:2789, 4:2790tconductive overlay systems 4:2791conductive paints 4:2792conductive polymers 4:2791graphite (C) 4:2788, 4:2789t

ceramic anodes 4:2797characteristics 4:2753t, 4:2804t, 4:2811design guidelines 4:2808telectrochemical reactions 4:2803ferrous materialscast iron 4:2782ceramic anodes 4:2785ferrite anodes 4:2785high silicon iron (HSI) 4:2783magnetite (Fe3O4) anodes 4:2784

stainless steels 4:2783steel 4:2782

group 1 anodesgraphite (C) 4:2788, 4:2789t, 4:2813, 4:2814tscrap steel 4:2813, 4:2814tsilicon–iron (Si–Fe) 4:2813, 4:2814t

group 2 anodescharacteristics 4:2813lead–silver (Pb–Ag) alloys 4:2814t, 4:2815mixed metal oxide-coated titanium (MMO/Ti) anodes 4:2814t,

4:2815, 4:2822platinized niobium anodes 4:2813, 4:2814tplatinized tantalum anodes 4:2813platinized titanium anodes 4:2813, 4:2814t

lead-based materialslead alloys 4:2786, 4:2787tlead dioxide (PbO2)/mixed substrates 4:2788lead–magnetite (Pb–Fe3O4) composites 4:2788lead–platinum (Pb–Pt) bielectrodes 4:2787lead–silver (Pb–Ag) alloys 4:2814t, 4:2815

mixed metal oxide-coated titanium (MMO/Ti) anodes 4:2814t, 4:2815,4:2822

operating characteristics 4:2814tpipeline corrosion management 4:3288, 4:3288fplatinum anodescharacteristics 4:2792mixed metal oxide (MMO) anodes 4:2796, 4:2798platinized niobium anodes 4:2795, 4:2795t, 4:2813, 4:2814tplatinized tantalum anodes 4:2795, 4:2795t, 4:2813platinized titanium anodes 4:2792, 4:2795t, 4:2813, 4:2814t

potential attenuation 4:2759, 4:2760freinforced concrete structures 4:2815research developments 4:2831seawater-cooled circulating water systemscontinuous anodes 4:2822mixed metal oxide-coated titanium (MMO/Ti) anodes 4:2822rod anodes 4:2822tubular anodes 4:2822

impressed-current systemsadvantages/disadvantages 4:2806characteristics 4:2804tdesign processeconomic factors 4:2811electrical continuity 4:2810initial design process 4:2807, 4:2808tsurface area 4:2810

electrochemical reactions 4:2803seawater-cooled circulating water systemsautomatically controlled modular systems 4:2823automatic potential controlled systems 4:2823general discussion 4:2823manually controlled systems 4:2823

instrumentation 4:2839–2856ancillary instrumentsattenuation measuring instruments 4:2852buried metal locating instruments 4:2852high-voltage coating-testing equipment 4:2850, 4:2851f

field data loggerscombined digital close interval potential surveys (CIPS) 4:2853,

4:2854fcurrent density measurement devices 4:2856direct current voltage gradient (DCVG) surveys 4:2853, 4:2854ffixed point data monitoring devices 4:2852monitoring instrumentation 4:2852offshore monitoring and surveying devices 4:2853, 4:2855fpipeline cathodic protection survey devices 4:2853, 4:2854f

historical backgroundcurrent-measuring instruments (ammeters) 4:2841, 4:2842fpotentiometers 4:2840, 4:2840f, 4:2841fresistance/conductance measurement 4:2844, 4:2844fresistivity/conductivity measurement 4:2842, 4:2843fstructure/electrolyte potential measurement 4:2841, 4:2841fvoltage/current/resistance measurement 4:2839voltmeters 4:2840, 4:2840f, 4:2841f

recording instruments 4:2848, 4:2851freference electrodes 4:2846, 4:2847t, 4:2849f, 4:2849t, 4:2850froutine testing instruments

Subject Index 3405


cathodic protection (continued)digital multimeters (DMMs) 4:2844, 4:2845f, 4:2845tmeasurement errors 4:2846, 4:2846f

survey equipment 4:2852marine/immersed structures 4:2824f, 4:2823, 4:2825f, 4:2826fmicrobially-induced corrosion (MIC) protective strategies 2:1186oil and gas industry 4:3253organic corrosion-protective coatings 4:2646f, 4:2648, 4:2669pipeline corrosion managementbasic concepts 4:3287close interval potential surveys (CIPSs) 4:3290design criteria 4:3288impressed current anodes 4:3288, 4:3288finternal protection 4:2812t, 4:2826, 4:2827fmonitoring procedures 4:3289sacrificial anodes 4:3287, 4:3287fshielding criteria 4:3289system criteria 4:3288, 4:3289f

potential attenuation 4:2759, 4:2760fprotection verificationconcrete 4:2755IR error 4:2756, 4:2757fmetals and alloys 4:2755, 4:2755tpotential measurements 4:2756, 4:2757fsteel 4:2750f, 4:2751f, 4:2753, 4:2754t, 4:2755t

reference electrodes 4:2754, 4:2754tresearch developmentsgalvanic anodes 4:2828impressed current anodes 4:2831power sourcesgeneral discussion 4:2831solar power 4:2832thermoelectric generators 4:2832wind power 4:2832

seawater-cooled circulating water systemscurrent requirements 4:2812tgalvanic anodes 4:2822impressed current anodescontinuous anodes 4:2822mixed metal oxide-coated titanium (MMO/Ti) anodes 4:2822rod anodes 4:2822tubular anodes 4:2822

impressed-current systemsautomatically controlled modular systems 4:2823automatic potential controlled systems 4:2823general discussion 4:2823manually controlled systems 4:2823

ships 4:2825, 4:2827fsoil corrosion 2:1166steel-reinforced concrete structures 4:2812t, 4:2827, 4:2830fwater storage tanks 4:2826zinc anodes 3:2089

caustic soda (NaOH)aluminum coatings 4:2564fanodic protection 4:2874tboiler water treatment 4:2986characteristics 2:1191chemical process industry and environmental technology 3:1902, 3:1902fnickel–copper (Ni–Cu) alloys 3:1884

cavitationcharacteristics 1:95tconcrete degradation 3:2366corrosion management 4:3010corrosion test methods 2:1493, 2:1494fflow-induced corrosioncast iron 3:1777, 3:1777tgeneral discussion 2:977pump impeller photograph 2:978f

industrial heating and cooling systems 4:2948lubricant systems 2:1305tribocorrosion 2:1008, 2:1008f, 2:1025, 2:1026f, 2:1027f

cellulose 2:1323, 3:2379t, 3:2442see also wood

cellulose nitrate 4:3331cement 3:2348–2368aluminum alloys 3:2000chemical properties

cement types 3:2349Portland cement 3:2349, 3:2350t

concreteabove-water fastener selection 2:847fadmixtures 3:2356aggregates 3:2355aluminum alloys 3:2000background information 3:2355below-water fastener selection 2:849fcathodic protection 4:2755, 4:2812t, 4:2827, 4:2830fcomprehensive strength 3:2357, 3:2357tconcreting process 3:2356corrosion inhibitors 4:2996degradation conditionsabrasion/erosion 3:2366, 3:2366facid corrosion 2:1180alkali–silica reaction (ASR) 3:2362, 3:2362fcavitation 3:2366conventional sulfate attacks 3:2363, 3:2363fcracking 3:2358delayed ettringite formation 3:2365early age thermal cracking 3:2358exfoliation 3:2366, 3:2366ffire damage 3:2367frost damage 3:2366, 3:2366flong-term drying shrinkage 3:2358, 3:2358fmechanical damage 3:2366plastic settlement cracking 3:2358, 3:2358fplastic shrinkage cracking 3:2358sulfate-induced corrosion 3:2363thaumasite form of sulfate attack (TSA) 3:2364

impressed current anodes 4:2798, 4:2815steel-reinforced concrete structures 4:2812t, 4:2827, 4:2830fsteel reinforcement corrosioncarbonation 3:2359, 3:2359fcathodic protection 4:2755, 4:2812t, 4:2827, 4:2830fcharacteristics 3:2358chloride-induced corrosion 3:2359, 3:2359fchloride ion diffusion 3:2359chloride ion selective electrodes 3:2362chloride ion sources 3:2359corrosion inhibitors 4:2996corrosion ladder 3:2361diffusion cell test 3:2360immersion tests 3:2360resistivity tests 3:2360retrieved sample tests 3:2361testing errors 3:2361

water–cement ratio 3:2357water (H2O) 3:2356

conversion process 3:2353degradation conditionsalkali–silica reaction (ASR) 3:2362, 3:2362fcrackingearly age thermal cracking 3:2358general discussion 3:2358long-term drying shrinkage 3:2358, 3:2358fplastic settlement cracking 3:2358, 3:2358fplastic shrinkage cracking 3:2358

mechanical damageabrasion/erosion 3:2366, 3:2366fcavitation 3:2366exfoliation 3:2366, 3:2366ffire 3:2367frost 3:2366, 3:2366f

steel reinforcement corrosioncarbonation 3:2359, 3:2359fcathodic protection 4:2755, 4:2812t, 4:2827, 4:2830fcharacteristics 3:2358chloride-induced corrosion 3:2359, 3:2359fchloride ion diffusion 3:2359chloride ion selective electrodes 3:2362chloride ion sources 3:2359corrosion inhibitors 4:2996corrosion ladder 3:2361diffusion cell test 3:2360immersion tests 3:2360

3406 Subject Index


resistivity tests 3:2360retrieved sample tests 3:2361testing errors 3:2361

sulfate-induced corrosionconventional sulfate attacks 3:2363, 3:2363fdelayed ettringite formation 3:2365thaumasite form of sulfate attack (TSA) 3:2364

high alumina cement (HAC) 3:2353Portland cementchemical properties 3:2349, 3:2350thydration processesadmixed chlorides 3:2352basic concepts 3:2353silicates 3:2350stages 3:2351tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF) 3:2350t, 3:2351tricalcium aluminate (C3A) 3:2350t, 3:2351

pozzolanic materialsbackground information 3:2354ground granulated blast furnace slage (GGBS) 3:2354inert fillers 3:2355pulverized fuel ash (PFA) 3:2354silica fume 3:2354

cementite (Fe3C)coke filaments 1:286, 1:287fdecomposition processes 1:286–287, 1:287f, 1:288fformation processes 1:285, 1:286fgraphite–cementite interface 1:287, 1:289fmass transport model 1:287fproperties 1:275t

centrifuge galvanizing 4:2568ceramics 1:668–690advanced technical ceramics 3:2282–2305alkali corrosion 2:1205carbidesboron carbide (B4C) 1:675silicon carbide (SiC) 1:676fcorrosion resistance 1:675hot corrosion 1:675, 1:676fparabolic rate constant plot 1:677fpartial pressure effects 1:676fpenetration time–temperature plot 1:679fsintered silicon carbides 1:677, 1:678f

cement 3:2348–2368chemical propertiescement types 3:2349Portland cement 3:2349, 3:2350t

concreteabrasion/erosion 3:2366, 3:2366facid corrosion 2:1180admixtures 3:2356aggregates 3:2355alkali–silica reaction (ASR) 3:2362, 3:2362fbackground information 3:2355carbonation 3:2359, 3:2359fcavitation 3:2366chloride-induced corrosion 3:2359, 3:2359fchloride ion diffusion 3:2359chloride ion selective electrodes 3:2362chloride ion sources 3:2359comprehensive strength 3:2357, 3:2357tconcreting process 3:2356conventional sulfate attacks 3:2363, 3:2363fcorrosion ladder 3:2361cracking 3:2358delayed ettringite formation 3:2365diffusion cell test 3:2360early age thermal cracking 3:2358exfoliation 3:2366, 3:2366ffire damage 3:2367frost damage 3:2366, 3:2366fimmersion tests 3:2360long-term drying shrinkage 3:2358, 3:2358fmechanical damage 3:2366plastic settlement cracking 3:2358, 3:2358fplastic shrinkage cracking 3:2358resistivity tests 3:2360

retrieved sample tests 3:2361steel reinforcement corrosion 3:2358sulfate-induced corrosion 3:2363testing errors 3:2361thaumasite form of sulfate attack (TSA) 3:2364water–cement ratio 3:2357water (H2O) 3:2356

conversion process 3:2353degradation conditionsabrasion/erosion 3:2366, 3:2366falkali–silica reaction (ASR) 3:2362, 3:2362fcarbonation 3:2359, 3:2359fcavitation 3:2366chloride-induced corrosion 3:2359, 3:2359fchloride ion diffusion 3:2359chloride ion selective electrodes 3:2362chloride ion sources 3:2359conventional sulfate attacks 3:2363, 3:2363fcorrosion ladder 3:2361cracking 3:2358delayed ettringite formation 3:2365diffusion cell test 3:2360early age thermal cracking 3:2358exfoliation 3:2366, 3:2366ffire damage 3:2367frost damage 3:2366, 3:2366fimmersion tests 3:2360long-term drying shrinkage 3:2358, 3:2358fmechanical damage 3:2366plastic settlement cracking 3:2358, 3:2358fplastic shrinkage cracking 3:2358resistivity tests 3:2360retrieved sample tests 3:2361steel reinforcement corrosion 3:2358sulfate-induced corrosion 3:2363testing errors 3:2361thaumasite form of sulfate attack (TSA) 3:2364

high alumina cement (HAC) 3:2353hydration processesadmixed chlorides 3:2352basic concepts 3:2353silicates 3:2350stages 3:2351tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF) 3:2350t, 3:2351tricalcium aluminate (C3A) 3:2350t, 3:2351

Portland cementchemical properties 3:2349, 3:2350thydration processes 3:2350

pozzolanic materialsbackground information 3:2354ground granulated blast furnace slage (GGBS) 3:2354inert fillers 3:2355pulverized fuel ash (PFA) 3:2354silica fume 3:2354

ceramics–metals comparisons 1:670chemical dissolutiondiffusion (blast furnace) 1:681Marangoni convection (submerged entry nozzle (SEN)) 1:682,

1:682foxidation processes (ladle) 1:683refractory materials 1:681

corrosion behavior 1:671corrosion measurement 1:673corrosion-resistant construction materials 3:2337–2347characteristics 3:2338chemically resistant bricksacid-resistant bricks 3:2338, 3:2338talumina (Al2O3) bricks 3:2340, 3:2340tcarbon bricks 2:1224, 2:1248, 3:2339, 3:2339tcast basalt 3:2340, 3:2341tfoamed glass 3:2339, 3:2340tgranite 3:2340, 3:2341thigh-density fireclay 3:2339porcelain bricks 3:2340refractory bricks 3:2340silica bricks 3:2340, 3:2340tsilicon carbide (SiC) bricks 3:2339, 3:2340t

Subject Index 3407


ceramics (continued)chemically resistant membranesasphalt/epoxy mastic 3:2342ceramic paper/potassium silicate 3:2343fluorocarbons 3:2343, 3:2343tgeneral discussion 3:2342glass fiber-reinforced resins 2:1223–1224,

3:2343lead (Pb) 3:2343rubber 3:2343, 3:2343tthermoplastic materials 3:2343

design and constructionchimney lining 3:2347flooring/pit/trench lining 3:2346masonry linings 3:2343vessel linings 3:2344

masonry liningschemically resistant bricks 3:2338design and construction 3:2343mortars 3:2341

mortarsepoxy resins 3:2342, 3:2342tfurane resin 3:2341, 3:2342tphenolic resins 3:2342, 3:2342tpolyester resins 3:2342silicate-based mortars 3:2341, 3:2342tsynthetic and natural resins 3:2341,

3:2342tvessel linings 3:2345

vessel liningsbrick laying guidelines 3:2345materials storage 3:2345membrane application 3:2345mortar preparation 3:2345steel vessel fabrication 3:2344surface preparation 3:2345

definition 1:670erosionblast wear (pipes) 1:684flowing melts (converter) 1:684refractory materials 1:681

general discussion 1:688glass–ceramic composites 3:2306–2318characteristics 3:2317corrosion resistance 3:2317, 3:2318tproperties 3:2317t

impressed current anodes 4:2785, 4:2797kinetic mechanisms 1:671mechanical wearcarbon bursting (blast furnace) 1:685destruction due to impact (converter) 1:686refractory materials 1:681thermal shock resistance (ladle) 1:685

metallic–ceramic coatings 4:3188, 4:3188tnitridesboron nitride (BN) 1:679, 3:2285silico-carbonitrides 1:680silicon nitride (SiN/Si3N4)

corrosion resistance 1:678hot corrosion 1:678–679penetration time–temperature plot 1:679f

oxidesalumina (Al2O3) 1:674cordierite (Al3Mg2(Si5AlO18)) 1:674general discussion 1:674zirconia (ZrO2) 1:674

process equipment materials 4:3210f, 4:3211,4:3211f

refractory materials 1:668–690chemical dissolution 1:681definition 1:670erosion 1:681general discussion 1:681, 1:688mechanical wear 1:681process equipment materials 4:3210f, 4:3211,

4:3211fzirconia (ZrO2) 1:674

steel and slag infiltrationbasic equations 1:686slag–magnesium oxide (MgO) contact 1:687, 1:687tsteel–magnesium oxide–carbon (MgO–C) contact 1:688steel–magnesium oxide (MgO) contact 1:687, 1:687t

titanium–aluminum (Ti–Al)–ceramic counterfaces 1:362,1:365f

titanium compounds 1:680ultrahigh-temperature ceramics 1:680

cerium (Ce)alumina-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609t, 1:628chromia-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609tchromium–cerium (Cr–Ce) alloys 1:589corrosion potential 2:1261, 2:1262f, 2:1337heat-resisting alloys–carburization effects 1:284ionizing radiation effects 2:1264, 2:1266flow-alloy steel 1:569magnesium alloys 3:2014–2015oxidation processes 1:224solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:511–512, 1:512fstainless steels 3:1811tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (TZP) 3:2294

chalk 4:2995chalking 4:2733checking 4:2733cheesiness 4:2734chemical and product tankers 4:2695chemical depassivation 2:774–775, 2:775f, 2:779, 2:780tchemical diffusion 1:122chemically resistant bricksacid-resistant bricks 3:2338, 3:2338talumina (Al2O3) bricks 3:2340, 3:2340tcarbon bricks 2:1224, 2:1248, 3:2339, 3:2339tcast basalt 3:2340, 3:2341tfoamed glass 3:2339, 3:2340tgranite 3:2340, 3:2341thigh-density fireclay 3:2339porcelain bricks 3:2340refractory bricks 3:2340silica bricks 3:2340, 3:2340tsilicon carbide (SiC) bricks 3:2339, 3:2340t

chemically resistant membranesasphalt/epoxy mastic 3:2342ceramic paper/potassium silicate 3:2343fluorocarbons 3:2343, 3:2343tgeneral discussion 3:2342glass fiber-reinforced resins 2:1223–1224, 3:2343lead (Pb) 3:2343rubber 3:2343, 3:2343tthermoplastic materials 3:2343vessel linings 3:2345

chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) 2:1043, 2:1043fchemical potential 1:5, 1:8chemical thermodynamics 1:1–12basic conceptsactivity coefficient 1:6chemical potential 1:5entropy 1:4first law of thermodynamics 1:2general discussion 1:1Gibbs–Duhem equation 1:6Gibbs free energy 1:5, 1:8second law of thermodynamics 1:3terminology 1:2

chemical potential 1:5, 1:8equilibrium activity 1:8Gibbs free energy 1:5, 1:8spontaneous reactionsbasic concepts 1:7reversible cells 1:7

standard sign conventions 1:12chemical vapor deposition (CVD)advanced technical ceramics 3:2299aluminide coatingsdifferent base–different substrate 1:665, 1:665fsimple aluminide coatings 1:663uranium alloys 3:2188

3408 Subject Index


diffusion coatings 4:2535t, 4:2542, 4:2543f, 4:2544f, 4:2546ffluidized bed techniques 4:2540, 4:2540flaser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) 4:2629, 4:2629f, 4:2630f, 4:2633tmagnesium alloys 3:2036pack aluminizing process 4:2534, 4:2537fsilicon carbide (SiC) 3:2299

chemolithotrophs 2:1179Chilton–Colburn heat transfer expression 2:1610chimney lining 3:2347chlorinated butyl rubber (CIIR) 3:2436, 4:2668tchlorine (Cl)aluminum chloride (AlCl3) 2:1086–1087, 3:1769tammonium chloride (NH4Cl) 3:1769t, 4:2537tanodic protection 4:2883atmospheric conditions 2:1082tberyllium (Be) corrosion 3:2170, 3:2170f, 3:2171fcalcium chloride (CaCl2) 3:2119t, 4:2938–2939cast iron corrosion 3:1784, 3:1784tchlorinated organic compounds 3:2126chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 2:1067fchromium chloride (CrCl2/CrCl3) 1:328f, 1:403f, 1:479fcopper chloride (CuCl) 4:3315, 4:3332, 4:3333fcorrosive environments 1:402ethylene dichloride (EDC) 1:403, 3:1908, 4:3221–3223, 4:3224fextreme value (EV) analysis 2:1572ffireside corrosion 1:477, 1:479ffuel chemistry 1:459, 1:459t, 1:460fhydrochloric acid (HCl) 2:1207–1225acid pickling 4:2990, 4:2992talumina ceramics 3:2290, 3:2291t, 3:2292f, 3:2302faluminum alloys 3:1999faluminum coatings 4:2564famorphous alloys 3:2193, 3:2193fanodic protection 4:2882, 4:2883fcast iron corrosion 2:1209, 2:1209f, 3:1765, 3:1765f, 3:1765tcharacteristics 2:1207combustion conditions 1:461fcopper/copper alloys 3:1963corrosive environments 1:402dry deposition rates 2:1073tfiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) 3:2398–2399, 3:2399fflue gas composition 1:460tglass linings and coatings 3:2324tHenry’s law coefficients for common gases 2:1056tinhibitors 4:2990iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 3:1792, 3:1792tlead corrosivity 3:2063maraging steels 3:1795marine aerosols 2:1059, 2:1061nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu)

alloys 3:1894fnickel–chromium–molybdenum (Ni–Cr–Mo) alloys 3:1888fnickel/nickel alloys 2:1214f, 2:1215f, 2:1216f, 2:1217f, 2:1218f, 2:1220fniobium corrosion 3:2144, 3:2145fnoble metal corrosion resistance 3:2216t, 3:2246scale inhibitors/dispersants 4:2991, 4:2993tstainless steels 2:1211, 2:1211t, 2:1212f, 2:1213f, 3:1840, 3:1840fsteel corrosion 2:1209, 2:1209f, 3:1765tsuperheater deposit composition 1:465ftantalum corrosion 3:2144, 3:2145ftantalum/tantalum alloys 2:1222, 2:1223ftin passivation 3:2071titanium/titanium alloys 2:1220, 2:1221fzirconium corrosivity 3:2118–2119, 3:2120f, 3:2121f, 3:2124t, 3:2128t,

3:2129t, 3:2130hypochlorous acid (HOCl) 2:1057intermetallic alloyshot corrosiongaseous environments 1:661molten salts 1:662, 1:662f

oxidation processes 1:659, 1:659firon chloride (FeCl2/FeCl3) 1:27, 1:328f, 1:403f, 1:479f, 2:1209, 4:3314lead chloride (PbCl2) 1:403f, 3:2060tmagnesium chloride (MgCl2) 3:2119t, 4:2938–2939manganese chloride (MnCl2(H2O)x) 3:1769tmercury chloride (Hg2Cl2) 1:46metal chloride vapor pressure–temperature plot 1:403f

microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 2:1187, 3:1852, 3:1852f, 4:2922molten salts 1:326, 1:327f, 1:327t, 1:328fmolybdenum corrosion 3:2165nickel chloride (NiCl2) 1:329f, 1:403f, 1:479fniobium corrosion 3:2144perchloric acid (HClO4) 3:2216tpitting corrosion 2:774, 2:774t, 2:780tpolyvinyl chloride (PVC) 2:1223–1224, 2:1337potassium chloride (KCl)paint protection mechanisms 4:2672, 4:2673f, 4:2674fphase diagram 1:531freference electrodes 1:46, 1:47fvapor pressure–temperature plot 1:403f

rain chemistry 2:1063f, 2:1064tseawater constituents 2:1109tsilver chloride (AgCl) 1:46, 1:48t, 2:1371t, 4:2847–2848, 4:2849f, 4:2849t,

4:2850fsodium chloride (NaCl)beryllium (Be) corrosion 3:2170, 3:2170fbody fluid levels 2:1311–1312, 2:1312tcorrosion predictions 4:3059tcorrosion-resistant alloys 2:1311, 2:1312fmarine aerosols 2:1059, 2:1061metal–matrix composites 3:2265, 3:2265fpaint protection mechanisms 4:2672phase diagram 1:531fpitting corrosion 2:779f, 2:791fsuperheater deposit composition 1:465fvapor pressure–temperature plot 1:403fwater chemistry 4:2938–2939, 4:2939t

sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 3:2216t, 4:2968stainless steel corrosionenvironmental conditions 3:1868high-temperature stainless steels 3:1876ionizing radiationbasic concepts 2:1334corrosion potential 2:1334tcrevice corrosion 2:1335t, 2:1336fcurrent flow effects 2:1336fhydrogen peroxide (H2O2) effects 2:1335f

stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1834, 3:1835fsteel reinforcement corrosionchloride-induced corrosion 3:2359, 3:2359fchloride ion diffusion 3:2359chloride ion selective electrodes 3:2362chloride ion sources 3:2359

stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:882, 2:883f, 2:884fsuperheater deposit composition 1:461, 1:464t, 1:465ftantalum corrosion 3:2144vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) 3:1886–1887, 3:1908wastewater treatment 3:1871water aggressiveness and corrosiveness 3:1754twood degradation effects 3:2443–2444zinc chloride (ZnCl2) 1:403f, 2:1089f, 3:1769tzinc chloride (ZnCl2)–potassium chloride (KCl) mixtures

chromium chloride (CrCl2) solubility 1:328firon chloride (FeCl2/FeCl3) solubility 1:328fnickel chloride (NiCl2) solubility 1:329fwaste incineration corrosion 1:328, 1:328f

zirconium corrosivity 3:2126chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 2:1067fchloromethane 3:2380tchlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber (CSM) 3:2412t, 3:2416t, 3:2431chromium (Cr)age-hardenable nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper

(Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu) alloys 3:1898alloys 1:583–605amorphous alloys 3:2193, 3:2197f, 3:2198fcast refractory iron–nickel–chromium (Fe–Ni–Cr) alloys 1:603tcathodic modificationgeneral discussion 3:2230kinetic effects 3:2230noble metal additions 3:2230

chromium–aluminum (Cr–Al) alloys 3:2198fchromium–boron (Cr–B) alloys 1:589chromium carbide precipitation 1:277tchromium–carbon (Cr–C) alloys 1:589

Subject Index 3409


chromium (Cr) (continued)chromium–cerium (Cr–Ce) alloys 1:589chromium–lanthanum (Cr–La) alloys 1:589chromium–molybdenum (Cr–Mo) alloys 1:466f, 1:468f, 1:589chromium–niobium (Cr–Nb) alloys 1:549–550, 1:550f, 1:589, 3:2198–

2199, 3:2198f, 3:2199f, 3:2202chromium–silicon (Cr–Si) alloys 1:589chromium–sulfur (Cr–S) alloys 1:589chromium–tantalum (Cr–Ta) alloys 3:2198–2199, 3:2198f, 3:2199fchromium–titanium (Cr–Ti) alloys 1:589, 3:2198f, 3:2199fchromium–yttrium (Cr–Y) alloys 1:589chromium–zirconium (Cr–Zr) alloys 1:589, 3:2198–2199, 3:2198f,

3:2199f, 3:2201cobalt-based alloys 3:1918, 3:1918tcobalt–chromium–carbon (Co–Cr–C) system 3:1920cobalt–chromium (CoCr) alloys 1:584, 1:586f, 1:593, 1:594fcobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloycorrosion fatigue 2:1318corrosion resistance 2:764, 2:1314, 3:1927crevice corrosion 2:1317galvanic corrosion 2:1319, 3:1928historical background 2:1310hydrogen embrittlement 2:1317pitting corrosion 2:1317replacement joints 2:1046f, 2:1047fzirconium (Zr)-based bulk metallic glasses 3:2200

cobalt–chromium–tungsten (Co–Cr–W) system 3:1920compositions 1:246tcopper–nickel–chromium (Cu–Ni–Cr) alloys 3:1943ferritic chromium steelsanodic polarization curves 2:1231ferosion resistance 2:985fflow-induced corrosion 2:982fmetal dusting 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:492, 1:494t, 1:495f, 1:496f, 1:499,

1:501tgeneral discussion 1:597growth behaviorchromia (Cr2O3) growth 1:588high temperature corrosion protection 1:587spinel phase growth 1:588

high chromium cast iron 3:1746, 3:1748f, 3:1764fhigh-silicon–chromium iron (Si–Cr Fe) alloys (HSCI) 4:2784high temperature corrosion protectionalloy types 1:584cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) phase diagram 1:584, 1:586fgrowth behavior 1:587iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) phase diagram 1:584, 1:585fminor element influences 1:589nickel–chromium (Ni–Cr) phase diagram 1:584, 1:586f



historical development 1:583intermetallic alloysalloyed aluminide coatings 1:663, 1:664fnickel aluminides (NiAl/Ni3Al) 1:655–656titanium aluminides (TiAl/Ti3Al) 1:658

internal carbides 1:277tiron–40% chromium–platinum-group metals (Fe–40% Cr–PGM)

system 3:2243iron–chromium–aluminum (Fe–Cr–Al) alloysalloy grain size effects 1:616fbase metal oxide formation 1:619fcubic alumina phases 1:620f, 1:621f

cycle frequency effects 1:632, 1:632f, 1:633finternal oxidation 1:633, 1:634fmetal dusting 1:292nitridation processes 1:639parabolic rate constants 1:622t, 1:624treactive element additions 1:227tscale adhesion 1:628fscale growth rate 1:546f, 1:621, 1:622f, 1:623fscale morphology 1:626, 1:627fspecimen mass gain 1:623fsulfidation 1:552f, 1:638sulfur impurities 1:230, 1:231fwater vapor effects 1:637



iron–chromium–nickel–manganese (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mn) alloys 3:2236iron–chromium–nickel–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mo) alloys 3:2236low-alloy steels 1:568, 1:568fmaximum isothermal service temperature 1:585fmetal–chromium–aluminum (MCrAl) alloys 1:613, 1:614f, 1:615fnickel–chromium–aluminum (Ni–Cr–Al) alloysbase metal oxide formation 1:617, 1:618f, 1:619fcompositions 1:609t, 1:693tdepletion profiles 1:695fdiffusion-controlled internal nitridation 1:307fhigh-temperature oxidation 1:613, 1:614f, 1:692, 1:693fnitridation processes 1:639oxide map 1:614fplatinum-group metal effects 1:616reactive element additions 1:227tspecimen mass gain 1:619fsulfur impurities 1:230, 1:231fthermodynamic stability 1:308, 1:308f


nickel–chromium–cobalt (Ni–Cr–Co) alloys 1:250nickel–chromium–molybdenum (Ni–Cr–Mo) alloysabove-water fastener selection 2:847fbelow-water fastener selection 2:849ffireside corrosion 1:480fgalvanic corrosion 2:1119fgalvanic series 2:831fgeneral discussion 3:1886hydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion 2:1215f, 2:1216fhydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1214f

nickel–chromium (Ni–Cr) alloysalumina scale formation 1:623fanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1209fcarburization kinetics 1:279tcarburization rate variations 1:280fchromia (Cr2O3) scale growth mechanisms 1:419, 1:421fchromium carbide precipitation 1:277tcoefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) 1:632fcorrosion resistance 3:1885, 3:1886f, 3:1900galvanic corrosion 2:1119f

3410 Subject Index


high temperature oxidation behavior 1:554f, 1:592, 1:593thistorical development 3:1882thydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1214finternal carbides 1:277tinternal nitridation processes 1:308–309, 1:309fmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881tmechanical properties 1:584minor alloying element addition effects 1:424f, 1:425f, 1:426fmolybdenum additives 3:2159oxide overlay coatings 1:698fphase diagram 1:586fscale adhesion 1:627, 1:628fscaling index 1:584tsteam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:430, 1:431f, 1:432fsulfidation corrosion 1:247ftime to breakaway 1:636fvanadium attacks 1:472f

nickel–iron–chromium (Ni–Fe–Cr) alloyscarbide precipitation zones 1:281fcarburization rate variations 1:280fcast refractory iron–nickel–chromium (Fe–Ni–Cr) alloys 1:603tcathodic modification 3:2235coke deposition 1:292fgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:1119fglobal rating parameter (KB4) 1:594, 1:596fhigh temperature oxidation behavior 1:552f, 1:593, 1:593f, 1:594fintergranular corrosion 2:819intragranular corrosion 2:1478metal dusting 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fpost-carburization appearance 1:282fsulfidation corrosion 1:250surface alloying processes 3:2240wrought refractory iron–nickel–chromium (Fe–Ni–Cr) alloys 1:599t,

1:600tnoble metal additions 3:2231, 3:2241oxidation processescarburization 1:551general discussion 1:211localized oxidation 1:212foxidation rates 1:211, 1:212foxide layer development 1:213, 1:213f, 1:215freactive elements 1:224scale formation 1:182t, 1:183f, 1:213fscale morphology 1:212f, 1:213f, 1:214, 1:215ftransport properties 1:211

passivity 2:744quaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2244refractory austenitic stainless steels 1:598trefractory ferritic stainless steels 1:597tscaling index 1:584tsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)anode gas effects 1:494, 1:496f, 1:497fanode-side interactions 1:510, 1:511f, 1:512fbehavior in hydrogen/water (H2/H2O)-based gases 1:488, 1:489fcarbonaceous gas formation 1:497, 1:498fcathode-side interactions 1:507, 1:508fcomponent thickness effects 1:502, 1:503f, 1:504f, 1:505fdual atmosphere conditions 1:507electronic conductivity 1:492, 1:493fequilibrium constants 1:488fferritic chromium steels 1:492, 1:494t, 1:495f, 1:496f, 1:499gas compositions 1:497tmetal–glass sealant interactions 1:512, 1:513fmixed-gas corrosion 1:489, 1:490f, 1:491foxidation rates 1:490, 1:492foxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys 1:485, 1:486f,

1:487foxygen partial pressure effects 1:498fscale formation 1:490f, 1:491f, 1:495f, 1:496f, 1:506fvaporization protection methods 1:509, 1:510f, 1:511fvolatile species 1:485

stainless steels 2:1232–1233, 2:1233f, 3:1809steam and steam/hydrogen environmentschromia (Cr2O3) scale growth mechanisms 1:419, 1:421fchromia-forming iron- and nickel-based alloys 1:418, 1:420fcommercial chromia-forming iron- and nickel-based alloys 1:422,

1:422f, 1:423f

minor alloying element addition effects 1:423, 1:424f, 1:425f,1:426f

oxidation processes 1:418spalling tendencies 1:419fsurface morphologies 1:423fweight change comparisons 1:419f, 1:420f

sulfidation 1:551–552, 1:552fsulfidation corrosion 1:259fwrought refractory cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) alloys 1:602twrought refractory iron–nickel–chromium (Fe–Ni–Cr) alloys 1:599t,

1:600tanodic protection 4:2874tberyllium (Be) corrosion 3:2174chromate conversion coatings (CCC) 3:2002, 3:2033, 4:3184, 4:3185f,

4:3194tchromia-forming alloyscompositions 1:608t, 1:609toxidation processesgeneral discussion 1:211localized oxidation 1:212foxidation rates 1:211, 1:212foxide layer development 1:213, 1:213f, 1:215freactive elements 1:224scale formation 1:213fscale morphology 1:212f, 1:213f, 1:214, 1:215ftransport properties 1:211

chromic acid 3:2122chromic acid anodizing (CAA) method 4:3184, 4:3185f, 4:3194tchromium anode plating 4:2587, 4:2588tchromium beryllide (CrBe2) 3:2177chromium carbidechromium carbide (Cr23C6) 1:275tchromium carbide (Cr3C2) 1:275tchromium carbide (Cr7C3) 1:275tintergranular corrosion 2:815, 2:815fprecipitation processesiron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloys 1:276tnickel–chromium (Ni–Cr) alloys 1:277t

properties 1:275treaction morphologies 1:276thermodynamic properties 1:276

chromium chloride (CrCl2/CrCl3) 1:328f, 1:403f, 1:479fchromium-modified aluminides 4:2548chromium nitride (CrN/Cr2N)

nitridation processesdiffusion-controlled internal nitridation 1:306, 1:307fheat-resisting alloys 1:260iron- and nickel-based superalloys 1:310, 1:311fthermodynamic stability 1:308, 1:308f

chromium oxide (Cr2O3)amorphous alloys 3:2197fdiffusion processes 1:129, 1:137, 1:139felectronic conductivity 1:492, 1:493ffracture toughness values 1:168tfree energy 1:542fgrowth behavior 1:588high-temperature coatings 1:693nitridation processescomputer simulation modelling 1:314fgeneral discussion 1:314iron- and nickel-based superalloys 1:310, 1:311fthermodynamic stability 1:308, 1:308f

oxidation processescarburization 1:551general discussion 1:211localized oxidation 1:212foxidation rates 1:211, 1:212foxide layer development 1:213, 1:213f, 1:215freactive elements 1:224scale formation 1:182t, 1:183f, 1:213fscale morphology 1:212f, 1:213f, 1:214, 1:215ftransport properties 1:211

oxidation tendencies 1:389foxide basicity 1:477foxide nodule formation 1:176foxide scale growth 148, 1:413, 1:414foxide solubility 1:476–477, 1:476f

Subject Index 3411


chromium (Cr) (continued)parabolic rate constant plot 1:146f, 1:147fPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:146t, 1:160tpoint defects 1:129Poisson ratios 1:170treducing environments 1:465, 1:469fscale failure strain measurements 1:167tsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:485solubility plot 1:320fspalling tendencies 1:144steam and steam/hydrogen environmentschromia (Cr2O3) scale growth mechanisms 1:419, 1:421fchromia-forming iron- and nickel-based alloys 1:418commercial chromia-forming iron- and nickel-based alloys 1:422,

1:422f, 1:423fequilibrium oxygen partial pressure 1:410fmaterial testing considerations 1:413fminor alloying element addition effects 1:423, 1:424f, 1:425f, 1:426foxidation processes 1:418spalling tendencies 1:419fsurface morphologies 1:423ftemperature dependence effects 1:411fvolatile reaction products 1:409, 1:411fweight change comparisons 1:419f, 1:420f

stress growth measurements 1:159t, 1:160f, 1:175fsulfidation corrosion 1:256–257, 1:257f, 1:258f, 1:551–552, 1:552fsuperheater deposit composition 1:464tsurface fracture energies 1:170tthermal expansion coefficients 1:145f

chromium sulfate (CrSO4) 1:477fcoatingsaircraft corrosion 4:3184tcharacteristics 4:2526diffusion coatings 4:2535t, 4:2536tmetal–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (MCrAlY) coatingsaluminum depletion 1:709characteristics 1:696, 4:2550compositions 1:696tcracking 1:706, 1:707f, 1:708festimated effective fracture energies 1:709tfinite-element modeling predictions 1:708, 1:708fgas turbines 1:537fmicrostructure 1:697fprotective oxidation 1:705, 1:706fspalling tendencies 1:706, 1:707f, 1:708f, 1:709tsteam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:449, 1:450f, 1:451f, 1:452fstructure 1:697f

copper–chromium–arsenic (CCA) preservatives 2:1327, 3:2441corrosion potential 2:1261, 2:1263f, 2:1337corrosion-resistant coatings 4:2618, 4:2995, 4:2995t, 4:3184tcrystal structure 1:55telectrochemical scanning tunnel microscopy (ECSTM) 2:1436electroplated coatings 4:2585galvanic corrosion 2:851t, 2:852tinhibitive pigments 4:2652ionizing radiation effects 2:1264, 2:1266flaser surface alloying (LSA) 4:2631magnesium alloys 3:2016t, 3:2019tnickel chromate (NiCr2O4) 1:182tnickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu)

alloysalloy 20corrosion resistance 3:1891galvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:1119fhistorical development 3:1882thydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907major alloying elements 3:1881tmaximum depth of crevice attack 2:1128tpitting resistance 3:1897tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1238fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903

alloy 31acetic acid production 3:1908acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909corrosion loss measurements 3:1894t, 3:1895tcorrosion rates 3:1905f, 3:1911fcorrosion resistance 3:1892, 3:1900

fine and specialty chemicals 3:1910historical development 3:1882thydrochloric acid (HCl) isocorrosion diagram 3:1894fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tphosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1905, 3:1906fpitting potential 3:1895fpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1897t, 3:1900, 3:1901tpollution controls 3:1912stability limits 3:1895fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 2:1237f, 3:1893fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903, 3:1904f,


alloy 33alkali corrosion 2:1200fcaustic soda (NaOH) production 3:1902, 3:1902fcorrosion loss measurements 3:1896t, 3:1897tcorrosion resistance 3:1892, 3:1896fhistorical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881tpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1897tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1238fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 3:1897fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903

alloy 825alkali corrosion 2:1200fcorrosion resistance 3:1891historical development 3:1882thydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1217f, 2:1219fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tnuclear waste isolation 2:767pitting resistance 3:1897tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1238f, 2:1243fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy G-3acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909corrosion loss measurements 3:1894tcorrosion resistance 3:1891historical development 3:1882thydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907major alloying elements 3:1881t

alloy G-30corrosion loss measurements 3:1896tcorrosion resistance 3:1891historical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1238f

corrosion resistance 3:1891historical development 3:1882tlaser surface alloying (LSA) 4:2631major alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881t

nickel–chromium–molybdenum (Ni–Cr–Mo) alloysabove-water fastener selection 2:847falloy 22corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion resistance 3:1887hydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1217f, 2:1219f, 2:1220fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tnuclear waste isolation 2:767thermal stability 3:1890ttime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891f

alloy 59acetic acid production 3:1908corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion rates 3:1889f, 3:1905f, 3:1911fcorrosion resistance 3:1887, 3:1900fine and specialty chemicals 3:1910hydrochloric acid (HCl) isocorrosion diagram 3:1888fhydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907hydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1217f, 2:1219fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1906fpitting resistance 3:1894fpollution controls 3:1912sulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 3:1888f

3412 Subject Index


sulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903, 3:1904f,3:1905f

tank transport studies 3:1912thermal stability 3:1890t, 3:1891ftime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891ftoluene di-isocyanate (TDI) 3:1909vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy 625acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909alkali corrosion 2:1200fcorrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion rates 3:1889fcorrosion resistance 3:1890, 3:1899galvanic corrosion 2:849fhydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1217f, 2:1219fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tnuclear waste isolation 2:767phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1905pitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1900sulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram

2:1243fthermal expansion coefficients 1:145ftime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891fvinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy 686corrosion resistance 3:1889hydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1217f, 2:1219fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tthermal stability 3:1890t, 3:1891ftime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891f

alloy 2000corrosion resistance 3:1889hydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1218f, 2:1219f, 2:1220fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1241f, 2:1247fthermal stability 3:1890t, 3:1891ftime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891f

alloy C-4corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion resistance 3:1887, 3:1900hydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1220fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI)

3:1909thermal expansion coefficients 1:145ftime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891ftoluene di-isocyanate (TDI) 3:1909

alloy C-276acetic acid production 3:1908acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion rates 3:1889fcorrosion resistance 3:1886, 3:1900galvanic corrosion 2:849fhydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907hydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1217f, 2:1219f, 2:1220fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1906fpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1900pollution controls 3:1912styrene production 3:1908sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1238f, 2:1240f,

2:1243fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 3:1887fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fthermal stability 3:1890ttime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891ftoluene di-isocyanate (TDI) 3:1909vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy MAT 21 3:1881t, 3:1889below-water fastener selection 2:849ffireside corrosion 1:480fflow-induced corrosion 2:982fgeneral discussion 3:1886historical development 3:1882t

hydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion 2:1215f, 2:1216fhydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1214fintergranular corrosion 2:819major alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881tmaterials selection 2:982f

nitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252, 2:1252tnitridation processes 1:400soluble pigments 4:2670stainless steelsalloying influences 2:1232–1233, 2:1233f, 3:1809gradeschemical compositions 3:1810t, 3:1812t, 3:1825t, 3:1863t, 3:1874tseawater corrosion 3:1856ttesting environments 3:1864t

strontium chromate (SrCrO4) 2:993, 2:994fsurgical implantscobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy 2:764, 2:1310, 2:1314,

2:1317, 3:1927environmental conditions 2:1311, 2:1312fhealth effects 2:1310, 2:1310thistorical background 2:1308

zirconium corrosivity 3:2122Cihal’s test 2:825t, 2:826cinders 3:2087t, 4:2563tcissing 4:2734citric acid 3:1766, 3:1842, 3:2073, 4:2882, 4:2990, 4:2994cladding 4:2521Cladosporium resinae 2:1181, 4:3178clay 2:1154, 2:1155f, 3:2087t, 3:2331t, 4:2563t, 4:2943, 4:2995CLIMAT test 2:846f, 2:847closed-loop water systems 4:2943coalcoal plant ammonia absorber system 4:3140, 4:3141fflue gas composition 1:460tfuel chemistry 1:459, 1:459t, 1:460fhigh-temperature corrosion 1:475fsuperheater deposit composition 1:464t, 1:465f

coal-derived bricks 2:1248, 3:2339, 3:2339tcoal-fired boiler corrosion 1:404, 4:3140, 4:3142f, 4:3143fcoal gasification 1:273coal tarcoal tar and asphalt/bitumen enamels 4:2709, 4:2812t, 4:3283, 4:3283tepoxy coatings 4:2668t, 4:2694t, 4:2705, 4:2706fpreservative treatments 2:1327

coatingsacrylic coatings 4:3328aluminum alloysanodized coatings 3:2005, 3:2006fconversion coatings 3:2002gas turbines 1:537forganic coatings 3:2006titanium–aluminum (Ti–Al) alloys 1:697

aluminum pigmented coatings 4:2694tanodic oxide films 4:2503–2518aircraft corrosion 4:3184tanodizing procedures 4:2504, 4:2504tcolor anodizing processes 4:2505, 4:2505tcorrosion resistanceatmospheric exposure 4:2513t, 4:2516general discussion 4:2516maintenance factors 4:2513research developments 4:2516

magnesium alloys 3:2034, 3:2035f, 3:2035t, 3:2036fporous oxide formation mechanismscross-section diagram 4:2507fgeneral discussion 4:2505pore quantity 4:2506tresearch developments 4:2515–2516TEM cross-section image 4:2507f, 4:2510f, 4:2516funit barrier-layer thickness 4:2506t

propertiesbreakdown voltage 4:2509composition 4:2507density 4:2508, 4:2508fdielectric constant 4:2509effect on mechanical properties 4:2514emissivity 4:2510t, 4:2511

Subject Index 3413


coatings (continued)flexibility 4:2508friction 4:2514hardness 4:2508heat conduction 4:2510heat reflectivity 4:2509f, 4:2511heat resistance 4:2511reflectivity 4:2511t, 4:2513refractive index 4:2513research developments 4:2516resistance 4:2509thermal expansion 4:2510thickness measurements 4:2511t, 4:2515

research developmentsanodizing procedures 4:2514–2515color anodizing processes 4:2514corrosion resistance 4:2516porous oxide formation mechanisms 4:2515–2516properties 4:2516

antichip coatings 4:3173antifouling coatings 2:1143, 4:2691, 4:2692t, 4:2949automotive industryantichip coatings 4:3173anticorrosive waxes 4:3173general discussion 4:3171pretreatment guidelines 4:3171primers 4:3172seam sealants 4:3173surfacers 4:3173underbody protection 4:3173

barrier coatings 1:509, 1:510f, 1:511f, 2:949biocidal coatings 2:1187, 4:2691–2692, 4:2692t, 4:2949carbon materials 3:2279cathodic protection 4:2758, 4:2758fcellulose nitrate 4:3331chromate conversion coatings (CCC) 3:2002, 3:2033, 4:3184, 4:3185f,

4:3194tcladding 4:2521controlled depletion polymers (CDPs) 4:2691–2692, 4:2692tcorrosion fatigue 2:949corrosion prevention strategies 3:2033corrosion-resistant alloys 2:1316, 4:2618, 4:3184tdeposition techniquesnonthermal sprayingair spraying 4:2610electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) 4:2611, 4:2640

sprayed coatings 4:2610–2621air-assisted airless spray application 4:2640airless spray application 4:2639air spraying 4:2638cold-gas dynamic spraying (CGDS) 4:2612t, 4:2616corrosion-resistant coatings 4:2618detonation gun spraying (D-Gun) 4:2612t, 4:2616electrostatic spray application 4:2640flame spraying 4:2612, 4:2612theated spray application 4:2640high-pressure plasma spraying (HPPS) 4:2615high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)/high-velocity air fuel (HVAF)

spraying 4:2612t, 4:2615, 4:2626high-velocity suspension flame spraying (HVSFS) 4:2613inert plasma spraying (IPS) 4:2615inorganic sprayed coatings applications 4:2620laser-hybrid techniques 4:2617, 4:2627, 4:2633tlaser surface melting/remelting (LSM) 4:2626, 4:2633tliquid feedstock 4:2617low-pressure plasma spraying (LPPS) 4:2615metallic coatings 4:2521metallic coatings applications 4:2618, 4:2626metallic glass coatings 4:2617metal matrix composite (MMC) coatings 4:2626–2627nanostructured coatings 4:2617nonthermal spraying 4:2610plasma spraying 4:2612t, 4:2614plasma-transferred arc (PTA) spraying 4:2615processing techniques 4:2618radio frequency (RF) induction plasma spraying 4:2615reactive flame spraying (RFS) 4:2613

shrouded plasma spraying (SPS) 4:2614–2615supersonic RF plasma spraying 4:2615thermal spraying 3:2036, 4:2611tin coatings 3:2074vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) 4:2615wire arc spraying 4:2612t, 4:2613

thermal sprayingbasic concepts 4:2611cold-gas dynamic spraying (CGDS) 4:2612t, 4:2616detonation gun spraying (D-Gun) 4:2612t, 4:2616flame spraying 4:2612, 4:2612thigh-pressure plasma spraying (HPPS) 4:2615high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)/high-velocity air fuel (HVAF)

spraying 4:2612t, 4:2615, 4:2626high-velocity suspension flame spraying (HVSFS) 4:2613inert plasma spraying (IPS) 4:2615laser-hybrid techniques 4:2617, 4:2627, 4:2633tlaser surface melting/remelting (LSM) 4:2626, 4:2633tliquid feedstock 4:2617low-pressure plasma spraying (LPPS) 4:2615magnesium alloys 3:2036metallic glass coatings 4:2617metal matrix composite (MMC) coatings 4:2626–2627nanostructured coatings 4:2617plasma spraying 4:2612t, 4:2614plasma-transferred arc (PTA) spraying 4:2615postprocessing techniques 4:2618preprocessing processing techniques 4:2618radio frequency (RF) induction plasma spraying 4:2615reactive flame spraying (RFS) 4:2613shrouded plasma spraying (SPS) 4:2614–2615supersonic RF plasma spraying 4:2615vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) 4:2615wire arc spraying 4:2612t, 4:2613

design-based mitigation 4:3079fdiffusion coatings 4:2532–2555aluminide coatings 1:701, 1:701fbackground information 4:2532basic characteristics 1:700fluidized bed techniques 4:2535t, 4:2540, 4:2540f, 4:2641gas and vapor phase chemical vapor deposition techniques 4:2535t,

4:2542, 4:2543f, 4:2544f, 4:2546fgeneral discussion 4:2552metalliding process 4:2535t, 4:2541modified aluminide coatingsbackground information 4:2543bulk chemical analysis data 4:2548tchromium-modified aluminides 4:2548cyclic oxidation lifetimes 4:2549fcyclic oxidation performance 4:2551ffabrication processes 4:2544impurity effects 4:2546, 4:2548tplatinum aluminide coatings 4:2544, 4:2545f, 4:2546f, 4:2547f,

4:2549freactive element-modified aluminides 4:2549, 4:2550fsilicon-modified aluminides 4:2548, 4:2549fyttrium-modified aluminides 4:2550f

molten salt baths 4:2535t, 4:2541pack cementation processaluminizing process 4:2534, 4:2537f, 4:2538fbasic concepts 4:2534characteristics 4:2535tdeposition temperatures 4:2536tfacility diagram 4:2536finward growth diffusion coatings 4:2537, 4:2539foutward grown diffusion coatings 4:2538, 4:2539fpack compositions 4:2536t, 4:2537t

platinized coatings 1:702process routes 4:2535tSermaLoy J 4:2540f, 4:2548–2549, 4:2549fsilicide diffusion coatings 1:702, 1:703fslurry cementation process 4:2535t, 4:2538, 4:2540fsubstrate alloy interdiffusion mitigationbackground information 4:2550metal–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (MCrAlY) coatings

4:2550SMARTCOAT concept 4:2551, 4:2552f, 4:2553f

3414 Subject Index


electrodeposited coatings 4:2521epoxy–amine coatingsaircraft corrosion 4:3184t, 4:3188, 4:3189f, 4:3194tballast tanks 4:2694tburied and ground-contact structures 4:2705, 4:2706fcargo holds 4:2697tcharacteristics 4:2695texternal decks 4:2698tfield joint coatings 4:2711topsides and superstructures 4:2699t

failures and defects 4:2728–2745adhesion failure 4:2730alligatoring 4:2730aluminum corrosion 4:2731bittiness 4:2731bleaching 4:2731bleeding/bleed through 4:2731blistering 4:2731, 4:2732bloom/blush 4:2732bridging 4:2732brush marks 4:2733bubbles/bubbling 4:2733cathodic delamination 2:988–1004basic concepts 2:989, 2:990fdelamination kinetics 2:994f, 2:995fdisbondment mechanisms 2:991disbondment prevention 2:992experimental setup schematic diagram 2:990fgeneral discussion 2:988iron/steel surfaces 2:1001f, 2:1002fmarine environments 4:2685–2686metal composition modifications 2:995time-dependent effects 2:990f, 2:991f

causal factors 4:2729chalking 4:2733checking 4:2733cheesiness 4:2734cissing 4:2734cobwebbing 4:2734cracking 4:2734cratering 4:2735crawling 4:2734crocodiling 4:2730crowsfooting 4:2735delamination 4:2730, 4:2735dryspray 4:2736efflorescence 4:2736erosion 4:2736fading 4:2736filiform corrosion 2:988–1004aluminum alloys 2:996f, 2:999, 2:999f, 2:1000f, 3:1990aluminum surfaces 2:996f, 2:997background information 2:996characteristics 2:996, 4:2737general discussion 2:988iron/steel surfaces 2:1000, 2:1001f, 2:1002fpropagation mechanisms 2:997, 2:997fsurface-active filiform corrosion 2:999, 2:999f, 2:1000f

flaking 4:2730, 4:2737flocculation 4:2737flooding 4:2737flotation 4:2738grinning/grinning through 4:2738grit inclusions 4:2738growths and attachments 4:2738impact damage 4:2739incorrect coating systems 4:2739ladders/laddering 4:2733lamination 4:2739misses/skips/holidays 4:2739mud cracking 4:2739orange peel/pock marks 4:2740overspray 4:2740peeling 4:2740pinholes 4:2741rain damage/water spotting 4:2741, 4:2744rippled coating 4:2741

rivelling 4:2744ropiness 4:2733runs/sags/curtains 4:2741rust rashing 4:2742rust spotting 4:2742rust staining 4:2742saponification 4:2743settlement 4:2743shelling 4:2739solvent lifting 4:2743solvent popping 4:2743star cracking 4:2739tackiness 4:2743undercutting 4:2744water spotting 4:2744wrinkling 4:2735, 4:2741, 4:2744zinc carbonates 4:2745

field joint coatings 4:2711, 4:2711f, 4:3284foul release coatings 4:2692, 4:2692tgas turbines 1:523–524, 1:525tglass linings and coatings 3:2319–2329advantages/disadvantages 3:2319damage monitoring and analysisin-situ sensing technology 3:2327repair techniques 3:2328research developments 3:2328

glass enamel corrosionacid environments 3:2326alkaline environments 3:2326complex formation 3:2326fluoride formation 3:2326general discussion 3:2325mineral acids 3:2326organic acids 3:2326water environments 3:2325

glass-lined steel equipment manufacturing processescertifications and standards 3:2322, 3:2322t, 3:2323tglass formulations 3:2319, 3:2321f, 3:2321tglass preparation 3:2321lining process 3:2323metal preparation 3:2322

glass-on-steel propertieschemical corrosive environments 3:2324tchemical properties 3:2324corrosion inhibition 3:2327durability 3:2324tglass enamel corrosion 3:2325in-service enamel behavior 3:2325mechanical properties 3:2323surface properties 3:2325temperature-dependent leaching 3:2327testing methods 3:2324, 3:2325tthermal properties 3:2323

heat shrinkable materials 4:3283, 4:3283thigh-temperature coatings 1:691–724coating typesdiffusion coatings 1:700overlay coatings 1:696, 1:696tSMART MCrAlY overlay coatings 1:699, 1:699f,

1:700fthermal barrier coatings 1:704, 1:704f, 1:705f, 1:712

diffusion coatingsaluminide coatings 1:701, 1:701fbasic characteristics 1:700platinized coatings 1:702silicide diffusion coatings 1:702, 1:703f

importance 1:692metal–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (MCrAlY) coatingsaluminum depletion 1:709characteristics 1:696compositions 1:696tcracking 1:706, 1:707f, 1:708festimated effective fracture energies 1:709tfinite-element modeling predictions 1:708, 1:708fgas turbines 1:537fmicrostructure 1:697fprotective oxidation 1:705, 1:706f

Subject Index 3415


coatings (continued)spalling tendencies 1:706, 1:707f, 1:708f, 1:709tstructure 1:697f

nickel-based superalloys 1:692, 1:693f, 1:693toverlay coatingsmetal–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (MCrAlY) coatings 1:696,

1:696t, 1:697f, 1:705, 1:706f, 4:2550oxide overlay coatings 1:698, 1:698ftitanium–aluminum (Ti–Al) alloys 1:697

protective oxidationalumina (Al2O3) layers 1:705, 1:706faluminum depletion 1:709cracking 1:706, 1:707f, 1:708festimated effective fracture energies 1:709tfinite-element modeling predictions 1:708, 1:708fmetal–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (MCrAlY) coatings 1:705,

1:706fspalling tendencies 1:706, 1:707f, 1:708f, 1:709t

requirementscoating composition 1:694depletion profiles 1:695fprotective oxide layer 1:693solute supply 1:694

SMART MCrAlY overlay coatings 1:699, 1:699f, 1:700fthermal barrier coatingsaeroengine applications 1:704fcharacteristics 1:704chemical failures 1:719, 1:720fcross-section diagram 1:705ffailure characteristics 1:713, 1:714f, 1:715f, 1:716fmartensite formation 1:717mechanical instabilities 1:716f, 1:717oxidation-induced failure 1:712schematic cross-section diagram 1:705fstrain energy 1:715subcritical crack growth 1:716, 1:721fsurface roughness 1:718, 1:719f, 1:720, 1:720f, 1:721ftime-to-failure data plot 1:713ftopcoat cracking 1:716f, 1:721ftransformation strains 1:716

hot-dipped coatings 4:2556–2576aluminum coatings 4:2564applications 4:2572, 4:2573tbasic concepts 4:2556dipping processbasic concepts 4:2565cleaning 4:2565dipping 4:2566operating principles 4:2565post-treatment 4:2566practicabilities 4:2521

duplex coatings 4:2572future developments 4:2573hot dip aluminization 4:2572hot dip galvanizingdegreasing methods 4:2567, 4:2567fdesign guidelines 4:2566duplex coatings 4:2572fluxing operations 4:2567, 4:2567fgalvanizing process 4:2568, 4:2568f, 4:2569fgeneral discussion 4:2566organic systems 4:2572pickling methods 4:2567, 4:2567fpost-galvanizing treatments 4:2570

hot tinning 4:2571metallic coatings 4:2521organic systems 4:2572standardsASTM standards 4:2574tEN/ISO standards 4:2573tgeneral discussion 4:2573

terne coatings 4:2565, 4:2571tin coatingsbasic concepts 4:2556corrosion behavior 4:2564general discussion 3:2074hot tinning 4:2571

zinc coatingsalloying additions 4:2569atmospheric corrosion 4:2558, 4:2559t, 4:2560tcontinuous zinc/zinc alloy coatings 4:2570corrosion behavior 4:2557, 4:2557f, 4:2558fdetergents 4:2562inorganic chemicals 4:2562–2563lubricants 4:2563organic chemicals 4:2563soil corrosion 4:2562, 4:2563tsteel 4:2563water corrosion 4:2562, 4:2562twhite rust 4:2563–2564zinc–aluminum (Zn–Al) alloy coatings 4:2557f, 4:2558, 4:2558fzinc–iron (Zn–Fe) alloys 4:2558

intermetallic alloysaluminide coatingsalloyed aluminide coatings 1:663, 1:664f, 1:665fdifferent base–different substrate 1:665, 1:665fsame base–same substrate 1:663simple aluminide coatings 1:663uranium alloys 3:2188

general discussion 1:662laser cladding (LC) 4:2624, 4:2633tthermal barrier coatings 1:664–665aeroengine applications 1:704fcharacteristics 1:704chemical failures 1:719, 1:720fcross-section diagram 1:705ffailure characteristics 1:713, 1:714f, 1:715f, 1:716fmartensite formation 1:717mechanical instabilities 1:716f, 1:717oxidation-induced failure 1:712schematic cross-section diagram 1:705fstrain energy 1:715subcritical crack growth 1:716, 1:721fsurface roughness 1:718, 1:719f, 1:720, 1:720f, 1:721ftime-to-failure data plot 1:713ftopcoat cracking 1:716f, 1:721ftransformation strains 1:716

titanium aluminides (TiAl/Ti3Al) 1:665laser-applied coatingsadvantages 4:2633general discussion 4:2624high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)/high-velocity air fuel (HVAF)

spraying 4:2626laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) 4:2629, 4:2629f, 4:2630f,

4:2633tlaser cladding (LC) 4:2624, 4:2625f, 4:2633tlaser gas nitriding (LGS) 4:2632, 4:2632f, 4:2633tlaser-hybrid sprayed coating techniques 4:2617, 4:2627, 4:2633tlaser melt/particle injection (LMI) 4:2628laser surface alloying (LSA) 4:2630, 4:2632f, 4:2633tlaser surface melting/remelting (LSM) 4:2626, 4:2633tlimitations 4:2633magnesium alloys 3:2036metal matrix composite (MMC) coatings 4:2626–2627pulsed laser deposition (PLD) 4:2628, 4:2628f, 4:2633t

low solar absorption (LSA) coatings 4:2699magnesium alloysanodic films 3:2034, 3:2035f, 3:2035t, 3:2036fchemical vapor deposition (CVD) 3:2036chromate conversion coatings (CCC) 3:2033coating systems and design 3:2037corrosion prevention strategies 3:2033electrochemical conversion coatings 3:2034, 3:2035f, 3:2035t, 3:2036felectro/electroless deposition 3:2034, 3:2036felectron beam deposition techniques 3:2036laser-applied coatings 3:2036organic coatings 3:2036thermal spraying 3:2036

marine coatings 4:2683–2701coating processesmaintenance and repair 4:2690Newbuilding shipyard 4:2689

coating selection criteriaballast tanks 4:2692, 4:2693f, 4:2694t

3416 Subject Index


cargo holds 4:2696, 4:2697f, 4:2697tcargo tanks 4:2694chemical and product tankers 4:2695coating types and schemes 4:2695texternal decks 4:2698, 4:2698tgeneral discussion 4:2698topsides and superstructures 4:2699, 4:2699tunderwater hulls 4:2691, 4:2692tvessel interiors 4:2699

corrosion breakdownabrasive blasting standards 4:2687tballast tanks 4:2692, 4:2693f, 4:2694tblistering 4:2685–2686cargo holds 4:2696, 4:2697f, 4:2697tcargo tanks 4:2694cathodic disbonding 4:2685–2686chemical and product tankers 4:2695cracking 4:2686f, 4:2686edge coatings 4:2688f, 4:2688general discussion 4:2685rust jacking 4:2686f, 4:2685–2686surface preparation 4:2687–2688underwater hulls 4:2692

future trends 4:2699marine vesselsballast tanks 4:2684f, 4:2684t, 4:2692, 4:2693f, 4:2694tgeneral discussion 4:2683ship characteristics 4:2684fship types 4:2684tsquare meters of steel 4:2684t

performance characteristics 4:2685wood 3:2442

marine environments 2:1143, 4:2759metal dusting protection 1:300metallic coating protection 4:2519–2531alternative coating systems 4:2528anodic protection 4:2520cathodic protection 4:2520control options 2:1166galvanized steel 2:1165general discussion 4:2519metallic–ceramic coatings 4:3188, 4:3188tmetal whiskers 4:2529, 4:2530fmultilayer coatings 4:2528practical applicationsaluminum (Al) 2:1165, 4:2525cadmium (Cd) 4:2524chromium (Cr) 4:2526copper (Cu) 4:2525lead (Pb) 4:2525nickel (Ni) 4:2525precious metals 4:2526, 4:2526f, 4:2527ftin (Sn) 4:2525zinc coatings 2:1165, 4:2524

research developmentsenvironmental classification 4:2528, 4:2528tgalvanic coupling 4:2527general discussion 4:2526porosity 4:2528

selection factorsapplication methods 4:2521coating properties 4:2523corrosion resistance 4:2521economic factors 4:2524galvanic coupling compatibility 4:2522, 4:2522tsubstrate property effects 4:2523

sprayed coatings 4:2618, 4:2626metallic cultural heritage preservationcoating typesacrylic coatings 4:3328cellulose nitrate 4:3331general discussion 4:3328microcrystalline waxes 4:3330silanes 4:3331

conservation-specific coatings 4:3324, 4:3325fpatinas 4:3326, 4:3327f, 4:3328fsurface preparation 4:3327, 4:3328f

metal–matrix composites 3:2267microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 2:1186microcrystalline waxes 4:3330noble metals 3:2221nonbiocidal coatings 4:2692, 4:2692torganic coatingsapplication methods 4:2637–2642air-assisted airless spray application 4:2640air atomized spray application 4:2638airless spray application 4:2639applicator skill 4:2641brush application 4:2638dip coating 4:2641electrostatic spray application 4:2640environmental conditions 4:2641flow coating 4:2641fluidized bed coating 4:2641general discussion 4:2637, 4:2654heated spray application 4:2640high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) spraying techniques 4:2610,

4:2639roller application 4:2638

automotive industryantichip coatings 4:3173anticorrosive waxes 4:3173general discussion 4:3171pretreatment guidelines 4:3171primers 4:3172seam sealants 4:3173surfacers 4:3173underbody protection 4:3173

background information 4:2644characteristics 4:2646corrosion-protective coatings 4:2666–2677active metal-rich pigmentation 4:2646f, 4:2648aluminum alloys 3:2006barrier protection 4:2646f, 4:2647, 4:2648fbasic concepts 4:2645, 4:2646fcathodic protection 4:2646f, 4:2648, 4:2758, 4:2758fgeneral discussion 4:2647, 4:2666inhibitor release coatings 4:2646f, 4:2649iron and steel 4:2667magnesium alloys 3:2036multilayered coating system 4:2648fpaint protection mechanisms 4:2669performance predictions 4:2676smart coatings 4:2650

corrosion test methodsabrasion tests 2:1511adherence tests 2:1510coating behavior 2:1508coating evaluations 2:1510distensibility 2:1511electrochemical tests 2:1509exposure cabinets 2:1510exposure conditions 2:1509field and plant tests 2:1510general discussion 2:1508hardness 2:1511impact tests 2:1511laboratory tests 2:1509specimen preparation techniques 2:1509

formulation processcombinatorial methods 4:2661component volume–coarseness relationship plot 4:2662fcritical pigment volume concentration (CPVC) 4:2657, 4:2662f,

4:2662tdesign process 4:2655, 4:2655f, 4:2656f, 4:2657f, 4:2658f, 4:2659ffilm permeability 4:2662ffilm resistance 4:2662fformulation flow chart 4:2660fformulation specifications 4:2659, 4:2663tgeneral discussion 4:2646pigment volume concentration (PVC) 4:2657, 4:2662f, 4:2662tproduction flow chart 4:2661fraw material selection 4:2655f, 4:2656f, 4:2657f, 4:2658f, 4:2659fvolume effects 4:2657, 4:2662f, 4:2662t

Subject Index 3417


coatings (continued)general discussion 4:2664pigmentscolored pigments 4:2653general discussion 4:2652inert/extender pigments 4:2653inhibitive pigments 4:2652, 4:2995t, 4:2996reactive metal pigments 4:2653

polymersacrylic polymers 4:2652alkyds 4:2652characteristics 4:2651epoxies 4:2651general discussion 4:2651polymer matrix systems 4:2652polyurethane/polyurea coatings 4:2652sol–gel materials 4:2652

primary components 4:2645fadditives 4:2653general discussion 4:2645, 4:2650pigments 4:2652polymers 4:2651solvents/carrier fluids 4:2654

testing procedures 4:2646, 4:2663wet adhesion 4:2655

paints and organic coatings 4:2643–2665, 4:2666–2677anodic passivationbasic pigments 4:2670general discussion 4:2670soluble pigments 4:2670

application methods 4:2637–2642air-assisted airless spray application 4:2640air atomized spray application 4:2638airless spray application 4:2639applicator skill 4:2641brush application 4:2638dip coating 4:2641electrostatic spray application 4:2640environmental conditions 4:2641flow coating 4:2641fluidized bed coating 4:2641general discussion 4:2637, 4:2654heated spray application 4:2640high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) spraying techniques 4:2639roller application 4:2638


background information 4:2644characteristics 4:2646conductive paints 4:2792corrosion inhibitors 4:2995, 4:2995tcorrosion-protective coatingsactive metal-rich pigmentation 4:2646f, 4:2648barrier protection 4:2646f, 4:2647, 4:2648fbasic concepts 4:2645, 4:2646fcathodic protection 4:2646f, 4:2648general discussion 4:2647inhibitor release coatings 4:2646f, 4:2649multilayered coating system 4:2648fsmart coatings 4:2650

formulation processcombinatorial methods 4:2661component volume–coarseness relationship plot 4:2662fcritical pigment volume concentration (CPVC) 4:2657, 4:2662f,

4:2662tdesign process 4:2655, 4:2655f, 4:2656f, 4:2657f, 4:2658f, 4:2659ffilm permeability 4:2662ffilm resistance 4:2662fformulation flow chart 4:2660fformulation specifications 4:2659, 4:2663t

general discussion 4:2646pigment volume concentration (PVC) 4:2657, 4:2662f,

4:2662tproduction flow chart 4:2661fraw material selection 4:2655f, 4:2656f, 4:2657f, 4:2658f,

4:2659fvolume effects 4:2657, 4:2662f, 4:2662t

general discussion 4:2664, 4:2666hydrogen embrittlement 2:907iron and steelanodic reactions 4:2669cathodic reactions 4:2667oxygen diffusion 4:2668, 4:2668trust formation 4:2667water diffusion 4:2668, 4:2668t

liquid-applied coatings (paint) 4:2705, 4:2706f, 4:3283, 4:3283tpaint inspection procedures 4:2720–2727duties and requirements 4:2720general discussion 4:2727inspection considerations 4:2722quality control methods 4:2720training and certification 4:2722

paint protection mechanismsanodic passivation 4:2670cathodic protection 4:2669resistance inhibition 4:2671

performance predictions 4:2676pigmentscolored pigments 4:2653corrosion-resistant coatings 4:2995t, 4:2996general discussion 4:2652inert/extender pigments 4:2653inhibitive pigments 4:2652reactive metal pigments 4:2653

pipeline corrosion management 4:3283, 4:3283tpolymersacrylic polymers 4:2652alkyds 4:2652characteristics 4:2651epoxies 4:2651general discussion 4:2651polymer matrix systems 4:2652polyurethane/polyurea coatings 4:2652sol–gel materials 4:2652


resistance inhibitionbelow-film electrolytes 4:2671electrolyte concentrations 4:2675film thickness 4:2675, 4:2675tgeneral discussion 4:2671ionogenic materials 4:2671outside-film electrolytes 4:2672, 4:2673f, 4:2674fsolvents 4:2676temperature effects 4:2675


phosphate coatings 4:2494–2502coating characteristicsanalytical tests and results 4:2499tcoating types 4:2496, 4:2497tcomposition 4:2498heating effects 4:2498, 4:2498fmetal surface factors 4:2497phosphate solution effects 4:2497post-phosphating rinse treatments 4:2499structure 4:2498

coating formationaccelerators 4:2496deposition mechanisms 4:2495evolving-gas compositions 4:2496t

coating processes 4:2500tgeneral discussion 4:2494

3418 Subject Index


performance characteristicscoating weight 4:2501tcorrosion protection 4:2499phosphophyllite–hopeite ratio 4:2501testing procedures 4:2500

scale inhibition/control 4:2917t, 4:2916steel coatings 4:2500t

pipelinesexternal corrosion prevention strategiesalternating current (AC) monitoring surveys 4:3286coating failures 4:3284coating requirements 4:3281coating types 4:3283, 4:3283tcondition monitoring 4:3285direct current voltage gradient (DCVG) surveys 4:3285field joint coatings 4:3284

FBE-polypropyleneapplication frame 4:2713fapplication methods 4:2715fbasic concepts 4:2713coextruded sheet method 4:2714fcoextruded spiral tape 4:2715finjection molding 4:2714fplastic extrusion welding 4:2714f

field joint coatingsFBE-polypropylene 4:2713, 4:2714fFBE powder coatings 4:2712, 4:2713fgeneral discussion 4:2711liquid-applied field joint coatings 4:2711, 4:2712fradiation cross-linked heat shrink sleeves 4:2712

internal corrosion prevention strategies 4:3296line pipe coatingscoal tar and asphalt/bitumen enamels 4:2709FBE powder coatings 4:2708f, 4:2709, 4:2836fgeneral discussion 4:2707line pipe coating plant schematic diagram 4:2708fpolyolefin coatings 4:2708f, 4:2710

liquid-applied coatings (paint) 4:2705refurbishment methods 4:2716resistance measurements 4:2821thermal insulation 4:2715, 4:2716f

plated coatings 4:2577–2609cathode corrosionagitation processes 4:2592corrosion potential 4:2591, 4:2591tgeneral discussion 4:2588high speed deposition 4:2591passive alloys 4:2590pulse plating 4:2592service corrosion effects 4:2591silver plating/strike baths 4:2589zinc diecastings 4:2589, 4:2589f

corrosion protection methods 4:2578electrodeposit propertiescoating thickness 4:2598compositional effects 4:2601current path geometry 4:2600internal stress effects 4:2601, 4:2602fmechanical properties 4:2602porosity 4:2603, 4:2604f, 4:2605fstructure-dependent properties 4:2601substrate–coating interdiffusion 4:2603throwing power 4:2599, 4:2599f

historical background 4:2578ionic liquids 4:2605nonconductorsgeneral discussion 4:2580mechanical pretreatments 4:2580

plating methodsaddition agents 4:2585anodes 4:2586, 4:2587f, 4:2588taqueous electrolytes 4:2582, 4:2582fcathode corrosion 4:2588complex ions 4:2584, 4:2585fconducting salts 4:2585cyanide ions 4:2584, 4:2585f, 4:2589diffusion processes 4:2585f

electroplating 4:2581industrial electroplating techniques 4:2597plating baths 4:2585postplating treatments 4:2598rinsing processes 4:2597simple ions 4:2584structure-influencing factors 4:2593

pretreatment options 4:2579recent research developments 4:2606structure-influencing factorsbanding effects 4:2596fcurrent characteristics 4:2596electrolyte effects 4:2595epitaxy 4:2593, 4:2594fpseudomorphism 4:2593, 4:2593f, 4:2595f

substratesbanding effects 4:2596fcorrosion potential 4:2591, 4:2591tdegreasing 4:2579electroplating 4:2581epitaxy 4:2593, 4:2594fgeneral discussion 4:2578oxide removal/cleaning 4:2579pretreatment options 4:2579pseudomorphism 4:2593, 4:2593f, 4:2595f

process equipment protection 4:3212refractory metals and alloys 1:207resistance measurements 4:2821self-polishing copolymers (SPCs) 4:2691–2692, 4:2692tsilanes 4:3331soil corrosion 4:2702–2719buried and ground-contact structures 4:2702coating characteristics 4:2704coating typescold-applied tapes 4:2707field joint coatings 4:2711, 4:2711f, 4:3284laminated tapes 4:2707line pipe coatings 4:2707, 4:2708fliquid-applied coatings (paint) 4:2705, 4:2706f, 4:3283, 4:3283tpetrolatum tapes 4:2707pressure-sensitive tapes 4:2707


field joint coatingsFBE-polypropylene 4:2713, 4:2714fFBE powder coatings 4:2712, 4:2713fgeneral discussion 4:2711liquid-applied field joint coatings 4:2711, 4:2712fpipeline corrosion management 4:3284radiation cross-linked heat shrink sleeves 4:2712set-up 4:2711f

line pipe coatingscoal tar and asphalt/bitumen enamels 4:2709, 4:2812t, 4:3283, 4:3283tFBE powder coatings 4:2708f, 4:2709, 4:2812t, 4:2836f, 4:3283,

4:3283tgeneral discussion 4:2707line pipe coating plant schematic diagram 4:2708fpolyolefin coatings 4:2708f, 4:2710, 4:2812t, 4:3283, 4:3283t

pipelinesFBE-polypropylene 4:2713field joint coatings 4:2711, 4:2711f, 4:2713line pipe coatings 4:2707, 4:2708fliquid-applied coatings (paint) 4:2705, 4:2706frefurbishment methods 4:2716thermal insulation 4:2715, 4:2716f

quality control methods 4:2717surface preparation 4:2705

solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:509, 1:510f, 1:511fsolvent-free epoxy coatings 4:2694ttape wrap systems 4:3283, 4:3283ttemporary protective coatings 4:2678–2682

Subject Index 3419


coatings (continued)application methods 4:2679t, 4:2681characteristicshard-film materials 4:2679, 4:2679toil-type materials 4:2679t, 4:2680soft-film materials 4:2678, 4:2679tstrippable coatings 4:2679t, 4:2680volatile corrosion inhibitors 4:2679t, 4:2680water displacing agents 4:2679t, 4:2680

failure mechanisms 4:2681functionality 4:2681general discussion 4:2678suitability 4:2680

thermal barrier coatingsgas turbinescharacteristics 1:527fdamage mechanisms 1:527operation principles 1:524fspallation models 1:528f, 1:529, 1:529f

high-temperature coatingsaeroengine applications 1:704fcharacteristics 1:704chemical failures 1:719, 1:720fcross-section diagram 1:705ffailure characteristics 1:713, 1:714f, 1:715f, 1:716fmartensite formation 1:717mechanical instabilities 1:716f, 1:717oxidation-induced failure 1:712schematic cross-section diagram 1:705fstrain energy 1:715subcritical crack growth 1:716, 1:721fsurface roughness 1:718, 1:719f, 1:720, 1:720f, 1:721ftime-to-failure data plot 1:713ftopcoat cracking 1:716f, 1:721ftransformation strains 1:716

intermetallic alloys 1:664–665laser cladding (LC) 4:2625sprayed coatings 4:2620

tin coatingsbasic concepts 4:2556corrosion behavior 4:2564general discussion 3:2074hot tinning 4:2571

titanium nitride (TiN) coatings 2:1316uranium alloys 3:2188vitreous enamel coatings 3:2330–2336characteristics 3:2330, 3:2331tchemical resistanceacid resistance 3:2334alkali resistance 3:2335atmospheric resistance 3:2335detergent resistance 3:2335general discussion 3:2333water resistance 3:2335

corrosion-resistant propertiesabrasion resistance 3:2333tchemical resistance 3:2333mechanical properties 3:2332, 3:2332t, 3:2333tthermal properties 3:2333


metal/metal preparationapplication and fusion processes 3:2332cast iron 3:2331enamel bonding 3:2332steel 3:2331

pipeline corrosion management 4:2812t, 4:3283, 4:3283tcobalt (Co) 3:1916–1936alloysalloying element influences 3:1918, 3:1920falumina-forming alloys 1:606–645alumina scale formation 1:623fbreakaway oxidation 1:634

compositions 1:607, 1:608t, 1:609tcreep rupture life 1:611fenvironmental conditions 1:637functionality 1:609tgeneral discussion 1:640hydrogen permeability 1:612fselective oxidation 1:612spalled oxide mass 1:610f, 1:617fsteady-state oxidation 1:621total mass gain 1:607, 1:610f, 1:614f, 1:617ftransient oxidation 1:617

cobalt–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (CoCrAlY) alloys 1:537f, 1:631cobalt–chromium–carbon (Co–Cr–C) system 3:1920cobalt–chromium (CoCr) alloys 1:584, 1:586f, 1:593, 1:594f, 1:602tcobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloycorrosion fatigue 2:1318corrosion resistance 2:764, 2:1314, 3:1927crevice corrosion 2:1317galvanic corrosion 2:1319, 3:1928historical background 2:1310hydrogen embrittlement 2:1317pitting corrosion 2:1317replacement joints 2:1046f, 2:1047fzirconium (Zr)-based bulk metallic glasses 3:2200

cobalt–chromium–tungsten (Co–Cr–W) system 3:1920cobalt–nickel–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (CoNiCrAlY) alloys

1:537f, 4:2552comparison studies 1:595tcompositions 1:246tcorrosion behavior 3:1924, 3:1926f, 3:1927fflow-induced corrosion 2:982fgeneral discussion 3:1916global rating parameter (KB4) 1:596firon–nickel–cobalt (Fe–Ni–Co) alloys 1:551fmagnesium alloys 3:2016tmaterials selection 2:982fnickel-based superalloys 1:693tnickel–chromium–cobalt (Ni–Cr–Co) alloys 1:250nickel–cobalt–aluminum–yttrium (NiCoAlY) alloys 4:2624–2625nitridation resistance 1:309fprocess equipment materials 4:3211processing techniques 3:1920stacking fault energy 3:1919–1920, 3:1920fstainless steels 3:1811Stellite 6 steel 3:1917, 3:1917fstrengthening mechanisms 3:1922wear effects 1:349wrought refractory cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) alloys 1:602t

cobalt boride (Co3B) 3:2195cobalt oxide (Co2O3) 1:200cobalt oxide (Co3O4) 1:200, 1:320f, 1:389f, 1:476f, 1:477fcobalt oxide (CoO)amorphous alloys 3:2197fdiffusion processes 1:127enamel frit compositions 3:2321t, 3:2331tequilibrium oxygen partial pressure 1:410ffracture toughness values 1:168toxidation processes 1:182t, 1:183f, 1:200Pilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:146t, 1:160tpoint defects 1:127Poisson ratios 1:170tsurface fracture energies 1:170tthermal expansion coefficients 1:145f

cobalt silicide (CoSi/Co2Si/CoSi2) 1:125–126, 1:126f, 1:209cobalt sulfate (CoSO4) 1:477fcorrosion behaviorbiomedical devicesgalvanic corrosion 3:1928joints 3:1927

cobalt-based alloys 3:1924, 3:1926f, 3:1927felectrochemistry 3:1923, 3:1923ferosion–corrosion 3:1929, 3:1930fgalvanic corrosion 3:1928normalized alloy content 3:1932, 3:1933toxidation 1:200, 3:1926passive film analysis 3:1923, 3:1924f, 3:1925fpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:1923f

3420 Subject Index


total weight loss (TWL) tests 3:1930, 3:1933f, 3:1934fwear–corrosion 3:1928, 3:1931, 3:1932f

crystal structure 1:55telectrochemical scanning tunnel microscopy (ECSTM) 2:1436galvanic corrosion 3:1928high-temperature oxidation 1:183fmagnesium alloys 3:2016tmetallurgical propertiesalloying processesalloying additions 3:1918, 3:1918talloying element influences 3:1918, 3:1920fstacking fault energy 3:1919–1920, 3:1920fStellite 6 steel 3:1917, 3:1917f

alloy systems 3:1920general discussion 3:1916processing techniques 3:1920strengthening mechanisms 3:1922structural characteristics 3:1918, 3:1919f, 3:1920fsuperalloys 3:1918

nitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252toxidation processes 1:200rare earth magnets 2:1316stainless steels 3:1811surgical implantscobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy 2:764, 2:1310, 2:1314,

2:1317, 3:1927environmental conditions 2:1311health effects 2:1310, 2:1310thistorical background 2:1308

thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fzinc–cobalt– iron (Zn–Co–Fe) coatings 4:3188tzinc–cobalt (Zn–Co) coatings 4:3188t

cobwebbing 4:2734cohesive bond failure 3:2421, 3:2466f, 3:2470fcoke breeze 4:2789, 4:2790tcold-applied tapeslaminated tapes 4:2707petrolatum tapes 4:2707pressure-sensitive tapes 4:2707

cold-gas dynamic spraying (CGDS) 4:2612t, 4:2616colored pigments 4:2653combined digital close interval potential surveys (CIPS) 4:2853, 4:2854fcommercial glasses 3:2307composite materialsabove-water fastener selection 2:847faircraft corrosionmaterials selection 4:3184protective treatments 4:3190

below-water fastener selection 2:849fmetal–matrix composites 3:2250–2269characteristics 3:2251chemical degradationaluminum carbide (Al4C3) hydrolysis 3:2263general discussion 3:2262mica degradation 3:2263

continuous-reinforced metal–matrix compositescharacteristics 3:2251, 3:2251fpractical applications 3:2252, 3:2253f

corrosion characteristicschemical degradation 3:2262electrochemical effects 3:2253environmental conditions 3:2264general discussion 3:2253interphase effects 3:2262secondary effects 3:2263

corrosion protection methods 3:2267discontinuous-reinforced metal–matrix compositescharacteristics 3:2252, 3:2252fpractical applications 3:2252, 3:2253f

electrochemical effectsanodic/cathodic polarization diagram 3:2254f, 3:2255f, 3:2256fcathodic constitutent content 3:2260, 3:2261fcathodic current densities 3:2260, 3:2260tenvironmental conditions 3:2254, 3:2255fgeneral discussion 3:2253localized corrosion 3:2259, 3:2259f, 3:2261f, 3:2262fmatrix metal corrosion 3:2254, 3:2255f

microstructure 3:2259, 3:2259fn-type semiconductors 3:2256, 3:2256fp-type semiconductors 3:2256, 3:2256freinforcement area fraction 3:2258, 3:2258f, 3:2259freinforcement electrochemistry 3:2255, 3:2256freinforcement photoelectrochemistry 3:2256reinforcement resistivity 3:2257, 3:2257t, 3:2258f

environmental conditionsgeneral discussion 3:2264humidity chamber exposure 3:2266, 3:2266fimmersion exposure 3:2265, 3:2265foutdoor exposure 3:2266, 3:2267f, 3:2267t

general discussion 3:2267resistivities 3:2257tsecondary effectsdislocation density 3:2264general discussion 3:2263intermetallic alloys 3:2263, 3:2263tlow-integrity diffusion bonds 3:2264microstructural chlorides 3:2264, 3:2264fprocessing-induced corrosion 3:2264

polymer matrix systems 3:2387–2406accelerated ageing 3:2395ageing effectschemical processing industry 3:2401marine industry 3:2404oil and gas industry 3:2398, 3:2398f, 3:2399f, 3:2400f, 3:2401fsupersonic flight 3:2396

ageing mechanismschemical ageing 3:2393fire resistance 3:2394general discussion 3:2390hygrothermal effects 3:2391mechanical degradation 3:2394physical ageing 3:2391synergistic effects 3:2394thermooxidative degradation 3:2392time-dependent effects 3:2391ultraviolet (UV) ageing 3:2393weather degradation 3:2393

chemical processing industryArrhenius relationship 3:2403ASTM standard for long-term chemical resistance 3:2403Barcol hardness changes 3:2403fenvironmental conditions 3:2401failures and defects 3:2402fmass change–concentrated acid plot 3:2403fscrubbing tower 3:2401fsemiempirical corrosion approach 3:2404uniform corrosion 3:2402f

general discussion 3:2388, 3:2405organic coatings 4:2652strength comparisons 3:2388f

computational fluid dynamics 2:985CONCAWE (Europe) 4:3273concreteabove-water fastener selection 2:847fadmixtures 3:2356aggregates 3:2355aluminum alloys 3:2000background information 3:2355below-water fastener selection 2:849fcathodic protection 4:2755, 4:2812t, 4:2827, 4:2830fcomprehensive strength 3:2357, 3:2357tconcreting process 3:2356corrosion inhibitors 4:2996degradation conditionsalkali–silica reaction (ASR) 3:2362, 3:2362fcrackingearly age thermal cracking 3:2358general discussion 3:2358long-term drying shrinkage 3:2358, 3:2358fplastic settlement cracking 3:2358, 3:2358fplastic shrinkage cracking 3:2358

mechanical damageabrasion/erosion 3:2366, 3:2366fcavitation 3:2366

Subject Index 3421


concrete (continued)exfoliation 3:2366, 3:2366ffire 3:2367frost 3:2366, 3:2366f

steel reinforcement corrosioncarbonation 3:2359, 3:2359fcathodic protection 4:2755, 4:2812t, 4:2827, 4:2830fcharacteristics 3:2358chloride-induced corrosion 3:2359, 3:2359fchloride ion diffusion 3:2359chloride ion selective electrodes 3:2362chloride ion sources 3:2359corrosion inhibitors 4:2996corrosion ladder 3:2361diffusion cell test 3:2360immersion tests 3:2360resistivity tests 3:2360retrieved sample tests 3:2361testing errors 3:2361

sulfate-induced corrosionacid corrosion 2:1180conventional sulfate attacks 3:2363, 3:2363fdelayed ettringite formation 3:2365thaumasite form of sulfate attack (TSA) 3:2364

impressed current anodes 4:2798, 4:2815steel-reinforced concrete structures 4:2812t, 4:2827, 4:2830fwater–cement ratio 3:2357water (H2O) 3:2356

condensate line corrosion 4:2948condensate treatment 4:2986conductive paints 4:2792conductive polymers 4:2791congruent phosphate treatment 4:2983Coniophora puteana 3:2445conservation effortsacidic vapor corrosion 2:1326wood corrosivity 2:1328

Conservation of Clean Air and Water (CONCAWE) 4:3157container glass 3:2307, 3:2308t, 3:2309tcontaminated land 2:1153–1154continuous casting 3:1985controlled depletion polymers (CDPs) 4:2691–2692, 4:2692tconvergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) 2:1417cooking oil 3:2428, 3:2430tcooling systems see industrial heating and cooling systemscoordinated phosphate treatment 4:2982, 4:2983fcopolymers 3:2371copper (Cu)age-hardenable nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper

(Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu) alloys 3:1898alkaline copper quat (ACQ) 2:1327aluminum alloys 3:1981amorphous alloys 3:2193–2194atmospheric corrosion 2:848fbrazed joints 3:2452carbon dioxide (CO2) environments 2:855fcharacteristics 3:1938coating characteristics 4:2525copper anode plating 4:2586, 4:2588tcopper azoles 2:1327copper chloride (CuCl) 4:3315, 4:3332, 4:3333fcopper–chromium–arsenic (CCA) preservatives 2:1327, 3:2441copper/copper alloys 3:1937–1973above-water fastener selection 2:847facid picklinghydrochloric acid (HCl) 4:2992tnitric acid (HNO3) 4:2993tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2992t

aluminum–copper (Al–Cu) alloys 1:68farchaeological metals 2:1159, 4:3311fbackground information 3:1938below-water fastener selection 2:849fcathodic protection 4:2755, 4:2755tcharacteristicsaluminum bronzes 3:1943, 3:1952tbrasses 2:820, 3:1942, 3:1952tcast copper alloys 3:1941t, 3:1942t, 3:1952t

copper–nickel–chromium (Cu–Ni–Cr) alloys 3:1943cupronickel alloys 3:1942, 3:1952t, 3:1967heat treatable copper alloys 3:1942high conductivity coppers 3:1942mechanical properties 3:1940t, 3:1942tnickel silvers 3:1943, 3:1952tphysical properties 3:1940tpure copper 3:1938silicon bronzes 3:1943, 3:1952ttin bronze 3:1943wrought copper alloys 3:1939t, 3:1940t, 3:1952t

compositions 1:246t, 3:1939t, 3:1941tcontaminated environmentsbrass-product stress corrosion 3:1961corrosivity 3:1960stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1962

copper–gold (Cu–Au) alloys 2:805f, 2:867t, 3:2215copper–zinc (Cu–Zn) alloys 1:68fcorrosion potential 4:2591tcorrosion prevention strategies 4:3320corrosive environmentsatmospheric corrosion 3:1946, 3:1947tcontaminated environments 3:1960freshwater environments 3:1954general discussion 3:1946high-temperature oxidation 3:1965industrial chemicals 3:1962internal corrosion risks 4:3217f, 4:3218fnatural water corrosion 3:1950polluted conditions 3:1963, 3:1964t, 3:1965fseawater 3:1958soil corrosion 2:1158, 2:1159f, 3:1949, 3:1949t

corrosivityanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1214f, 2:1220,

2:1220fcrevice corrosion 3:1952telectrode behavior 3:1944electrode potential relationships 3:1944potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:1945, 3:1945ftheoretical aspects 3:1943

dealloying mechanisms 2:802electroplated coatings 4:2578flow-induced corrosion 2:980, 2:981f, 2:982ffreshwater environmentschemical attacks 3:1956, 3:1956fcorrosivity 3:1954dissolution conditions 3:1957microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:1956, 3:1957fpipework systems 3:1954pitting corrosion 3:1954stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1957, 3:1957f

future developmentsantimicrobial benefits 3:1967cupronickel alloys 3:1967shape-memory alloys 3:1968

galvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:1119f, 3:1845fhydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1214findustrial chemicalsacid corrosion 3:1963alkali corrosion 2:1204, 3:1963corrosivity 3:1962hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pollution 3:1963, 3:1964t, 3:1965fneutral solutions 3:1963organic compounds 3:1964

intergranular corrosion 2:820lead–copper (Pb–Cu) alloys 3:2055, 3:2055tlow-alloy steel 1:569marine environmentscorrosivity 2:1131, 3:1760fcritical design velocities 2:1132tdealloying 2:1135dissolved oxygen–corrosion rate plot 2:1134fgalvanic corrosion 2:1134–1135, 3:1757timpingement attacks 2:1134macrofouling 2:1133metal-ion concentration cell corrosion 2:1135pitting corrosion 2:1133–1134

3422 Subject Index


self-corrosion 2:1135shear stresses 2:1132tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:1135sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1132–1133temperature–corrosion rate plot 2:1133f

nickel–copper (Ni–Cu) alloyscorrosion protection methods 2:1143corrosion resistance 3:1883galvanic corrosion 2:854t, 2:1119fhistorical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881tmarine environments 2:1131, 2:1132t, 2:1133f, 2:1134f, 2:1135metal dusting 1:296, 1:296fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t

pitting corrosioncarbon film pitting 3:1955, 3:1955felectrochemical processes 3:1955freshwater environments 3:1954hot soft water conditions 3:1955natural waters 3:1954Type III pitting 3:1955Type II pitting 3:1955Type I pitting 3:1955, 3:1955f

process equipment materials 4:3210f, 4:3211protective treatments 3:1966, 4:3332, 4:3333fquaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2245silver–copper (Ag–Cu) alloys 1:67fstainless steels 2:1232–1233, 2:1233f, 3:1809stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1957, 3:1957f, 3:1962sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1243uniform corrosion 2:729water corrosionbrass dezincification 3:1952contaminated environments 3:1960freshwater environments 3:1954impingement attacks 3:1950, 3:1951f, 3:1952tnatural waters 3:1950pitting corrosion 3:1954seawater 3:1952t, 3:1958selective attacks 3:1954

wood 2:1326copper cyanide (CuCN) 4:2591tcopper–magnesium-containing alloys 3:1981copper napthenate 2:1327copper–nickel–beryllium (CuNiBe) intermetallic compound 3:2177copper oxide (Cu2O) 1:146tcopper oxide (CuO) 1:160t, 1:477f, 2:1086–1087, 2:1087f, 3:2197fcopper sulfate (CuSO4)

corrosion test methods 2:1479t, 2:1480f, 2:1481, 2:1482freference electrodescathodic protection 4:2754, 4:2754t, 4:2850fcommon reference electrodes 2:1371tdesign guidelines 1:46, 1:47f, 1:48tpotential measurements 4:2848, 4:2849t

corrosive environments 1:92corrosivity 1:90crystal structure 1:55tcuprite (Cu2O) 4:2942tdental amalgams 2:1310diffusion coatings 4:2535t, 4:2536telectroplated coatings 4:2584erosion resistance 2:985fexchange current density 3:2217tgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:850t, 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:1119f, 3:1845fhigh conductivity coppers 3:1942high-temperature oxidation 3:1965hydrogen sulfide (H2S) environments 2:855fmagnesium alloys 3:2015, 3:2016t, 3:2019tmicroscopy-based analytical techniquesaluminum–copper (Al–Cu) alloy oxide film 2:1410–1411, 2:1412felectrochemical scanning tunnel microscopy (ECSTM) 2:1436, 2:1437f

nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu)alloys

alloy 20corrosion resistance 3:1891galvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:1119fhistorical development 3:1882t

hydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907major alloying elements 3:1881tmaximum depth of crevice attack 2:1128tpitting resistance 3:1897tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1238fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903








nickel–copper (Ni–Cu) alloyscorrosion protection methods 2:1143corrosion resistance 3:1883erosion resistance 2:985fflow-induced corrosion 2:982fgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:1119f, 3:1845fhistorical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881tmarine environments 2:1131, 2:1132t, 2:1133f, 2:1134f, 2:1135materials selection 2:982fmetal dusting 1:296, 1:296fphase diagram 1:64fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t

Subject Index 3423


copper (Cu) (continued)nitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252tpH factors 2:1104–1105physical properties 3:2054tpreservative treatments 2:1327production processes 3:1862redox couples equilibrium potential values 1:26treference electrodes 1:46, 1:47f, 1:48t, 2:1371t, 4:2848, 4:2849t, 4:2850fscale inhibitors/dispersants 4:2993tsoil corrosion 2:1152f, 2:1158, 2:1159fsolders 3:2075stainless steels 2:1232–1233, 2:1233f, 3:1809, 3:1856t, 3:1863tstandard reduction potential 3:2074tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867tsulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1175, 2:1178, 2:1178fsulfidation corrosion 1:246funiform corrosion 2:729water chemistry 2:1098twood corrosivity 2:1326zirconium (Zr)-based bulk metallic glasses 3:2199

copper steel 3:1724fcordierite (Al3Mg2(Si5AlO18)) 1:674corrosion 1:89–100basic conceptsclassifications 1:95tgeneral discussion 1:96terminology 1:96, 1:97t

definitions 1:90economic aspects 4:3040–3051cost control optionsconstruction material selection 4:3043, 4:3043t, 4:3044f, 4:3044texpected value analysis 4:3045–3046, 4:3046flowest life cycle costing 4:3043, 4:3047, 4:3062net cash flow/net present value 4:3044f, 4:3044trepair and maintenance options 4:3044, 4:3045trisk and uncertainties analyses 4:3045, 4:3046f

individual organizationscontrol options 4:3043cost sources 4:3040discounted cash flow 4:3042, 4:3062investment appraisals 4:3041, 4:3041fnet cash flow/net present value 4:3042, 4:3042f, 4:3042t,

4:3062return on investment 4:3042–3043

quantification methodsgeneral discussion 4:3047gross national product (GNP) 4:3049national economies 4:3049specific industrial sectors 4:3048, 4:3048f, 4:3049fUnited States economy 4:3047, 4:3047f

inspection techniqueschemical/petrochemical industry 4:3161defense systems 4:3162future developments 4:3162general discussion 4:3146historical background 4:3146importance 4:3147management strategies 4:3159marine environments 4:3162oil and gas industry 4:3160oil and gas pipelinesbackground information 4:3157direct assessments 4:3303general discussion 4:3301hydrotests 4:3303inspection vehicles 4:3158, 4:3159tmanagement strategies 4:3160pipeline inspections gauge (PIG) 4:3158

power plants 4:3161, 4:3162fprocess methodsacoustic emission 4:3156, 4:3157fdye penetrant (DPI) surface crack detection 4:3155electrical techniques 4:3155fiber optic sensors (FOS) 4:3156in-line inspection (ILI) 4:3157magnetic particle (MPI) surface crack detection 4:3155magnetic techniques 4:3155

nondestructive testing/examination (NDT/E) 4:3148portable X-ray machines 4:3154radiological techniques 4:3154thermography 4:3156ultrasonic techniques 4:3150, 4:3151f, 4:3152fvisual inspections 4:3149

resolution and response times 4:3163ttransportation systems 4:3162ultrasonic methodsbasic concepts 4:3150probe types 4:3150specialized ultrasonic systems 4:3152, 4:3153fthickness/depth measurements 4:3151f, 4:3152f

metal–environment interaction effectschemical reactions 1:92crystal structure imperfections 1:94fenvironmental conditions 1:92, 1:95fgeneral discussion 1:89metal heterogeneities 1:93, 1:93t, 1:94f

metallic cultural heritage preservationarchaeological metals 2:1159, 4:3310, 4:3311f, 4:3312fconservation strategies 4:3310handling concerns 4:3313–3314, 4:3314fhistorical metals 4:3313, 4:3313fmodern metals 3:2458, 4:3313–3314

monitoring techniques 4:3117–3166bacteria monitoring techniques 4:3135benefits 4:3120chemical analyses 4:3133coupon testing 4:3125, 4:3126fdefinitions 4:3120electrical resistance (ER) probesfixed attachment probe 4:3128fgeneral discussion 4:3127ring-pair spool 4:3128fspiral flush probe 4:3127fspiral wide tip probe 4:3127f

electrochemical techniquesalternating current (AC) impedance spectroscopy (ACIS)

4:3130electrochemical noise 4:3131field signature method (FSM) 4:3131, 4:3132f, 4:3133fgalvanic current 4:3130linear polarization resistance (LPR) 4:3129, 4:3130fpotential measurements 4:3128potentiodynamic/cyclic polarization 4:3129thin layer activation (TLA) 4:3133

future developments 4:3145historical background 4:3124hydrogen production 4:3134industrial applicationsatmospheric corrosion 4:3145chemical/petrochemical industry 4:3139, 4:3139t, 4:3141fcivil engineering projects 4:3145cooling water systems 4:3143desalination 4:3143nuclear waste storage 4:3145oil and gas industry 4:3135, 4:3136tpipelines 4:3144power generation industry 4:3140pulp and paper industry 4:3143transportation systems 4:3144

power generation industrycoal-fired boiler tube corrosion 4:3140, 4:3142f, 4:3143fflue gas outlet duct corrosion control 4:3142

process parameters and conditions 4:3135proposal guidelinesdata management 4:3122economic factors 4:3121engineering considerations 4:3123general discussion 4:3121legislative guidelines 4:3123objectives 4:3121personnel management 4:3122standards 4:3123technique limitations 4:3122technique selection 4:3121

3424 Subject Index


spool pieces 4:3134survey response findings 4:3124t, 4:3125ttest heat exchangers 4:3134

predictive modeling 2:1630–1679basic concepts 2:1633boiling water reactors (BWRs)corrosion evolutionary path (CEP) 2:1672fcrack depth modeling 2:1673felectrochemical corrosion potential (ECP) calculation 2:1670f,

2:1671ffailure probabilities 2:1669predicted damage plot 2:1672fschematic diagram 2:1669f

corrosion damage classifications 2:1633corrosion evolutionary path (CEP) 2:1632–1633, 2:1672fdamage function analysis (DFA)basic concepts 2:1636, 2:1638fextreme value statistical analysis (EVS) 2:1661hyperbolic dependencies 2:1664flogarithmic law dependencies 2:1665fpower law dependencies 2:1665f

empirical versus deterministic models 2:1632general discussion 2:1669, 2:1676low-pressure steam turbine (LPST) studyblade failure probabilities 2:1674t, 2:1675fdisc failure probabilities 2:1674f, 2:1674t, 2:1675fgeneral discussion 2:1673

mixed potential model 2:1638, 2:1640fMonte Carlo (MC) simulation techniques 2:1665, 2:1667t, 2:1668fparameter values 2:1667tpit depth distributions 2:1636fpit depth measurements 2:1634t, 2:1668fpit nucleation rateempirical models 2:1641mean critical breakdown potential 2:1646fpoint defect model 2:1641, 2:1642f, 2:1645f, 2:1646f

pit propagation ratecalculation approaches 2:1648, 2:1657, 2:1658fcoupled environment corrosion models 2:1652, 2:1653f, 2:1655f,

2:1656fgeneral discussion 2:1648quasi-potential plot 2:1658f

pit repassivation rate 2:1661pit-to-crack transition 2:1661

process classificationsexisting classificationsdry corrosion 1:97, 1:97fgeneral discussion 1:96wet corrosion 1:97f, 1:98

organic solvents 1:98, 1:98fspontaneous reactions 1:100tsuggested classifications 1:99

research approacheschemical reaction approach 1:92crystal structure imperfections 1:94fenvironmental conditions 1:92, 1:95fgeneral discussion 1:91metal heterogeneities 1:93, 1:93t, 1:94f

tribocorrosion 2:1005–1050water system modifications 4:2930–2970chemical inhibitorscooling systems 4:2964, 4:2965t, 4:2968fgeneral discussion 4:2961steam boiler systems 4:2961


4:2969t

pitting corrosion 4:2945, 4:2946fstress corrosion 4:2947uniform corrosion 4:2945white rust 4:2949

heat capacity 4:2931importance 4:2931industrial heating and cooling systemsalkalinity 4:2939, 4:2939t, 4:2940t, 4:2953, 4:2958bacterial growth count evaluation 4:2969tblistering 4:2958fchemical inhibitors 4:2961contaminant cycles of concentration (COC) 4:2959t, 4:2960,

4:2961tcontaminant saturation conditions 4:2956cooling systems 4:2964, 4:2965t, 4:2968fcorrosion mechanisms 4:2945corrosion mitigation 4:2933, 4:2936fcorrosion monitoring 4:3143corrosion rate quantification 4:2957tcorrosion test coupon 4:2956fcorrosion vulnerability data 4:2956tfreshwater consumption 4:2932, 4:2935fhardness 4:2940–2941, 4:2953, 4:2958hydrologic cycle 4:2936, 4:2937fLangelier saturation index (LSI) 4:2958Larson–Skold index (L–SI) 4:2960makeup water treatment 4:2959tmetal and alloy materials selection 4:2955, 4:2956tmicrobially-induced corrosion (MIC) 4:2967, 4:2969tmicrobiological fouling 4:2950, 4:2950f, 4:2967, 4:2969tmineral scales, muds, and sludges 4:2941, 4:2942f, 4:2942t,

4:2943forganic inhibitors 4:2966, 4:2966fpathogenic bacteria 4:2951, 4:2951fpretreatment processes 4:2953, 4:2954fPuckorius scaling index (PSI) 4:2959Ryznar stability index (RSI) 4:2959scale formation 4:2935, 4:2936fsteam boiler systems 4:2961treatment guidelines 4:2952water chemistry 4:2936, 4:2939twater treatment factors 4:2933

latent heat 4:2932new-construction HVAC systems 4:2944organic inhibitors 4:2966, 4:2966fpotable systemsalkalinity 4:2939, 4:2939t, 4:2940t, 4:2953, 4:2958bacterial growth count evaluation 4:2969tblistering 4:2958fchemical inhibitors 4:2961contaminant cycles of concentration (COC) 4:2959t, 4:2960,

4:2961tcontaminant saturation conditions 4:2956corrosion mechanisms 4:2945corrosion mitigation 4:2933, 4:2936fcorrosion rate quantification 4:2957tcorrosion test coupon 4:2956fcorrosion vulnerability data 4:2956tfreshwater consumption 4:2932, 4:2935fhardness 4:2940–2941, 4:2953, 4:2958hydrologic cycle 4:2936, 4:2937fLangelier saturation index (LSI) 4:2958Larson–Skold index (L–SI) 4:2960makeup water treatment 4:2959tmetal and alloy materials selection 4:2955, 4:2956tmicrobially-induced corrosion (MIC) 4:2967, 4:2969tmicrobiological fouling 4:2950, 4:2950f, 4:2967, 4:2969tmineral scales, muds, and sludges 4:2941, 4:2942f, 4:2942t, 4:2943fpathogenic bacteria 4:2951, 4:2951fpretreatment processes 4:2953, 4:2954fPuckorius scaling index (PSI) 4:2959Ryznar stability index (RSI) 4:2959scale formation 4:2935, 4:2936ftreatment guidelines 4:2952water chemistry 4:2936, 4:2939twater treatment factors 4:2933

steam boiler systems 4:2961

Subject Index 3425


corrosion fatigue 2:928–953airframe corrosion 4:3178, 4:3178talloysaluminum alloys 2:947, 2:948fcarbon steel 3:2457ferrous alloys 2:944stainless steels 2:946, 2:946ttitanium alloys 2:948

aluminum alloys 3:1995, 3:1996fbasic conceptscrack growth rate–crack size plot 2:931fcrack growth stages 2:931fgeneral discussion 2:930initiation sites 2:931fpersistent slip bands 2:931f

cast ironcurve plots 3:1770f, 3:1771ffatigue resistance 3:1770t, 3:1771f, 3:1772fgeneral discussion 3:1768limiting strengths 3:1769t

characteristics 1:95tcorrosion management 4:3010corrosion test methods 2:1491, 2:1492fgeneral discussion 2:950historical background 2:929influencing factorsdamage regimes 2:937telectrochemical conditions 2:942, 2:943fgeneral discussion 2:940intermetallic particles 2:941loading frequency 2:941, 2:942fmicrostructure 2:941solution conditions 2:942stress state 2:944, 2:944fsurface conditions 2:942, 2:943f

loading patterns 2:858flow-pressure steam turbine (LPST) modeling study

2:1674tmagnesium alloys 3:2028mechanical fasteners 3:2449nitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1258photographic illustration 4:3104fprevention strategiesbarrier coatings 2:949cathodic protection 2:950general discussion 2:949surface treatments 2:950

regimes and mechanismsdamage regimes 2:937tgeneral discussion 2:932long crack growthbasic concepts 2:938corrosion fatigue models 2:940linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFMs) analysis 2:938, 2:939f,

2:940short crack growthdevelopment stages 2:932, 2:932f, 2:933finitiation stage 2:932, 2:937tlinear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFMs) analysis 2:935loading frequency 2:941, 2:942fpassive film breakdown 2:933pit–crack transition 2:935, 2:936f, 2:937f, 2:937tpit formation 2:933pit growth rate 2:934, 2:935f, 2:937tpitting corrosion fatigue models 2:938, 2:938tshort crack–long crack interface 2:935, 2:937f, 2:937tsurface film breakdown 2:934transition stages 2:933f

S–N (stress–number of cycles to failure) curves 2:930fstainless steels 2:1258, 3:1836surgical implants 2:1318

corrosion ladder 3:2361corrosion management 4:3001–3039basic concepts 4:3005catastrophic incidents 4:3035definitions 4:3003effectiveness 4:3034

environmental modifications 4:2891–2899corrosion control strategies 4:2891corrosion rates 4:2898fcorrosive agent removal (CAR)basic concepts 4:2892electrochemical reactions 4:2892fgaseous environments 4:2892liquid environments 4:2893, 4:2894f

general discussion 4:2899protective barrier inducement (PBI)aqueous acidic solutions 4:2895, 4:2896f, 4:2897faqueous near-neutral solutions 4:2897, 4:2898f, 4:2899fbasic concepts 4:2894corrosion inhibitors 4:2895, 4:2896f, 4:2897f

general discussion 4:3002importance 4:3002infrastructure systems 4:3198–3206background information 4:3198degradation mechanisms 4:3198failure consequences 4:3199highway infrastructure 4:3200f, 4:3201f, 4:3202f, 4:3203inspection requirementsbridge half-joint diagram 4:3200felectromagnetic covermeter 4:3202fhalf-cell potential surveys 4:3201, 4:3202fimportance 4:3199inspection equipment 4:3201f, 4:3202fmethodologies 4:3200remote monitoring methods 4:3203structural factors 4:3203

lighting and signage posts 4:3205parking structures 4:3204, 4:3205f

key performance indicators (KPIs) 4:3240, 4:3005–3006, 4:3030, 4:3266t,4:3265

legislative regulations 4:3003, 4:3004tmanagement processesgeneral discussion 4:3006management requirements 4:3007fquality management processes 4:3238, 4:3006risk management processesbasic concepts 4:3007information flow guidelines 4:3009, 4:3009fprocess flowchart 4:3008frisk analysis, mitigation, and control flowchart 4:3010f

management systemsasset management systems 4:3036–3037, 4:3037fdata management systems 4:3032, 4:3034fframeworkscorrosion management systems 4:3026, 4:3027f, 4:3028frisk mitigation systems 4:3025, 4:3026f

key performance indicators (KPIs) 4:3030management toolscorrosion mitigation requirementsbasic concepts 4:3022data management systems 4:3024, 4:3025fmitigation flowchart 4:3022fmonitoring techniques 4:3023, 4:3024f, 4:3117–3166

probability analysisbasic concepts 4:3018corrosion rates 4:3019ffailure probabilities 4:3021finhibitor performance analysis 4:3020tquantitative corrosion risk analysis 4:3020f

risk assessment guidelinescontrol options 4:3016tcriticality assessments 4:3013, 4:3014t, 4:3015tfailure probabilities 4:3017f, 4:3018thazards identification 4:3012, 4:3013tmatrix analyses 4:3013, 4:3014trisk-based inspection (RBI) 4:3238–3239, 4:3016, 4:3016f,

4:3017frisk identificationcorrosion sources 4:3011damage and failure modes 4:3010risk assessment flowchart 4:3012f

mining industry 4:2994oil and gas industry 4:3230–3269

3426 Subject Index


chemical injection systemscarbon dioxide (CO2)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) content 4:3260common treatments 4:3260inhibitor residuals 4:3261iron counts 4:3261oxygen monitoring 4:3261pH measurements 4:3261temperature/pressure measurements 4:3260

chemical treatments 4:2900–2929batch treatments 4:2907f, 4:2907continuous treatments 4:2906f, 4:2905corrosion inhibition 4:2908corrosion reactions 4:2902f, 4:2901data management strategies 4:2928f, 4:2927emulsion cleaners 4:2905f, 4:2903field applications 4:2905inhibition risk evaluation/mitigation monitoring 4:2926t, 4:2925inhibitors 4:2905f, 4:2903injection failures 4:2906f, 4:2906microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 4:2922f, 4:2920pipelines 4:2902fprogram management strategies 4:2924f, 4:2925t, 4:2923scale inhibition/control 4:2916squeeze treatments 4:2907f, 4:2907–2908treating terminology 4:2903

communication and management structureaudit/compliance reviews 4:3266contractual structure 4:3265corrosion management team 4:3264key performance indicators (KPIs) 4:3266t, 4:3265management of change (MoC) procedures 4:3265ongoing improvement practices 4:3266

corrosion inhibitionadsorption inhibition processes 4:2909f, 4:2910f, 4:2908chemical treatments 4:2902f, 4:2903general discussion 4:2908inhibitor performance analysis 4:2910f, 4:2910inhibitor testing 4:2911

corrosion threat characteristics 4:3233, 4:3235fdesign guidelinescommissioning procedures 4:3255data management systems 4:3255documentation 4:3250engineering considerations 4:3253general discussion 4:3250

documentation guidelinescathodic protection (CP) systems 4:3253chemical injection systems 4:3251corrosion management philosopy 4:3251material selection reports 4:3250, 4:3252f

engineering considerationscorrosion allowances 4:3253corrosion threat minimization 4:3253, 4:3254finaccessible pipework 4:3253insulation 4:3254pigging facilities 4:3254

fabrication/construction guidelinescommissioning procedures 4:3256integrity management systems 4:3256quality assurance (QA)/quality control (QC) 4:3255

Front End Engineering Design (FEED)basic concepts 4:3243corrosion risk analysis 4:3247, 4:3247fdata availability 4:3244financial projections 4:3247finstallation and operational considerations 4:3248, 4:3250flaboratory tests 4:3247modeling approaches 4:3244, 4:3245f, 4:3246fprocurement considerations 4:3248quality assurance (QA) practices 4:3248risk matrices 4:3247, 4:3247f

general discussion 4:3233, 4:3267industry drivers and changes 4:3238inhibitor testingautoclave tests 4:2914bubble tests 4:2911compatibility tests 4:2915f, 4:2914

field deployment tests 4:2914general discussion 4:2911jet impingement tests 4:2914persistency tests 4:2913f, 4:2913rotating cylinder electrode (RCE)/flow loops tests 4:2912f,

4:2912weld corrosion 4:2914f, 4:2915f, 4:2914

inspection techniques 4:3160management process guidelines 4:3240, 4:3242fmicrobially-induced corrosion (MIC)bacteria monitoring techniques/serial dilution 4:2922f, 4:2920biocide application procedures 4:2922biocide treatments 4:2922corrosion effects 4:2922f, 4:2920

mitigation approachespipelines 4:3236–3237process plants 4:3238subsurface environments 4:3236

monitoring techniquesbackground information 4:3121, 4:3124case studies 4:3138economic factors 4:3136tfield signature method (FSM) 4:3131, 4:3132f, 4:3133fgeneral discussion 4:3135survey response findings 4:3124t

operations phasechemical injection systems 4:3260communication and management structure 4:3264corrosion management strategy implementation 4:3257data management systems 4:3261direct assessment (DA) procedures 4:3263external protection 4:3260fitness-for-service (FFS) assessments 4:3264inspection and monitoring activities 4:3259f, 4:3257process condition changes 4:3262risk-based inspection (RBI) 4:3263

pipelinescomponents 4:3236corrosion characteristics 4:3236in-line inspection (ILI) 4:3157, 4:3301pipeline inspections gauge (PIG) 4:3158

process plantscomponents 4:3237corrosion characteristics 4:3237

risk-based inspection (RBI) 4:3238–3239, 4:3263scale inhibition/controlchemical treatments 4:2917t, 4:2916control mechanisms 4:2917general discussion 4:2916inhibitor material selection 4:2919inhibitor treatments 4:2916removal methods 4:2919scale formation 4:2916fscale prediction models 4:2919f, 4:2917squeeze treatments 4:2921f, 4:2919

subsurface environmentscomponents 4:3235corrosion characteristics 4:3235

pipelines 4:3270cathodic protectionbasic concepts 4:3287close interval potential surveys (CIPSs) 4:3290design criteria 4:3288impressed current anodes 4:3288, 4:3288finternal protection 4:2812t, 4:2826, 4:2827fmonitoring procedures 4:3289sacrificial anodes 4:3287, 4:3287fshielding criteria 4:3289system criteria 4:3288, 4:3289f

coatingsalternating current (AC) monitoring surveys 4:3286coating failures 4:3284coating requirements 4:3281coating types 4:3283, 4:3283tcondition monitoring 4:3285direct current voltage gradient (DCVG) surveys 4:3285field joint coatings 4:3284

Subject Index 3427


corrosion management (continued)direct assessmentsexternal corrosion direct assessment (ECDA) 4:3304general discussion 4:3303internal corrosion direct assessment (ICDA) 4:3304stress corrosion cracking direct assessment (SCCDA) 4:3304

external corrosion risksalternating current (AC) corrosion 4:3281cathodic protection 4:3287coatings 4:3281corrosion mechanisms 4:3277direct assessment techniques 4:3304microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 4:3279preferential corrosion 4:3280prevention strategies 4:3281risk assessment guidelines 4:3290, 4:3291tsoil corrosion 4:3278, 4:3278fstray-current corrosion 4:3280, 4:3280f

in-line inspection (ILI)advantages 4:3303crack detection 4:3302general discussion 4:3301magnetic flux leakage (MFL) 4:3302ultrasonic wall thickness measurements 4:3302, 4:3302f

inspection techniquesdirect assessments 4:3303general discussion 4:3301hydrotests 4:3303in-line inspection (ILI) 4:3301

internal corrosion riskscarbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion 4:3291coatings 4:3296corrosion allowance 4:3295corrosion-resistant alloys 4:3296direct assessment techniques 4:3304general discussion 4:3290inhibitors 4:3296localized corrosion 4:3293microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 4:3295monitoring procedures 4:3297prevention strategies 4:3295product treatments 4:3296risk assessment guidelines 4:3298, 4:3298tsour corrosion 4:3294sweet corrosion 4:3291

localized corrosionflow-induced localized corrosion (FILC) 4:3293general discussion 4:3293mesa corrosion 4:3293pitting corrosion 4:3293preferential weld corrosion 4:3293

monitoring techniques 4:3144pipeline integrity management 4:3277, 4:3277f, 4:3305prevention strategiescathodic protection 4:2812t, 4:2826, 4:2827f, 4:3287coatings 4:3281, 4:3283t, 4:3296corrosion allowance 4:3295corrosion-resistant alloys 4:3296inhibitors 4:3296internal corrosion risks 4:3295product treatments 4:3296

significancecost concerns 4:3273failure causes 4:3273, 4:3274tpipeline age–spill frequency relationship 4:3275fpipeline failure statistics 4:3273, 4:3274tsafety concerns 4:3276, 4:3276t

sour corrosiongeneral discussion 4:3294hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) 4:3294, 4:3295fmaterials selection 4:3295stress-oriented HIC 4:3295sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) 4:3294

stress corrosion cracking (SCC) riskscharacteristics 4:3299direct assessment techniques 4:3304external corrosion risks 4:3299

high-pH stress corrosion cracking 4:3299near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking 4:3300occurrence 4:3299risk assessment guidelines 4:3301

sweet corrosionbasic concepts 4:3291flow rate effects 4:3292hydrogen sulfide (H2S) content effects 4:3293partial pressure effects 4:3292pH effects 4:3292temperature effects 4:3292

Swiss cheese hazard management model 4:3239–3240, 4:3035–3036,4:3035f

corrosion-resistant alloysbody fluids 2:1308–1322biological components 2:1311biomedical devicescobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy 2:764, 2:1310,

2:1314, 2:1317, 3:1927corrosion fatigue 2:1318, 3:2049corrosion types 2:1316crevice corrosion 2:1317dental amalgams 2:1316fretting corrosion 2:1318galvanic corrosion 2:1319general corrosion 2:1316general discussion 2:1319health effects 2:1310, 2:1310thistorical background 2:1308hydrogen embrittlement 2:1317magnesium alloys 2:1315metallic foams 2:1315nickel titanium (NiTi) alloys 2:764, 2:1312–1313, 2:1314pitting corrosion 2:1317porous materials 2:1315rare earth magnets 2:1310, 2:1316stainless steels 2:764, 2:1314stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:1317surface finish 2:1313titanium nitride (TiN) coatings 2:1316titanium/titanium alloys 2:764, 2:1310, 2:1313, 2:1317, 3:2049, 3:2164

environmental conditions 2:1311, 2:1312fhealth effects 2:1310, 2:1310tmetal ion concentrations 2:1310tniobium (Nb) 3:2148oxygen–carbon dioxide level comparisons 2:1311–1312, 2:1312tsafety concerns 2:1308tantalum (Ta) 3:2148

corrosion typescorrosion fatigue 2:944, 2:1318, 3:2049crevice corrosion 2:1317fretting corrosion 2:1318galvanic corrosion 2:1319general corrosion 2:1316hydrogen embrittlement 2:1317pitting corrosion 2:1317stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:1317

dental fixturesamalgams 2:1316health effects 2:1310, 2:1310thistorical background 2:1308nickel titanium (NiTi) alloys 2:1314rare earth magnets 2:1310, 2:1316safety concerns 2:1308stainless steels 2:1314titanium/titanium alloys 3:2049

design requirements 1:541–557carburization 1:551environment-based alloy selection 1:549free energies 1:542fgeneral discussion 1:555high-temperature environments 1:541nitridation processes 1:549, 1:550f, 1:551foxidation lifetime maximization 1:547, 1:548fprotective oxidation 1:542, 1:542f, 1:543frare earth element additions 1:546, 1:546f, 1:547fscale adhesion 1:546, 1:546f, 1:547f

3428 Subject Index


scale formation 1:543, 1:543f, 1:545fselective oxidation 1:543, 1:543f, 1:545fsteady-state oxidation 1:546sulfidation corrosion 1:551–552, 1:552f, 1:554fthermal expansion coefficients 1:548fwater vapor effects 1:553, 1:553t, 1:554f

molybdenum additives 3:2159nickel (Ni)alloy 59acetic acid production 3:1908corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion rates 3:1889f, 3:1905f, 3:1911fcorrosion resistance 3:1887, 3:1900fine and specialty chemicals 3:1910hydrochloric acid (HCl) isocorrosion diagram 3:1888fhydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907major alloying elements 3:1881tmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1906fpitting resistance 3:1894fpollution controls 3:1912sulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 3:1888fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903, 3:1904f,





alloy 33caustic soda (NaOH) production 3:1902, 3:1902fcorrosion loss measurements 3:1896t, 3:1897tcorrosion resistance 3:1892, 3:1896fhistorical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881tpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1897tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1238fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 3:1897fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903

alloy 400acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909alkali corrosion 2:1200fhydrofluoric acid (HF) production 2:1214f, 3:1907marine environments 2:1135, 2:1136t

methylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909oxidizing environments 2:1240fstyrene production 3:1908sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1247fvelocity factors 2:1241fvinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy 926acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909corrosion loss measurements 3:1894t, 3:1895thydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1906fpitting potential 3:1895fpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1897tpollution controls 3:1914stability limits 3:1895fstyrene production 3:1908vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908




4:3058fbackground information 3:1881caustic soda (NaOH) production 3:1902chemical process industry and environmental technology 3:1901fine and specialty chemicals 3:1910general discussion 3:1880heat-affected zone (HAZ) 3:1898, 3:1898fhistorical development 3:1882thydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907intercrystalline corrosion (IC) 3:1894–1895, 3:1900methylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu)





3:1885fphosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1905

Subject Index 3429


corrosion-resistant alloys (continued)pitting resistance 3:1900pollution controls 3:1912principal alloys 3:1881, 3:1881tstyrene production 3:1908sulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903, 3:1904f,



alloy 20 2:831f, 2:1119f, 2:1128t, 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891,3:1897t

alloy 825 2:767, 2:1238f, 2:1243f, 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1897t,3:1908

alloy G-3 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1894t, 3:1907alloy G-30 2:1238f, 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1896tcorrosion resistance 3:1891historical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881t

nickel–chromium–molybdenum (Ni–Cr–Mo) alloysalloy 22 2:767, 3:1881t, 3:1887, 3:1888f, 3:1890t, 3:1891falloy 686 3:1881t, 3:1889, 3:1890t, 3:1891falloy 2000 2:1241f, 2:1247f, 3:1881t, 3:1889, 3:1890t, 3:1891falloy C-4 1:145f, 3:1881t, 3:1887, 3:1888f, 3:1891f, 3:1900alloy MAT 21 3:1881t, 3:1889corrosion resistance 3:1886general discussion 3:1886historical development 3:1882thydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion 2:1215f, 2:1216fhydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1214fintergranular corrosion 2:819major alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881t

nickel–chromium (Ni–Cr) alloyscorrosion resistance 3:1885, 3:1886f, 3:1900historical development 3:1882tinternal nitridation processes 1:308–309, 1:309fmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881t

nickel–copper (Ni–Cu) alloyscorrosion resistance 3:1883historical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881tphase diagram 1:64fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t

nickel–molybdenum (Ni–Mo) alloyscorrosion resistance 3:1884, 3:1885fhistorical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881ttime–temperature–notch impact energy diagram 3:1885f

pipeline corrosion management 4:3296stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867ttitanium/titanium alloys 3:2049see also aircraft corrosion

corrosion-resistant construction materials see ceramicscorrosion testing 2:1443–1526accelerated testingelectrolytic testselectrochemical tests 2:1483, 2:1484felectrolytic corrosion (EC) test 2:1472, 2:1472telectrolytic oxalic acid etching test 2:1472, 2:1483, 2:1483f,

2:1484fgeneral discussion 2:1471impedance (Aztac) test 2:1472

simulated environmentsCorrodkote test 2:1473spray tests 2:1472, 2:1473fsulfur dioxide (SO2) tests 2:1474test result considerations 2:1475weathering steels 2:1475, 2:1476f, 2:1477f

atmospheric galvanic tests 2:1503, 2:1504f, 2:1505f, 2:1506fatmospheric tests 2:1502bimetallic corrosion 2:1470cavitation–erosion 2:1493, 2:1494fcorrosion fatigue 2:1491, 2:1492f

corrosion inhibitorsimmersed conditions 2:1511, 2:1512fvapor phase conditions 2:1513

crevice corrosion 2:1486, 2:1488f, 2:1488t, 2:1489felectrochemical measurementscorrosion potential 2:1465electrochemical cells 2:1463, 2:1464f, 2:1465fgeneral discussion 2:1462instrumentation 2:1463measurement techniques 2:1462

erosion corrosion 2:1489, 2:1490fferritic stainless steels 2:1486fretting corrosion 2:1495impingement attacks 2:1489, 2:1490flaboratory corrosion testsalternating-immersion tests 2:1460heat-flux effects 2:1461, 2:1461ftesting solution composition 2:1462total-immersion testsaeration control 2:1456, 2:1456fcharacteristics 2:1455solution composition 2:1455specimen support 2:1460temperature control 2:1456testing solution volume 2:1460velocity effects 2:1457, 2:1457f, 2:1459f

water-line tests 2:1460liquid metals/fused saltschemical reactions 2:1496general discussion 2:1495impurity reactions 2:1496liquid–metal embrittlement 2:1500mass transfer 2:1496simple solutions 2:1496testing methodsdynamic tests 2:1498general discussion 2:1497loop tests 2:1498, 2:1498frefluxing capsules 2:1497static tests 2:1497

natural waters 2:1506, 2:1507fnickel–iron–chromium (Ni–Fe–Cr) alloyselectrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) testbasic concepts 2:1485, 2:1486fdouble loop EPR test 2:1485reactivation ratio EPR test 2:1485single loop EPR test 2:1485

intragranular corrosionbackground information 2:1478boiling nitric acid (HNO3) test (Huey test) 2:1478, 2:1479t,

2:1480fboiling sulfuric acid/copper sulfate (H2SO4/CuSO4) tests 2:1479t,


2:1486felectrochemical tests 2:1483, 2:1484felectrolytic oxalic acid etching test 2:1483, 2:1483f,

2:1484fmaximum acceptable evaluation test rates 2:1480tnitric acid–hydrofluoric acid (HNO3–HF) test 2:1479t, 2:1480f,


2:1479t, 2:1480f, 2:1480t, 2:1482test potentials 2:1480ftest summary 2:1479t

organic coatingscoating behavior 2:1508coating evaluationsabrasion tests 2:1511distensibility 2:1511general discussion 2:1510hardness 2:1511impact tests 2:1511

exposure conditionsfield and plant tests 2:1510general discussion 2:1509laboratory tests 2:1509

3430 Subject Index


general discussion 2:1508laboratory testsadherence tests 2:1510electrochemical tests 2:1509exposure cabinets 2:1510general discussion 2:1509

specimen preparation techniques 2:1509polarization resistanceapplications 2:1467basic concepts 2:1466linear polarization resistance method derivation 2:1468polarization rate (Rp) 2:1469, 2:1469fTafel constants 2:1467Tafel slope and corrosion rate determinations 2:1469, 2:1469f

soil corrosion 2:1471, 2:1507stainless steelsin-service corrosion rates 2:1267ranking tests 2:1267

test characteristics 2:1445test procedurescorrosion product removal 2:1454corrosion rate–penetration relationship 2:1453tdamage appraisal 2:1451, 2:1453texposure duration 2:1449, 2:1450ffusion weld tests 2:1448heat treatments 2:1450replicate specimen quantity 2:1448specimen identification methods 2:1448stress effects 2:1451surface preparation 2:1446

tests in plantcorrosion racks 2:1501, 2:1501fgeneral discussion 2:1500specimens 2:1502

wood corrosivity 2:1326corrosive agent removal (CAR)basic concepts 4:2892electrochemical reactions 4:2892fgaseous environments 4:2892liquid environments 4:2893, 4:2894f

corrosive environments 1:399–406aqueous corrosive environments 3:1879–1915age-hardenable nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper

(Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu) alloys 3:1898alloy 28corrosion loss measurements 3:1894t, 3:1895t, 3:1896t,

3:1897tphosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1905pitting potential 3:1895f

alloy 200 3:1902, 3:1908alloy 201 3:1902, 3:1902falloy 316 2:1238f, 2:1247f, 3:1897talloy 39 3:1911falloy 400acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909hydrofluoric acid (HF) production 2:1214f, 3:1907marine environments 2:1135, 2:1136tmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909oxidizing environments 2:1240fstyrene production 3:1908sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1247fvelocity factors 2:1241fvinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy 600 3:1902, 3:1908alloy 617 3:1908alloy 690 3:1896talloy 800 3:1908alloy 904L 2:1238f, 3:1897t, 3:1906falloy 926acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909corrosion loss measurements 3:1894t, 3:1895thydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1906fpitting potential 3:1895fpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1897tpollution controls 3:1914stability limits 3:1895f

styrene production 3:1908vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy B-2 2:1238f, 3:1903, 3:1907, 3:1908, 3:1909, 3:1911fbackground information 3:1881chemical process industry and environmental technologyacetic acid production 3:1907acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909caustic soda (NaOH) production 3:1902fine and specialty chemicals 3:1910general discussion 3:1901hydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907methylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1905pollution controls 3:1912styrene production 3:1908sulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903, 3:1904f,

3:1905ftank transport studies 3:1912toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) 3:1909vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

corrosion management 4:3162corrosion resistance 3:1882, 3:1883fgeneral discussion 3:1880historical development 3:1882tmodeling approaches 2:1585–1629basic concepts 2:1586general discussion 2:1626kinetic models 2:1600practical applications 2:1624thermodynamic models 2:1587


alloy 20 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1897talloy 31 3:1892alloy 33 3:1892alloy 825 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1897t, 3:1908alloy G-3 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1894t, 3:1907alloy G-30 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1896tcorrosion resistance 3:1891historical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881t

nickel–chromium–molybdenum (Ni–Cr–Mo) alloysalloy 22 3:1881t, 3:1887, 3:1888f, 3:1890t, 3:1891falloy 59 3:1887alloy 625 3:1881t, 3:1888f, 3:1889f, 3:1890, 3:1891f, 3:1894f, 3:1899alloy 686 3:1881t, 3:1889, 3:1890t, 3:1891falloy 2000 3:1881t, 3:1889, 3:1890t, 3:1891falloy C-4 3:1881t, 3:1887, 3:1888f, 3:1891f, 3:1900alloy C-276 3:1886alloy MAT 21 3:1881t, 3:1889general discussion 3:1886historical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881t


nickel–copper (Ni–Cu) alloyscorrosion resistance 3:1883historical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881t

nickel–molybdenum (Ni–Mo) alloyscorrosion resistance 3:1884, 3:1885fhistorical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881ttime–temperature–notch impact energy diagram

3:1885fprincipal alloys 3:1881, 3:1881tsteelanode and cathode separation 3:1708, 3:1708fflow rate effects 3:1708mass transport processes 3:1708

welded-state corrosion behaviorheat-affected zone (HAZ) 3:1894–1895, 3:1898, 3:1898fintercrystalline corrosion (IC) 3:1894–1895, 3:1900pitting resistance 3:1900surface conditions and treatment 3:1899

Subject Index 3431


corrosive environments (continued)carburization 1:401cast ironatmospheric corrosion 3:1750, 3:1751t, 3:1752f, 3:1752tflow-induced corrosioncavitation 3:1777, 3:1777terosion corrosion 3:1778, 3:1779f, 3:1780f, 3:1780t

gaseous environmentschlorine gas 3:1784, 3:1784tgaseous mixtures 3:1785t, 3:1786tgas transport and distribution pipes 3:1784high-temperature oxidation 3:1780, 3:1781f, 3:1782f, 3:1783f,

3:1784fhydrogen sulfide (H2S) 3:1783, 3:1784tsulfur dioxide (SO2) 3:1783

industrial environmentsalcohol corrosion 3:1772, 3:1773talkali corrosion 3:1767, 3:1767f, 3:1768f, 3:1768tcorrosion fatigue 3:1768, 3:1769t, 3:1770f, 3:1770t, 3:1771f, 3:1772ffood product corrosion 3:1773, 3:1773tgeneral discussion 3:1763glycol corrosion 3:1772, 3:1773thydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion 3:1765, 3:1765f, 3:1765tmineral acid corrosion 3:1766nitric acid (HNO3) corrosion 3:1765, 3:1766forganic acid corrosion 3:1766, 3:1767torganic compound corrosion 3:1772phosphoric acid (H3PO4) corrosion 3:1765, 3:1766f, 3:1767tsalt solutions 3:1768, 3:1768t, 3:1769tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1770, 3:1772fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) corrosion 3:1761f, 3:1762f, 3:1763, 3:1764f


molten materialsliquid aluminum/aluminum alloys 3:1773liquid metals 3:1774liquid sulfur corrosion 3:1774, 3:1774tliquid zinc/zinc alloy corrosion 3:1774

natural waterscorrosion rates 3:1754, 3:1756f, 3:1756tdissolved oxygen effects 3:1753, 3:1755fgalvanic corrosion 3:1756, 3:1757tgeneral discussion 3:1752inhibitors 3:1757water aggressiveness and corrosiveness 3:1752, 3:1754f, 3:1754t

protective measures 3:1762seawater 2:1125, 2:1125tcorrosion rates 3:1759t, 3:1760f, 3:1760t, 3:1761f,

3:1762t, 3:1761fgeneral discussion 3:1758gray cast iron corrosion rates 3:1759tsodium chloride (NaCl) concentration effects 3:1758f

soil corrosion 3:1760, 3:1762tsteam corrosion 3:1757urban/rural/marine atmospheres 3:1751t

characteristics 1:399copper/copper alloysatmospheric corrosion 3:1946, 3:1947tcontaminated environments 3:1960freshwater environments 3:1954general discussion 3:1946high-temperature oxidation 3:1965industrial chemicals 3:1962natural water corrosion 3:1950polluted conditions 3:1963, 3:1964t, 3:1965fseawater 3:1958soil corrosion 3:1949, 3:1949t

halide-containing environments 1:402high-temperature corrosion 1:399iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloysatmospheric corrosion 3:1790, 3:1791f, 3:1791tfreshwater environments 3:1791

industrial environmentsacid corrosion 3:1792, 3:1792tgalvanic corrosion 3:1793, 3:1794tsalt solutions 3:1792stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1793, 3:1793t

salt solutions 3:1792seawater corrosion 3:1791, 3:1791t, 3:1792t

lead (Pb) 3:2060maraging steels 3:1795, 3:1797fmetal chloride vapor pressure–temperature plot 1:403fmetallic coating protection 4:2521molten metal environments 1:405, 3:1877molten salt environments 1:405, 3:1876natural environments 3:1795, 3:1797fnitridation processes 1:400oxidizing environments 1:400petrochemical/chemical industriesindustry characteristics 4:3208process equipmentcharacteristics 4:3208, 4:3208fcoatings and linings 4:3212electrochemical protection 4:3213environmental cracking 4:3214fenvironmentally-assisted cracking 4:3217, 4:3217f, 4:3218f, 4:3219f,

4:3220f, 4:3220texternal corrosion risks 4:3215, 4:3216ffailure incidents 4:3208–3209, 4:3209ffuture trends 4:3226general discussion 4:3227inhibitors 4:3213internal corrosion risks 4:3217, 4:3217f, 4:3218f, 4:3219f, 4:3220f,

4:3220tmaterials selection 4:3210, 4:3210f, 4:3213microprocess equipment 4:3226, 4:3226foperating conditions 4:3208, 4:3208foperation-based risk mitigation 4:3221, 4:3223f,

4:3224forganic waste destruction 4:3225fprotective treatments 4:3212risk-based cost benefit analysis 4:3223, 4:3225frisk mitigation guidelines 4:3214stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 4:3215fsupercritical water oxidation (SCWO) 4:3224–3226,

4:3225frisk management 4:3207–3229

risk assessment guidelines 4:3011–3012sulfur-containing environmentsalumina-forming alloys 1:638coal-fired boiler corrosion 1:404general discussion 1:403oil-fired boiler corrosion 1:404

zirconium (Zr)aqueous environmentscooling waters 3:2112salt solutions 3:2113, 3:2113tsulfur compounds 3:2113

halogen acidsanodic polarization curves 3:2120f, 3:2121fcharacteristics 3:2116corrosion rates 3:2124t, 3:2128telectrochemical protection 3:2129tfluoride-containing solutions 3:2119thydrochloric acid (HCl) 3:2120f, 3:2121findustrial environments 3:2130isocorrosion diagram 3:2120f

inorganic acidsalkaline solutions 2:1204, 3:2124chromic acid 3:2122halogen acids 3:2116, 3:2130hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 3:2124mixed acids 3:2122, 3:2124tnitric acid (HNO3) 3:2119, 3:2122f, 3:2124t,

3:2131phosphoric acid (H3PO4) 3:2121, 3:2123fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 3:2113, 3:2115f, 3:2116f, 3:2117f, 3:2118f,

3:2124turea 3:2125

3432 Subject Index


organic acidsacetic acid 3:2125chlorinated organic compounds 3:2126formic acid 3:2125

pressurized water and steam 3:2112corundum (a-Al2O3) 1:653, 1:654f, 1:674cosmic rays 2:1330counter electrodes 2:1372coupon testingcorrosion monitoring 4:3125, 4:3126fstatistical analysisanalysis of variance 2:1561textreme value (EV) analysis 2:1560, 2:1562fgeneral discussion 2:1559linear polarization resistance measurements (LPRMs) 2:1562,

2:1563fpit depth measurements 2:1560, 2:1561f, 2:1562fresponse surface regression analysis 2:1562, 2:1563fstraight line regression models 2:1560, 2:1560fweight loss 2:1560, 2:1560f

crackinganodic protection 4:2864cementalkali–silica reaction (ASR) 3:2362, 3:2362fearly age thermal cracking 3:2358general discussion 3:2358long-term drying shrinkage 3:2358, 3:2358fplastic settlement cracking 3:2358, 3:2358fplastic shrinkage cracking 3:2358

coating failures 4:2734crack depth modelinggeneral discussion 2:1563two-stage modeling 2:1563

crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) 1:85, 1:86ffracture mechanics 1:77–88axially cracked pipes 1:83–84, 1:84felastic stress intensity factor (K1) 1:81, 1:83ffracture mechanics test specimens 1:84ffracture toughness 1:85, 1:86fJ-integral 1:84, 1:85fJ R-curve 1:86, 1:86fMode I loading 1:81, 1:82f, 1:83fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 1:86, 1:87f, 1:88f

hydrogen cracking 2:923–927characteristics 1:95tgeneral discussion 2:923hydrogen embrittlementbasic concepts 2:925pipeline welds 2:925ftesting methods 2:926, 2:927f

hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC)basic concepts 2:924magnesium alloys 3:2028pipeline corrosion management 4:3294, 4:3295fsteel pipes 2:859, 2:859f, 2:925fsteel plates 2:924fstress-oriented HIC 4:3295testing methods 2:926titanium/titanium alloys 3:2047

hydrogen sources 2:923, 2:924fstress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking (SOHIC)failure mechanisms 2:925general discussion 2:925morphology 2:926ftesting methods 2:927

testing methodshydrogen embrittlement 2:926, 2:927fhydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) 2:926stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking (SOHIC) 2:927

in-line inspection (ILI) techniques 4:3302ultrasharp cracks 2:890, 2:891f, 2:892f, 2:893fultrasonic crack detecion (USCD) 4:3302see also environmentally-assisted cracking

Crank–Nicolson scheme 1:313, 1:313fcratering 4:2735crawling 4:2734creosotes 2:1327, 3:2441

crevice corrosion 2:753–771airframe corrosion 4:3178t, 4:3179, 4:3180talkali corrosion 2:1194–1195, 2:1195faluminum alloys 2:1138, 3:1989automotive bodywork 4:3169basic conceptscomparisons to pitting corrosion 2:757critical crevice solution (CCS) 2:755, 2:756fgeneral discussion 2:754influencing factorsalloying processes 2:759crevice geometry 2:758critical crevice corrosion temperature (CCT) 2:759, 2:759t, 2:1128,

2:1129tpitting resistance number (PREN) 2:759, 2:759t, 2:1128–1129,

2:1129tsolution chemistry 2:758

IR drop 2:756, 2:756fmetastable pits 2:757schematic diagram 2:755f, 2:756f

brazed joints 3:2452carbon steel 2:1194–1195, 2:1195f, 3:1711characteristics 1:95t, 2:754cobalt-based alloys 3:1928copper/copper alloys 3:1952tcorrosion management 4:3010corrosion-resistant alloys 2:1317design-based mitigation 4:3075, 4:3077fdesign guidelines 2:762dissimilar metal crevices (DMC) 2:766evaluation methodsfield tests 2:760general discussion 2:760in-situ tests 2:760laboratory testsASTM standard F 2129–06 (cyclic potentiodynamic polarization

measurements) 2:762ASTM standard F 746–87 (metallic surgical implant materials) 2:761ASTM standard G 48–03 (ferric chloride solutions) 2:760ASTM standard G 78–01 (seawater solutions) 2:761remote crevice assemblies 2:762

variable effects 2:760industrial heating and cooling systems 4:2947industry-specific applicationsaircraft corrosion 2:767metal-to-metal crevices 2:763, 2:763fnonmetal-to-metal crevices 2:763nuclear waste isolation 2:767power plantsboiler and steam generators 2:766boiling water reactors (BWRs) 2:766heat exchangers and condensers 2:766pressurized water reactors (PWRs) 2:766

surgical implantsdental fixtures 2:766general discussion 2:763nickel-free biomedical alloys 2:766

underground structures 2:768marine environments 2:1116, 2:1118f, 2:1143mechanical fasteners 3:2449nickel-based alloys 2:1135–1136nitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1257potable water systems 4:2947stainless steelscharacteristics 3:1829, 3:1830fcorrosion test methods 2:1486, 2:1488f, 2:1488t, 2:1489fcrevice initiation 2:1334–1335, 2:1335t, 2:1336fhighly corrosive environments 3:1822fmarine environmentscrevice corrosion 2:1126f, 2:1127fcritical crevice corrosion solution values 2:1130tcritical crevice corrosion temperature (CCT) 2:759, 2:759t, 2:1128,

2:1129tdepth of localized attacks 2:1127texposure factors 3:1857tgeneral discussion 2:1125maximum depth of crevice attack 2:1128t

Subject Index 3433


crevice corrosion (continued)pitting resistance number (PREN) 2:759, 2:759t, 2:1128–1129,

2:1129t304L 2:1126f, 2:1130t, 2:1131t316LVM 2:1127f, 2:1129t, 2:1130t, 2:1131t

nitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1257passive current density 2:1369fpitting corrosion 2:759, 2:759t, 2:795, 2:796f, 2:796t, 2:1334–1335,

2:1336ftesting methods 2:1486, 2:1488f, 2:1488t, 2:1489ftitanium/titanium alloys 2:1137, 3:2046wood 2:1324zirconium/zirconium alloys 3:2106

cristoballite (SiO2) 4:2942tcritical pigment volume concentration (CPVC)basic concepts 4:2657component variations 4:2662fcomponent volume–coarseness relationship plot 4:2662ffilm permeability 4:2662ffilm resistance 4:2662fpaint properties 4:2662t

crocodiling 4:2730crowsfooting 4:2735crystal defectsdislocations 1:104, 1:105f, 1:106f, 1:107f, 1:108fgeneral discussion 1:102glide dislocation 1:107fgrain boundaries and interfaces 1:108, 1:108f, 1:109fkinks and jogs 1:104, 1:106f, 1:107fpoint defectsalumina (Al2O3) 1:129basic concepts 1:102chromium oxide (Cr2O3) 1:129cobalt oxide (CoO) 1:127general discussion 1:127interstitial sites 1:102–103intrinsic defects 1:103, 1:104firon oxides 1:128nickel oxide (NiO) 1:113, 1:127schematic diagram 1:102fthermal defects 1:103

surfaces 1:107, 1:107fterrace–ledge–kink (TLK) surfaces 1:107, 1:107f

crystalline plasticsfluorine-containing plastics 3:2383linear polyesters 3:2383polyamides (nylons) 3:2379t, 3:2383polycarbonates 3:2384polyethers 3:2383polyethylene 3:2383polyformaldehydes 3:2383polyolefins 3:2377, 3:2383polypropylene (PP) 3:2383polysulfones 3:2384polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 3:2377, 3:2379t, 3:2383

crystalline thermoplasticsphysical behavior 3:2374temperature–molecular weight phase diagram 3:2375f

CSS Hunley (Civil War submarine) 4:3323, 4:3324fcubic boron nitride (CBN) 3:2301cubic law 1:136cubic stabilized zirconia (CSZ) 3:2294cultural heritage preservation 4:3307–3340challenges 4:3337f, 4:3338coatingscoating typesacrylic coatings 4:3328cellulose nitrate 4:3331general discussion 4:3328microcrystalline waxes 4:3330silanes 4:3331

conservation-specific coatings 4:3324, 4:3325fpatinas 4:3326, 4:3327f, 4:3328fsurface preparation 4:3327, 4:3328f

conservation efforts 4:3308conservation rationale 4:3309conservation standards 4:3309

corrosionarchaeological metals 2:1159, 4:3310, 4:3311f, 4:3312fconservation strategies 4:3310handling concerns 4:3313–3314, 4:3314fhistorical metals 4:3313, 4:3313fmodern metals 4:3313–3314

ethical practices 4:3310future developments 4:3337inhibitorsbenzotriazole (BTA) 4:3332, 4:3333fcarboxylates 4:3334general discussion 4:3332tannins 4:3334, 4:3335f

interventive treatmentschloride removal 4:3318electrolytic techniques 4:3321, 4:3323f, 4:3324fhydrogen reduction 4:3323soluble ion removal techniques 4:3317stripping techniques 4:3320washing methods 4:3318, 4:3318f

painted metalspaint removal methods 4:3335refinishing methods 4:3335, 4:3336f

preservation goals 4:3309preventive conservationdeoxygenation 4:3317desiccationgeneral discussion 4:3314practical humidity control 4:3315relative humidity threshold values 4:3314, 4:3315f, 4:3316f

cuprite (Cu2O) 4:2942tcuring catalysts 4:2653current imaging tunnel spectroscopy (CITS) 1:379current-measuring instruments (ammeters) 4:2841, 4:2842fcurtains 4:2741cutlery 3:1860, 3:1861tcutting fluids 2:1305cyclohexane 3:2380tcyclohexanol 3:2380tcyclohexylamine 4:2977, 4:2998t

D

data analysiscorrosion behavior analysis 2:1680data-based modeling 2:1582interpolation techniques 2:1680neural network methods 2:1680–1692austenitic stainless steel pitting potential case studycarbonate concentration effects 2:1689fchloride concentration effects 2:1688fgeneral discussion 2:1687hydroxide concentration effects 2:1690fnitrate concentration effects 2:1689fsulfate concentration effects 2:1688ftemperature effects 2:1690f

basic conceptsgeneral discussion 2:1681–1682layered structure 2:1682flimitations 2:1682sigmoidal transfer function 2:1681f

confidence fitting techniques 2:1684, 2:1685fgeneral discussion 2:1690inconsistent data sets 2:1686industrial applications 2:1682training data requirements 2:1686variance estimations 2:1684, 2:1684f

statistical analysis 2:1547–1580analytical methodsBayes’ theory 2:1557experimental designs 2:1556extreme value (EV) distributions 2:1554general discussion 2:1550linear regression 2:1553Normal (Gaussian) distributions 2:1550Poisson process modeling 2:1553

3434 Subject Index


sampling theory/sample surveys 2:1556threshold techniques 2:1555Wiener process modeling 2:1555

background information 2:1549corrosion studiescorrosion engineering 2:1565corrosion monitoring 2:1577corrosion science 2:1559

general discussion 2:1579Deacon reaction 1:478–479deactivators 2:1303tDead Sea 2:1109tdealloying 2:801–809basic concepts 2:802copper/copper alloys 2:1135copper–gold (Cu–Au) alloys 2:805ffuture research areas 2:808gold (Au) corrosivity 3:2215historical background 2:802mechanismsbrass dezincification 2:807, 2:807fcritical potential (Ec)

background information 2:804copper–gold (Cu–Au) alloys 2:805fcurrent–voltage curves 2:805fsilver–gold (Ag–Au) alloys 2:805f, 2:806fsurface diffusion kinetics 2:806f

industrial alloys 2:802ordered/disordered alloys 2:806potential dependence 2:804ternary element effects 2:807transport processes 2:804

nanocrystalline alloys 2:802potential applications 2:802silver–gold (Ag–Au) alloys 2:803f, 2:805f, 2:806fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:807, 2:871, 2:875f, 2:876f

death-watch beetles 3:2445Debye–Huckel law 1:6, 2:1589, 2:1590t2-decylthio ethanamine (DTEA) 4:2968–2969deep-well installation 4:2819f, 4:2820defoamers 4:2653delamination 4:2730, 4:2735delayed ettringite formation 3:2365deliquescent relative humidity (DRH) 2:1060, 2:1061tdemineralization processes 4:2973demulsifiers 4:2905f, 4:2903dental fixturesadvanced technical ceramics 3:2303amalgamscorrosion resistance 2:1316crevice corrosion 2:766health effects 2:1310

bio-tribocorrosion 2:1045, 2:1046tcorrosion-resistant alloysamalgams 2:1316health effects 2:1310, 2:1310thistorical background 2:1308nickel titanium (NiTi) alloys 2:1314rare earth magnets 2:1310, 2:1316safety concerns 2:1308stainless steels 2:1314titanium/titanium alloys 3:2049

crevice corrosion 2:766fluorine (F) 3:2045noble metals 3:2220, 3:2220t

desalinationcorrosion monitoring 4:3143desalination plant 3:1865fgeneral discussion 3:1863low-temperature multieffect plants (LT–MED) 3:1865multistage flash (MSF) process 3:1863reverse osmosis 3:1865

Design Decision Model™ (DDM™) corrosion risk assessment 2:1163, 2:1163fDesulfobacter spp. 4:2920Desulfomaculum spp. 4:2949, 4:2920Desulfomonas spp. 4:2949Desulfovibrio spp. 2:1174, 2:1174f, 4:2949, 4:2920

detergentslubricant systems 2:1303tvitreous enamel coatings 3:2335zinc coatings 4:2562

detonation gun spraying (D-Gun) 4:2612t, 4:2616dezincificationbrass 3:1952characteristics 1:95t

diamond (C) 3:2279fdibenzyl sulfide 4:2991dibenzyl sulfoxide 4:29912-2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA) 4:2968–2969dichloroethane 3:2380tdichloromethane 3:2380tdichloropropane 3:2380tdicyclohexylamine 4:2998tdiethanolamine 4:2977diethylhydroxylamine 4:2976–2977, 4:2976tdifferential aeration cell corrosion 2:1324differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 3:2393diffusion coatings 4:2532–2555aluminide coatings 1:701, 1:701fbackground information 4:2532basic characteristics 1:700fluidized bed techniques 4:2535t, 4:2540, 4:2540f, 4:2641gas and vapor phase chemical vapor deposition techniques 4:2535t, 4:2542,

4:2543f, 4:2544f, 4:2546fgeneral discussion 4:2552inward growth diffusion coatings 4:2537, 4:2539fmetalliding process 4:2535t, 4:2541modified aluminide coatingsbackground information 4:2543bulk chemical analysis data 4:2548tchromium-modified aluminides 4:2548cyclic oxidation lifetimes 4:2549fcyclic oxidation performance 4:2551ffabrication processes 4:2544impurity effects 4:2546, 4:2548tplatinum aluminide coatings 4:2544, 4:2545f, 4:2546f, 4:2547f,

4:2549freactive element-modified aluminides 4:2549, 4:2550fsilicon-modified aluminides 4:2548, 4:2549fyttrium-modified aluminides 4:2550f

molten salt baths 4:2535t, 4:2541outward grown diffusion coatings 4:2538, 4:2539fpack cementation processaluminizing process 4:2534, 4:2537f, 4:2538fbasic concepts 4:2534characteristics 4:2535tdeposition temperatures 4:2536tfacility diagram 4:2536finward growth diffusion coatings 4:2537, 4:2539foutward grown diffusion coatings 4:2538, 4:2539fpack compositions 4:2536t, 4:2537t

platinized coatings 1:702process routes 4:2535tSermaLoy J 4:2540f, 4:2548–2549, 4:2549fsilicide diffusion coatings 1:702, 1:703fslurry cementation process 4:2535t, 4:2538, 4:2540fsubstrate alloy interdiffusion mitigationbackground information 4:2550metal–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (MCrAlY) coatings 4:2550SMARTCOAT concept 4:2551, 4:2552f, 4:2553f

digital signals 2:1345dihyroxybenzene 4:2896fdiisopropylamine 4:2998tdimension and conductivity scaling (DACS) method 2:840, 2:842fdimethyl ether (CH3O2) 2:1067fdimethyl formamide 3:2380tdimethylpentane 3:2380tdimethylpropane 3:2380tDIN 50 929 Part 3 soil assessment criteria 2:1162, 2:1162tdinitrobenzene 2:1326dioctyl-p-phenylenediamines (DOPPD) 3:2433direct chill casting 3:1984direct current voltage gradient (DCVG) surveys 4:2853, 4:2854f, 4:3285direct-indicating ammeter 4:2842f

Subject Index 3435


dislocations 1:104, 1:105f, 1:106f, 1:107fdisodium octaborate (Na2B8O13�4H2O) 2:1328disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) 3:2441dispersants 2:1104, 2:1303t, 4:2653dissimilar metal crevices (DMC) 2:766distillate lubricating oils 2:1300dolomite 3:2013tdomestic products/kitchenware 3:1860, 3:1861tDouglas fir 2:1325tdrinking water 3:1853dry rot 3:2445dryspray 4:2736ductile cast iron 3:1740, 3:1740f, 3:1752t, 3:1769tDuctile Iron Pipe Research Associaion (DIPRA) 2:1162duplex stainless steelsalkali corrosion 2:1199f, 2:1202fanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1212fatmospheric environmentsgeneral discussion 3:1858influencing factors 3:1860materials selection 3:1858, 3:1858tSikla bridge (Sweden) 3:1858furban/rural/marine atmospheres 3:1858, 3:1858t

cathodic modification 3:2237, 3:2238t, 3:2239f, 3:2241tchemical compositions 3:1810t, 3:1812t, 3:1825t, 3:1855t, 3:1863t, 3:1864t,

3:1874tcommercial applicationsart and architecture 3:1858f, 3:1866, 3:1867f, 3:1866fdomestic products/kitchenware 3:1860, 3:1861tprocess industrycopper production 3:1862corrosion resistance 3:1863desalination 3:1863, 3:1865fhydrometallurgy 3:1861nickel production 3:1862oil and gas production 3:1867, 3:1869pulp and paper industry 3:1865wastewater treatment 3:1870zinc production 3:1862

compositional ranges 3:1808tcorrosion propertiesalloy composition influence 3:1825, 3:1826falloying element influences 3:1822common test procedures 3:1846corrosion fatigue 2:1258, 3:1836crevice corrosion 3:1829, 3:1830fcrevice formers 3:1850fcritical crevice corrosion temperature (CCT) 3:1850fcritical pitting temperature (CPT)alloying element influences 3:1829fbasic concepts 3:1827grade resistance 3:1847, 3:1848f, 3:1849fphotographic illustration 3:1829fpotential dependence 3:1828f


general discussion 3:1821grade resistance 3:1847, 3:1848f, 3:1849f, 3:1850fgrade screening methods 3:1849, 3:1850fintergranular corrosion 3:1845, 3:1845flaboratory tests 3:1850, 3:1851tlocalized corrosion 3:1824material selection tests 3:1849, 3:1851tpassive films 3:1822, 3:1822fpassivity breakdown 3:1824pitting corrosion 2:749, 3:1826, 3:1826fpitting potentials 3:1849f

pitting resistance equivalent (PRE) value 3:1825–1826,3:1825t

polarization curves 3:1824fpostweld treatments 3:1837stress corrosion cracking (SCC)alkaline solutions 2:1200, 3:1833atmospheric environments 3:1834, 3:1835fcharacteristics 3:1830, 3:1831fchlorine-induced mechanisms 3:1832, 3:1832ffilm-induced cleavage 3:1831hydrogen embrittlement 3:1831hydrogen-induced stress cracking (HISC) 2:859, 2:859f,

3:1833laboratory tests 3:1850, 3:1851tmaterial selection tests 3:1849, 3:1851tprocess mechanisms 3:1831slip dissolution 3:1831stress intensity factor–crack rate relationship 3:1832, 3:1832fsulfide stress cracking (SSC) 2:859, 2:859f, 2:860f, 3:1833

welding-related corrosion 3:1837flow-induced corrosion 2:983fgalvanic corrosion 2:849f, 2:853t, 2:855fhigh-temperature stainless steelschemical compositions 3:1874tcorrosion resistance 3:1873halogen gas corrosion 3:1876molten metal environments 3:1877molten salt environments 3:1876oxidation behaviors 3:1875, 3:1875fsulfur attacks 3:1876

hydrochloric acid (HCl) 2:1212fhydrogen sulfide (H2S) environments 2:983fimmersion tests/test compounds 3:1863, 3:1864tintergranular corrosion 2:818marine corrosion 2:1125mechanical propertiescold work effects 3:1815, 3:1816ffatigue properties 3:1816, 3:1816f, 3:1817tgeneral discussion 3:1812room temperature conditions 3:1812, 3:1813tstress–strain plots 3:1813ftempering temperature effects 3:1814ftoughness impacts 3:1815, 3:1816f

microstructure 3:1809f, 3:1811natural water environmentschlorination effects 3:1852, 3:1852fdrinking water 3:1853freshwater 3:1853, 3:1854fgeneral discussion 3:1851microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:1851, 3:1852friver waters 3:1853seawateranaerobic conditions 3:1857cathodic protection 3:1856exposure factors 3:1856, 3:1856t, 3:1857thydrogen embrittlement 3:1856materials selection 3:1854, 3:1855fpolluted environments 3:1855resistance factors 3:1854, 3:1855t

physical properties 3:1819, 3:1820tprecipitation/embrittlementcarbide/nitride precipitation 3:1817carburization 3:1818475�C embrittlement 3:1817general discussion 3:1817heat treatmentsgeneral discussion 3:1818precipitation hardening 3:1819quenching 3:1818solution annealing 3:1818, 3:1818tstabilization annealing 3:1819tempering 3:1819

intermetallic phases 3:1817primary uses 3:1807, 3:1807fprocess equipment materials 4:3210–3211property relationships 3:1820Schaeffler–Delong diagram 3:1811f

3436 Subject Index


stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t, 3:1836sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1236fwelding processes 3:2459

dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) 3:2393

E

early age thermal cracking 3:2358edge dislocation 1:104, 1:105f, 1:106f, 1:108fefflorescence 4:27368xxx alloys 3:1982elastic stress intensity factor (K1) 1:81, 1:83felastomer blends 2:1205, 2:1224, 4:3210felectrical discharge machining (EDM) 3:2171electricity 2:1341–1373basic conceptsadmittance 2:1345capacitance 2:1344charge 2:1343conductivity/conductance 2:1344current 2:1343current density 2:1343impedance 2:1344inductance 2:1344potential 2:1343potential difference 2:1343resistivity/resistance 2:1343

instrumentationamplifiers 2:1346current control 2:1351, 2:1351f, 2:1352current measurements 2:1348, 2:1351, 2:1351ffilters 2:1346, 2:1346fpotentiostatbasic circuit 2:1350, 2:1350fbasic concepts 2:1349configurations 2:1351, 2:1351fcurrent control 2:1351, 2:1351fcurrent measurements 2:1351, 2:1351flimitations 2:1352negative feedback circuit 2:1350, 2:1350foperational amplifiers 2:1350, 2:1350f

resistance measurements 2:1349, 2:1349fvoltage measurements 2:1347

measurement fundamentalsamplifiers 2:1346characteristics 2:1345, 2:1345tfilters 2:1346, 2:1346ftime/frequency domains 2:1346

measurement methodscurrentbasic concepts 2:1348instrumentation 2:1348, 2:1351, 2:1351f

impedance 2:1349, 2:1349fresistancebasic concepts 2:1349instrumentation 2:1349, 2:1349f

voltagebasic concepts 2:1347differential measurements 2:1347instrumentation 2:1347interference effects 2:1348single-ended measurements 2:1347

see also electrochemistryelectrochemical depassivation 2:774electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)advanced measurement techniques 2:1360basic concepts 2:1358data analysis 2:1360data presentation 2:1359, 2:1359fpassive film analysis 2:746Randles equivalent circuit 2:1359f

electrochemical scanning tunnel microscopy (ECSTM)background information 2:1433electrochemical tunneling spectroscopoy (ECTS) 2:1438, 2:1438fgeneral discussion 2:1441implementation processes 2:1433, 2:1434f

limitations 2:1433solid/liquid interface applicationsactive dissolution of metals 2:1434, 2:1435fgeneral discussion 2:1434passive film growth and structure analysis 2:1436, 2:1437f

electrochemical stability diagramsalloy stability diagrams 2:1596basic concepts 2:1591elevated temperature diagrams 2:1594multiple active species effects 2:1594nonideal solution diagrams 2:1595potential–concentration diagrams 2:1597potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 2:1591, 2:1593f

electrochemical tunneling spectroscopoy (ECTS) 2:1438, 2:1438felectrochemistry 1:13–51, 2:1341–1373analytical methodselectrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)advanced measurement techniques 2:1360basic concepts 2:1358data analysis 2:1360data presentation 2:1359, 2:1359fpassive film analysis 2:746Randles equivalent circuit 2:1359f

electrochemical noisealiasing 2:1367fbasic concepts 2:1363corrosion monitoring 4:3131data analysis 2:1363instrumentation configurations 2:1365finstrument noise 2:1366fmeasurement methods 2:1364, 2:1366fquantization noise 2:1367f

galvanic current 2:1353harmonic analysis 2:1361intermodulation distortion 2:1360f, 2:1361, 2:1362flinear polarization resistance measurements (LPRMs)basic concepts 2:1355coupon testing 2:1562, 2:1563fdata analysis 2:1358error analysis 2:1358instrumentation configurations 2:1357fnoise levels 2:1357f

open circuit potential decay (OCPD) 2:1363, 2:1363fpolarization curvesbackground information 2:1353data analysis 2:1354, 2:1355fmeasurement methods 2:1354, 2:1354fTafel slope 2:1355, 2:1356f

potential monitoring 2:1353, 2:1353tbasic conceptselectrochemical reactionscorrosion processes 1:18, 1:18fcurrent flow mechanisms 1:16, 1:17f, 1:18fdischarge reactions 1:17fgalvanic (bimetallic) coupling 1:18, 1:18frecharge reactions 1:18freduction reactions 1:17f

electronic and electrolytic materials and interfaces 1:15metal–electrolyte interfacescharge density distribution 1:21fconcentration profiles 1:22, 1:23felectrical double layer 1:20, 1:21felementary/intermediate steps 1:19intermediate species 1:19mass transport mechanisms 1:21, 1:22fpotential profiles 1:22, 1:23fschematic diagram 1:17f

cell design 2:1370corrosion processeselectrochemical kinetics–corrosion potential 1:43, 1:44f, 1:45f, 2:726,

2:726fEvans diagram 1:42f, 2:726fexchange current density 1:42ffree corrosion conditions 1:41mixed potential model 1:41, 1:42fredox couples equilibrium potential curves 1:42funiform corrosion 2:726

Subject Index 3437


electrochemistry (continued)counter electrodes 2:1372electrochemical celldesign guidelinescounter-electrode 1:46electrode position 1:48, 1:48fgeneral discussion 1:45potential–current distributions 1:48fpotential profiles 1:48freference electrode 1:46, 1:47f, 1:48tworking electrode 1:46

galvanostat diagram 1:50fgeneral discussion 1:45potential control/current control 1:49, 1:49f, 1:50f

electrochemical equilibriumdefinitions 1:24exchange current density 1:24, 1:25fGibbs free energy 1:25Nernst equationionic solutions 1:27Mz+/M couple 1:25, 1:26tpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 1:28redox couples equilibrium potential values 1:26t

normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) 1:25, 1:26fpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagramaluminum (Al) 1:31, 1:32fgeneral discussion 1:28gold (Au) 1:30, 1:30firon (Fe) 1:30–31, 1:31f, 3:1702, 3:1703f, 3:1706f, 4:2894fpH and potential-dependent equilbrium 1:29, 1:29fpurely pH-dependent equilbrium 1:29, 1:29fpurely potential-dependent equilbrium 1:28, 1:29fsulfur (S) 3:1706f

electrode design 2:1366, 2:1368fgeneral discussion 1:14modeling approaches 2:1582out-of-equilibrium conditionsqualitative approachcurrent–overpotential curve 1:33fcurrent–potential curve 1:33fgeneral discussion 1:32

quantitative approachButler–Volmer equation 1:33, 1:35fcurrent–overpotential curve 1:35f, 1:36f, 1:40fexchange current density 1:36fFick’s law 1:38general discussion 1:33large overpotential limit 1:37, 1:38flimited current density 1:38, 1:39fmass-transport limited systems 1:38, 1:39fmixed-control systems 1:39, 1:40fsmall overpotential limit 1:36, 1:37f

passive current density 2:1369freference electrodes 2:1370, 2:1371tsee also electricity

electrodeionization processes 4:2975electrodeposition methodsaircraft corrosion 4:3188tmetallic coatings 4:2521tin coatings 3:2074

electrodialysis 4:2975electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) system 4:3153–3154electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) 2:880–881, 2:882f, 2:1411,

2:1413felectron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) 1:383, 1:385f, 2:1408, 2:1421,

2:1423felectronic defects 1:112electronic grade glasses 3:2307, 3:2308t, 3:2309telectron microprobe analysis (EMA) 2:1376telectron microscopyelectron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) 1:383, 1:385f, 2:1408, 2:1421,

2:1423felectron probe microanalysis (EPMA) 2:1420, 2:1422foperational principlesbasic concepts 2:1408electron and X-ray generation 2:1408f, 2:1409fincident electron beam–thin foil interactions 2:1408f

scanning electron microscopy (SEM)backscattered electrons 2:1409–1410, 2:1410f, 2:1411fbasic concepts 2:1409cementite analysis 1:286, 1:287fcharacteristics 2:1376tcorrosion product characterizations 1:140, 1:142felectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) 2:880–881, 2:882f, 2:1411,

2:1413fenvironmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) 2:1412‘glaze’ formation analyses 1:383secondary electrons 2:1409–1410, 2:1410fspecimen preparation techniques 2:1415f, 2:1425topographic images 2:1410–1411, 2:1412fX-ray analyses 2:1419, 2:1419f

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)basic concepts 2:1412bright field (BF) images 2:1413–1414, 2:1414fcementite analysis 1:286, 1:287fconvergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) 2:1417corrosion product characterizations 1:140, 1:142fdark field (DF) images 2:1413–1414, 2:1414felectron beam damage effects 2:1415, 2:1415felectron diffraction 2:1417, 2:1417f‘glaze’ formation analyses 1:379, 1:381f, 1:383high angle annular dark field (HAADF) imagesaluminum alloy cross-section 2:1414fNimonic alloys–Stellite 6 wear-affected surfaces study 1:382f, 1:383,

1:384f, 1:385f, 1:386f, 1:387f, 1:388fhigh-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) 2:1415,

2:1416fnickel graphitization 1:294, 1:295fscanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)characteristics 2:1416Nimonic alloys–Stellite 6 wear-affected surfaces study 1:382f, 1:383,

1:384f, 1:385f, 1:386f, 1:387f, 1:388fselected area diffraction (SAD) 2:1417specimen preparation techniques 2:1415f, 2:1424, 2:1425fTEM tomography 2:1416X-ray analyses 2:1418–1419, 2:1419f, 2:1420f

X-ray analysisbasic concepts 2:1418line scan profile 2:1420fschematic diagram 2:1419fspectral data plot 2:1419f, 2:1420f

electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) 2:1420, 2:1422felectroplating see plated coatingselectrostatic spray deposition (ESD) 4:2611, 4:2640elm 2:1325tElsener’s equation 3:2214emeraldine salts (ESs) 2:994emulsifiable cleaners 4:2485emulsion cleaners 4:2485, 4:2905f, 4:2903enamel coatings see vitreous enamel coatingsenergy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) 2:1418energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microscopyaluminum alloy corrosion studies 2:1406, 2:1406f, 2:1419f, 2:1420fcorrosion product characterizations 1:140Nimonic alloys–Stellite 6 wear-affected surfaces study 1:383, 1:384f,

1:385f, 1:386f, 1:387f, 1:388f, 1:389f, 1:392tengineering design, procurement, and construction (EPC) 4:3067enhanced radiolytic oxidation 3:2281enthalpyfirst law of thermodynamics 1:2free enthalpy 1:5latent heat of fusion 4:2932

entropy 1:4environmentally-assisted cracking 2:857–863aluminum alloyscorrosion fatigue 3:1995, 3:1996fcorrosivity 3:1993hydrogen embrittlement 3:1996liquid metal embrittlement (LME) 3:1995, 3:1995fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1993, 3:1994f, 3:1995t

basic concepts 2:857, 2:858fcarbon steel 3:1712corrosion management 4:3010crack growth rates 2:858

3438 Subject Index


crack morphologyappearance characteristics 2:858, 2:859fhydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) 2:859

design-based mitigation 4:3074–3075environmental enhancement mechanisms 2:862fitness-for-service (FFS) assessments 4:3104ffuture research areas 2:863hydrogen cracking 2:923–927general discussion 2:923hydrogen embrittlementbasic concepts 2:925pipeline welds 2:925ftesting methods 2:926, 2:927f

hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC)anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1210–1211basic concepts 2:924steel pipes 2:925fsteel plates 2:924ftesting methods 2:926

hydrogen sources 2:923, 2:924fstress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking (SOHIC)anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1210–1211failure mechanisms 2:925general discussion 2:925morphology 2:926fsteels 2:1210–1211testing methods 2:927


loading patterns 2:858flocalized corrosion processesgeneral discussion 3:2046hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) 2:859, 3:2047stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:857, 2:859f, 2:860f, 3:2047

magnesium alloyscontinuous crack propagation 3:2030fcorrosivity 3:2028fracture surface appearance 3:2030f, 3:2031ffriction stir weldment (FSW) 3:2031fopen circuit potential (OCM) 3:2032fprocessing condition effects 3:2031fslow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests 3:2029f, 3:2030f, 3:2031fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:2030t, 3:2028stress–strain plots 3:2029f, 3:2031f, 3:2032fsusceptibility 3:2030ttransgranular cracking model 3:2030f

petrochemical/chemical industries 4:3217, 4:3217f, 4:3218f, 4:3219f,4:3220f, 4:3220t

pure metal occurrences 2:863stress–strain effectscrack velocity plot 2:861ffatigue crack growth curves 2:861ffatigue resistance 2:859, 2:860f

testing methods 2:1527–1546bent specimens 2:1528f, 2:1531f, 2:1544–1545environmental conditions 2:1538, 2:1539f, 2:1540fstatic tests‘C’ ring method 2:1545fdelayed failure characteristics 2:1543fgeneral discussion 2:1543gripping methods 2:1543fload-ring method 2:1544fspring-loaded test rig 2:1544f

stress–corrosion testscold work effects 2:1529–1530, 2:1530f, 2:1530tconstant-load tests 2:1528f, 2:1530, 2:1531fconstant total-deflection tests 2:1528, 2:1528f, 2:1533fcrack velocity plot 2:1534fcurrent density 2:1540fdynamic bend tests 2:1542, 2:1542fhydrogen embrittlement tests 2:1541initiation factors 2:1541, 2:1541fload relaxation curves 2:1529, 2:1529fpolarization curves 2:1540fslow strain-rate tests 2:1531, 2:1532f, 2:1533f, 2:1534f

static tests 2:1543stressing systems 2:1527test cell types 2:1540

testpiecescomparison studies 2:1536crack velocity measurements 2:1537precracked samples 2:1534, 2:1535fstressing systems 2:1527stress intensity factor–crack rate relationship 2:1536fsurface finish effects 2:1538threshold stress intensities 2:1536, 2:1536f

testing procedures 2:861, 2:862fenvironmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) 2:1412epichlorohydrin rubber (ECO) 3:2412t, 3:2413f, 3:2436epoxiescoal tar epoxy system 4:2668t, 4:2694t, 4:2705, 4:2706fepoxy–amine coatingsaircraft corrosion 4:3184t, 4:3188, 4:3189f, 4:3194tballast tanks 4:2694tburied and ground-contact structures 4:2705, 4:2706fcargo holds 4:2697tcharacteristics 4:2695texternal decks 4:2698tfield joint coatings 4:2711film thickness 4:2675, 4:2675tiron and steel 4:2668ttopsides and superstructures 4:2699t

epoxy resins 3:2342, 3:2342t, 3:2384paints and organic coatingsoxygen diffusion 4:2668tpolymers 4:2651water diffusion 4:2668t

equilibrium phosphate treatment 4:2984, 4:2985ferosionanodic protection 4:2864carbon steel 3:1712ceramicsadvanced technical ceramics 3:2286blast wear (pipes) 1:684flowing melts (converter) 1:684refractory materials 1:681

coating failures 4:2736cobalt/cobalt alloys 3:1929, 3:1930fconcrete degradation 3:2366, 3:2366fcorrosion management 4:3010corrosion test methods 2:1489, 2:1490fflow-induced corrosioncast iron 3:1778, 3:1779f, 3:1780f, 3:1780tcopper pipes 2:978fgeneral discussion 2:977pump impeller photograph 2:978fsolid particle erosion 2:978

industrial heating and cooling systems 4:2948lubricant systems 2:1305nitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1258potable water systems 4:2948solid particle erosion 2:978stainless steels 2:1258, 3:1846tribocorrosionapplicationscurrent noise standard deviation plot 2:1045felectrochemical current/potential noise 2:1045fflow cell schematic diagram 2:1044fgeneral discussion 2:1044

basic concepts 2:1029depassivation–repassivation kinetics 2:1016f, 2:1018t, 2:1040mechanical–electrochemical interactions 2:1030f, 2:1038, 2:1038f,

2:1041twear–corrosion interactions 2:1037t

zirconium/zirconium alloys 3:2110, 3:2111ferythorbate 4:2976–2977, 4:2976tEscherichia coli 4:2951–2952esters 2:1326etch pits 2:775ethanol 1:98f, 3:1842, 3:2380t, 4:3217fethoxyethane 3:2380tethyl acetate 3:2380t

Subject Index 3439


ethyl acrylate 3:1909ethylcellulose 3:2379tethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) 2:1246ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 3:2326, 4:2486, 4:2527f, 4:2981,

4:3321ethylene dichloride (EDC) 1:403, 3:1908, 4:3221–3223, 4:3224fethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) 3:2411, 3:2412t, 3:2413f, 3:2416tethylene–propylene rubber (EPM) 3:2379t, 3:2411–2413, 3:2413f, 3:2431ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) 2:1246ettringiteconventional sulfate attacks 3:2363delayed ettringite formation 3:2365see also tricalcium aluminate (C3A)

Euophyrum spp. 3:2445European Federation of Corrosion (EFC) 4:3057European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group (EGIG) 4:3273Evans diagram 2:726fexfoliationaircraft corrosionairframe corrosion 4:3177, 4:3178t, 4:3180taluminum alloys 4:3180, 4:3181t

aluminum alloys 2:1138, 3:1993concrete degradation 3:2366, 3:2366fgraphite (C) 3:2279

expert judgment 4:3087extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) 2:1397–1398, 2:1398fexternal decks 4:2698, 4:2698textreme pressure/antiwear additives 2:1302, 2:1303textreme value (EV) distributionsbasic concepts 2:1554chloride concentration variations 2:1572fcoupon testing 2:1560, 2:1562fpit depth measurements 2:1570, 2:1571fwall thickness measurements 2:1567, 2:1568t, 2:1569f

Eyre and Lewis soil assessment system 2:1162

F

fading 4:2736Faraday’s law 1:16, 1:38, 2:846, 4:2765fastenersmechanical fasteners 3:2449, 3:2450f, 3:2452twood corrosivitybimetallic corrosion 2:1325construction materials 2:1327contact corrosion 2:1324corrosion test methods 2:1326general discussion 2:1323modeling methods 2:1327nail sickness 2:1325, 3:2442–2443preservative treatments 2:1327, 3:2442–2443water cooling towers 2:1328water tanks 2:1328

fatigue, corrosion 2:928–953airframe corrosion 4:3178, 4:3178talloysaluminum alloys 2:947, 2:948fcarbon steel 3:2457ferrous alloys 2:944stainless steels 2:946, 2:946ttitanium alloys 2:948

aluminum alloys 3:1995, 3:1996fbasic conceptscrack growth rate–crack size plot 2:931fcrack growth stages 2:931fgeneral discussion 2:930initiation sites 2:931fpersistent slip bands 2:931f

cast ironcurve plots 3:1770f, 3:1771ffatigue resistance 3:1770t, 3:1771f, 3:1772fgeneral discussion 3:1768limiting strengths 3:1769t

characteristics 1:95tcorrosion management 4:3010corrosion test methods 2:1491, 2:1492f

general discussion 2:950historical background 2:929influencing factorsdamage regimes 2:937telectrochemical conditions 2:942, 2:943fintermetallic particles 2:941loading frequency 2:941, 2:942fmicrostructure 2:941solution conditions 2:942stress state 2:944, 2:944fsurface conditions 2:942, 2:943f

loading patterns 2:858flow-pressure steam turbine (LPST) modeling study 2:1674tmagnesium alloys 3:2028mechanical fasteners 3:2449nitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1258photographic illustration 4:3104fprevention strategiesbarrier coatings 2:949cathodic protection 2:950general discussion 2:949surface treatments 2:950

regimes and mechanismsdamage regimes 2:937tgeneral discussion 2:932, 2:940long crack growthbasic concepts 2:938corrosion fatigue models 2:940linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFMs) analysis 2:938, 2:939f,

2:940short crack growthdevelopment stages 2:932, 2:932f, 2:933finitiation stage 2:932, 2:937tlinear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFMs) analysis 2:935loading frequency 2:941, 2:942fpassive film breakdown 2:933pit–crack transition 2:935, 2:936f, 2:937f, 2:937tpit formation 2:933pit growth rate 2:934, 2:935f, 2:937tpitting corrosion fatigue models 2:938, 2:938tshort crack–long crack interface 2:935, 2:937f, 2:937tsurface film breakdown 2:934transition stages 2:933f

S–N (stress–number of cycles to failure) curves 2:930fstainless steels 2:1258, 3:1836surgical implants 2:1318

fatty acids 3:1766, 4:2670FBE-polypropylene coatingsapplication frame 4:2713fapplication methods 4:2715fbasic concepts 4:2713coextruded sheet method 4:2714fcoextruded spiral tape 4:2715finjection molding 4:2714fplastic extrusion welding 4:2714f

FBE powder coatingsalternating current (AC) corrosion 4:2836ffield joint coatings 4:2712, 4:2713fline pipe coatings 4:2708f, 4:2709, 4:2812t, 4:3283, 4:3283t

feedwater treatmentall volatile treatment (oxidizing) (AVT(O)) 4:2978all volatile treatment (reducing) (AVT(R)) 4:2977dissolved oxygen control 4:2975, 4:2976tflow accelerated corrosion (FAC) 4:2977general discussion 4:2975oxygenated treatment (OT) 4:2979oxygen scavengers 4:2975, 4:2976tpH control 4:2977

ferritic chromium steelsalloying elements 1:494tanode gas effects 1:494, 1:496f, 1:497fanode-side interactions 1:510, 1:511f, 1:512fcarbonaceous gas formation 1:497, 1:498fcathode-side interactions 1:507, 1:508fcharacteristics 1:492component thickness effects 1:502, 1:503f, 1:504f, 1:505fcompositions 1:501t

3440 Subject Index


contact resistance 1:501fdesign guidelines 1:499dual atmosphere conditions 1:507metal–glass sealant interactions 1:512, 1:513foxidation rates 1:500foxide scale formation 1:495f, 1:496f, 1:501f, 1:506ftemperature dependence effects 1:502fthermal expansion coefficients 1:145fvaporization protection methods 1:509, 1:510f, 1:511f

ferritic stainless steelsacid pickling 4:2993tatmospheric environmentsgeneral discussion 3:1858influencing factors 3:1860materials selection 3:1858, 3:1858tSikla bridge (Sweden) 3:1858furban/rural/marine atmospheres 3:1858, 3:1858t


chromia-forming alloys 1:424–425, 1:425f, 1:426fcommercial applicationsart and architecture 3:1858f, 3:1866, 3:1867f, 3:1866fdomestic products/kitchenware 3:1860, 3:1861tprocess industrycopper production 3:1862corrosion resistance 3:1863desalination 3:1863, 3:1865fhydrometallurgy 3:1861nickel production 3:1862oil and gas production 3:1867, 3:1869pulp and paper industry 3:1865wastewater treatment 3:1870zinc production 3:1862



general discussion 3:1821grade resistance 3:1847, 3:1848f, 3:1849f, 3:1850fgrade screening methods 3:1849, 3:1850fintergranular corrosion 3:1845, 3:1845flaboratory tests 3:1850localized corrosion 3:1824material selection tests 3:1849passive films 3:1822, 3:1822fpassivity breakdown 3:1824pitting corrosion 2:749, 3:1826, 3:1826fpitting potentials 3:1849fpitting resistance equivalent (PRE) value 3:1825–1826, 3:1825tpolarization curves 3:1824fpostweld treatments 3:1837stress corrosion cracking (SCC)alkaline solutions 2:1200, 3:1833atmospheric environments 3:1834, 3:1835f

characteristics 3:1830, 3:1831fchlorine-induced mechanisms 3:1832, 3:1832ffilm-induced cleavage 3:1831hydrogen embrittlement 3:1831hydrogen-induced stress cracking (HISC) 2:859, 2:859f, 3:1833laboratory tests 3:1850material selection tests 3:1849process mechanisms 3:1831slip dissolution 3:1831stress intensity factor–crack rate relationship 3:1832, 3:1832fsulfide stress cracking (SSC) 2:859, 2:859f, 2:860f, 3:1833

welding-related corrosion 3:1837electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) test 2:1486erosion resistance 2:985fflow-induced corrosion 2:982f, 2:983fgalvanic corrosion 2:852thigh temperature oxidation behavior 1:553, 1:554fhigh-temperature stainless steelschemical compositions 3:1874tcorrosion resistance 3:1873halogen gas corrosion 3:1876molten metal environments 3:1877molten salt environments 3:1876oxidation behaviors 3:1875, 3:1875fsulfur attacks 3:1876

hydrogen sulfide (H2S) environments 2:983fimmersion tests/test compounds 3:1863, 3:1864tintergranular corrosion 2:818marine corrosion 2:1125mechanical propertiescold work effects 3:1815, 3:1816ffatigue properties 3:1816, 3:1816f, 3:1817tgeneral discussion 3:1812room temperature conditions 3:1812, 3:1813tstress–strain plots 3:1813ftempering temperature effects 3:1814ftoughness impacts 3:1815, 3:1816f

microstructure 3:1811natural water environmentschlorination effects 3:1852, 3:1852fdrinking water 3:1853freshwater 3:1853, 3:1854fgeneral discussion 3:1851microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:1851, 3:1852friver waters 3:1853seawateranaerobic conditions 3:1857cathodic protection 3:1856exposure factors 3:1856, 3:1856t, 3:1857thydrogen embrittlement 3:1856materials selection 3:1854, 3:1855fpolluted environments 3:1855resistance factors 3:1854, 3:1855t

nitric acid (HNO3) 2:1253noble metal additions 3:2241tphysical properties 3:1819, 3:1820tpolarization curves 2:1354, 2:1355fprecipitation/embrittlementcarbide/nitride precipitation 3:1817carburization 3:1818475�C embrittlement 3:1817general discussion 3:1817heat treatmentsgeneral discussion 3:1818precipitation hardening 3:1819quenching 3:1818solution annealing 3:1818, 3:1818tstabilization annealing 3:1819tempering 3:1819

intermetallic phases 3:1817primary uses 3:1807process equipment materials 4:3210–3211property relationships 3:1820Schaeffler–Delong diagram 3:1811fsteam and steam/hydrogen environmentsconstruction materials 1:432tgeneral discussion 1:431

Subject Index 3441


ferritic stainless steels (continued)inner scale formation 1:443flong-term behavior 1:436, 1:437f, 1:438f, 1:439foxidation rates 1:440f, 1:441f, 1:442fpressure effects 1:449, 1:450fscale morphology 1:447f, 1:448f, 1:449f, 1:450fspalling tendencies 1:439fsteam oxidation mechanisms 1:433, 1:434f, 1:435ftemperature dependence effects 1:440, 1:440f, 1:441f, 1:442f, 1:443f,

1:445fvoid and gap formation 1:435, 1:436f, 1:437f, 1:438f, 1:439fweight change comparisons 1:433f, 1:442f, 1:444f

stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1835thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fwelding processes 3:2458, 3:2459f

Ferrobacillus spp. 4:2949fiberglass products 3:2000fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) 3:2387–2406above-water fastener selection 2:847faccelerated ageing 3:2395ageing effectschemical processing industryArrhenius relationship 3:2403ASTM standard for long-term chemical resistance 3:2403Barcol hardness changes 3:2403fenvironmental conditions 3:2401failures and defects 3:2402fmass change–concentrated acid plot 3:2403fscrubbing tower 3:2401fsemiempirical corrosion approach 3:2404uniform corrosion 3:2402f

marine industry 3:2404oil and gas industry 3:2398, 3:2398f, 3:2399f, 3:2400f, 3:2401fsupersonic flight 3:2396


alkali corrosion 2:1204below-water fastener selection 2:849fgeneral discussion 3:2388, 3:2405process equipment materials 4:3210, 4:3210fstrength comparisons 3:2388f

fibers, glass 3:2307, 3:2308t, 3:2309tFick’s lawamorphous alloys 3:2197–2198, 3:2198fbasic concepts 1:116charge–transfer reactions 2:1602–1603diffusion-controlled internal nitridation 1:306fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) 3:2391–2392grain boundary diffusion 1:137f, 1:138ionic diffusion 3:2360out-of-equilibrium conditions 1:38

field-erected water tube industrial boiler 4:2973ffield joint coatingsFBE-polypropyleneapplication frame 4:2713fapplication methods 4:2715fbasic concepts 4:2713coextruded sheet method 4:2714fcoextruded spiral tape 4:2715finjection molding 4:2714fplastic extrusion welding 4:2714f

FBE powder coatings 4:2712, 4:2713fgeneral discussion 4:2711liquid-applied field joint coatings 4:2711, 4:2712fpipeline corrosion management 4:3284radiation cross-linked heat shrink sleeves 4:2712set-up 4:2711f

field signature method (FSM) 4:3131, 4:3132f,4:3133f

filiform corrosion 2:988–1004airframe corrosion 4:3178t, 4:3179aluminum alloys 2:996f, 2:999, 2:999f, 2:1000f,

3:1990aluminum surfaces 2:996f, 2:997background information 2:996characteristics 1:95t, 2:996coating failures 4:2737general discussion 2:988iron/steel surfaces 2:1000, 2:1001f, 2:1002fpropagation mechanisms 2:997, 2:997fsurface-active filiform corrosion 2:999, 2:999f, 2:1000f

fine and specialty chemicals 3:1910finite difference modeling methods 2:1583, 2:1583ffinite element methods (FEM) 2:1583fireclay bricks 3:2338, 3:2338tfire damage 3:2367fire-retardant treatment chemicals 2:1328fireside corrosion 1:457–481air–fuel ratio 1:461, 1:461f, 1:461t, 1:462t, 1:463tbackground information 1:459combustion conditions 1:461, 1:461f, 1:461tdeposit chemistry 1:461, 1:465fflue gas composition 1:460, 1:460t, 1:462t, 1:463tfuel chemistry 1:459, 1:459t, 1:460fgas-phase corrosiongeneral discussion 1:464oxidizing environmentsalloys 1:466fgeneral discussion 1:464parabolic rate constant plot 1:467fsteel 1:466f, 1:468ftemperature limits 1:466t

reducing environments 1:465isocorrosion rate curves 1:468fkinetic boundaries 1:469fsteel 1:468f

molten salt environmentsalloy corrosion resistance 1:480, 1:480fbasic concepts 1:468, 1:469fchlorine-related corrosion 1:477, 1:479fcoal constituents 1:475fcorrosion rates 1:473fcorrosion zones 1:471ffused salts 1:479–480, 1:480foxide basicity 1:477foxide solubility 1:476fsulfate-induced corrosion 1:461f, 1:472, 1:473f, 1:474f, 1:477f,

1:478fvanadium attacks 1:470, 1:470f, 1:471f, 1:472f

superheater deposit composition 1:461, 1:464t, 1:465ffirst law of thermodynamics 1:2fitness-for-service (FFS) assessments 4:3102–3116basic concepts 4:3103environmentally-assisted cracking 4:3104ffailure assessment diagram (FAD) 4:3104f, 4:3105, 4:3113fFITNET assessment procedurecausal factorscrack morphology 4:3110general discussion 4:3110service environment 4:3110stress 4:3110

crack characterization 4:3109, 4:3109fgeneral discussion 4:3109material characteristicsageing effects 4:3112general discussion 4:3110initial microstructure 4:3111surface conditions 4:3110, 4:3111fwelds 4:3111

stress corrosion cracking (SCC) data assessment parameters 4:3112,4:3112f

structural integrity assessments 4:3113, 4:3113fflat plate component examplebasic concepts 4:3113, 4:3114f

3442 Subject Index


Part Afailure assessment point plot 4:3115, 4:3115fKr parameter calculation 4:3114Lr parameter calculation 4:3114

Part B (II): safe life assessment 4:3115, 4:3115fPart B (I): membrane stress 4:3115, 4:3115f

Kr parameterbasic concepts 4:3107example calculation 4:3108limiting conditions 4:3108f

Lr parameterbasic concepts 4:3106example calculation 4:3107limiting conditions 4:3106f

oil and gas industry corrosion management 4:3264Flade potential 2:1380–1382flaking 4:2730, 4:2737flame cleaning 4:2491flame sprayingaluminum coatings 4:2613, 4:2780characteristics 4:2612, 4:2612thigh-velocity suspension flame spraying (HVSFS) 4:2613reactive flame spraying (RFS) 4:2613

Flavobacterium spp. 4:2920flocculation 4:2737flooding 4:2737floor lining 3:2346Flory–Rehner equilibrium swelling equation 3:2428flotation 4:2738flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) 4:2977flow agents 4:2653flow-induced corrosion 2:954–987basic concepts 2:1019, 2:1021fcarbon steel 3:1712cast iron 3:1777, 3:1777tcorrosion controlscathodic protection 2:983critical flow parameters 2:981tenvironmental controlsC14-Quat concentration effects 2:984fcomputational fluid dynamics 2:985corrosion inhibitors 2:980, 2:983fdrag-reducing agents 2:981–982, 2:984f

fluid mechanics and design 2:979, 2:980f, 2:981tliquid droplet impingement 2:985materials selectioncavitation resistance 2:982fcopper/copper alloys 2:981f, 2:982fgeneral discussion 2:980hydrogen sulfide (H2S) environments 2:983fstainless steels 2:982f

predictive modeling 2:985solid particle erosion 2:984, 2:985f

corrosion management 4:3010corrosion processescavitationbubble impact 2:979, 2:979fcast iron 3:1777, 3:1777tgeneral discussion 2:977pump impeller photograph 2:978f

characteristics 2:960concentration gradients 2:961fcurrent density–potential plot 2:961ferosioncast iron 3:1778, 3:1779f, 3:1780f, 3:1780tcopper pipes 2:978fgas bubble impingement 2:979general discussion 2:977liquid droplet impingement 2:979pump impeller photograph 2:978fsolid particle erosion 2:978

investigative toolsgeneral discussion 2:970impingement jets 2:971f, 2:973, 2:974f, 2:975t, 2:976f, 2:977fmaximum local flow intensities 2:973, 2:976f, 2:977fpipe and channel flow 2:970f, 2:973, 2:975t, 2:976f, 2:977frotating cages 2:971f, 2:972, 2:975t, 2:976f, 2:977f

rotating cylinder electrodes 2:970f, 2:972, 2:975trotating disc electrodes 2:970f, 2:971, 2:972f, 2:975tschematic diagrams 2:970fwall shear stress determination equations 2:975t, 2:977f

Nernst diffusion layer 2:960, 2:961fscale-covered surfacesC14-Quat concentration effects 2:969f, 2:984fconcentration gradients 2:963fcorrosion rates 2:964fcracking tendencies 2:965fdiffusion-controlled current densities 2:967f, 2:968fflow-induced localized corrosion (FILC) 2:964ffreak wave impacts 2:968, 2:968f, 2:969f, 2:977f, 2:984fhydrodynamic interactions 2:966firon carbonate (FeCO3) 2:965firon carbonate (FeCO3) failure 2:965firon sulfide (FeS) 2:965flinear wavelet transforms 2:967f, 2:968fpore diffusion calculations 2:962, 2:963fpost-scale destruction corrosion intensities 2:969scale destruction 2:964, 2:964fspalling tendencies 2:965fsurface fracture energies 2:965fsystem forces comparisons 2:966t

scale-free surfaces 2:960, 2:961fcorrosion risk mitigation 4:3056flow dynamicsboundary layer 2:957, 2:957f, 2:958f, 2:959fflow patternsfluid–wall interactions 2:961fgeneral discussion 2:959horizontal liquid–gas pipe flow 2:959fvertical liquid–gas pipe flow 2:960fvertical liquid–liquid pipe flow 2:960f

laminar flow 2:955, 2:956fmass transport relationships 2:962tturbulent flow 2:955, 2:956f

general discussion 2:955pipeline corrosion management 4:3293

flue gas scrubber environments 3:2045fluidized bed techniques 4:2535t, 4:2540, 4:2540f, 4:2641fluorine (F)aluminum fluoride (AlF3) 3:1907, 4:2537tcalcium fluoride (CaF2) 3:2119t, 3:2301, 3:2321t, 3:2331tchlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 2:1067fcorrosion potential 2:1264f, 2:1265tcorrosive environments 1:403ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) 2:1246ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) 2:1246fluorinated ethylene propylene 2:1246fluorine-containing plastics 3:2383fluorocarbon membranes 3:2343, 3:2343tglass ceramics 3:2297glass linings and coatings 3:2326high-temperature stainless steels 3:1876hydrofluoric acid (HF) 2:1207–1225acid pickling 4:2992, 4:2993talumina ceramics 3:2290, 3:2291taluminum coatings 4:2564fcharacteristics 2:1207copper/copper alloys 2:1214f, 3:1963corrosive environments 1:403electrochemical models 2:1619fglasses 3:2313inhibitors 4:2990nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu)

alloys 3:1896t, 3:1897tnickel/nickel alloys 2:1214f, 2:1219fnitric acid–hydrofluoric acid (HNO3–HF) test 2:1479t, 2:1480f, 2:1480t,

2:1482noble metal corrosion resistance 3:2216tnoble metals 2:1223pH 2:1207–1208, 2:1208fproduction processes 3:1907scale inhibitors/dispersants 4:2994stainless steel corrosion 2:1212f, 2:1214fsteel corrosion 2:1210, 2:1210f, 2:1212f

Subject Index 3443


fluorine (F) (continued)thermoplastic materials 2:1223vitreous silica 3:2315zirconium corrosivity 3:2116, 3:2119t

intermetallic alloys 1:659magnesium fluoride (MgF2) 3:2301niobium corrosion 3:2144, 3:2146perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) 2:1246polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)chemical attack resistance 3:2377crevice corrosion 3:2107crystalline plastics 3:2383fluorocarbon membranes 3:2343, 3:2343thydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1223–1224limiting oxygen index 3:2385tprocess equipment materials 4:3212solubility parameters 3:2379tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1246

polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 2:1223–1224, 2:1246, 3:2343, 3:2343t,3:2385t, 4:3212

potassium hydrogen fluoride (KHF) 4:2537tseawater constituents 2:1109tsodium fluoride (NaF) 3:2119t, 4:2537tsodium hexafluorosilicate (Na2SiF6) 3:2331ttantalum corrosion 3:2144, 3:2146titanium/titanium alloys 3:2045vitreous silica 3:2315water chemistry 2:1098, 2:1098tzirconium corrosivity 3:2116, 3:2119t

fluorocarbon rubber (FPM) 3:2412tfluoroelastomers (FKM) 2:1224, 3:2413f, 3:2416t, 3:2431food product-based corrosion 3:1773, 3:1773tformaldehyde 2:1326formate 3:2060tformic acidacidic vapor corrosion 2:1326aluminum alloys 3:1998–1999anodic protection 4:2882corrosion risk mitigation 4:3060fdry deposition rates 2:1073tHenry’s law coefficients for common gases 2:1056,

2:1056tinhibitors 4:2990maraging steels 3:1795rain chemistry 2:1063f, 2:1064tsolubility parameters 3:2380tstainless steels 3:1842, 3:1843fwood corrosivity 2:1324zirconium corrosivity 3:2125

forsterite 3:2013tfoulingcorrosion fatigue prevention strategies 3:2457–2458oil and gas industry 4:2916f, 4:2916

foul release coatings 4:2692, 4:2692tFourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy

3:2393475�C embrittlement 3:1817fracture mechanics 1:77–88axially cracked pipes 1:83–84, 1:84felastic stress intensity factor (K1) 1:81, 1:83ffracture mechanics test specimens 1:84ffracture toughness 1:85, 1:86fJ-integral 1:84, 1:85fJ R-curve 1:86, 1:86fMode I loading 1:81, 1:82f, 1:83fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 1:86, 1:87f, 1:88f

Frechet (Type II) distribution model 2:1554free enthalpy 1:5free ground water 2:1156Frenkel disorders 1:111freshwater environmentscopper corrosionpipework systems 3:1954pitting corrosion 3:1954

iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 3:1791stainless steel corrosion 3:1853, 3:1854fsteel corrosion 3:1729, 3:1730t

fretting corrosionaircraft corrosionairframe corrosion 4:3178, 4:3178t, 4:3180ttitanium alloys 4:3183

automotive bodywork 4:3169causal factors 2:1318characteristics 1:95tcobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy 2:1314, 3:1928nitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1258stainless steels 2:1012–1013, 2:1012f, 2:1258testing methods 2:1495tin alloys 3:2076titanium nitride (TiN) 2:1316titanium/titanium alloys 2:1313zirconium/zirconium alloys 3:2110

Friedel’s salt 3:2351Frigilene™ lacquer 4:3331frit 3:2319, 3:2330, 3:2331tfront end engineering design (FEED) 4:3066, 4:3068fFront End Engineering Design (FEED)basic concepts 4:3243data availabilitycorrosion rate predictions 4:3245f, 4:3246fcorrosion risk analysis 4:3247, 4:3247ffinancial projections 4:3247finstallation and operational considerations 4:3248, 4:3250flaboratory tests 4:3247Norsok model 4:3245, 4:3245fprocurement considerations 4:3248quality assurance (QA) practices 4:3248risk matrices 4:3247, 4:3247ftheoretical calculations 4:3244, 4:3245f, 4:3246funcertainty factors 4:3244

frost damage 3:2366, 3:2366ffruit juices 3:1773tFrumkin isotherm 1:28, 2:1604–1605fuel cellsmolten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) 1:328solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:482–517

fullerenes 3:2274, 3:2279ffungiacid corrosion 2:1181airframe corrosion 2:1181, 4:3177characteristics 2:1172industrial heating and cooling systems 4:2949, 4:2950wood degradation effects 3:2441, 3:2445

furan resins 3:2341, 3:2342t, 3:2384furring 3:2443, 3:2444fused salts 1:479–480, 1:480f, 2:1495see also molten salts

fused silica 3:2307, 3:2308t, 3:2309tfusion welding 2:1448, 3:2452t, 3:2453f

G

gaboon 2:1325tGallionella ferrugine 4:2949Gallionella spp. 2:1177, 2:1178f, 2:1183, 4:2920gallium (Ga)gallium oxide (Ga2O3) 3:2197fpitting corrosion potential 2:782f

galvanic corrosion 2:828–856aircraft corrosionairframe corrosion 4:3178t, 4:3179, 4:3180ttitanium alloys 4:3183

aluminum alloys 2:1138, 3:1988basic concepts 2:829beneficial effects 2:837biomedical devices 2:1319carbon/graphite 3:2278carbon steel 2:1011, 2:1013f, 3:1711, 3:1757tcast iron 3:1743, 3:1756, 3:1757tcobalt/cobalt alloys 3:1928copper/copper alloys 2:1134–1135corrosion management 4:3010corrosion test methods 2:1470

3444 Subject Index


credible corrosion risks 4:3056design-based mitigation 4:3078, 4:3079f, 4:3080fdetermination criteria 2:838electrochemical theorybasic concepts 2:829conductivity effects 2:837fcoupled potential 2:833, 2:835felectrical/ionic resistance effects 2:834Evans diagramanodic–cathodic reactions 2:832–833, 2:833fcoupled materials 2:834fcoupled potential 2:835fforced potential shift–applied current diagram 2:833fpolarization curves 2:834f

galvanic series 2:831fIR drop 2:834, 2:836firon corrosion 2:830fpolarization curvesanodic–cathodic reactions 2:832, 2:836farea ratio effects 2:834fcoupled potential 2:832fpassive films 2:835f

polarization resistance effects 2:832fillustrative examplesanodic plate–cathodic screws 2:838fcarbon steel weld 2:839fcopper pipe–stainless steel cylinder 2:838fmixed-metal corrosion 2:836, 2:837f

industrial heating and cooling systems 4:2946iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 3:1793, 3:1794tlead (Pb) 3:2060magnesium alloys 3:2028, 3:2037marine environments 2:1118, 2:1119f, 2:1120f, 2:1143, 3:1756, 3:1757tmechanical fasteners 3:2449metal–matrix compositesanodic/cathodic polarization diagram 3:2254f, 3:2255f, 3:2256fcathodic constitutent content 3:2260, 3:2261fcathodic current densities 3:2260, 3:2260tenvironmental conditions 3:2254, 3:2255fgeneral discussion 3:2253localized corrosion 3:2259, 3:2259f, 3:2261f, 3:2262fmatrix metal corrosion 3:2254, 3:2255fmicrostructure 3:2259, 3:2259fn-type semiconductors 3:2256, 3:2256fp-type semiconductors 3:2256, 3:2256freinforcement area fraction 3:2258, 3:2258f, 3:2259freinforcement electrochemistry 3:2255, 3:2256freinforcement photoelectrochemistry 3:2256reinforcement resistivity 3:2257, 3:2257t, 3:2258f

molybdenum (Mo) 3:2163niobium and tantalum corrosion 3:2146nitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1259potable water systems 4:2946prediction methodscomputer modeling 2:839, 2:841fexposure data 2:839general discussion 2:838laboratory data 2:839physical scale modeling 2:840, 2:842fpotentiostatic data 2:839, 2:840fprior experience 2:839Wagner number 2:840, 2:842f

prevention strategiesanode–cathode reactions 2:843cathodic protection 2:844counter-current devices 2:844, 2:845fdesign changes 2:841, 2:843felectrical isolation 2:841–842, 2:843fenvironmental conditions 2:843general discussion 2:841inhibitors 2:844insulation changes 2:843

stainless steels 2:831f, 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:853t, 2:854t, 2:1119f,2:1259

basic concepts 3:1844corrosion potential 3:1845fcorrosion rates 3:1757t

environmental conditions 2:1011, 2:1012foil and gas industry 3:1868

standards 2:850testing proceduresaccelerated testing 2:847atmospheric testing 2:846f, 2:847basic concepts 2:844corrosion rate determination 2:846galvanic series constructions 2:844hardware testing 2:844IR drop determination 2:845polarization curve generation 2:845washer test 2:846fwire-on-bolt/CLIMAT test 2:846f, 2:847

tin (Sn) 3:2074, 3:2074ttitanium/titanium alloys 2:1137uranium (U) 3:2186useful dataatmospheric corrosionabove-water fastener selection 2:847fgeneral discussion 2:850urban/rural/marine atmospheres 2:848f

carbon dioxide (CO2) environments 2:855fhydrogen sulfide (H2S) environments 2:855fseawater corrosionbelow-water fastener selection 2:849fcorrosion rates 2:851, 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:854tcrevice corrosion depth 2:853tsulfidation corrosion 2:850ftube alloy corrosion rates 2:853tvalve alloys 2:849fweight loss for iron (Fe) 2:850t

zinc corrosion 3:2080–2081zirconium/zirconium alloys 3:2109, 3:2110t

galvanic lesions 2:1311galvanized steel 2:1165, 2:1166fgalvanizing methodshot dip galvanizingcontinuous zinc/zinc alloy coatings 4:2570degreasing methods 4:2567, 4:2567fdesign guidelines 4:2566duplex coatings 4:2572fluxing operations 4:2567, 4:2567fgalvanizing processalloying additions 4:2569basic concepts 4:2568coating development 4:2568, 4:2570fcoating structure 4:2568f, 4:2569fsteel reactivity 4:2568, 4:2569f, 4:2570f

general discussion 4:2566organic systems 4:2572pickling methods 4:2567, 4:2567fpost-galvanizing treatments 4:2570

gamma(g)-radiationcharacteristics 2:1330stainless steel corrosioncorrosion potential 2:1334, 2:1334tcrevice initiation 2:1334–1335, 2:1335t, 2:1336fcurrent flow effects 2:1336f

garnet-based lasers 3:2024, 4:2623gas chromatography (GC) 3:2393gas metal arc (GMA) technique 3:2024gastric fluids 2:1312fgas tungsten arc (GTA) technique 3:2024gas turbines 1:518–540alloy selections 1:525tbasic concepts 1:518, 1:519fcurrent research areas 1:538general discussion 1:538hot corrosionattack rates 1:535, 1:536fcoating performance 1:537fdamage locations 1:535, 1:535fdeposit formation 1:532, 1:533fdeposition flux–damage plot 1:537ffuel specifications 1:530t, 1:532general discussion 1:529

Subject Index 3445


gas turbines (continued)incubation times 1:538fmodeling methods 1:535, 1:537f, 1:538fpropagation mechanismsbasic concepts 1:530characteristics 1:530fcomponent phase diagram 1:531foxide solubility 1:531f

temperature distributions 1:535fhot gas path components and materialsair cooling system schematic diagram 1:524fbasic concepts 1:522coating compositions 1:523–524, 1:525tmaterials selection 1:525tmaterial strength improvements 1:523fthermal barrier coatings 1:524f

hot-salt corrosion 1:325noble metals 3:2220operating conditionsbasic concepts 1:520firing temperatures–pressure ratio plot 1:521fgas temperature cycles 1:522ftemperature–pressure variations 1:521f

oxidation processesbasic concepts 1:524oxide scale growth 1:526foxide scale growth and spallation models 1:526, 1:528f

thermal barrier coatingscharacteristics 1:527fdamage mechanisms 1:527operation principles 1:524fspallation models 1:528f, 1:529, 1:529f

gear lubricants 2:1305general aerobic bacteria (GAB) 4:2920general corrosion see uniform corrosiongeneralized extreme value (GEV) distribution model 2:1554,

2:1562fgeneralized pareto distribution (GPD) 2:1555general linear regression models 2:1553general-purpose rubber goods (GRGs) 3:2411, 3:2412tgermanium (Ge)germanium dioxide (GeO2) 3:2197fmetal dusting 1:288, 1:289f

Giardia lamblia 4:2951–2952Gibbs–Duhem equation 1:6Gibbs free energyamorphous alloys 3:2196, 3:2197fbasic concepts 1:5chemical potential 1:8electrochemical equilibrium 1:25electrolyte systems 2:1589–1591single-oxidant thermodynamic reactions 1:181–182, 1:182t, 1:183f

glass ceramics 3:2297, 3:2298fglasses 3:2306–2318anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1224borosilicate glass 2:1224, 2:1248, 3:2307, 3:2308t, 3:2309t, 3:2324t,

3:2325tcharacteristics 3:2307chemical propertiescorrosion resistance 3:2311tdegradation conditions 3:2310durability testsgeneral discussion 3:2311grain tests 3:2311whole-article tests 3:2311, 3:2312f

commercial glasses 3:2307corrosion mechanismsacid attacks 3:2313agent systems 3:2313alkali corrosion 3:2313cleaning processes 3:2313general discussion 3:2311glass fiber-reinforced materials 3:2314hydrofluoric acid (HF) 3:2313metal salts 3:2313phosphoric acid (H3PO4) 3:2313water attacks 3:2313

foamed glass bricks 3:2339, 3:2340tglass–ceramic composites 3:2306–2318characteristics 3:2317corrosion resistance 3:2317, 3:2318tproperties 3:2317t

glass fiber-reinforced resins 2:1223–1224, 3:2343glass linings and coatings 3:2319–2329advantages/disadvantages 3:2319damage monitoring and analysisin-situ sensing technology 3:2327repair techniques 3:2328research developments 3:2328

glass enamel corrosionacid environments 3:2326alkaline environments 3:2326complex formation 3:2326fluoride formation 3:2326general discussion 3:2325mineral acids 3:2326organic acids 3:2326water environments 3:2325


glass-on-steel propertieschemical corrosive environments 3:2324tchemical properties 3:2324corrosion inhibition 3:2327durability 3:2324tglass enamel corrosion 3:2325in-service enamel behavior 3:2325mechanical properties 3:2323surface properties 3:2325temperature-dependent leaching 3:2327testing methods 3:2324, 3:2325tthermal properties 3:2323

glass reinforced plastics 3:2388f, 3:2400f, 3:2401fmechanical propertiescharacteristics 3:2309t, 3:2310elastic modulus 3:2310strength 3:2310thermal shock resistance 3:2310

metallic glassesbackground information 3:2192–2193corrosion behavior 3:2199corrosion-resistant bulk metallic glasses 3:2200metallic glass coatings 4:2617zirconium (Zr)-based bulk metallic glasses 3:2199

noble metals 3:2219performance characteristics 3:2289, 3:2296physical propertieschemical compositions 3:2308tstructural characteristics 3:2308surface composition 3:2309thermal expansion coefficients 3:2309

sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 4:3058fvitreous silicaapplications 3:2316characteristics 3:2314chemical attack resistancealkaline solutions 3:2315basic oxides 3:2316boiling water/steam 3:2315fluorine corrosion 3:2315general discussion 3:2315hydrofluoric acid (HF) 3:2315metal reaction products 3:2316pH 3:2316f

electrical characteristics 3:2315heat resistance 3:2315manufacturing processes 3:2314polymorphic structure 3:2314, 3:2315fthermal conductivity 3:2315thermal expansion coefficients 3:2314

3446 Subject Index


glass fibers 3:2307, 3:2308t, 3:2309tglass wools 3:2307, 3:2308t, 3:2309tglassy carbon 3:2273, 3:2275t, 3:2276glide dislocation 1:107fglow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES)basic concepts 2:1398characteristics 2:1376tdepth profile 2:1401fschematic diagram 2:1399f

gluconate 4:2486glutaraldehyde 4:2968–2969glycerol 3:2380tglycolic acid 3:2130glycols 2:1285, 3:1772, 3:1773tGnedenko’s limit theory model 2:1554goethite (FeO(OH)) 4:3311gold (Au)aluminum alloys 2:867tanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1223anodic protection 4:2874tarchaeological metals 4:3312–3313coating characteristics 4:2526, 4:2526f, 4:2527fcopper–gold (Cu–Au) alloys 2:805f, 2:867t, 3:2215corrosion behavioranodic processes 3:2214dealloying 3:2215extraction processes 3:2214nanoporous materials 3:2215

corrosion potential 2:1261corrosive environments 1:92crystal structure 1:55telectroplated coatings 4:2584, 4:2587exchange current density 3:2217tgalvanic corrosion 2:851tgold oxide (Au2O3) 3:2197fhigh-temperature properties 3:2217intermetallic alloys 1:658–659potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 1:30, 1:30f, 3:2211fproduction background 3:2206properties 3:2206, 3:2207tquaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems

3:2245redox couples equilibrium potential values 1:26tsilver–gold (Ag–Au) alloys 2:803f, 2:805f, 2:806f, 2:867t, 3:2215supply/demand estimations 3:2207tthermodynamic behavior 3:2210, 3:2211f

granite 3:2000, 3:2340, 3:2341tgrapefruit juice 3:1773tgraphite (C) 3:2271–2281above-water fastener selection 2:847falkali corrosion 2:1205anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1224anodic protection 4:2874tatomic structure 3:2275fbackground information 3:2271below-water fastener selection 2:849fdegradation conditionsaqueous corrosion behavior 3:2276aqueous environments 3:2276galvanic corrosion 3:2278high-temperature environments 3:2279high-temperature oxidation 3:2278, 3:2279fprotective treatments 3:2279

galvanic corrosion 2:1119f, 3:2110tgalvanic series 2:831fgraphite–cementite interface 1:287, 1:289fgraphitizationcharacteristics 1:95tindustrial-use carbon 3:2273f

impressed current anodes 4:2788, 4:2789t, 4:2813industrial applications 3:2275industrial graphite 3:2272, 3:2275t, 3:2276, 3:2277fmetal dusting 1:293, 1:294f, 1:295f, 1:296fmetal–matrix composites 3:2251nuclear graphiteenhanced radiolytic oxidation 3:2281radiation damage 3:2280

physical properties 3:2274, 3:2275tprocess equipment materials 4:3211fpyrolytic graphite 3:2273, 3:2275tresistivities 3:2257tstandard reduction potential 3:2074tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1248, 4:3058f

gravitational water 2:1156gravity die casting techniques 3:2021gray cast iron 3:1739, 3:1739f, 3:1741f, 3:1751t, 3:1756t, 3:1759t, 3:1769t,

3:1773tgreases 2:1301, 2:1303Green Death solution 3:1888–1889, 3:1900green field sites 2:1153–1154green rot carburization 1:401greigite 2:1288gribble 3:2442, 3:2445–2445grinning/grinning through 4:2738grit blasting 4:2567, 4:2567fgrit inclusions 4:2738grooving corrosion 3:2457, 4:2948groundbed resistancedeep-well groundbeds 4:2819f, 4:2820rectifier voltage determinations 4:2820resistance calculations 4:2818

ground-contact structures 4:2702ground granulated blast furnace slage (GGBS) 3:2354ground water 2:1156growths and attachments 4:2738guayules 3:2410Gumbel (Type I) distribution 2:1565Gumbel (Type I) distribution model 2:1554G-values 2:1332gypsum (CaSO4�2H2O) 4:2938, 4:2942t

H

hafnium (Hf)alloysalloying element influences 1:546, 1:546f, 1:547falumina-forming alloys 1:546, 1:546f, 1:547f, 1:608t, 1:609t, 1:628, 1:630fchromia-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609theat-resisting alloys–carburization effects 1:284intermetallic alloys 1:655, 1:659, 1:665nickel-based superalloys 1:693tzirconium–hafnium (Zr–Hf) alloys 3:2097t, 3:2098

hafnium oxide (HfO2) 3:2197fnitric acid (HNO3)

containment materials 2:1255corrosion reactions 2:1252

oxidation processes 1:224physical properties 3:2096tultrahigh-temperature ceramics 1:680

Hall–Heroult process 3:1975Hamaker constant 1:344hardwoods see woodHaring–Blum cell 4:2599, 4:2599fhazards assessments 4:3012, 4:3013theart research 2:1310theat-affected zone (HAZ)anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1210–1211microscopy-based analytical techniquesaluminum alloys 2:1406f, 2:1410felectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) 2:1413fgeneral discussion 2:1406–1407scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 2:1410f

nickel alloys 3:1898, 3:1898fheated spray application 4:2640heat of vaporization 4:2932heat shrinkable materials 4:3283, 4:3283theavy oil 1:459, 1:459t, 1:460f, 1:460t, 1:464t, 1:465fhelium (He) 2:1053thematite (Fe2O3) 1:31, 1:128, 4:2487, 4:2938, 4:2942themicellulose 2:1323, 2:1325, 3:2442

see also woodhemihydrate (CaSO4�1/2H2O) 4:2942tHenry’s law 2:725–726, 2:1055, 2:1056t, 2:1273, 4:2937–2938

Subject Index 3447


heptonate 4:2486heterogeneous thermodynamic systems 1:2Hevea brasiliensis 3:2410hexagonal boron nitride (HBN) 3:2301hexamethyleneamine 4:2998thexamethyleneimine 4:2998thexane 3:2380thexanol 3:2380thigh alumina cement (HAC) 3:2353high chromium cast iron 3:1746, 3:1748f, 3:1764fhigh conductivity coppers 3:1942high-density fireclay 3:2339high-density polyethylene (HDPE) 4:2715–2716high-pressure plasma spraying (HPPS) 4:2615high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) 2:1415,

2:1416fhigh silicon cast iron 3:1746, 3:1747t, 3:1748thigh-temperature coatings 1:691–724coating typesdiffusion coatingsaluminide coatings 1:701, 1:701fbasic characteristics 1:700platinized coatings 1:702silicide diffusion coatings 1:702, 1:703f

overlay coatingsmetal–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (MCrAlY) coatings 1:696,

1:696t, 1:697f, 1:705, 1:706f, 4:2550oxide overlay coatings 1:698, 1:698ftitanium–aluminum (Ti–Al) alloys 1:697

protective oxidationalumina (Al2O3) layers 1:705, 1:706faluminum depletion 1:709cracking 1:706, 1:707f, 1:708festimated effective fracture energies 1:709tfinite-element modeling predictions 1:708, 1:708fmetal–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (MCrAlY) coatings 1:705,

1:706fspalling tendencies 1:706, 1:707f, 1:708f, 1:709t

SMART MCrAlY overlay coatings 1:699, 1:699f, 1:700fthermal barrier coatingsaeroengine applications 1:704fcharacteristics 1:704chemical failures 1:719, 1:720fcross-section diagram 1:705ffailure characteristics 1:713, 1:714f, 1:715f, 1:716fmartensite formation 1:717mechanical instabilities 1:716f, 1:717oxidation-induced failure 1:712schematic cross-section diagram 1:705fstrain energy 1:715subcritical crack growth 1:716, 1:721fsurface roughness 1:718, 1:719f, 1:720, 1:720f, 1:721ftime-to-failure data plot 1:713ftopcoat cracking 1:716f, 1:721ftransformation strains 1:716

importance 1:692metal–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (MCrAlY) coatingsaluminum depletionchemical failures 1:711, 1:711fdiffusion cells 1:710, 1:710ffinite-difference modeling predictions 1:711–712, 1:712funiform depletion 1:709

characteristics 1:696compositions 1:696tmicrostructure 1:697fprotective oxidationalumina (Al2O3) layers 1:705, 1:706fcracking 1:706, 1:707f, 1:708festimated effective fracture energies 1:709tfinite-element modeling predictions 1:708, 1:708fspalling tendencies 1:706, 1:707f, 1:708f, 1:709ttime-to-failure data plot 1:713f

structure 1:697fnickel-based superalloys 1:692, 1:693f, 1:693trequirementscoating composition 1:694depletion profiles 1:695f

protective oxide layer 1:693solute supply 1:694

high-temperature oxidation 1:132–152alloy design requirements 1:541–557carburization 1:551environment-based alloy selection 1:549free energies 1:542fgeneral discussion 1:541, 1:555nitridation processes 1:549, 1:550f, 1:551foxidation lifetime maximization 1:547, 1:548fprotective oxidation 1:542, 1:542f, 1:543frare earth element additions 1:546, 1:546f, 1:547fscale adhesion 1:546, 1:546f, 1:547fscale formation 1:543, 1:543f, 1:545fselective oxidation 1:543, 1:543f, 1:545fsteady-state oxidation 1:546sulfidation corrosion 1:551–552, 1:552f, 1:554fthermal expansion coefficients 1:548fwater vapor effects 1:553t, 1:554f

alumina-forming alloys 1:606–645breakaway oxidationfailed specimen 1:635ffailure mechanisms 1:636lifetime extension strategies 1:637time to breakaway 1:634, 1:635f, 1:636funusual failure mechanisms 1:636, 1:637f

compositions 1:607, 1:608t, 1:609tcreep rupture life 1:611fenvironmental conditionscarburization 1:551, 1:639general discussion 1:637hot corrosion 1:638nitridation processes 1:549, 1:639sulfidation 1:638water vapor effects 1:553, 1:553t, 1:637, 1:638f

functionality 1:609tgeneral discussion 1:640hydrogen permeability 1:612fselective oxidationalloy grain size effects 1:615, 1:616fgeneral discussion 1:612metal–aluminum (M–Al) alloys 1:612, 1:612f, 1:613fmetal–chromium–aluminum (MCrAl) alloys 1:613, 1:614f,

1:615fplatinum-group metals 1:616, 1:617fscale development 1:613ftemperature–aluminum content relationship 1:612f, 1:613f

spalled oxide mass 1:610f, 1:617fsteady-state oxidationcoefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) 1:631, 1:631f, 1:632fcomparison studies 1:634cycle frequency effects 1:632, 1:632f, 1:633fgeneral discussion 1:621growth mechanisms 1:624, 1:625f, 1:626finternal oxidation 1:633, 1:634finterstitial elements 1:630parabolic rate constants 1:622t, 1:624tplatinum-group metals 1:631reactive element additions 1:624, 1:625f, 1:626f, 1:628, 1:628f, 1:629f,

1:630fscale adhesion 1:627, 1:628fscale growth rate 1:546f, 1:547f, 1:621, 1:622f, 1:623fscale morphology 1:626, 1:627fspecimen mass gain 1:623fsubstrate strength 1:631, 1:632ftime to breakaway 1:628f, 1:629f, 1:630f, 1:632f

steam and steam/hydrogen environmentsalumina scale formation 1:449, 1:450f, 1:451f, 1:452fborderline alumina-forming alloys 1:452, 1:452f, 1:453fmetastable alumina 1:451

total mass gain 1:607, 1:610f, 1:614f, 1:617ftransient oxidationbase metal oxide formation 1:617, 1:618f, 1:619fcubic alumina phases 1:618, 1:620f, 1:621fscale development 1:619fspecimen mass gain 1:619ftotal mass gain 1:618f

3448 Subject Index


analytical methodscorrosion analysis methodology 1:139, 1:141fcorrosion product characterizations 1:140, 1:142f, 1:143fcyclic oxidation 1:141fpredictive modeling 1:142surface preparation 1:139two-stage oxidation experiments 1:140, 1:142f, 1:143f

background information 1:133beryllium (Be)beryllium (Be) intermetallics (beryllides)general discussion 3:2177temperature effects 3:2178f, 3:2179f

dry carbon dioxide (CO2) effects 3:2176fgeneral discussion 3:2174moist carbon dioxide (CO2) effects 3:2177ftemperature effects 3:2175f

carbon steel 3:1713carburization 1:272–303alloy carburizationalumina-forming alloys 1:551, 1:639carbide precipitation zones 1:278fchromium carbide precipitation 1:276t, 1:277tdiffusion paths 1:278fheat-resisting alloys 1:282internal carbides 1:277tkinetic mechanisms 1:277, 1:279f, 1:279tmicrostructure characteristics 1:280, 1:280f, 1:281fpartitioning effects 1:278fpermeability data 1:276t, 1:279tphase diagram 1:278frate variations 1:280freaction morphologies 1:276thermodynamic properties 1:276

basic concepts 1:274carbonaceous gas formationbackground information 1:273gas-phase processes 1:274, 1:274t, 1:275fsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:497, 1:498f

dissolution thermodynamics 1:275tenvironmental conditions 1:401general discussion 1:301green rot 1:401heat-resisting alloysaluminum effects 1:284, 1:285fcarbon effects 1:283carburization rate constants 1:283tenvironment-based alloy selection 1:551molybdenum effects 1:283niobium effects 1:284, 1:284fpost-carburization appearance 1:282fprotective treatments 1:284reaction morphologies 1:282silicon effects 1:283

metal carbide properties 1:275tmetal dustingadsorbed sulfur protection 1:300, 1:301falumina-forming alloys 1:551, 1:639austenitic iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 1:296, 1:297background information 1:285carbon uptake kinetics 1:297fcementite decomposition 1:286–287, 1:287f, 1:288fcementite formation 1:285, 1:286f, 1:287fcoating protection 1:300coke filaments 1:286, 1:287fcoking rates 1:290f, 1:291fenvironmental conditions 1:402environment-based alloy selection 1:551ferritic chromium steels 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fgas composition effects 1:288, 1:290f, 1:297general discussion 1:301graphite–cementite interface 1:287, 1:289fHochman–Grabke model 1:286firon–aluminum (Fe–Al) alloys 1:292iron–chromium–aluminum (Fe–Cr–Al) alloys 1:292low-alloy steel 1:290, 1:290f, 1:291fmass transport model 1:287fnickel alloys 1:293, 1:294f, 1:295f, 1:296f, 1:297

nickel–copper (Ni–Cu) alloys 1:296, 1:296fnon-cementite iron dusting conditions 1:288, 1:289foxide scale protection 1:298, 1:299f, 1:300foxide to carbon conversion thermodynamics 1:300frisk management strategies 4:3224–3226, 4:3225fsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:497temperature effects 1:288, 1:290f, 1:297

molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) 3:2165stainless steels 3:1818

cast iron corrosionaluminum additive effects 3:1783f, 3:1784fchromium additive effects 3:1782fgeneral discussion 3:1780heating and cooling cycle plot 3:1781foxidation behaviors 3:1782fsilicon additive effects 3:1783fsuperficial oxidation 3:1781f

chromia-forming alloyssteam and steam/hydrogen environmentschromia (Cr2O3) scale growth mechanisms 1:419, 1:421fchromia-forming iron- and nickel-based alloys 1:418, 1:420fcommercial chromia-forming iron- and nickel-based alloys 1:422,

1:422f, 1:423fminor alloying element addition effects 1:423, 1:424f, 1:425f, 1:426fsurface morphologies 1:423f

water vapor effects 1:553, 1:553tchromium alloysaustenitic stainless steels 1:591, 1:591f, 1:592f, 1:592t, 1:593fcalculated partial pressures 1:590tcobalt–chromium (CoCr) alloys 1:593, 1:594fcomparison studies 1:594, 1:594f, 1:595t, 1:596f, 1:597fgeneral discussion 1:589global rating parameter (KB4) 1:594, 1:596fmartensitic and ferritic stainless steels 1:589, 1:590tmetal loss/metal penetration studies 1:595t, 1:596f, 1:597fnickel–chromium (Ni–Cr) alloys 1:592, 1:593tnickel–iron–chromium (Ni–Fe–Cr) alloys 1:593, 1:593f, 1:594fsolid oxygen fuel cell (SOFC) interconnectors 1:590ttime to breakaway 1:590tweight gain 1:590f

copper/copper alloys 3:1965diffusion processes 1:137, 1:137fgaseous environments 3:1780grain boundary diffusion 1:137, 1:137f, 1:139fgraphite (C) 3:2278, 3:2279fhigh-temperature stainless steels 3:1875, 3:1875fintrinsic oxide scale growthstress effectschromia (Cr2O3) scale growth 1:160fexperimental observations 1:155, 1:156fmass change–time plot 1:156fmodeling methods 1:160nickel oxide (NiO) 1:158f, 1:159tparabolic stages 1:156fPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:146t, 1:160, 1:160tstress curve growth–time plot 1:158fstress growth measurements 1:159twave formation 1:156f

kinetic mechanisms 1:135, 1:135f, 1:136f, 1:186maraging steels 3:1800, 3:1800fmetals and alloys 1:180–194alloy reactionsexclusive scale growth criteria 1:191, 1:191fgeneral discussion 1:190internal oxidation 1:192internal oxidation–external scale formation transition 1:193thermodynamics 1:190

alumina (Al2O3) scale growth 148chromia (Cr2O3) scale growth 148general discussion 1:180, 1:193high-temperature stainless steels 3:1875, 3:1875fminor element influences 1:146nitridation processesbasic concepts 1:260corrosion mechanisms 1:262environment-based alloy selection 1:549, 1:550f, 1:551fpredictive modeling 1:261f, 1:262

Subject Index 3449


high-temperature oxidation (continued)pressure effects 1:263f, 1:264f, 1:265fthermochemistry 1:262transition stages 1:265f

parabolic rate constant plot 1:146f, 1:147fPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:146tpure metal reactionsdual-oxidant thermodynamic reactions 1:184Ellingham diagram 1:183fgeneral discussion 1:181metal oxide transport properties 1:187, 1:188f, 1:189fphase stability diagram 1:184, 1:184f, 1:185fscale formation kinetics 1:186single-oxidant thermodynamic reactions 1:181, 1:182t, 1:183fWagner’s theory of internal oxidation 1:188, 1:189f


scale formation kineticsbasic concepts 1:186linear rate law 1:187logarithmic rate law 1:187parabolic rate law 1:186, 1:187f

spalling tendencies 1:144thermal expansion coefficients 1:145f

nickel-based superalloys 1:692, 1:693foxide scale growth 1:101–131alumina (Al2O3) scale growth 148analytical methodscorrosion analysis methodology 1:139, 1:141fcorrosion product characterizations 1:140, 1:142f, 1:143fcyclic oxidation 1:141fpredictive modeling 1:142surface preparation 1:139two-stage oxidation experiments 1:140, 1:142f, 1:143f

background information 1:102chromia (Cr2O3) scale growth 148, 1:413, 1:414fcrystal defectsdislocations 1:104, 1:105f, 1:106f, 1:107f, 1:108fgeneral discussion 1:102glide dislocation 1:107fgrain boundaries and interfaces 1:108, 1:108f, 1:109fkinks and jogs 1:104, 1:106f, 1:107fpoint defects 1:102, 1:102f, 1:127surfaces 1:107, 1:107fterrace–ledge–kink (TLK) surfaces 1:107, 1:107f

diffusion lawsbinary systems 1:118chemical diffusion 1:122diffusion mechanisms 1:117Fick’s law 1:116general discussion 1:116grain boundary diffusion 1:137, 1:137f, 1:139finterdiffusion 1:118intrinsic diffusion 1:118Kirkendall effect 1:118, 1:118flattice diffusion 1:117multiphase systems 1:119nonstoichiometric oxides 1:122short-circuit diffusion 1:121, 1:121f, 1:122f, 1:137ternary systems 1:120

diffusion processesalumina (Al2O3) 1:129basic concepts 1:123, 1:123fchromium oxide (Cr2O3) 1:129cobalt oxide (CoO) 1:127general discussion 1:127iron oxides 1:128microstructure effects 1:124, 1:125f, 1:126fnickel oxide (NiO) 1:124, 1:125f, 1:126f, 1:127

gas turbines 1:526, 1:526f, 1:528fintrinsic oxide scale growthchromia (Cr2O3) scale growth 1:160fexperimental observations 1:155, 1:156f

mass change–time plot 1:156fmodeling methods 1:160nickel oxide (NiO) 1:158f, 1:159tparabolic stages 1:156fPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:146t, 1:160, 1:160tstress curve growth–time plot 1:158fstress growth measurements 1:159twave formation 1:156f

mass transport processes 1:130metals and alloys 1:180–194alloy reactions 1:190dual-oxidant thermodynamic reactions 1:184Ellingham diagram 1:183fgeneral discussion 1:180, 1:193metal oxide transport properties 1:187, 1:188f, 1:189fphase stability diagram 1:184, 1:184f, 1:185fpure metal reactions 1:181scale formation kinetics 1:186single-oxidant thermodynamic reactions 1:181, 1:182t,

1:183fWagner’s theory of internal oxidation 1:188, 1:189f

minor element influences 1:146parabolic rate constant plot 1:146f, 1:147fPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:146tpoint defectsalumina (Al2O3) 1:129basic concepts 1:102chromium oxide (Cr2O3) 1:129cobalt oxide (CoO) 1:127electronic defects 1:112extended defects 1:115Frenkel disorders 1:111general discussion 1:127impurity effects 1:115interstitial sites 1:102–103intrinsic defect equilibriums 1:114intrinsic defects 1:103, 1:104f, 1:110fionic crystals 1:110ionized point defects 1:112iron oxides 1:128Kroger–Vink notation 1:110, 1:111f, 1:111tnickel oxide (NiO) 1:113, 1:127nonstoichiometric oxides 1:113point defect equilibriums 1:113schematic diagram 1:102fSchottky disorders 1:111thermal defects 1:103



spalling tendencies 1:144stress effectsactive oxidation conditions 1:162dissolution/precipitation conditions 1:162epitaxial stresses 1:161–162general discussion 1:176geometrically induced growth stresses 1:161, 1:161fintegrity effects 1:164intrinsic growth 1:155oxide composition changes 1:162protective treatments 1:171thermally induced scale changes 1:162

surface reaction kinetics 1:413, 1:414fthermal expansion coefficients 1:145f

short-circuit diffusion 1:137, 1:137fsteam and steam/hydrogen environmentschromia (Cr2O3) scale growth 1:413, 1:414foxidation rate–hydration enthalpy relationship 1:415fsurface reaction kinetics 1:413, 1:414f

3450 Subject Index


stress effects 1:153–179breakaway mechanism 1:155integrity measurementscritical strain value–oxide scale failure 1:164, 1:166f, 1:167t, 1:168t,

1:169f, 1:171felastic moduli 1:170tfracture toughness values 1:170tmodeling methods 1:167, 1:169fPoisson ratios 1:170tsurface fracture energies 1:170t

intrinsic oxide scale growthchromia (Cr2O3) scale growth 1:160fexperimental observations 1:155, 1:156fmass change–time plot 1:156fmodeling methods 1:160nickel oxide (NiO) 1:158f, 1:159tparabolic stages 1:156fPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:160, 1:160tstress curve growth–time plot 1:158fstress growth measurements 1:159twave formation 1:156f

oxide scale growthactive oxidation conditions 1:162dissolution/precipitation conditions 1:162epitaxial stresses 1:161–162general discussion 1:176geometrically induced growth stresses 1:161, 1:161fintegrity effects 1:164intrinsic growth 1:155oxide composition changes 1:162protective treatments 1:171thermally induced scale changes 1:162

protective oxide scale measureschromium (Cr) concentrations 1:173, 1:174f, 1:175f, 1:176fcrack/damage healing processes 1:171, 1:172f, 1:173foxide nodule formation 1:176fsubsurface zone depletion effects 1:173, 1:174f, 1:175f, 1:176f

significance 1:153strain values 1:155thermally induced scale changescoefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) 1:163t, 1:165fcooling stresses 1:164fexperimental observations 1:162modeling methods 1:164, 1:164f, 1:165fspectroscopic comparison plots 1:163f

thermodynamics 1:134tungsten (W) 3:2155zirconium (Zr) 3:2126

high-temperature tribocorrosion 1:331–398advanced material wearenvironmental conditionsnon-oxygen atmospheres 1:373oxygen partial pressure effects 1:371, 1:372frelative humidity effects 1:373water vapor effects 1:373

intermetallic alloyscharacteristics 1:359silicon nitride (SiN/Si3N4) 1:355f, 1:360f, 1:364f, 1:365f, 1:371, 1:372ftitanium–aluminum (Ti–Al)–ceramic counterfaces 1:362, 1:365ftitanium–aluminum (Ti–Al)–metallic counterfaces 1:360, 1:363f,

1:364fNimonic alloyscoefficient of friction 1:380f‘glaze’ formation 1:379Incoloy 800HT counterfaces 1:366f, 1:367fload effects 1:366, 1:368f, 1:371Nimonic alloys–Stellite 6 wear-affected surfaces study 1:383processing route effects 1:371silicon nitride (SiN/Si3N4) counterface 1:371, 1:372fsliding wear comparisons 1:371Stellite 6 counterface 1:366wear effects 1:366f, 1:367f, 1:369f, 1:370f, 1:372fweight change comparisons 1:380f

oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloyscharacteristics 1:354Incoloy 800HT 1:355, 1:364Incoloy alloys 1:354

Inconel alloys 1:354load effects 1:358, 1:361f, 1:362fNimonic alloys 1:364Stellite 6 steel 1:357, 1:366, 1:379

sliding surface pretreatment effectsion implantation 1:374, 1:375t, 1:376tpreoxidation processes 1:374, 1:374fpresliding effects 1:374, 1:374f

background information 1:336general discussion 1:396‘glaze’ formationcompact oxide formation 1:344, 1:377, 1:378fgeneral discussion 1:376microscale studies 1:376nanoscale studiescoefficient of friction 1:380fgeneral discussion 1:379Incoloy alloys 1:389, 1:391fNimonic alloys–Stellite 6 wear-affected surfaces study 1:383wear effects 1:381weight change comparisons 1:380f

Nimonic alloys–Stellite 6 wear-affected surfaces studyrelevant element oxidation tendencies 1:389fscanning electron microscopy (SEM) 1:381f, 1:383scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) 1:382f, 1:383,

1:384f, 1:385f, 1:386f, 1:387f, 1:388fspectral data 1:392tstructural characteristics 1:387, 1:390f, 1:391fwear maps 1:393, 1:394f

third body interactions 1:377wear mapsabrasive wear 1:393falternative parameter maps 1:393fcharacteristics 1:389dissimilar interfaces 1:393Incoloy alloys 1:394f, 1:395, 1:395fLim model 1:392load–amplitude plot 1:341fNimonic alloys–Stellite 6 wear-affected surfaces study 1:393, 1:394foxide chemistry 1:396sliding conditions 1:392f

wear theoryearly wear theoryArchard–Hirst model 1:336, 1:339f, 1:345like-on-like sliding effects 1:339fmechanism classifications 1:338, 1:339tmild–severe wear distinctions 1:336, 1:337fwear rate variations 1:337f

load–sliding speed effectscarbide effects 1:353cobalt-based alloys 1:349research background 1:347Stellite 6 steel 1:351, 1:357, 1:366, 1:379wear rate effects 1:348f, 1:349f

mild wear theoryArchard–Hirst model 1:345compact oxide formation 1:344, 1:377, 1:378fdiscontinuous contact model 1:346Quinn’s oxidational wear model 1:345, 1:346f

second phase effects 1:353‘‘two and three body’’ wear theoryattractive forces effects 1:343background information 1:340load–amplitude plot 1:341fparticle behavior at wear interface 1:342, 1:343fpreoxidized films 1:341surface films 1:341

high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)/high-velocity air fuel (HVAF) spraying4:2612t, 4:2615, 4:2626

high-velocity suspension flame spraying (HVSFS) 4:2613high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) spraying techniques 4:2610, 4:2639highway infrastructure 4:3200f, 4:3201f, 4:3202f, 4:3203historical metals 4:3313, 4:3313fHMS Holland 4:3318, 4:3338HMS Minerva 4:3322, 4:3336, 4:3338Hochman–Grabke model 1:286fholidays 4:2739, 4:2850, 4:2851f

Subject Index 3451


homogeneous thermodynamic systems 1:2Hooke’s law 1:78hopeite 4:2497t, 4:2498, 4:2501Hormoconis resinae 2:1181hot and cold rolling 3:1985hot corrosiongas turbinesattack rates 1:535, 1:536fcoating performance 1:537fdamage locations 1:535, 1:535fdeposit formation 1:532, 1:533fdeposition flux–damage plot 1:537ffuel specifications 1:530t, 1:532general discussion 1:529incubation times 1:538fmodeling methods 1:535, 1:537f, 1:538fpropagation mechanismsbasic concepts 1:530characteristics 1:530fcomponent phase diagram 1:531foxide solubility 1:531f

temperature distributions 1:535fintermetallic alloysalumina-forming alloys 1:638chlorine-containing environmentsgaseous environments 1:661molten salts 1:662, 1:662f

general discussion 1:660sulfur-containing environmentsgaseous environments 1:660molten salts 1:661, 1:661f

hot-dipped coatings 4:2556–2576aluminum coatings 4:2564applications 4:2572, 4:2573tbasic concepts 4:2556dipping processbasic concepts 4:2565operating principlescleaning 4:2565dipping 4:2566post-treatment 4:2566

practicabilities 4:2521duplex coatings 4:2572future developments 4:2573hot dip aluminization 4:2572hot dip galvanizingcontinuous zinc/zinc alloy coatings 4:2570degreasing methods 4:2567, 4:2567fdesign guidelines 4:2566duplex coatings 4:2572fluxing operations 4:2567, 4:2567fgalvanizing processalloying additions 4:2569basic concepts 4:2568coating development 4:2568, 4:2570fcoating structure 4:2568f, 4:2569fsteel reactivity 4:2568, 4:2569f, 4:2570f

general discussion 4:2566organic systems 4:2572pickling methods 4:2567, 4:2567fpost-galvanizing treatments 4:2570

hot tinning 4:2571metallic coatings 4:2521organic systems 4:2572standardsASTM standards 4:2574tEN/ISO standards 4:2573tgeneral discussion 4:2573

terne coatings 4:2565, 4:2571tin coatingsbasic concepts 4:2556corrosion behavior 4:2564general discussion 3:2074hot tinning 4:2571

zinc coatingsalloying additions 4:2569atmospheric corrosion 4:2558, 4:2559t, 4:2560t

continuous zinc/zinc alloy coatings 4:2570corrosion behavior 4:2557, 4:2557f, 4:2558fdetergents 4:2562inorganic chemicals 4:2562–2563lubricants 4:2563organic chemicals 4:2563soil corrosion 4:2562, 4:2563tsteel 4:2563water corrosion 4:2562, 4:2562twhite rust 4:2563–2564zinc–aluminum (Zn–Al) alloy coatings 4:2557f, 4:2558, 4:2558fzinc–iron (Zn–Fe) alloys 4:2558

house longhorn 3:2445Huey test 2:1478Hull cell 4:2599, 4:2599fhumic acids 2:1099humidity see relative humidity (RH)hureaulite 4:2497tHutchinson, Rice, and Rosegren (HRR) field equation 1:84hydrazine 4:2976, 4:2976thydrocarbon cracking processes 1:274hydrogen cracking 2:923–927characteristics 1:95tgeneral discussion 2:923hydrogen embrittlementbasic concepts 2:925pipeline welds 2:925ftesting methods 2:926, 2:927f




hydrogen embrittlement 2:902–922acid pickling 2:907, 4:2489aircraft corrosionairframe corrosion 4:3178, 4:3178t, 4:3180thigh-strength steels 4:3182

alloys 2:913aluminum alloys 3:1996basic concepts 2:925biomedical devices 2:1317carbon steel 2:1123–1124, 3:1713cleaning processes 2:907composition influences 2:913control optionsbehavior predictions 2:921hydrogen content reduction 2:919steel resistance increases 2:920, 2:920f

degreasing processes 2:907electroplating processes 2:907general discussion 2:903hydrogen locationlattice sites 2:905, 2:905ftraps 2:905–906, 2:906t

hydrogen permeationfrom aqueous phase 2:904, 2:905ffrom gas phase 2:903

hydrogen sources 2:907hydrogen transport mechanisms 2:906, 2:907fin-service corrosion 2:907, 2:910f, 2:911fmagnesium alloys 3:2028mechanical fasteners 3:2449

3452 Subject Index


mechanical properties effectselastic constants 2:911plastic behavior 2:911yield stress 2:911

metallic coatings 4:2523microstructural influences 2:913modeling approaches 2:921nickel-based alloys 2:1136niobium and tantalum corrosion 3:2146paints and coatings 2:907phosphating processes 2:907pipeline welds 2:925fstainless steels 2:1125, 3:1831, 3:1856steels 2:912, 2:912f, 2:913tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:890, 2:893fterminology 2:903testing methodsconstant stress tests 2:916controlled strain-rate tests 2:916, 2:917f, 2:918fcritical stress intensity factor (KISCC) 2:917, 2:919ffracture mechanics tests 2:917, 2:919fgeneral discussion 2:915hydrogen cracking 2:926, 2:927fstress–corrosion tests 2:1541

theoretical perspectivesdecohesion theories 2:915general discussion 2:914hydride formation theory 2:915local plasticity theories 2:915pressure theory 2:914surface energy theories 2:915

welding processes 2:907hydrogen (H)atmospheric gases 2:1053tflue gas composition 1:462t, 1:463tfuel chemistry 1:459, 1:459thydrobromic acid (HBr) 2:1207–1225aluminum alloys 3:1999fcharacteristics 2:1207nickel/nickel alloys 2:1217f

hydrochloric acid (HCl) 2:1207–1225acid pickling 4:2990, 4:2992talumina ceramics 3:2290, 3:2291t, 3:2292f, 3:2302faluminum alloys 3:1999faluminum coatings 4:2564famorphous alloys 3:2193, 3:2193fanodic protection 4:2882, 4:2883fcast iron corrosion 2:1209, 2:1209f, 3:1765, 3:1765f, 3:1765tcharacteristics 2:1207combustion conditions 1:461fcopper/copper alloys 3:1963corrosive environments 1:402dry deposition rates 2:1073tfiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) 3:2398–2399, 3:2399fflue gas composition 1:460tglass linings and coatings 3:2324tHenry’s law coefficients for common gases 2:1056tinhibitors 4:2990iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 3:1792, 3:1792tlead corrosivity 3:2063maraging steels 3:1795marine aerosols 2:1059, 2:1061nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu)

alloys 3:1894fnickel–chromium–molybdenum (Ni–Cr–Mo) alloys 3:1888fnickel/nickel alloys 2:1214f, 2:1215f, 2:1216f, 2:1217f, 2:1218f,

2:1220fniobium corrosion 3:2144, 3:2145fnoble metal corrosion resistance 3:2216t, 3:2246scale inhibitors/dispersants 4:2991, 4:2993tstainless steels 2:1211, 2:1211t, 2:1212f, 2:1213f, 3:1840,

3:1840fsteel corrosion 2:1209, 2:1209f, 3:1765tsuperheater deposit composition 1:465ftantalum corrosion 3:2144, 3:2145ftantalum/tantalum alloys 2:1222, 2:1223ftin passivation 3:2071

titanium/titanium alloys 2:1220, 2:1221fzirconium corrosivity 3:2118–2119, 3:2120f, 3:2121f, 3:2124t, 3:2128t,

3:2129t, 3:2130hydrofluoric acid (HF) 2:1207–1225acid pickling 4:2992, 4:2993talumina ceramics 3:2290, 3:2291taluminum coatings 4:2564fcharacteristics 2:1207copper/copper alloys 2:1214f, 3:1963corrosive environments 1:403electrochemical models 2:1619fglasses 3:2313inhibitors 4:2990nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu)

alloys 3:1896t, 3:1897tnickel/nickel alloys 2:1214f, 2:1219fnitric acid–hydrofluoric acid (HNO3–HF) test 2:1479t, 2:1480f, 2:1480t,

2:1482noble metal corrosion resistance 3:2216tnoble metals 2:1223pH 2:1207–1208, 2:1208fproduction processes 3:1907scale inhibitors/dispersants 4:2994stainless steel corrosion 2:1212f, 2:1214fsteel corrosion 2:1210, 2:1210f, 2:1212fthermoplastic materials 2:1223vitreous silica 3:2315zirconium corrosivity 3:2116, 3:2119t

hydrogen cyanide (HCN) 3:2214, 3:2380t, 4:3217fhydrogen evolution 3:1707, 3:2216, 3:2217t, 4:2750, 4:2751fhydrogen-induced stress cracking (HISC) 2:859, 2:859f, 3:1833hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)atmospheric gases 2:1055dry deposition rates 2:1073tradiolytic yields 2:1332tstainless steel corrosion 2:1334, 2:1335ftransport mechanisms 2:1067fwater radiolysis 2:1331zirconium corrosivity 3:2124

hydrogen sulfide (H2S)aqueous corrosive environments 2:1286atmospheric gases 2:1054, 2:1054tcorrosive environments 2:855fdry deposition rates 2:1073tenvironmental conditions 2:1082tflue gas composition 1:462tgaseous environments 3:2164mild steel corrosion 2:1286polluted environments 3:1963, 3:1964t, 3:1965fprocess equipment risk management 4:3217f, 4:3219fsour corrosiongeneral discussion 4:3294hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) 4:3294, 4:3295fsulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) 4:3294

stainless steel corrosion 3:1867sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1156, 2:1174, 2:1177fsulfidation corrosioncorrosion mechanisms 1:240, 1:253fcorrosion rate predictions 1:243, 1:246f, 1:247f, 1:259flaboratory simulations 1:245, 1:254f, 1:254t, 1:255fparabolic rate constant plot 1:256fpressure effects 1:241f, 1:259f, 1:260fsteam concentration effects 1:260fsulfidation/oxidation mechanisms 1:249, 1:250f, 1:255f, 1:256f,

1:259f, 1:260ftemperature effects 1:242fthermochemical models 1:254f, 1:254t, 1:255f

sulfide stress cracking (SSC) 2:859, 2:859f, 2:860f, 3:1833, 4:3294sweet corrosion 4:3293water chemistry 2:1096, 4:2937–2938, 4:2939t

hydroiodic acid (HI) 2:1207lead hydroxide (Pb(OH)2) 3:2060tmolecular hydrogen (H2) 2:1053tpotassium hydrogen fluoride (KHF) 4:2537tprocess equipment risk management 4:3217frain chemistry 2:1063fredox couples equilibrium potential values 1:26t

Subject Index 3453


hydrogen (H) (continued)solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:488, 1:489f, 1:497twater radiolysis 2:1331, 2:1332t

hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC)basic concepts 2:924magnesium alloys 3:2028pipeline corrosion management 4:3294, 4:3295fsteelsanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1210–1211steel pipes 2:859, 2:859f, 2:925fsteel plates 2:924f

stress-oriented HIC 4:3295testing methods 2:926titanium/titanium alloys 3:2047

hydrogen stress cracking (HSC) 2:1210–1211hydrohalic acids 2:1207hydrologic cycle 4:2936, 4:2937fhydrometallurgycopper production 3:1862general discussion 3:1861nickel production 3:1862zinc production 3:1862

hydroquinone 4:2976–2977, 4:2976thydroxyacetic acid (HAA) 3:2130hydroxyapatite (Ca10(OH)2(PO4)6) 4:2942thydroxyl radical (OH) 1:462t, 2:1056t, 2:1067fhydroxypropyl acrylate (HPA) 4:2966Hylotrupes bajulus 3:2445hypotension research 2:1310

I

illite 2:1154impact damage 4:2739impingement attackscharacteristics 1:95tcopper/copper alloys 2:1134, 3:1950, 3:1951f, 3:1952tcorrosion management 4:3010corrosion test methods 2:1489, 2:1490findustrial heating and cooling systems 4:2948potable water systems 4:2948

impressed current anodes 4:2781–2800advantages/disadvantages 4:2806applicationsburied structures 4:2817, 4:2819fconcrete structures 4:2798, 4:2815general discussion 4:2798marine/immersed structures 4:2824f, 4:2823, 4:2825f, 4:2826foffshore installations/marine structures 4:2798onshore installations 4:2798seawater-cooled circulating water systems 4:2822seawater-cooled condenser water boxes 4:2798ships 4:2825, 4:2827fwater storage tanks 4:2826

background information 4:2782carbonaceous materialscarbonaceous backfills 4:2789, 4:2790tconductive overlay systems 4:2791conductive paints 4:2792conductive polymers 4:2791graphite (C) 4:2788, 4:2789t

cast iron 4:2782ceramic anodes 4:2785, 4:2797characteristics 4:2804t, 4:2811design guidelines 4:2808telectrochemical reactions 4:2803ferrite anodes 4:2785group 1 anodesgraphite (C) 4:2788, 4:2789t, 4:2813, 4:2814tscrap steel 4:2813, 4:2814tsilicon–iron (Si–Fe) 4:2813, 4:2814t

group 2 anodescharacteristics 4:2813lead–silver (Pb–Ag) alloys 4:2814t, 4:2815mixed metal oxide-coated titanium (MMO/Ti) anodes 4:2814t, 4:2815,

4:2822

platinized niobium anodes 4:2813, 4:2814tplatinized tantalum anodes 4:2813platinized titanium anodes 4:2813, 4:2814t

high silicon iron (HSI)high-silicon–chromium iron (Si–Cr Fe) alloys (HSCI) 4:2784iron–silicon (Fe–Si) alloys 4:2783silicon–molybdenum iron (Si–Mo Fe) alloys 4:2784

lead-based materialslead alloys 4:2786, 4:2787tlead dioxide (PbO2)/mixed substrates 4:2788lead–magnetite (Pb–Fe3O4) composites 4:2788lead–platinum (Pb–Pt) bielectrodes 4:2787lead–silver (Pb–Ag) alloys 4:2814t, 4:2815

magnetite (Fe3O4) anodes 4:2784mixed metal oxide-coated titanium (MMO/Ti) anodes 4:2814t, 4:2815,

4:2822operating characteristics 4:2814tpipeline corrosion management 4:3288, 4:3288fplatinum anodescharacteristics 4:2792mixed metal oxide (MMO) anodes 4:2796, 4:2798platinized niobium anodes 4:2795, 4:2795t, 4:2813, 4:2814tplatinized tantalum anodes 4:2795, 4:2795t, 4:2813platinized titanium anodes 4:2792, 4:2795t, 4:2813, 4:2814t

reinforced concrete structures 4:2815research developments 4:2831seawater-cooled circulating water systemscontinuous anodes 4:2822mixed metal oxide-coated titanium (MMO/Ti) anodes 4:2822rod anodes 4:2822tubular anodes 4:2822

stainless steels 4:2783steel 4:2782

Incoloy alloyscharacteristics 1:354‘glaze’ formation 1:389, 1:391fIncoloy 800HTcharacteristics 1:355tKnoop hardness 1:357fNimonic alloys 1:364, 1:366f, 1:367fwear effects 1:355, 1:356f, 1:358f, 1:359f, 1:360f, 1:361f, 1:363f,

1:368fweight change comparisons 1:355f, 1:362f

load effects 1:358, 1:361f, 1:362fwear maps 1:394f, 1:395, 1:395f

Inconel alloyserosion resistance 2:985flight water reactors (LWRs) 2:1333

incorrect coating systems 4:2739Incralac™ lacquer 4:3329Indian Ocean 2:1109tindium (In)indium oxide (In2O3) 3:2197fpitting corrosion potential 2:782fsacrificial anodes 4:2768

industrial electroplating techniques 4:2597industrial graphite 3:2272, 3:2275t, 3:2276, 3:2277findustrial heating and cooling systemsalkalinity 4:2939, 4:2939t, 4:2940t, 4:2953, 4:2958blistering 4:2958fchemical inhibitorscooling systems 4:2964, 4:2965t, 4:2968fgeneral discussion 4:2961organic inhibitors 4:2966, 4:2966fsteam boiler systems 4:2961

contaminant cycles of concentration (COC) 4:2959t, 4:2960, 4:2961tcontaminant saturation conditions 4:2956corrosion mechanismsbacterial growth count evaluation 4:2969tconcentrated cell/crevice corrosion 4:2947condensate line corrosion 4:2948crevice corrosion 2:766erosion 4:2948galvanic corrosion 4:2946general discussion 4:2945grooving corrosion 4:2948impingement attacks 4:2948

3454 Subject Index


microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 4:2949, 4:2949f, 4:2967,4:2969t

microbiological fouling 4:2950, 4:2950f, 4:2967, 4:2969tpathogenic bacteria 4:2951, 4:2951fpitting corrosion 4:2945, 4:2946fstress corrosion 4:2947uniform corrosion 4:2945white rust 4:2949

corrosion mitigation 4:2933, 4:2936fcorrosion monitoring 4:3143corrosion rate quantification 4:2957tcorrosion test coupon 4:2956fcorrosion vulnerability data 4:2956tcrevice corrosionheat exchangers and condensers 2:766steam boiler systems 2:766

freshwater consumption 4:2932, 4:2935fhardness 4:2940–2941, 4:2953, 4:2958hydrologic cycle 4:2936, 4:2937fLangelier saturation index (LSI) 4:2958Larson–Skold index (L–SI) 4:2960makeup water treatment 4:2959tmetal and alloy materials selection 4:2955, 4:2956tmineral scales, muds, and sludgeschemical compositions 4:2942tclosed-loop water systems 4:2943cooling systems 4:2943, 4:2943fgeneral discussion 4:2941new-construction HVAC systems 4:2944potable water lines 4:2944steam boiler systems 4:2941, 4:2942f

pretreatment processes 4:2953, 4:2954fPuckorius scaling index (PSI) 4:2959Ryznar stability index (RSI) 4:2959scale formation 4:2935, 4:2936ftreatment guidelines 4:2952water chemistry 4:2936, 4:2939twater treatment factors 4:2933

industrial rubber goods (IRGs) 3:2411, 3:2412tinert/extender pigments 4:2653inert fillers 3:2355inert plasma spraying (IPS) 4:2615infrared spectroscopyattenuated total reflection spectroscopybasic concepts 2:1402characteristics 2:1376t


tin analyses 3:2071infrastructure systems 4:3198–3206background information 4:3198degradation mechanisms 4:3198failure consequences 4:3199highway infrastructure 4:3200f, 4:3201f, 4:3202f, 4:3203inspection requirementsbridge half-joint diagram 4:3200felectromagnetic covermeter 4:3202fhalf-cell potential surveys 4:3201, 4:3202fimportance 4:3199inspection equipment 4:3201f, 4:3202fmethodologies 4:3200remote monitoring methods 4:3203structural factors 4:3203

lighting and signage posts 4:3205parking structures 4:3204, 4:3205f

inhibitive pigments 4:2652, 4:2995t, 4:2996inhibitor release coatings 4:2646f, 4:2649, 4:3332,

4:3333finhibitors 4:2990–3000acid pickling 4:2990acid solutions 4:2990aluminum alloys 3:2001anodic/cathodic inhibitors 4:2996chemical inhibitors

industrial heating and cooling systemscooling systems 4:2964, 4:2965t, 4:2968fgeneral discussion 4:2961steam boiler systems 4:2961

potable water systemscast iron 3:1757cooling systems 4:2964, 4:2965t, 4:2968fgeneral discussion 4:2961steam boiler systems 4:2961water treatment 2:1104

construction materials 4:2996corrosion test methodsimmersed conditions 2:1511, 2:1512fvapor phase conditions 2:1513

cultural heritage preservationbenzotriazole (BTA) 4:3332, 4:3333fcarboxylates 4:3334general discussion 4:3332tannins 4:3334, 4:3335f

galvanic corrosion 2:844mild steel 2:1284mining industry 4:2994oil and gas industryadsorption inhibition processes 4:2909f, 4:2910f, 4:2908chemical treatments 4:2905f, 4:2903inhibitor performance analysis 4:2910f, 4:2910inhibitor testingautoclave tests 4:2914bubble tests 4:2911compatibility tests 4:2915f, 4:2914field deployment tests 4:2914general discussion 4:2911jet impingement tests 4:2914persistency tests 4:2913f, 4:2913rotating cylinder electrode (RCE)/flow loops tests 4:2912f, 4:2912weld corrosion 4:2914f, 4:2915f, 4:2914

scale inhibition/controlchemical treatments 4:2917t, 4:2916control mechanisms 4:2917general discussion 4:2916inhibitor material selection 4:2919inhibitor treatments 4:2916removal methods 4:2919scale formation 4:2916fscale prediction models 4:2919f, 4:2917squeeze treatments 4:2921f, 4:2919

oil wells 4:2994, 4:2994torganic inhibitorsconstruction materials 4:2997–2998industrial heating and cooling systems 4:2966, 4:2966fmining industry 4:2994oil and gas industry 4:2917t, 4:2908, 4:2916potable water systems 4:2966

packaging materials 4:2997paints and organic coatings 4:2995, 4:2995tpetrochemical/chemical industries 4:3213pickling inhibitorsbasic concepts 4:2990characteristics 4:2992thydrofluoric acid (HF) 4:2993tinorganic inhibitors 4:2490nitric acid (HNO3) 4:2993torganic inhibitors 4:2489, 4:2490fphosphoric acid (H3PO4) 4:2993tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2992t

pipeline corrosion management 4:3296pitting corrosion 2:779, 2:780tprotective barrier inducement (PBI)aqueous acidic solutions 4:2895, 4:2896f, 4:2897faqueous near-neutral solutions 4:2897, 4:2898f, 4:2899fbasic concepts 4:2894

rust inhibitors 2:1303tscale inhibitors/dispersants 2:1104, 4:2991, 4:2993tvapor phase corrosion inhibitors 4:2997volatile corrosion inhibitors 4:2679t, 4:2680

inorganic inhibitors 4:2490inorganic salts

Subject Index 3455


inorganic salts (continued)aluminum alloys 3:1999anodic protectionammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) 4:2883chloride compounds 4:2883phosphate compounds 4:2883sulfate compounds 4:2883thiocyanate compounds 4:2883

insects 3:2441, 3:2445insulating firebricks 3:2340Intelligent Pig pipeline inspectionsgeneral discussion 2:1573tracked feature depths 2:1573, 2:1574funtracked features/pareto distribution analysis 2:1573, 2:1573f

intercellular fluids 2:1312fintergranular corrosion 2:810–827airframe corrosion 4:3177, 4:3178t, 4:3180taluminum alloys 2:795, 2:796t, 2:814, 2:821t, 3:1992, 3:1993fbasic conceptsgeneral discussion 2:810grain boundary attack susceptibility 2:813, 2:813fgrain boundary structure and network 2:812grain dropping 2:811fmetallurgical aspects 2:812theoretical aspects 2:811

characteristics 1:95t, 2:866fcopper/copper alloys 2:820heat exchangers and condensers 2:766intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC)anodic models 2:886characteristics 2:865, 2:866felectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) 2:882fenvironmental conditions 2:885, 2:887ffilm-induced cleavage 2:892, 2:894fgrain boundaries 2:873–874, 2:877fmetallurgical factors 2:872modeling approaches 2:895–896, 2:897fpredictive modeling 2:1669slip dissolution 2:890temperature dependence effects 2:897fyield strength 2:893f

nickel/nickel alloys 2:819, 2:823t, 2:825tstainless steelsanodic polarization curves 2:816faustenitic–ferritic (duplex) stainless steels 2:818characteristics 3:1845degree of sensitization tests 2:825f, 2:825telectrochemical poteniokinetic reactivation (EPR) tests 2:823, 2:825f,

2:825tferritic stainless steels 2:818general discussion 2:815knife line attacks 2:818martensitic stainless steels 2:818polarization curves 2:824fprecipitation hardenable stainless steels 2:819sensitization conditions 2:815, 2:815f, 2:816f, 2:817fsensitization prevention 2:817standard practices and test methods 2:822t, 2:824ftime–temperature–precipitation (TTP) diagram 2:816, 2:817f, 2:818ftime–temperature–sensitization (TTS) diagram 3:1845fweld decay 2:818, 2:818f

testing proceduresdegree of sensitization tests 2:823, 2:825f, 2:825telectrochemical poteniokinetic reactivation (EPR) tests 2:823, 2:825f,

2:825tgeneral discussion 2:820microstructure screening 2:823standard practices and test methodsaluminum alloys 2:821tgeneral discussion 2:820nickel/nickel alloys 2:823t, 2:825tstainless steels 2:822t, 2:824f

zinc/zinc alloys 2:820, 3:2091zirconium/zirconium alloys 3:2107, 3:2108f

intermetallic alloys 1:646–667applications 1:646coatings

aluminide coatingsalloyed aluminide coatings 1:663, 1:664f, 1:665fdifferent base–different substrate 1:665, 1:665fgas turbines 1:537fhigh-temperature coatings 1:701, 1:701fplatinum aluminides 4:2544, 4:2545f, 4:2546f, 4:2547f, 4:2549fsame base–same substrate 1:663simple aluminide coatings 1:663

general discussion 1:662laser cladding (LC) 4:2624, 4:2633tthermal barrier coatingsaeroengine applications 1:704fcharacteristics 1:664–665, 1:704chemical failures 1:719, 1:720fcross-section diagram 1:705ffailure characteristics 1:713, 1:714f, 1:715f, 1:716fmartensite formation 1:717mechanical instabilities 1:716f, 1:717oxidation-induced failure 1:712schematic cross-section diagram 1:705fstrain energy 1:715subcritical crack growth 1:716, 1:721fsurface roughness 1:718, 1:719f, 1:720, 1:720f, 1:721ftime-to-failure data plot 1:713ftopcoat cracking 1:716f, 1:721ftransformation strains 1:716

common intermetallic alloyscrystal structure 1:648fgeneral discussion 1:646iron aluminides (FeAl/Fe3Al)


nickel aluminides (NiAl/Ni3Al)alumina scale formation 1:547f, 1:623f, 1:652f, 1:654faluminide coatings 1:665, 1:665f, 3:2188characteristics 1:646chlorine-containing environments 1:661coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) 1:632fcompositions 1:609tcrystal structure 1:104, 1:648fdislocations 1:106–107internal oxidation 1:633microstructure 1:651parabolic rate constants 1:624tpartial pressure effects 1:654phase diagram 1:649fporosity 1:651reactive element additions 1:227t, 1:655scale adhesion 1:223scale properties 1:650sulfur-containing environments 1:660sulfur impurities 1:230, 1:231f, 1:654–655water vapor effects 1:637, 1:638f, 1:654

titanium aluminides (TiAl/Ti3Al)alloyed aluminide coatings 1:665, 1:697characteristics 1:649chlorine-containing environments 1:661, 1:662fcrystal structure 1:648fdifferent base–different substrate coatings 1:665general discussion 1:656microstructure 1:657–658nitrogen influences 1:657phase diagram 1:651f

3456 Subject Index


pretreatment options 1:658reactive element additions 1:658, 1:659fscale properties 1:656, 1:656fsulfur-containing environments 1:660, 1:661furanium alloys 3:2188water vapor effects 1:658

copper–gold (Cu–Au) alloys 2:805f, 2:867t, 3:2215general discussion 1:646, 1:666high-temperature tribocorrosioncharacteristics 1:359silicon nitride (SiN/Si3N4) 1:355f, 1:360f, 1:364f, 1:365f, 1:371, 1:372ftitanium–aluminum (Ti–Al)–ceramic counterfaces 1:362, 1:365ftitanium–aluminum (Ti–Al)–metallic counterfaces 1:360, 1:363f, 1:364f

hot corrosionalumina-forming alloys 1:638chlorine-containing environmentsgaseous environments 1:661molten salts 1:662, 1:662f

general discussion 1:660sulfur-containing environmentsgaseous environments 1:660molten salts 1:661, 1:661f

metal–matrix composites 3:2263, 3:2263toxidation processesEllingham diagram 1:652fgeneral discussion 1:649iron aluminides (FeAl/Fe3Al)

alumina scale formation 1:654microstructure 1:651partial pressure effects 1:654porosity 1:651reactive element additions 1:227t, 1:655scale properties 1:650sulfur impurities 1:654–655water vapor effects 1:654

nickel aluminides (NiAl/Ni3Al)alumina scale formation 1:547f, 1:623f, 1:652f, 1:654fmicrostructure 1:651porosity 1:651reactive element additions 1:227tscale properties 1:650

platinum aluminides 1:227t, 1:659titanium aluminides (TiAl/Ti3Al)

general discussion 1:656microstructure 1:657–658nitrogen influences 1:657pretreatment options 1:658reactive element additions 1:658, 1:659fscale properties 1:656, 1:656fwater vapor effects 1:658

silver–gold (Ag–Au) alloys 2:803f, 2:805f, 2:806f, 2:867t, 3:2215structural metallurgy 1:63sulfur (S)hot corrosiongaseous environments 1:660molten salts 1:661, 1:661f

impurities 1:230, 1:231f, 1:654–655internal combustion engine lubricants 2:1304internal rotary inspection system (IRIS) 4:3152, 4:3153finterstitial fluids 2:1312fintragranular corrosionanodic protection 4:2863nickel–iron–chromium (Ni–Fe–Cr) alloyscorrosion testingbackground information 2:1478boiling nitric acid (HNO3) test (Huey test) 2:1478, 2:1479t, 2:1480fboiling sulfuric acid/copper sulfate (H2SO4/CuSO4) tests 2:1479t,


2:1486felectrochemical tests 2:1483, 2:1484felectrolytic oxalic acid etching test 2:1483, 2:1483f, 2:1484fmaximum acceptable evaluation test rates 2:1480tnitric acid–hydrofluoric acid (HNO3–HF) test 2:1479t, 2:1480f,


2:1479t, 2:1480f, 2:1480t, 2:1482

test potentials 2:1480ftest summary 2:1479t

nitric acid (HNO3) 2:1255, 2:1256fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:877f

intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) 2:994intrinsic diffusion 1:118intrinsic oxide scale growthchromia (Cr2O3) scale growth 1:160fexperimental observations 1:155, 1:156fmass change–time plot 1:156fmodeling methods 1:160nickel oxide (NiO) 1:158f, 1:159tparabolic stages 1:156fPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:146t, 1:160, 1:160tstress curve growth–time plot 1:158fstress growth measurements 1:159twave formation 1:156f

inverse-logarithmic law 1:137inward growth diffusion coatings 4:2537, 4:2539fiodine (I)corrosion potential 2:1261high-temperature stainless steels 3:1876hydroiodic acid (HI) 2:1207pitting corrosion 2:774twater chemistry 2:1098, 2:1098t

ionized point defects 1:112ionizing radiation 2:1330–1340characteristics 2:1330corrosion effectsaqueous environmentschemical plant heating/cooling waters 2:1334general discussion 2:1332light water reactors (LWRs) 2:1333, 2:1333fnitric acid solutions 2:1337polymer degradation materials 2:1337stainless steel corrosion 2:1334, 2:1334t, 2:1335f, 2:1336f

atmospheric environments 2:1337environmentgeneral discussion 2:1331water radiolysis 2:1331, 2:1332t

metals 2:1331surface films 2:1331test considerations 2:1338

ion scattering spectrometry (ISS)basic concepts 2:1385characteristics 2:1376tdepth profile 2:1385fpassive film analysis 3:1923ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions 2:1376

ion spectrometrygeneral discussion 2:1385ion scattering spectrometry (ISS)basic concepts 2:1385characteristics 2:1376tdepth profile 2:1385fultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions 2:1376



IR dropcrevice corrosion 2:756, 2:756felectrochemical cells 2:1464, 2:1464felectrochemical theory 2:836f, 2:845structure/electrolyte potential measurement 4:2841

iridium (Ir)alumina-forming alloys 1:616corrosion resistance 3:2216texchange current density 3:2217thigh-temperature properties 3:2217, 3:2218tintermetallic alloys 1:659

Subject Index 3457


iridium (Ir) (continued)platinum–iridium (Pt–Ir) alloys 3:2209properties 3:2207t, 3:2208supply/demand estimations 3:2207tthermodynamic behavior 3:2210

iroko 2:1325tiron (Fe)acid picklinghydrochloric acid (HCl) 4:2992thydrofluoric acid (HF) 4:2993t

age-hardenable nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu) alloys 3:1898

amorphous alloys 3:2193, 3:2193farchaeological metals 2:1159, 4:3311, 4:3311f, 4:3312fatmospheric corrosionatmospheric corrosivity classifications 3:1725, 3:1726t, 3:1727tcorrosion kineticsclimatic variation 3:1720, 3:1721tcorrosion rates 3:1722, 3:1722f, 3:1723texposure conditions 3:1721

corrosion mechanismsacid regeneration cycle 3:1718electrochemical mechanisms 3:1719wet/dry cycles 3:1719, 3:1720f

corrosion product composition 3:1719environmental influencesair-borne pollutants 3:1715, 3:1715t, 3:1716fparticulate matter 3:1715f, 3:1717, 3:1718trelative humidity (RH) 3:1714, 3:1715f, 3:1715tsea salt 3:1718t

weathering steelsalloying effects 3:1720f, 3:1722f, 3:1723, 3:1724fapplications 3:1724next generation weathering steels 3:1725, 3:1725twet/dry cycles 3:1723, 3:1725f

cast iron 3:1737–1788alkali corrosion 2:1192, 2:1196falloy cast irons 3:1740anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1209, 2:1209fanodic protection 4:2876applicationsalloyed ferritic cast irons 3:1748, 3:1748f, 3:1756f, 3:1767t, 3:1770t,

3:1771faustenitic cast irons 3:1748, 3:1749t, 3:1764f, 3:1768f, 3:1784tunalloyed cast irons 3:1747, 3:1785t, 3:1786t

characteristics 3:1739compositions 3:1741tcorrosion behavioraustenitic nickel cast iron 3:1744, 3:1744f, 3:1745t, 3:1756thigh-alloy cast irons 3:1744high chromium cast iron 3:1746, 3:1748f, 3:1764fhigh silicon cast iron 3:1746, 3:1747t, 3:1748tlow-alloy lamellar cast irons 3:1742f, 3:1743, 3:1752f, 3:1759tspheroidal graphite cast irons 3:1743, 3:1759tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) effects 3:1743f

corrosion rates 2:1196fcorrosion removal methods 4:3321–3322corrosive environmentsatmospheric corrosion 3:1750, 3:1751t, 3:1752f, 3:1752tgaseous environments 3:1780high-temperature oxidation 3:1780, 3:1781f, 3:1782f, 3:1783f, 3:1784findustrial environments 3:1763natural waters 3:1752nickel-resist cast irons 3:1750, 3:1753f, 3:1753t, 3:1760f, 3:1761f,

3:1762t, 3:1761f, 3:1765tprotective measures 3:1762seawater 2:1125, 2:1125t, 3:1758soil corrosion 3:1760, 3:1762tsteam corrosion 3:1757urban/rural/marine atmospheres 3:1751t

ductile cast iron 3:1740, 3:1740f, 3:1752t, 3:1769terosion resistance 2:985fflow-induced corrosioncavitation 3:1777, 3:1777terosion corrosion 3:1778, 3:1779f, 3:1780f, 3:1780t

galvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:849f, 2:851t, 2:982f, 2:1119f, 3:1845fgalvanic coupling effects 3:1743, 3:1756, 3:1757t

gaseous environmentschlorine gas 3:1784, 3:1784tgaseous mixtures 3:1785t, 3:1786tgas transport and distribution pipes 3:1784high-temperature oxidation 3:1780, 3:1781f, 3:1782f, 3:1783f, 3:1784fhydrogen sulfide (H2S) 3:1783, 3:1784tsulfur dioxide (SO2) 3:1783

gray cast iron 3:1739, 3:1739f, 3:1741f, 3:1751t, 3:1756t, 3:1759t, 3:1769t,3:1773t

historical background 3:1695impressed current anodes 4:2782industrial environmentsalcohol corrosion 3:1772, 3:1773talkali corrosion 3:1767, 3:1767f, 3:1768f, 3:1768tcorrosion fatigue 3:1768, 3:1769t, 3:1770f, 3:1770t, 3:1771f,

3:1772ffood product corrosion 3:1773, 3:1773tgeneral discussion 3:1763glycol corrosion 3:1772, 3:1773thydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion 3:1765, 3:1765f, 3:1765tmineral acid corrosion 3:1766nitric acid (HNO3) corrosion 3:1765, 3:1766forganic acid corrosion 3:1766, 3:1767torganic compound corrosion 3:1772phosphoric acid (H3PO4) corrosion 3:1765, 3:1766f, 3:1767tsalt solutions 3:1768, 3:1768t, 3:1769tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1770, 3:1772fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) corrosion 3:1761f, 3:1762f, 3:1763, 3:1764f

malleable cast iron 3:1740, 3:1751t, 3:1752tmarine corrosioncorrosion rates 2:1125t, 3:1759t, 3:1760f, 3:1760t, 3:1761f, 3:1762t,

3:1761fgeneral discussion 2:1125, 3:1758gray cast iron corrosion rates 3:1759tsodium chloride (NaCl) concentration effects 3:1758f


microstructural effects 3:1741, 3:1741f, 3:1742fmolten materialsliquid aluminum/aluminum alloys 3:1773liquid metals 3:1774liquid sulfur corrosion 3:1774, 3:1774tliquid zinc/zinc alloy corrosion 3:1774

production processes 3:1740soil corrosion 2:1152fstandard reduction potential 3:2074tstress growth measurements 1:159tsulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1175, 2:1176fsulfuric acid (H2SO4)anodic polarization curves 2:1229fanodic protection 4:2876corrosion rates 2:1228, 2:1228f, 3:1743f, 3:1761f, 3:1763, 3:1764fhigh chromium cast iron 3:1764fiso-corrosion curve plot 3:1762f, 3:1764fsilicon-based cast iron 3:1764f

unalloyed cast ironsalkali corrosion 3:1768f, 3:1768tcharacteristics 3:1747corrosion rates 3:1760f, 3:1761fhydrogen sulfide (H2S) corrosion 3:1784tnatural water corrosion 3:1756tseawater corrosion 3:1759t

vitreous enamel coatings 3:2331white cast iron 3:1739, 3:1751t

corrosion potential 2:1261, 2:1262f, 2:1263fcorrosion protection methodspaints and organic coatingsanodic reactions 4:2669cathodic reactions 4:2667oxygen diffusion 4:2668, 4:2668twater diffusion 4:2668, 4:2668t

tannins 4:3334, 4:3335f

3458 Subject Index


corrosion test methods 2:1479t, 2:1480f, 2:1480t, 2:1482corrosion vulnerability data 4:2956tcorrosive environments 1:92crystal structure 1:55telectrochemical scanning tunnel microscopy (ECSTM) 2:1436electrochemical tunneling spectroscopoy (ECTS) 2:1438, 2:1438fEllingham diagram 1:652fexchange current density 3:2217tfiliform corrosion 2:1000, 2:1001f, 2:1002ffuel chemistry 1:459, 1:459tgalvanic corrosion 2:850thematite (Fe2O3) 1:128high silicon iron (HSI)high-silicon–chromium iron (Si–Cr Fe) alloys (HSCI) 4:2784iron–silicon (Fe–Si) alloys 4:2783silicon–molybdenum iron (Si–Mo Fe) alloys 4:2784sulfuric acid (H2SO4) corrosion 2:1230

historical background 3:1695iron alloysalumina-forming alloys 1:606–645breakaway oxidation 1:634compositions 1:607, 1:608t, 1:609tcreep rupture life 1:611fenvironmental conditions 1:637functionality 1:609tgeneral discussion 1:640hydrogen permeability 1:612fselective oxidation 1:612spalled oxide mass 1:610f, 1:617fsteady-state oxidation 1:621total mass gain 1:607, 1:610f, 1:614f, 1:617ftransient oxidation 1:617

austenitic iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 1:296, 1:297carburizationdissolution thermodynamics 1:275tpermeability data 1:276treaction morphologies 1:276thermodynamic properties 1:276

cast iron 3:1737–1788alcohol corrosion 3:1772, 3:1773talkali corrosion 2:1192, 2:1196f, 3:1767, 3:1767f, 3:1768f, 3:1768talloy cast irons 3:1740alloyed ferritic cast irons 3:1748, 3:1748f, 3:1756f, 3:1767t, 3:1770t,

3:1771fanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1209, 2:1209fanodic protection 4:2876atmospheric corrosion 3:1750, 3:1751t, 3:1752f, 3:1752taustenitic cast irons 3:1748, 3:1749t, 3:1764f, 3:1768f, 3:1784taustenitic nickel cast iron 3:1744, 3:1744f, 3:1745t, 3:1756tcavitation corrosion 3:1777, 3:1777tcharacteristics 3:1739compositions 3:1741tcorrosion fatigue 3:1768, 3:1769t, 3:1770f, 3:1770t, 3:1771f, 3:1772fcorrosion rates 2:1196fcorrosion removal methods 4:3321–3322ductile cast iron 3:1740, 3:1740f, 3:1752t, 3:1769terosion corrosion 3:1778, 3:1779f, 3:1780f, 3:1780terosion resistance 2:985fflow-induced corrosion 3:1777food product corrosion 3:1773, 3:1773tgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:849f, 2:851t, 2:982f, 2:1119f, 3:1845fgalvanic coupling effects 3:1743, 3:1756, 3:1757tgaseous environments 3:1780glycol corrosion 3:1772, 3:1773tgray cast iron 3:1739, 3:1739f, 3:1741f, 3:1751t, 3:1756t, 3:1759t,

3:1769t, 3:1773thigh-alloy cast irons 3:1744high chromium cast iron 3:1746, 3:1748f, 3:1764fhigh silicon cast iron 3:1746, 3:1747t, 3:1748thigh-temperature oxidation 3:1780, 3:1781f, 3:1782f, 3:1783f, 3:1784fhistorical background 3:1695hydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion 3:1765, 3:1765f, 3:1765timpressed current anodes 4:2782industrial environments 3:1763iron-oxidizing bacteria 3:1775liquid aluminum/aluminum alloy corrosion 3:1773liquid metals 3:1774

liquid sulfur corrosion 3:1774, 3:1774tliquid zinc/zinc alloy corrosion 3:1774low-alloy lamellar cast irons 3:1742f, 3:1743, 3:1752f, 3:1759tmalleable cast iron 3:1740, 3:1751t, 3:1752tmarine corrosion 2:1125, 2:1125tmicrobially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:1774microstructural effects 3:1741, 3:1741f, 3:1742fmineral acid corrosion 3:1766molten materials corrosion 3:1773natural water corrosion 3:1752nickel-resist cast irons 3:1750, 3:1753f, 3:1753t, 3:1760f, 3:1761f,

3:1762t, 3:1761f, 3:1765tnitric acid (HNO3) corrosion 3:1765, 3:1766forganic acid corrosion 3:1766, 3:1767torganic compound corrosion 3:1772phosphoric acid (H3PO4) corrosion 3:1765, 3:1766f, 3:1767tproduction processes 3:1740protective measures 3:1762salt solutions 3:1768, 3:1768t, 3:1769tseawater corrosion 2:1125, 2:1125t, 3:1758soil corrosion 2:1152f, 3:1760, 3:1762tspheroidal graphite cast irons 3:1743, 3:1759tstandard reduction potential 3:2074tsteam environments 3:1757stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1770, 3:1772fstress growth measurements 1:159tsulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1175, 2:1176f, 3:1775sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 2:1228, 2:1228f, 2:1229fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) corrosion 3:1761f, 3:1762f, 3:1763, 3:1764fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) effects 3:1743funalloyed cast irons 3:1747, 3:1756t, 3:1760f, 3:1761f, 3:1768f, 3:1768t,

3:1784t, 3:1785t, 3:1786turban/rural/marine atmospheres 3:1751tvitreous enamel coatings 3:2331white cast iron 3:1739, 3:1751t

comparison studies 1:595tcompositions 1:246tcorrosion fatigue 2:944diffusion coefficients 1:307tferritic chromium steelsanodic polarization curves 2:1231ferosion resistance 2:985fflow-induced corrosion 2:982fmetal dusting 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:492, 1:494t, 1:495f, 1:496f, 1:499,

1:501thigh-silicon–chromium iron (Si–Cr Fe) alloys (HSCI) 4:2784Incoloy alloys 1:354iron–40% chromium–platinum-group metals (Fe–40% Cr–PGM)

system 3:2243iron aluminides (FeAl/Fe3Al)


iron–aluminum (Fe–Al) alloys 1:292, 1:452, 1:613f, 1:636firon- and nickel-based superalloys 1:310, 1:311firon–carbon (Fe–C) alloysequilibrium microstructures 3:1697, 3:1698fmechanical properties 3:1699, 3:1699tnonequilibrium microstructures 3:1697, 3:1698fphase diagram 3:1695, 3:1696fphysical properties 3:1699, 3:1699t

iron–chromium–aluminum (Fe–Cr–Al) alloysalloy grain size effects 1:616f

Subject Index 3459


iron (Fe) (continued)base metal oxide formation 1:619fcubic alumina phases 1:620f, 1:621fcycle frequency effects 1:632, 1:632f, 1:633finternal oxidation 1:633, 1:634fmetal dusting 1:292nitridation processes 1:639parabolic rate constants 1:622t, 1:624treactive element additions 1:227tscale adhesion 1:628fscale growth rate 1:546f, 1:621, 1:622f, 1:623fscale morphology 1:626, 1:627fspecimen mass gain 1:623fsulfidation 1:552f, 1:638sulfur impurities 1:230, 1:231fwater vapor effects 1:637



iron–chromium–nickel–manganese (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mn) alloys 3:2236iron–chromium–nickel–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mo) alloys 3:2236iron–nickel–cobalt (Fe–Ni–Co) alloys 1:551firon–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 3:1789–1801acid corrosion 3:1792, 3:1792tatmospheric corrosion 3:1790, 3:1791f, 3:1791tcarburization 1:296, 1:297diffusion coefficients 1:307telectrochemistry 3:1790, 3:1790ffireside corrosion 1:472ffreshwater environments 3:1791galvanic corrosion 3:1793, 3:1794tgeneral discussion 3:1790industrial environments 3:1792nitridation processes 1:307tphase diagram 1:70fsalt solutions 3:1792seawater corrosion 3:1791, 3:1791t, 3:1792tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1793, 3:1793t

iron–nickel–sulfur (Fe–Ni–S) alloys 1:244f, 1:245firon–silicon (Fe–Si) alloys 4:2783metal dustingbackground information 1:285cementite decomposition 1:286–287, 1:287f, 1:288fcementite formation 1:285, 1:286f, 1:287fcoke filaments 1:286, 1:287fcoking rates 1:290f, 1:291fferritic chromium steels 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fgas composition effects 1:288, 1:290fgraphite–cementite interface 1:287, 1:289fHochman–Grabke model 1:286firon–aluminum (Fe–Al) alloys 1:292iron–chromium–aluminum (Fe–Cr–Al) alloys 1:292low-alloy steel 1:290, 1:290f, 1:291fmass transport model 1:287fnon-cementite iron dusting conditions 1:288, 1:289ftemperature effects 1:288, 1:290f

nickel–iron–chromium (Ni–Fe–Cr) alloyscarbide precipitation zones 1:281fcarburization rate variations 1:280fcast refractory iron–nickel–chromium (Fe–Ni–Cr) alloys 1:603tcathodic modification 3:2235coke deposition 1:292fgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:1119fglobal rating parameter (KB4) 1:594, 1:596fhigh temperature oxidation behavior 1:552f, 1:593, 1:593f, 1:594fintergranular corrosion 2:819intragranular corrosion 2:1478metal dusting 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fpost-carburization appearance 1:282fsulfidation corrosion 1:250surface alloying processes 3:2240wrought refractory iron–nickel–chromium (Fe–Ni–Cr) alloys 1:599t,

1:600tnitridation resistance 1:309fquaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2244silicon–molybdenum iron (Si–Mo Fe) alloys 4:2784

iron aluminum beryllide (FeAlBe4) 3:2173, 3:2173firon beryllide (FeBe5) 3:2173, 3:2173firon carbide (Fe3C)

coke filaments 1:286, 1:287fdecomposition processes 1:286–287, 1:287f, 1:288fformation processes 1:285, 1:286fgraphite–cementite interface 1:287, 1:289fmass transport model 1:287fproperties 1:275t

iron carbonate (FeCO3) 2:965f, 2:1275f, 2:1276f, 2:1290f, 4:2942tiron–carbon (Fe–C) alloysequilibrium microstructures 3:1697, 3:1698fmechanical properties 3:1699, 3:1699tnonequilibrium microstructures 3:1697, 3:1698fphase diagram 3:1695, 3:1696fphysical properties 3:1699, 3:1699t

iron chloride (FeCl2/FeCl3) 1:27, 1:328f, 1:403f, 1:479f, 2:1209, 4:3314iron nitride (Fe4N)

internal nitridation processes 1:260nitridation processesdiffusion-controlled internal nitridation 1:306heat-resisting alloys 1:260thermodynamic stability 1:308, 1:308f

iron oxide (Fe2O3)amorphous alloys 3:2197fdiffusion processes 1:128enamel frit compositions 3:2321tfracture toughness values 1:168tintermetallic alloys 1:652fmineral compositions 4:2942toxidation processes 1:182t, 1:183f, 1:201, 1:201f, 1:202foxide basicity 1:477foxide nodule formation 1:176foxide solubility 1:476fphase diagram 1:320fPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:160tpoint defects 1:128Poisson ratios 1:170tPortland cement 3:2349, 3:2350tscale failure strain measurements 1:167tsolubility plot 1:320fsteam and steam/hydrogen environmentsdissociation pressure 1:412fequilibrium oxygen partial pressure 1:410fmaterial testing considerations 1:413fmolecular diffusion 1:417foxide scale growth 1:435fvoid and gap formation 1:436f, 1:437f, 1:439f

stress growth measurements 1:159t, 1:175fsuperheater deposit composition 1:464tsurface fracture energies 1:170t

iron oxide (Fe3O4)diffusion processes 1:128fracture toughness values 1:168tintermetallic alloys 1:652foxidation processes 1:182t, 1:183f, 1:201, 1:201f, 1:202foxide nodule formation 1:176f

3460 Subject Index


phase diagram 1:320fPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:160tpoint defects 1:128Poisson ratios 1:170tpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 2:1084fscale failure strain measurements 1:167tsteam and steam/hydrogen environmentsequilibrium oxygen partial pressure 1:410fmolecular diffusion 1:417foxide scale growth 1:434f, 1:435fvoid and gap formation 1:436f, 1:437f, 1:439f

stress growth measurements 1:159t, 1:175fsurface fracture energies 1:170t

iron oxide (FeO)amorphous alloys 3:2197fcorrosion-resistant coatings 4:2995tdiffusion processes 1:128Ellingham diagram 1:652fequilibrium oxygen partial pressure 1:410ffracture toughness values 1:168tfree energy 1:542fintermetallic alloys 1:652foxidation processes 1:182t, 1:183f, 1:201, 1:201f, 1:202fPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:160tpoint defects 1:128Poisson ratios 1:170tscale failure strain measurements 1:167tsurface fracture energies 1:170t

iron-oxidizing bacteria 3:1775iron phosphate (FePO4/Fe3(PO4)2) 4:2495, 4:2497t, 4:2500tiron-related bacteria (IRBs) 4:2949iron sulfate (FeSO4) 1:320f, 2:1479t, 2:1480f, 2:1480t, 2:1482iron sulfide (FeS)aqueous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) corrosion 2:1288, 2:1289f,

2:1290fcompositions 4:2938, 4:2942tflow-induced corrosion 2:965fsulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1174, 2:1177f

iron sulfide (FeS2) 1:320f, 2:1288magnesium alloys 3:2019tmagnetitie (Fe3O4) 1:128metal dustingbackground information 1:285cementite decomposition 1:286–287, 1:287f, 1:288fcementite formation 1:285, 1:286f, 1:287fcoke filaments 1:286, 1:287fcoking rates 1:290f, 1:291fferritic chromium steels 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fgas composition effects 1:288, 1:290fgraphite–cementite interface 1:287, 1:289fHochman–Grabke model 1:286firon–aluminum (Fe–Al) alloys 1:292iron–chromium–aluminum (Fe–Cr–Al) alloys 1:292low-alloy steel 1:290, 1:290f, 1:291fmass transport model 1:287fnon-cementite iron dusting conditions 1:288, 1:289ftemperature effects 1:288, 1:290f

metallurgical properties 3:2169tnickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu)


alloy 31acetic acid production 3:1908acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909corrosion loss measurements 3:1894t, 3:1895tcorrosion rates 3:1905f, 3:1911fcorrosion resistance 3:1892, 3:1900fine and specialty chemicals 3:1910

historical development 3:1882thydrochloric acid (HCl) isocorrosion diagram 3:1894fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tphosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1905, 3:1906fpitting potential 3:1895fpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1897t, 3:1900, 3:1901tpollution controls 3:1912stability limits 3:1895fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 2:1237f, 3:1893fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903, 3:1904f,







nitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252toxidation processescharacteristics 1:201high-temperature oxidation 1:182t, 1:183f, 1:202foxide cross-section 1:202fresistance factors 1:560, 1:561f, 1:562fscale formation 1:182t, 1:183fstability conditions 1:201f

physical properties 3:2054tpitting corrosion 2:774tpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 1:30–31, 1:31f, 2:1193f, 3:1702, 3:1703f,

3:1706f, 4:2894fredox couples equilibrium potential values 1:26trelative humidity threshold values 4:3314, 4:3315f, 4:3316frust formation 4:2667scale formation 2:1102silicon–iron (Si–Fe) anodes 4:2813, 4:2814tsodium–iron–sulfur–oxygen (Na–Fe–S–O) phase diagram

1:320fsoil corrosion 2:1159fstandard reduction potential 3:2074tsulfuric acid–iron sulfate (H2SO4–FeSO4) test (Streicher test) 2:1479t,

2:1480f, 2:1480t, 2:1482surgical implants 2:1310tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF) 3:2350t, 3:2351uniform corrosion 2:728

Subject Index 3461


iron (Fe) (continued)water corrosion 2:830f, 2:1098, 2:1098twood corrosivitycontact corrosion 2:1324general discussion 2:1324staining 3:2444, 3:2445wood degradation effects 2:1325, 3:2442, 3:2445

wustite (FeO) 1:128, 1:201zinc–cobalt– iron (Zn–Co–Fe) coatings 4:3188tzinc–iron (Zn–Fe) alloys 4:2558

IR reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) 2:1376t, 2:1403isocyanate-based polymers 4:2652isothiazolines 4:2968–2969

J

Japanese Oscar WWII fighter jet 4:3323, 4:3323fJarosite process 3:1862Jeffrey’s Alite (C54S16AM) 3:2351J-integral 1:84, 1:85fjoint generalized extreme value (JGEV) multivariate density function

2:1554joints/joining processes 3:2447–2462aluminum alloys 3:2461basic concepts 3:2447carbon steel 3:2456, 3:2457finsulated joints 3:2450flow-alloy steel 3:2456, 3:2457fmechanical fasteners 3:2449, 3:2450f, 3:2452tnickel alloys 3:2461protective treatments 3:2461soldering and brazing methodsbrazed joints 3:2451filler materials 3:2450, 3:2451tfluxes 3:2451tgeneral discussion 3:2450joining processes 3:2452tsoldered joints 3:2450traditional alloys 3:2451t

stainless steelsaustenitic stainless steels 3:2458, 3:2459fcommon corrosion sites 3:2458fduplex stainless steels 3:2459ferritic stainless steels 3:2458, 3:2459fgeneral discussion 3:2458localized corrosion 3:2460martensitic stainless steels 3:2458sensitization conditions 3:2460, 3:2460f

welded jointsfusion welding 3:2452t, 3:2453fresistance welding 3:2452t, 3:2453fsolid-phase welding 3:2452tweldability factors 3:2453tweld defects 3:2453, 3:2453f, 3:2454f, 3:2454twelding processes 3:2452, 3:2452t, 3:2453fweldment corrosion factorsfiller metal composition 3:2455general discussion 3:2453postweld heat treatment (PWHT) 3:2455residual stresses 3:2455, 3:2455fwelding technique 3:2454weld joint design 3:2453, 3:2455f

J R-curve 1:86, 1:86f

K

kainite 3:2013tkaolinite 2:1154ketones 4:2490, 4:2992tkey performance indicators (KPIs) see risk-based inspection (RBI)kieserite 3:2013tKirkendall effect 1:118, 1:118f, 1:651–653kitchenware 3:1860, 3:1861tknife line attacksaustenitic stainless steels 2:818

Kramers–Kronig (K–K) transform 2:1358Kroger–Vink notation 1:110, 1:111f, 1:111t, 1:416, 2:1642–1643Kr parameter

basic concepts 4:3107example calculation 4:3108limiting conditions 4:3108f

krypton (Kr) 2:1053t

L

lactic acid 3:1766, 3:1842, 3:2130, 4:2882ladders/laddering 4:2733laminated tapes 4:2707laminated woods see woodlamination 4:2739Langelier saturation index (LSI) 2:1100, 3:1753, 4:2958Langmuir isotherm 1:27–28, 2:1604–1605lanthanum (La)alumina-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609t, 1:628chromia-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609tchromium–lanthanum (Cr–La) alloys 1:589cobalt-based alloys 3:1918tferritic chromium steels 1:501t, 1:507, 1:508fmagnesium alloys 3:2014–2015thermal expansion coefficients 1:484t

Larson–Skold index (L–SI) 4:2960laserscorrosion fatigue prevention strategies 2:950excimer laser 4:2623high-power diode laser (HPDL) 4:2623laser–material interactions 4:2622–2635basic concepts 4:2623laser-applied coatingsadvantages 4:2633general discussion 4:2624high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)/high-velocity air fuel (HVAF)

spraying 4:2626laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) 4:2629, 4:2629f, 4:2630f,

4:2633tlaser cladding (LC) 4:2624, 4:2625f, 4:2633tlaser gas nitriding (LGS) 4:2632, 4:2632f, 4:2633tlaser-hybrid sprayed coating techniques 4:2617, 4:2627,

4:2633tlaser melt/particle injection (LMI) 4:2628laser surface alloying (LSA) 4:2630, 4:2632f, 4:2633tlaser surface melting/remelting (LSM) 4:2626, 4:2633tlimitations 4:2633magnesium alloys 3:2036metal matrix composite (MMC) coatings 4:2626–2627pulsed laser deposition (PLD) 4:2628, 4:2628f, 4:2633t

solidification microstructures 4:2623Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) laser 3:2024,

4:2623latent heat 4:2932latex gloves 3:2428, 3:2430f, 3:2430tlead (Pb) 3:2053–2067alloyscharacteristics 3:2055compositions 3:2055timpressed current anodes 4:2786, 4:2787t, 4:2814t, 4:2815lead–antimony (Pb–Sb) alloys 1:65f, 1:66f, 3:2055,

3:2055tlead–calcium (Pb–Ca) alloys 3:2055, 3:2055tlead–copper (Pb–Cu) alloys 3:2055, 3:2055tlead–silver (Pb–Ag) alloys 3:2055, 3:2055t, 4:2814t, 4:2815lead–tellurium (Pb–Te) alloys 3:2055, 3:2055tlead–tin (Pb–Sn) alloys 3:2055, 3:2055tprocess equipment materials 4:3211sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1244, 2:1245f

archaeological metals 2:1159, 4:3311fatmospheric corrosion 2:848fcathodic protection 4:2755, 4:2755tchemically resistant membranes 3:2343coating characteristics 4:2525corrosion removal methods 4:3322corrosion-resistant coatings 4:2995, 4:2995t

3462 Subject Index


corrosive environments 1:92, 1:405corrosivityacid corrosionmineral acids 3:2063organic acids 3:2063

alkali corrosion 3:2064atmospheric corrosion 3:2060buried structuresstray-current corrosion 3:2062underground corrosion 3:2062

halide-containing environments 3:2064lubrication oils 3:2064sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 4:3058fwater (H2O)condensed water 3:2061distilled water 3:2061natural waters 3:2061

crystal structure 1:55telectrochemistryanodic behavior 3:2058corrosion products 3:2059dissolution thermodynamics 3:2058galvanic corrosion 3:2060lead sulfate (PbSO4) system 3:2057–2058, 3:2058flead–water (Pb–H2O) system 3:2057, 3:2057foxidation 3:2058passivation 3:2059potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:2057fsolubility 3:2060tthermodynamics 3:2057

exchange current density 3:2217tfuel chemistry 1:459, 1:459tgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:850t, 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:1119fgalvanizing zinc melts 4:2570historical background 3:2053hot tinning 4:2571industrial applicationsgeneral discussion 3:2054lead–acid batteries 3:2065lead anodes 3:2064lead-based alloys 3:2055treactor coolants 3:2066

lead carbonate (PbCO3) 3:2060t, 4:2670lead chloride (PbCl2) 1:403f, 1:465f, 3:2060tlead dioxide (PbO2) 3:2060t, 3:2197f, 4:2788lead hydroxide (Pb(OH)2) 3:2060tlead–magnetite (Pb–Fe3O4) composites 4:2788lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) 3:2060tlead oxide (PbO) 3:2060t, 3:2197f, 3:2308tlead phosphate (Pb3(PO4)2) 3:2060tlead–platinum (Pb–Pt) bielectrodes 4:2787lead sulfate (PbSO4) 3:2057–2058, 3:2058f, 3:2060t, 4:2670lead sulfide (PbS) 3:2060tmechanical propertieslead alloys 3:2056, 3:2056tlead (Pb) 3:2056, 3:2056t

pH factors 2:1105physical properties 3:2054, 3:2054tpigments 4:2670production processes 3:2053soil corrosion 2:1158, 2:1159f, 3:2062solders 3:2075standard reduction potential 3:2074twater chemistry 2:1098twood corrosivity 2:1326

Legionella spp. 2:1188Legionella spp. 4:2951, 4:2951fLeonard–Kemira process 3:2125–2126lepidocrocite (Fe2O3�H2O) 4:2942tleukoplakia 2:1311lichen planus 2:1311lighting and signage posts 4:3205light water reactors (LWRs) 2:1333, 2:1333flignin 2:1323, 2:1325see also wood

lignite 1:459tLimnoria spp. 3:2442, 3:2445–2445

linear-energy transfer (LET) value 2:1330, 2:1332tlinear polarization resistance measurements (LPRMs)basic concepts 2:1355coupon testing 2:1562, 2:1563fdata analysis 2:1358error analysis 2:1358instrumentation configurations 2:1357fnoise levels 2:1357f

linear polyesters 3:2383linear rate law 1:136, 1:136f, 1:187linear regression statistical method 2:1553line pipe coatingscoal tar and asphalt/bitumen enamels 4:2709, 4:2812t, 4:3283, 4:3283tFBE powder coatings 4:2708f, 4:2709, 4:2812t, 4:2836f, 4:3283, 4:3283tgeneral discussion 4:2707line pipe coating plant schematic diagram 4:2708fpolyolefin coatings 4:2708f, 4:2710, 4:2812t, 4:3283, 4:3283t

linseed oil 4:2668t, 4:2670linseed penta-alkyd 4:2668tliquid-applied coatings (paint) 4:2705, 4:2706f, 4:3283, 4:3283tliquid-applied field joint coatings 4:2711, 4:2712fliquid feedstock 4:2617liquid metal embrittlement (LME)aluminum alloys 3:1995, 3:1995fcorrosive environments 1:405

liquid phase sintered silicon carbides 3:2299lithium (Li)aluminum–lithium (Al–Li) alloys 2:930f, 3:1981glass ceramics 3:2297intermetallic alloys 1:662lithium-containing alloys 3:1981lithium oxide (Li2O) 3:2308t, 3:2321t, 3:2331tmagnesium alloys 3:2015, 3:2016t, 3:2019t

liver research 2:1310tloam 2:1155f, 3:2087t, 4:2563tlocalized corrosionaqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion 2:1286characteristics 1:95t, 2:1633corrosion management 4:3010corrosion risk mitigation 4:3056marine environments 2:1125, 2:1127tmetal–matrix composites 3:2259, 3:2259f, 3:2261f, 3:2262fpassivityalloys 2:744anodic polarization curves 2:732f, 2:733f, 2:734f, 2:735, 2:735fbasic conceptsanodic polarization curves 2:732f, 2:733f, 2:734fgeneral discussion 2:731

chemical/electrochemical passivity 2:733f, 2:734f, 2:743corrosion rate determination 2:734film compositions 2:746kinetic mechanisms 2:737nonaqueous liquids 2:744oxide film growth mechanisms 2:737passivity breakdown 2:735f, 2:747, 2:1621, 3:1824thermodynamicsbasic concepts 2:740potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 2:742f

pipeline corrosion managementflow-induced localized corrosion (FILC) 4:3293general discussion 4:3293mesa corrosion 4:2902f, 4:3293pitting corrosion 4:2902f, 4:3293preferential weld corrosion 4:3293

stainless steels 3:1824surgical implants 2:763zirconium/zirconium alloys 3:2106

logarithmic rate law 1:137, 1:187long-line corrosion 2:1156long-range ultrasonic transmission (LRUT) system 4:3152–3153, 4:3153flong-term drying shrinkage 3:2358, 3:2358flow-alloy steel 3:1693–1736above-water fastener selection 2:847facetic acid–sodium chloride mixtures 4:3059tadhesive bond failure 3:2473, 3:2473f, 3:2475f, 3:2476f, 3:2477falloying element influences 3:1724fammonia damage 4:3220t

Subject Index 3463


low-alloy steel (continued)ammonium nitrate 4:2883aqueous corrosioncrevice corrosion 3:1711differential aeration cell corrosion 3:1710, 3:1710ferosion-corrosion 3:1712flow-assisted corrosion 3:1712galvanic corrosion 3:1711general corrosion 3:1710pitting corrosion 3:1711protective treatments 3:1713solubility products 3:1712ttuberculation corrosion 3:1710f



corrosion rates 2:1114f, 4:2876, 4:2878fcorrosion testing 2:1475, 2:1476f, 2:1477felectrochemical effects 2:1088electrochemistryanodic dissolution 3:1704aqueous corrosive environments 3:1708cathodic reactions 3:1707passivity 3:1705potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:1702, 3:1703f, 3:1706fthermodynamics 3:1702


marine corrosionalloying element influences 3:1702f, 3:1702tcorrosion profile 2:1121fcorrosion rates 2:1114f, 2:1120, 2:1121tdesign-based mitigation 4:3080fexposure rate–dissolved oxygen plot 2:1124fexposure rate–seawater depth plot 2:1124f

hydrogen embrittlement 2:1123–1124mass loss 2:1122fpitting corrosion 2:1122–1123, 2:1122f, 2:1123fpolarization curves 2:1114f, 2:1120fprotective treatments 2:1143seawater velocity effects 2:1122f

materials selection 4:3210, 4:3210fmetal dusting 1:290, 1:290f, 1:291fmicrobially-induced corrosion (MIC) 2:1176, 2:1177fmolybdenum additives 3:2159oxidation resistance 1:558–582alloying effectsaluminum (Al) 1:566basic concepts 1:562, 1:563f, 1:564fcarbon (C) 1:565cerium (Ce) 1:569chromium (Cr) 1:568, 1:568fcopper (Cu) 1:569diffusion-controlled growth 1:564fmanganese (Mn) 1:567molybdenum (Mo) 1:569nickel (Ni) 1:568phosphorus (P) 1:568silicon (Si) 1:566sulfur (S) 1:567

commercial low-alloy steels 1:572, 1:573fgeneral discussion 1:558governing factors 1:559, 1:560findustrial environmentscarbon monoxide/carbon dioxide (CO/CO2) environments 1:578,

1:579fchemical environments 1:577combustion gas conditions 1:576steam environments 1:573, 1:575f, 1:576f

iron oxidation 1:560, 1:561f, 1:562fstress effectsgeneral discussion 1:570growth stresses 1:571, 1:571fsystem-applied stresses 1:572thermal stresses 1:572

passivation current density 4:2876f, 4:2877fpassive range 4:2877fphosphoric acid (H3PO4) 4:2881potentiodynamic curves 4:2876fprocessing techniquesalloying element influences 3:1702f, 3:1702tcorrosion rates 3:1700, 3:1701t, 3:1702tmarine corrosion resistance 3:1702tmechanical deformation 3:1700, 3:1701f

protective barrier inducement (PBI) 4:2898f, 4:2899freducing environments 1:468fscale inhibitors/dispersants 4:2993tS–N (stress–number of cycles to failure) curves 2:930fsoil corrosion 2:1152f, 2:1157, 2:1157f, 2:1158fstorage tanksalkaline environments 4:2888cellulose boilers 4:2888liquid fertilizer storage tanks 4:2888sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2887

stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t, 2:871f, 4:3058fsulfidation corrosion 1:241f, 1:246fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1236f, 2:1238f, 4:3058fsweet corrosion 4:3291underground corrosionburied steel 3:1732controlling factors 3:1731, 3:1732tlong-term burial 3:1733pilings 3:1732pipelines 3:1733

water corrosionaccelerated low water corrosion (ALWC) 3:1729boiler waters 3:1731deposits and scales 3:1728dissolved gases 3:1726dissolved solids 3:1727fouling deposits 3:1728heating and cooling systems 3:1730, 3:1731t

3464 Subject Index


height-related corrosion 3:1730, 3:1731fmicrobial effects 3:1728natural waters 3:1728, 3:1729tpiped fresh water systems 3:1729, 3:1730tprocess waters 3:1730under-deposit corrosion 3:1728unprotected structural steel 3:1729water composition 3:1726


low-pressure plasma spraying (LPPS) 4:2615low-pressure steam turbine (LPST) modeling studyblade failure probabilities 2:1674t, 2:1675fdisc failure probabilities 2:1674f, 2:1674t, 2:1675fgeneral discussion 2:1673

low solar absorption (LSA) coatings 4:2699low-temperature multieffect desalination plants (LT–MED) 3:1865Lr parameterbasic concepts 4:3106example calculation 4:3107limiting conditions 4:3106f

lubricant systems 2:1299–1307additivesadditive types 2:1302, 2:1303textreme pressure/antiwear additives 2:1302, 2:1303tin greases 2:1303interaction concerns 2:1303sulfur-containing additives 2:1303

cavitation 2:1305corrosive wear 2:1304deterioration processesbiodeterioration 2:1302combustion products 2:1301oxidative degradation 2:1301

erosion 2:1305gear lubricants 2:1305health and safety concerns 2:1307internal combustion engine lubricants 2:1304lubricantsgeneral discussion 2:1300greases 2:1301, 2:1303oil-based lubricants 2:1300

metal-working lubricants 2:1305oil condition monitoring 2:1306specially-formulated lubricants 2:1306steam-turbine lubricants 2:1305testing methods 2:1306water-based lubricants 2:1306zinc coatings 4:2563

Luggin–Haber capillary 2:845lung research 2:1310tLyctus spp. 3:2445lymphatic system research 2:1310t

M

mackinawite 2:1288, 2:1288t, 2:1289fmaghemite (Fe2O3) 4:3311magnesite 3:2013tmagnesium (Mg)aluminum alloys 2:867t, 3:1980atmospheric corrosion 2:848fcordierite (Al3Mg2(Si5AlO18)) 1:674crystal structure 1:55tfuel chemistry 1:459, 1:459tgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:850t, 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:1119f, 3:1845fglass ceramics 3:2297magnesium alloys 3:2011–2041aircraft corrosionairframe corrosion 4:3178tcorrosion behavior 4:3183design guidelines 4:3191tprotective treatments 4:3184t, 4:3188, 4:3189freprotective treatments 4:3194t

applicationsautomotive industry 3:2037, 3:2038f

communication industry 3:2038fcurrent applications 3:2014fpotential applications 3:2011

biomedical devices 2:1315characteristicsalloy compositions 3:2018talloy designation systems 3:2015, 3:2019talloying elements 3:2013, 3:2016t, 3:2019fbinary alloy systems 3:2015tcast magnesium alloys 3:2017, 3:2020t, 3:2021t, 3:2023felectrolyte composition 3:2014textraction processes 3:2013metallurgical properties 3:2013metal matrix composites (MMCs) 3:2020physical properties 3:2014t, 3:2017traw material sources 3:2013ttemper designations 3:2020twrought magnesium alloys 3:2019, 3:2021t, 3:2022t, 3:2024f

coatingsanodic films 3:2034, 3:2035f, 3:2035t, 3:2036fchemical vapor deposition (CVD) 3:2036chromate conversion coatings (CCC) 3:2033coating systems and design 3:2037corrosion prevention strategies 3:2033electrochemical conversion coatings 3:2034, 3:2035f, 3:2035t, 3:2036felectro/electroless deposition 3:2034, 3:2036felectron beam deposition techniques 3:2036laser-applied coatings 3:2036organic coatings 3:2036thermal spraying 3:2036

corrosion prevention strategiescoatings 3:2033coating systems and design 3:2037

corrosivityalloying process/impurities influences 3:2031, 3:2032fcorrosion mechanisms 3:2026corrosion potential 3:2027fcorrosion rates 3:2025f, 3:2032felectromotive force series (EMF series) 3:2026fenvironmentally-assisted cracking 3:2028general discussion 3:2025potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:2027fsurface condition changes 3:2028f

current applications 3:2014fenvironmentally-assisted crackingcontinuous crack propagation 3:2030ffracture surface appearance 3:2030f, 3:2031ffriction stir weldment (FSW) 3:2031fopen circuit potential (OCM) 3:2032fprocessing condition effects 3:2031fslow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests 3:2029f, 3:2030f, 3:2031fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:2030t, 3:2028stress–strain plots 3:2029f, 3:2031f, 3:2032fsusceptibility 3:2030ttransgranular cracking model 3:2030f

galvanic corrosion 2:851t, 2:852tglobal production trends 3:2012fhistorical development 3:2012laser cladding (LC) 4:2624, 4:2633tmagnesium–tin (Mg–Sn) alloys 1:67fpitting corrosion potential 2:782fpotential applications 3:2011processing techniquescasting technologies 3:2021, 3:2023fjoining technologies 3:2023, 3:2025fmetal forming processes 3:2022, 3:2024fwelding 3:2023, 3:2025f

sacrificial anodes 4:2769, 4:2769t, 4:2773scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis 2:1411f

magnesium chloride (MgCl2) 3:2119t, 4:2938–2939magnesium fluoride (MgF2) 3:2301magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)4) 2:1102, 3:2013t, 4:2942tmagnesium oxide (MgO)amorphous alloys 3:2197fcorrosion resistance 3:2290tenamel frit compositions 3:2321tglass compositions 3:2308t

Subject Index 3465


magnesium (Mg) (continued)Pilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:146t, 1:160tslag–magnesium oxide (MgO) contact 1:687, 1:687tsteel–magnesium oxide–carbon (MgO–C) contact 1:688steel–magnesium oxide (MgO) contact 1:687, 1:687tsuperheater deposit composition 1:464t

magnesium phosphate (3Mg3(PO4)2�Mg(OH)2) 4:2942tmagnesium silicate (3MgO�2SiO2�2H2O) 2:1102, 4:2942tmagnesium–silicon-containing alloys 3:1981magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) 1:477f, 4:2938–2939, 4:2942tmarine environments 2:1115–1116, 2:1117f, 2:1142metallurgical properties 3:2169tnitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252tphysical properties 3:2017train chemistry 2:1064treactive metal pigments 4:2653scale formation 2:1102seawater constituents 2:1109tstandard reduction potential 3:2074t

magnetite (Fe3O4) 1:128, 4:2487, 4:2784, 4:2788, 4:2938, 4:2942t, 4:3311makeup water treatment 4:2973Malaysian Rubber Producers Research Association (MRPRA) 3:2437maleic acid (MA) 4:2966maleic anhydride (MA) 4:2966malic acid 3:2073malleable cast iron 3:1740, 3:1751t, 3:1752tmanganese (Mn)aircraft corrosion 4:3188talloysalumina-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609taluminum alloys 3:1979chromia-forming alloys 1:424f, 1:425f, 1:426f, 1:608t, 1:609tchromium-containing alloys 1:584t, 1:589compositions 1:246tferritic chromium steels 1:501tiron–chromium–nickel–manganese (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mn) alloys 3:2236low-alloy steels 1:567magnesium alloys 3:2015, 3:2016t, 3:2019tmanganese bronze 2:831f, 2:849f, 2:982f, 2:1119fsacrificial anodes 4:2769, 4:2773stainless steels 3:1810

crystal structure 1:55tgalvanizing zinc melts 4:2570high-temperature oxidation 1:182t, 1:183fmanganese chloride (MnCl2(H2O)x) 3:1769tmanganese dioxide (MnO2) 3:2197f, 3:2321tmanganese oxide (MnO) 1:160t, 1:168t, 1:170t, 3:2197f, 3:2331tmanganese phosphate (Mn3(PO4)2) 4:2495, 4:2496t, 4:2497t, 4:2500tmanganese/silicon (Mn/Si) oxide 1:413fmanganese sulfate (MnSO4) 1:477fnitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252treactive metal pigments 4:2653scale formation 2:1102stainless steels 3:1810water chemistry 2:1098, 2:1098t

manual cleaning 4:2491maraging steelsapplications 3:1800compositions 3:1793, 3:1795tcorrosion ratesacid corrosion 3:1795atmospheric corrosion 3:1795, 3:1797findustrial environments 3:1795natural environments 3:1795seawater corrosion 3:1795, 3:1797f

fabrication processes 3:1794mechanical properties 3:1794, 3:1796tphysical properties 3:1795tstress corrosion cracking (SCC)cracking resistance 3:1798, 3:1798fcrack propagation rates 3:1799tcritical stress intensity factor (KISCC) 3:1798, 3:1799fhigh-temperature corrosion 3:1800, 3:1800fmechanisms 3:1796metallurgical variables 3:1799, 3:1799ttesting methods 3:1797

structural characteristics 3:1794

Marangoni convection (submerged entry nozzle (SEN)) 1:682, 1:682fmarine coatings 4:2683–2701coating processesmaintenance and repair 4:2690Newbuilding shipyard 4:2689

coating selection criteriaballast tanks 4:2692, 4:2693f, 4:2694tcargo holds 4:2696, 4:2697f, 4:2697tcargo tanks 4:2694chemical and product tankers 4:2695coating types and schemes 4:2695texternal decks 4:2698, 4:2698tgeneral discussion 4:2698topsides and superstructures 4:2699, 4:2699tunderwater hulls 4:2691, 4:2692tvessel interiors 4:2699

corrosion breakdownabrasive blasting standards 4:2687tballast tanks 4:2692, 4:2693f, 4:2694tblistering 4:2685–2686cargo holds 4:2696, 4:2697f, 4:2697tcargo tanks 4:2694cathodic disbonding 4:2685–2686chemical and product tankers 4:2695cracking 4:2686f, 4:2686edge coatings 4:2688f, 4:2688general discussion 4:2685rust jacking 4:2686f, 4:2685–2686surface preparation 4:2687–2688underwater hulls 4:2692

future trends 4:2699marine vesselsballast tankscoating selection criteria 4:2692coating types and schemes 4:2694tinterior photograph 4:2693fschematic diagram 4:2684fsquare meters of steel 4:2684t

general discussion 4:2683ship characteristics 4:2684fship types 4:2684tsquare meters of steel 4:2684t

performance characteristics 4:2685wood 3:2442

marine environments 2:1107–1148aluminum alloyscorrosion rates 2:1139tcorrosion resistance 2:1138maximum depth of attack 2:1140tpit depth measurements 2:1140fwrought aluminum alloy designations 2:1139t

carbon steelcorrosion protection methods 2:1143corrosion ratesalloying element influences 3:1702f, 3:1702tcorrosion products 2:1114fcorrosion profile 2:1121fdesign-based mitigation 4:3080fexposure rate–dissolved oxygen plot 2:1124fexposure rate–seawater depth plot 2:1124fgeneral discussion 2:1120hydrogen embrittlement 2:1123–1124macrofouling 2:1114fmass loss 2:1122fpitting corrosion 2:1122–1123, 2:1122f, 2:1123fpolarization curves 2:1114f, 2:1120fseasonal variations 2:1121tseawater velocity effects 2:1122f

cast ironcorrosion rates 2:1125t, 3:1759t, 3:1760f, 3:1760t, 3:1761f, 3:1762t,

3:1761fflow-induced corrosion 3:1778, 3:1779f, 3:1780f, 3:1780tgeneral discussion 2:1125, 3:1758gray cast iron corrosion rates 3:1759tsodium chloride (NaCl) concentration effects 3:1758f

copper alloyscorrosivity 2:1131, 3:1952t, 3:1958

3466 Subject Index


critical design velocities 2:1132tdealloying 2:1135dissolved oxygen–corrosion rate plot 2:1134fgalvanic corrosion 2:1134–1135impingement attacks 2:1134macrofouling 2:1133metal-ion concentration cell corrosion 2:1135pitting corrosion 2:1133–1134self-corrosion 2:1135shear stresses 2:1132tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:1135sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1132–1133temperature–corrosion rate plot 2:1133f

corrosion management 4:3162corrosion protection methods 2:1143corrosion ratesantifouling coatings 2:1143basic concepts 2:1113calcareous deposits 2:1115, 2:1115f, 2:1116f, 2:1117f, 2:1117t, 2:1143calcium/magnesium (Ca/Mg) ratio 2:1115–1116, 2:1117fcathodic protection 2:1115, 2:1117f, 2:1117t, 2:1143chloride ion sources 2:1113contaminant saturation conditions 4:2956corrosion product formation 2:1113, 2:1114fcrevice corrosion 2:1116, 2:1118fcurrent density 2:1115f, 2:1117f, 2:1117tgalvanic corrosion 2:1118, 2:1119f, 2:1120fmacrofouling 2:1113, 2:1114f, 3:2458oxidation reduction reaction 2:1113passive films 2:1116, 2:1118fpolarization curves 2:1113, 2:1114f, 2:1120fsulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1114–1115

environment characteristicscalcareous deposits 2:1111, 2:1115, 2:1115f, 2:1116f, 2:1117f, 2:1117t,

4:2759depth effects 2:1111, 2:1112f, 2:1113fdissolved oxygen 2:1110, 2:1110felectrolytic resistivity 2:1113, 2:1113tgeneral discussion 2:1108macro/microfouling 2:1111, 2:1113, 2:1114f, 3:2458pH 2:1110seawater constituentsionic concentrations 2:1109tsalinity 2:1108, 2:1109t, 2:1110f

temperature effects 2:1111velocity factors 2:1111

fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) 3:2404general discussion 2:1108iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 3:1791tlead corrosivity 3:2060magnesium (Mg) 2:1142marine aerosols 2:1059, 2:1061, 2:1067metal–matrix composites 3:2265, 3:2265fnickel-based alloys 2:1135, 2:1136tnonmetallic materials 2:1142protective coatings 2:1115, 2:1115f, 2:1116f, 2:1117f, 2:1117t, 4:2759stainless steel corrosioncrevice corrosion 2:1125, 2:1126f, 2:1127f, 3:1857tcritical crevice corrosion solution values 2:1130tcritical crevice corrosion temperature (CCT) 2:759, 2:759t, 2:1128,

2:1129tdepth of localized attacks 2:1127tgalvanic corrosion 2:849fmaximum depth of crevice attack 2:1128tpitting corrosion 2:1125, 2:1131tpitting resistance number (PREN) 2:759, 2:759t, 2:1128–1129, 2:1129tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:1125304L 2:1126f, 2:1130t, 2:1131t316LVM 2:849f, 2:1127f, 2:1129t, 2:1130t, 2:1131t

testing procedures 2:1146titanium alloys 2:1120f, 2:1137zinc/zinc alloy corrosion 2:1142, 3:2085

marsh soils 3:2087t, 4:2563tmartensitic stainless steelsatmospheric environmentsgeneral discussion 3:1858influencing factors 3:1860

materials selection 3:1858, 3:1858tSikla bridge (Sweden) 3:1858furban/rural/marine atmospheres 3:1858, 3:1858t


commercial applicationsart and architecture 3:1858f, 3:1866, 3:1867f, 3:1866fdomestic products/kitchenware 3:1860, 3:1861tprocess industrycopper production 3:1862corrosion resistance 3:1863desalination 3:1863, 3:1865fhydrometallurgy 3:1861nickel production 3:1862oil and gas production 3:1867, 3:1869pulp and paper industry 3:1865wastewater treatment 3:1870zinc production 3:1862



general discussion 3:1821grade resistance 3:1847, 3:1848f, 3:1849f, 3:1850fgrade screening methods 3:1849, 3:1850fintergranular corrosion 3:1845, 3:1845flaboratory tests 3:1850localized corrosion 3:1824material selection tests 3:1849passive films 3:1822, 3:1822fpassivity breakdown 3:1824pitting corrosion 2:749, 3:1826, 3:1826fpitting potentials 3:1849fpitting resistance equivalent (PRE) value 3:1825–1826, 3:1825tpolarization curves 3:1824fpostweld treatments 3:1837stress corrosion cracking (SCC)alkaline solutions 2:1200, 3:1833atmospheric environments 3:1834, 3:1835fcharacteristics 3:1830, 3:1831fchlorine-induced mechanisms 3:1832, 3:1832ffilm-induced cleavage 3:1831hydrogen embrittlement 3:1831hydrogen-induced stress cracking (HISC) 2:859, 2:859f, 3:1833laboratory tests 3:1850material selection tests 3:1849process mechanisms 3:1831slip dissolution 3:1831stress intensity factor–crack rate relationship 3:1832,

3:1832fsulfide stress cracking (SSC) 2:859, 2:859f, 2:860f, 3:1833

welding-related corrosion 3:1836erosion resistance 2:985ffatigue resistance 3:1770t, 3:1771f

Subject Index 3467


martensitic stainless steels (continued)flow-induced corrosion 2:983fhigh-temperature stainless steelschemical compositions 3:1874tcorrosion resistance 3:1873halogen gas corrosion 3:1876molten metal environments 3:1877molten salt environments 3:1876oxidation behaviors 3:1875, 3:1875fsulfur attacks 3:1876

hydrogen sulfide (H2S) environments 2:983fimmersion tests/test compounds 3:1863, 3:1864tintergranular corrosion 2:818marine corrosion 2:1125mechanical propertiescold work effects 3:1815, 3:1816ffatigue properties 3:1816, 3:1816f, 3:1817tgeneral discussion 3:1812room temperature conditions 3:1812, 3:1813tstress–strain plots 3:1813f, 3:1815ftempering temperature effects 3:1814ftoughness impacts 3:1815, 3:1816f

microstructure 3:1811natural water environmentschlorination effects 3:1852, 3:1852fdrinking water 3:1853freshwater 3:1853, 3:1854fgeneral discussion 3:1851microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:1851, 3:1852friver waters 3:1853seawateranaerobic conditions 3:1857cathodic protection 3:1856exposure factors 3:1856, 3:1856t, 3:1857thydrogen embrittlement 3:1856materials selection 3:1854, 3:1855fpolluted environments 3:1855resistance factors 3:1854, 3:1855t

physical properties 3:1819, 3:1820tprecipitation/embrittlementcarbide/nitride precipitation 3:1817carburization 3:1818475�C embrittlement 3:1817general discussion 3:1817heat treatmentsgeneral discussion 3:1818precipitation hardening 3:1819quenching 3:1818solution annealing 3:1818, 3:1818tstabilization annealing 3:1819tempering 3:1819

intermetallic phases 3:1817process equipment materials 4:3210–3211property relationships 3:1820Schaeffler–Delong diagram 3:1811fsteam and steam/hydrogen environmentsconstruction materials 1:432tgeneral discussion 1:431inner scale formation 1:443flong-term behavior 1:436, 1:437f, 1:438f, 1:439foxidation rates 1:440f, 1:441f, 1:442fpressure effects 1:449, 1:450fscale morphology 1:447f, 1:448f, 1:449f, 1:450fspalling tendencies 1:439fsteam oxidation mechanisms 1:433, 1:434f, 1:435ftemperature dependence effects 1:440, 1:440f, 1:441f, 1:442f, 1:443f,


stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t, 3:1835thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fwelding processes 3:2458

mass spectrometry (MS) 3:2393MAST II Programme 3:1856, 3:1856tmaterial propertiesfracture mechanics 1:77–88axially cracked pipes 1:83–84, 1:84f

elastic stress intensity factor (K1) 1:81, 1:83ffracture mechanics test specimens 1:84ffracture toughness 1:85, 1:86fJ-integral 1:84, 1:85fJ R-curve 1:86, 1:86fMode I loading 1:81, 1:82f, 1:83fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 1:86, 1:87f, 1:88f

mechanical properties 1:77–88basic conceptselastic–plastic properties 1:80, 1:80f, 1:81f, 1:82f, 1:85–86elastic properties 1:78general discussion 1:78stress–load relationship 1:78, 1:80fstress–strain curves 1:79f, 1:80f

materials selection 4:3052–3064aircraft corrosioncomposite materials 4:3184high-strength steels 4:3182magnesium alloys 4:3183titanium alloys 3:2048, 4:3183

corrosion risk mitigationdesign-based mitigation 4:3065–3083activity and information flow diagram 4:3068fcoating effectiveness 4:3079fdesign process 4:3065, 4:3066fenvironmental chemistry definitions and control 4:3069, 4:3070f,

4:3071fflow disturbances 4:3078f, 4:3079ffluid entrapment 4:3076fgalvanic compatibility risks 4:3078, 4:3079f, 4:3080fgeographic/shape factors 4:3075, 4:3076f, 4:3077f, 4:3078f, 4:3079fheat transfer conditions 4:3070, 4:3071f, 4:3072f, 4:3073flife cycle costing 4:3066fmanagement strategies 4:3080, 4:3080fmechanical design factors 4:3073microenvironment factors 4:3068, 4:3069f, 4:3070f, 4:3071f, 4:3072f

performance predictionsacetic acid–sodium chloride mixtures 4:3059tcredible corrosion risks 4:3056experience-based predictions 4:3057, 4:3058fformic acid 4:3060fmaterial composition-based predictions 4:3061quantitative modeling-based predictions 4:3061stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 4:3061ftesting-based predictions 4:3057, 4:3059t, 4:3061f

process guidelines 4:3055, 4:3056frisk evaluations 4:3062

design processdesign codes 4:3055, 4:3055fdesign guidelines 4:3052engineering material grades 4:3053mechanical design guidelines 4:3053, 4:3054f

economic evaluations 4:3062process outputs and records 4:3063selection characteristics 4:3063

maximum likelihood model 2:1553mean-spherical approximation (MSA) theory 2:1589, 2:1590tmechanical fasteners 3:2449, 3:2450f, 3:2452tmechanical properties 1:77–88basic conceptselastic–plastic properties 1:80, 1:80f, 1:81f, 1:82f, 1:85–86elastic properties 1:78general discussion 1:78stress–load relationship 1:78, 1:80fstress–strain curves 1:79f, 1:80f

medical sensing and electrodes 3:2221Mediterranean Sea 2:1109tMegger earth resistivity meter 4:2843fmelt-spinning 3:2192–2193membranes, chemically resistantasphalt/epoxy mastic 3:2342ceramic paper/potassium silicate 3:2343fluorocarbons 3:2343, 3:2343tgeneral discussion 3:2342glass fiber-reinforced resins 2:1223–1224, 3:2343lead (Pb) 3:2343rubber 3:2343, 3:2343t

3468 Subject Index


thermoplastic materials 3:2343vessel linings 3:2345

mercaptans 4:2490, 4:2992t, 4:2993tmercury (Hg)anodic protection 4:2874tdental amalgams 2:1310exchange current density 3:2217thealth effects 2:1311mercury chloride (Hg2Cl2) 1:46mercury oxide (HgO) 3:2197fnitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252tpitting corrosion potential 2:782freference electrodes 1:46, 1:47f, 1:48t, 2:1371tsacrificial anodes 4:2768

mesa corrosion 4:2902f, 4:3293metal dustingadsorbed sulfur protection 1:300, 1:301falumina-forming alloys 1:639austenitic iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 1:296background information 1:285cementite decomposition 1:287f, 1:288fcementite formation 1:285, 1:286f, 1:287fcoating protection 1:300coke filaments 1:286, 1:287fcoking rates 1:290f, 1:291fenvironmental conditions 1:402environment-based alloy selection 1:551ferritic chromium steels 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fgas composition effects 1:288, 1:290f, 1:297general discussion 1:301graphite–cementite interface 1:287, 1:289fHochman–Grabke model 1:286firon–aluminum (Fe–Al) alloys 1:292iron–chromium–aluminum (Fe–Cr–Al) alloys 1:292low-alloy steel 1:290, 1:290f, 1:291fmass transport model 1:287fnickel alloys 1:293, 1:294f, 1:295f, 1:296f, 1:297fnon-cementite iron dusting conditions 1:288, 1:289foxide scale protection 1:298, 1:299f, 1:300foxide to carbon conversion thermodynamics 1:300fsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:497temperature effects 1:288, 1:290f, 1:297

metallic alloyscorrosion-resistant alloysbody fluids 2:1311, 2:1312fcobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy 2:764, 2:1310, 2:1314,

2:1317, 3:1927corrosion typescorrosion fatigue 2:944, 2:1318, 3:2049crevice corrosion 2:1317fretting corrosion 2:1318galvanic corrosion 2:1319general corrosion 2:1316hydrogen embrittlement 2:1317pitting corrosion 2:1317stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:1317

dental amalgams 2:1316health effects 2:1310, 2:1310thistorical background 2:1308magnesium alloys 2:1315metallic foams 2:1315nickel titanium (NiTi) alloys 2:764, 2:1312–1313, 2:1314niobium (Nb) 3:2148oral cavity 2:1312–1313porous materials 2:1315rare earth magnets 2:1310, 2:1316safety concerns 2:1308stainless steels 2:764, 2:1314surface finish 2:1313tantalum (Ta) 3:2148titanium nitride (TiN) coatings 2:1316titanium/titanium alloys 2:764, 2:1310, 2:1313, 2:1317,

3:2164wood corrosivity 2:1326

metallic foams 2:1315metalliding process 4:2535t, 4:2541metals

acid pickling 4:2491, 4:2491tamorphous alloys 3:2192–2204alloying element influencescorrosion rates 3:2199fcurrent density dissolution 3:2198fmolybdenum (Mo) 3:2198phosphorus (P) 3:2196, 3:2198fsputter-deposited alloy structures 3:2198f




archaeological metals 2:1159, 4:3310, 4:3311f, 4:3312fcast iron corrosion 3:1774ceramics–metals comparisons 1:670coatingsintermetallic alloysaluminide coatings 1:663general discussion 1:662laser cladding (LC) 4:2624

laser gas nitriding (LGS) 4:2632, 4:2632f, 4:2633tmetal–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (MCrAlY) coatingsaluminum depletion 1:709characteristics 1:696, 4:2550compositions 1:696tcracking 1:706, 1:707f, 1:708festimated effective fracture energies 1:709tfinite-element modeling predictions 1:708, 1:708fgas turbines 1:537fmicrostructure 1:697fprotective oxidation 1:705, 1:706fspalling tendencies 1:706, 1:707f, 1:708f, 1:709tsteam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:449, 1:450f, 1:451f,

1:452fstructure 1:697f

metallic glass coatings 4:2617metallic sprayed coatings 4:2618, 4:2626metal matrix composite (MMC) coatings 4:2626–2627

corrosion behavior 1:671corrosion test methodschemical reactions 2:1496general discussion 2:1495impurity reactions 2:1496liquid–metal embrittlement 2:1500mass transfer 2:1496simple solutions 2:1496testing methodsdynamic tests 2:1498general discussion 2:1497loop tests 2:1498, 2:1498frefluxing capsules 2:1497static tests 2:1497

corrosive environments 1:405electroplated coatings 4:2578galvanic series 2:831fhigh-temperature oxidation behavior 1:180–194alumina (Al2O3) scale growth 148chromia (Cr2O3) scale growth 148, 1:413, 1:414fgeneral discussion 1:180, 1:193metal–aluminum (M–Al) alloys 1:612, 1:612f, 1:613fmetal–chromium–aluminum (MCrAl) alloys 1:613, 1:614f, 1:615fnitridation processes

Subject Index 3469


metals (continued)basic concepts 1:260corrosion mechanisms 1:262environment-based alloy selection 1:549, 1:550f, 1:551fpredictive modeling 1:261f, 1:262pressure effects 1:263f, 1:264f, 1:265fthermochemistry 1:262transition stages 1:265f

oxide scale growth 1:146parabolic rate constant plot 1:146f, 1:147fPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:146tpure metal reactionsdual-oxidant thermodynamic reactions 1:184Ellingham diagram 1:183fgeneral discussion 1:181metal oxide transport properties 1:187, 1:188f, 1:189fphase stability diagram 1:184, 1:184f, 1:185fscale formation kinetics 1:186single-oxidant thermodynamic reactions 1:181, 1:182t, 1:183fWagner’s theory of internal oxidation 1:188, 1:189f


scale development 1:613fscale formation kineticsbasic concepts 1:186linear rate law 1:187logarithmic rate law 1:187parabolic rate law 1:186, 1:187f

spalling tendencies 1:144steam and steam/hydrogen environmentsgeneral discussion 1:416nomenclature 1:417protective scale-forming elements (PSEs) 1:416, 1:417f

temperature–aluminum content relationship 1:612f, 1:613fthermal expansion coefficients 1:145f

historical metals 4:3313, 4:3313fhydrometallurgycopper production 3:1862general discussion 3:1861nickel production 3:1862zinc production 3:1862

intermetallic alloys 1:646–667aluminide coatingsalloyed aluminide coatings 1:663, 1:664f, 1:665fdifferent base–different substrate 1:665, 1:665fgas turbines 1:537fhigh-temperature coatings 1:701, 1:701fplatinum aluminides 4:2544, 4:2545f, 4:2546f, 4:2547f, 4:2549fsame base–same substrate 1:663simple aluminide coatings 1:663uranium alloys 3:2188

applications 1:646coatingsaluminide coatings 1:537f, 1:663, 1:701, 1:701fgeneral discussion 1:662laser cladding (LC) 4:2624, 4:2633t




copper–gold (Cu–Au) alloys 2:805f, 2:867t, 3:2215general discussion 1:646, 1:666hot corrosionalumina-forming alloys 1:638chlorine-containing environments 1:661, 1:662fgeneral discussion 1:660sulfur-containing environments 1:660

oxidation processesEllingham diagram 1:652f

general discussion 1:649iron aluminides (FeAl/Fe3Al) 1:650nickel aluminides (NiAl/Ni3Al) 1:547f, 1:623f, 1:650, 1:652f, 1:654fplatinum aluminides 1:659titanium aluminides (TiAl/Ti3Al) 1:656

silver–gold (Ag–Au) alloys 2:803f, 2:805f, 2:806f, 2:867t, 3:2215ionizing radiation effectsaqueous environmentschemical plant heating/cooling waters 2:1334general discussion 2:1332light water reactors (LWRs) 2:1333, 2:1333fnitric acid solutions 2:1337polymer degradation materials 2:1337

atmospheric environments 2:1337general discussion 2:1331test considerations 2:1338

joints/joining processes 3:2447–2462aluminum alloys 3:2461basic concepts 3:2447carbon steel 3:2456, 3:2457finsulated joints 3:2450flow-alloy steel 3:2456, 3:2457fmechanical fasteners 3:2449, 3:2450f, 3:2452tnickel alloys 3:2461protective treatments 3:2461soldering and brazing methodsbrazed joints 3:2451filler materials 3:2450, 3:2451tfluxes 3:2451tgeneral discussion 3:2450joining processes 3:2452tsoldered joints 3:2450traditional alloys 3:2451t

stainless steelsaustenitic stainless steels 3:2458, 3:2459fcommon corrosion sites 3:2458fduplex stainless steels 3:2459ferritic stainless steels 3:2458, 3:2459fgeneral discussion 3:2458localized corrosion 3:2460martensitic stainless steels 3:2458sensitization conditions 3:2460, 3:2460f

welded jointsfusion welding 3:2452t, 3:2453fresistance welding 3:2452t, 3:2453fsolid-phase welding 3:2452tweldability factors 3:2453tweld defects 3:2453, 3:2453f, 3:2454f, 3:2454twelding processes 3:2452, 3:2452t, 3:2453fweldment corrosion factors 3:2453

weldment corrosion factorsfiller metal composition 3:2456general discussion 3:2453postweld heat treatment (PWHT) 3:2455residual stresses 3:2455, 3:2455fwelding technique 3:2454weld joint design 3:2453, 3:2455f

kinetic mechanisms 1:671liquid metal corrosion 3:1774metal chloride vapor pressure–temperature plot 1:403fmetal dustingadsorbed sulfur protection 1:300, 1:301falumina-forming alloys 1:551, 1:639background information 1:285cementite decomposition 1:286–287, 1:287f, 1:288fcementite formation 1:285, 1:286f, 1:287fcoating protection 1:300coke filaments 1:286, 1:287fcoking rates 1:290f, 1:291fferritic chromium steels 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fgas composition effects 1:288, 1:290f, 1:297general discussion 1:301graphite–cementite interface 1:287, 1:289fHochman–Grabke model 1:286firon–aluminum (Fe–Al) alloys 1:292iron–chromium–aluminum (Fe–Cr–Al) alloys 1:292low-alloy steel 1:290, 1:290f, 1:291f

3470 Subject Index


mass transport model 1:287fnickel alloysaustenitic iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 1:296, 1:297carbon uptake kinetics 1:297fgas composition effects 1:297graphitization process 1:294f, 1:295f, 1:296fnickel–copper (Ni–Cu) alloys 1:296, 1:296freaction morphologies 1:293temperature effects 1:297

non-cementite iron dusting conditions 1:288, 1:289foxide scale protection 1:298, 1:299f, 1:300foxide to carbon conversion thermodynamics 1:300frisk management strategies 4:3224–3226, 4:3225ftemperature effects 1:288, 1:290f, 1:297

metal–environment interaction effectschemical reactions 1:92crystal structure imperfections 1:94fenvironmental conditions 1:92, 1:95fgeneral discussion 1:89metal heterogeneities 1:93, 1:93t, 1:94f

metallic–ceramic coatings 4:3188, 4:3188tmetallic coating protection 4:2519–2531alternative coating systems 4:2528anodic protection 4:2520cathodic protection 4:2520control options 2:1166galvanized steel 2:1166fgeneral discussion 4:2519metallic–ceramic coatings 4:3188, 4:3188tmetal whiskers 4:2529, 4:2530fmultilayer coatings 4:2528practical applicationsaluminum (Al) 2:1165, 4:2525cadmium (Cd) 4:2524chromium (Cr) 4:2526copper (Cu) 4:2525lead (Pb) 4:2525nickel (Ni) 4:2525precious metals 4:2526, 4:2526f, 4:2527ftin (Sn) 4:2525zinc coatings 2:1165, 4:2524

research developmentsenvironmental classification 4:2528, 4:2528tgalvanic coupling 4:2527general discussion 4:2526porosity 4:2528

selection factorsapplication methods 4:2521coating properties 4:2523corrosion resistance 4:2521economic factors 4:2524galvanic coupling compatibility 4:2522, 4:2522tsubstrate property effects 4:2523

sprayed coatings 4:2618, 4:2626metallic cultural heritage preservation 4:3307–3340challenges 4:3337f, 4:3338coatingscoating types 4:3328conservation-specific coatings 4:3324, 4:3325fpatinas 4:3326, 4:3327f, 4:3328fsurface preparation 4:3327, 4:3328f

conservation efforts 4:3308conservation rationale 4:3309conservation standards 4:3309corrosionarchaeological metals 2:1159, 4:3310, 4:3311f, 4:3312fconservation strategies 4:3310handling concerns 4:3313–3314, 4:3314fhistorical metals 4:3313, 4:3313fmodern metals 4:3313–3314

ethical practices 4:3310future developments 4:3337inhibitorsbenzotriazole (BTA) 4:3332, 4:3333fcarboxylates 4:3334general discussion 4:3332tannins 4:3334, 4:3335f

interventive treatmentschloride removal 4:3318electrolytic techniques 4:3321, 4:3323f, 4:3324fhydrogen reduction 4:3323soluble ion removal techniques 4:3317stripping techniques 4:3320washing methods 4:3318, 4:3318f

painted metalspaint removal methods 4:3335refinishing methods 4:3335, 4:3336f

preservation goals 4:3309preventive conservationdeoxygenation 4:3317desiccation 4:3314practical humidity control 4:3315relative humidity threshold values 4:3314, 4:3315f, 4:3316f

metallic glassesbackground information 3:2192–2193corrosion behavior 3:2199corrosion-resistant bulk metallic glasses 3:2200metallic glass coatings 4:2617zirconium (Zr)-based bulk metallic glasses 3:2199

metallic oxide vulcanization 3:2437metallurgical structure effectssteel 3:2458

metal–matrix composites 3:2250–2269characteristics 3:2251chemical degradationaluminum carbide (Al4C3) hydrolysis 3:2263general discussion 3:2262mica degradation 3:2263

continuous-reinforced metal–matrix compositescharacteristics 3:2251, 3:2251fpractical applications 3:2252, 3:2253f

corrosion characteristicschemical degradation 3:2262electrochemical effects 3:2253environmental conditions 3:2264general discussion 3:2253interphase effects 3:2262secondary effects 3:2263

corrosion protection methods 3:2267discontinuous-reinforced metal–matrix compositescharacteristics 3:2252, 3:2252fpractical applications 3:2252, 3:2253f

electrochemical effectsanodic/cathodic polarization diagram 3:2254f, 3:2255f,

3:2256fcathodic constitutent content 3:2260, 3:2261fcathodic current densities 3:2260, 3:2260tenvironmental conditions 3:2254, 3:2255fgeneral discussion 3:2253localized corrosion 3:2259, 3:2259f, 3:2261f, 3:2262fmatrix metal corrosion 3:2254, 3:2255fmicrostructure 3:2259, 3:2259fn-type semiconductors 3:2256, 3:2256fp-type semiconductors 3:2256, 3:2256freinforcement area fraction 3:2258, 3:2258f, 3:2259freinforcement electrochemistry 3:2255, 3:2256freinforcement photoelectrochemistry 3:2256reinforcement resistivity 3:2257, 3:2257t, 3:2258f

environmental conditionsgeneral discussion 3:2264humidity chamber exposure 3:2266, 3:2266fimmersion exposure 3:2265, 3:2265foutdoor exposure 3:2266, 3:2267f, 3:2267t

general discussion 3:2267resistivities 3:2257tsecondary effectsdislocation density 3:2264general discussion 3:2263intermetallic alloys 3:2263, 3:2263tlow-integrity diffusion bonds 3:2264microstructural chlorides 3:2264, 3:2264fprocessing-induced corrosion 3:2264

modern metals 4:3313–3314natural waters 2:1095

Subject Index 3471


metals (continued)nonferrous metals 4:2491, 4:2491tpainted metalspaint removal methods 4:3335refinishing methods 4:3335, 4:3336f

passive metalsbasic concepts 4:2860passivation potential 4:2860fpolarization curve potential–current density plot 4:2860f,

4:2862fpassivityanodic polarization curves 2:732f, 2:733f, 2:734f, 2:735, 2:735fbasic conceptsanodic polarization curves 2:732f, 2:733f, 2:734fgeneral discussion 2:731

chemical/electrochemical passivity 2:733f, 2:734f, 2:743corrosion rate determination 2:734film compositions 2:746kinetic mechanisms 2:737nonaqueous liquids 2:744oxide film growth mechanisms 2:737passivity breakdown 2:735f, 2:747, 2:1621, 3:1824thermodynamicsbasic concepts 2:740potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 2:742f

precious metals 4:2526, 4:2526f, 4:2527fsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:484structural metallurgy 1:52–76alloyscomplex alloy systems 1:75components and phases 1:62dislocation-based segregation 1:63equilibrium phase diagrams 1:63general discussion 1:61grain boundary-based segregation 1:63intermediate phases/intermetallic compounds 1:63iron–iron carbide (Fe–Fe3C) phase diagram 1:66limited and complete solid solubility 1:63solid solutions 1:62, 1:62f

equilibrium phase diagramsbinary isomorphous phase diagrams 1:64, 1:64fcomplex binary phase diagrams 1:66, 1:67f, 1:68f, 1:69f, 1:70fcoring 1:65eutectic phase diagrams 1:65, 1:65f, 1:66fgeneral discussion 1:63

general discussion 1:52iron–iron carbide (Fe–Fe3C) phase diagram


pure metalsannealing processes 1:60characteristics 1:52, 1:55tclose-packed structure 1:55fdislocations 1:57, 1:58f, 1:59fgrains and grain boundaries 1:58, 1:59f, 1:60f, 1:61fline defects 1:56, 1:57fmacroscopic defects 1:60point defects 1:54, 1:56fpolycrystalline metals 1:58stacking faults and twins 1:55, 1:56fsurface structure/surface defects 1:60, 1:61funit cells 1:54f

strengthening mechanismscomplex alloy systems 1:75general discussion 1:73inclusions 1:59f, 1:76precipitation hardening 1:74, 1:74f, 1:75f

titanium aluminides (TiAl/Ti3Al) 1:360, 1:363f, 1:364funified numbering system (UNS) 4:3053

vitreous silica 3:2316wood corrosivity 2:1323–1329corrosion test methods 2:1326general discussion 2:1323industrial significancebackground information 2:1327conservation efforts 2:1328construction materials 2:1327water cooling towers 2:1328, 3:2444water tanks 2:1328wood cutting tools 2:1328

mechanismsacid content 2:1324, 2:1325tacidic vapor corrosion 2:1326aluminum/aluminum alloys 2:1326bimetallic corrosion 2:1325contact corrosion 2:1324copper/copper alloys 2:1326general discussion 2:1324lead (Pb) 2:1326moisture content 2:1324polyphenolic compounds 2:1325salt content 2:1325wood degradation effects 2:1325, 3:2442, 3:2445

modeling methods 2:1327metal-working lubricants 2:1305methane (CH4)

atmospheric gases 2:1053tcarburization rates 1:266–267, 1:269fflue gas composition 1:462tsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:497ttransport mechanisms 2:1067f

methanol 2:1285, 3:2380tmethoxymethane 3:2380tmethoxypropylamine 4:2977methyl acrylate 3:1909methyl bromide (CH3Br) 2:1067fmethyl butyl acetate 3:2380tmethylcyclohexane 3:2380tmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909methylethyl ketoxime 4:2976–2977, 4:2976tmethyl methacrylate 3:2371methylpropanoate 3:2380tmethylpropene 3:2380tmethyl vinyl ether (MVE) 4:2966micro arc oxidation (MAO) 3:2034microarc oxidation (MAO) 4:2514–2515microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 2:1169–1190acid-producing bacteria (APBs) 4:2949airframe corrosion 2:1181, 4:3177, 4:3178t, 4:3180tcarbon steel 3:1713cast ironaction mechanisms 3:1775gelatinous vesicle development 3:1775, 3:1776fgeneral discussion 3:1774iron-oxidizing bacteria 3:1775prevention strategies 3:1776sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 3:1775

copper/copper alloy corrosion 3:1956, 3:1957felectrochemical causal factors 2:1173freshwater environments 3:1956, 3:1957fgeneral aerobic bacteria (GAB) 4:2920general discussion 2:1170industrial heating and cooling systems 4:2949, 4:2949f, 4:2967,

4:2969tiron-oxidizing bacteria 3:1775iron-related bacteria (IRBs) 4:2949marine environments 2:1111microorganismsalgae 2:1172bacteria 2:1170, 2:1179biofilms 2:1111, 2:1172, 2:1173f, 2:1182, 4:2922f, 4:2920characteristics 2:1170fungi 2:1172, 2:1181

oil and gas industrybacteria monitoring techniques/serial dilution 4:2922f, 4:2920biocide application procedures 4:2922

3472 Subject Index


biocide treatments 4:2922corrosion effects 4:2922f, 4:2920

operating condition-based risk assessmentsanaerobic conditions 2:1186antimicrobial chemical treatments 2:1186cleaning frequency 2:1186flow rate 2:1186general discussion 2:1185nutrient availability 2:1186pH 2:1185salinity 2:1185temperature conditions 2:1185water presence 2:1185

pipeline corrosion management 4:3279, 4:3295potable water systems 4:2949, 4:2949f, 4:2967, 4:2969tprotective treatmentsbiocidal coatings 2:1187biocide treatmentsapplication methods 4:2922basic concepts 4:2922chlorination 2:1187, 3:1852, 3:1852f, 4:2922organic biocides 2:1188, 4:2922

cathodic protection 2:1186nitrogen-based treatments 2:1188nonaggressive surrounds 2:1186protective coatings 2:1186

seawater-based aerobic biofilms 2:1182soil corrosion 2:1156stainless steels 3:1851, 3:1852fsulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)acid corrosionconcrete degradation 2:1180fungi 2:1181sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 2:1179, 2:1180f, 2:1181f

black water corrosion 2:1175f, 2:1176cast iron 3:1775copper/copper alloys 2:1178, 2:1178fDesulfovibrio spp. 2:1174, 2:1174fenvironmental conditions 2:1174, 2:1175f, 2:1176fGallionella spp. 2:1177, 2:1178f, 2:1183, 4:2920industrial heating and cooling systems 4:2949iron corrosion 2:1176, 2:1177flead (Pb) 3:2063low-alloy steel 2:1176, 2:1177foil and gas industry 4:2920pipeline corrosion management 4:3279, 4:3295soil corrosion 2:1156, 2:1161stainless steels 2:1176, 2:1177f, 2:1178f

testing procedureschemical analyses 2:1184–1185general discussion 2:1183serial dilution test 2:1183fside stream test device 2:1184f

wastewater treatment 3:1871zirconium/zirconium alloys 3:2110

microbiological fouling 4:2950, 4:2950f, 4:2967, 4:2969tmicrocrystalline waxes 4:3330microscopy 2:1405–1429atomic force microscopy (AFM)background information 2:1439general discussion 2:1441implementation processes 2:1440limitations 2:1440operating principles 2:1439, 2:1439fsolid/liquid interface applications 2:1440, 2:1441f

basic concepts 2:1405chemical analyseselectron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) 2:1408, 2:1421, 2:1423felectron probe microanalysis (EPMA) 2:1420, 2:1422fX-ray analysisbasic concepts 2:1418line scan profile 2:1420fschematic diagram 2:1419fspectral data plot 2:1419f, 2:1420f

electrochemical scanning tunnel microscopy (ECSTM)background information 2:1433electrochemical tunneling spectroscopoy (ECTS) 2:1438, 2:1438f

general discussion 2:1441implementation processes 2:1433, 2:1434flimitations 2:1433solid/liquid interface applicationsactive dissolution of metals 2:1434, 2:1435fgeneral discussion 2:1434passive film growth and structure analysis 2:1436, 2:1437f

electron microscopyelectron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) 1:383, 1:385f, 2:1408, 2:1421,

2:1423felectron probe microanalysis (EPMA) 2:1420, 2:1422foperational principlesbasic concepts 2:1408electron and X-ray generation 2:1408f, 2:1409fincident electron beam–thin foil interactions 2:1408f

scanning electron microscopy (SEM)backscattered electrons 2:1409–1410, 2:1410f, 2:1411fbasic concepts 2:1409cementite analysis 1:286, 1:287fcharacteristics 2:1376tcorrosion product characterizations 1:140, 1:142felectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) 2:880–881, 2:882f, 2:1411,


specimen preparation techniquesscanning electron microscopy (SEM) 2:1425transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 2:1424, 2:1425f

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)basic concepts 2:1412bright field (BF) images 2:1413–1414, 2:1414fcementite analysis 1:286, 1:287fconvergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) 2:1417corrosion product characterizations 1:140, 1:142fdark field (DF) images 2:1413–1414, 2:1414felectron beam damage effects 2:1415, 2:1415felectron diffraction 2:1417, 2:1417f‘glaze’ formation analyses 1:379, 1:381f, 1:383high angle annular dark field (HAADF) images 1:382f, 1:383, 1:384f,


2:1416fnickel graphitization 1:294, 1:295fscanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) 1:382f, 1:383,

1:384f, 1:385f, 1:386f, 1:387f, 1:388f, 2:1416selected area diffraction (SAD) 2:1417specimen preparation techniques 2:1415f, 2:1424, 2:1425fTEM tomography 2:1416X-ray analyses 2:1418–1419, 2:1419f, 2:1420f

X-ray analysisbasic concepts 2:1418line scan profile 2:1420fschematic diagram 2:1419fspectral data plot 2:1419f, 2:1420f

energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microscopycorrosion product characterizations 1:140corrosion studies 2:1406, 2:1406f, 2:1419f, 2:1420f‘glaze’ formation analyses 1:383, 1:384f, 1:385f, 1:386f, 1:387f, 1:388f,

1:389f, 1:392toptical microscopybasic concepts 2:1407corrosion studiesheat-affected zone (HAZ) 2:1406–1407, 2:1406fmagnesium alloys 2:1408f

Raman spectroscopy 2:1427, 2:1428fresearch developments 2:1428scanning electron microscopy (SEM)backscattered electrons 2:1409–1410, 2:1410f,

2:1411fbasic concepts 2:1409cementite analysis 1:286, 1:287fcharacteristics 2:1376tcorrosion product characterizations 1:140, 1:142f

Subject Index 3473


microscopy (continued)corrosion studies 2:1406, 2:1406felectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) 2:880–881, 2:882f, 2:1411,


scanning probe microscopy 2:1430–1442atomic force microscopy (AFM)background information 2:1439general discussion 2:1441implementation processes 2:1440limitations 2:1440operating principles 2:1439, 2:1439fsolid/liquid interface applications 2:1440, 2:1441f

background information 2:1431electrochemical scanning tunnel microscopy (ECSTM)background information 2:1433electrochemical tunneling spectroscopoy (ECTS) 2:1438,

2:1438fgeneral discussion 2:1441implementation processes 2:1433, 2:1434flimitations 2:1433solid/liquid interface applications 2:1434, 2:1435f

scanning tunnel microscopy (STM)background information 2:1431general discussion 2:1441‘glaze’ formation analyses 1:379limitations 2:1432operating principles 2:1431, 2:1432fscanning tunnel spectroscopy (STS) 1:379, 2:1432solid/gas interface applications 2:1432


specimen preparation techniquesscanning electron microscopy (SEM) 2:1425transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 2:1424, 2:1425f

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)basic concepts 2:1412bright field (BF) images 2:1413–1414, 2:1414fcementite analysis 1:286, 1:287fconvergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) 2:1417corrosion product characterizations 1:140, 1:142fcorrosion studies 2:1406, 2:1406fdark field (DF) images 2:1413–1414, 2:1414felectron beam damage effects 2:1415, 2:1415felectron diffraction 2:1417, 2:1417f‘glaze’ formation analyses 1:379, 1:381f, 1:383high angle annular dark field (HAADF) imagesaluminum alloy cross-section 2:1414fNimonic alloys–Stellite 6 wear-affected surfaces study 1:382f, 1:383,


2:1416fnickel graphitization 1:294, 1:295fscanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)characteristics 2:1416Nimonic alloys–Stellite 6 wear-affected surfaces study 1:382f, 1:383,

1:384f, 1:385f, 1:386f, 1:387f, 1:388fselected area diffraction (SAD) 2:1417specimen preparation techniques 2:1415f, 2:1424, 2:1425fTEM tomography 2:1416X-ray analyses 2:1418–1419, 2:1419f, 2:1420f

X-ray microscopy 2:1425X-ray tomography 2:1426, 2:1426f

microsilica 3:2354mild steelacid gas corrosion 2:1270–1298

aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosioncarbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressure effects 2:1281, 2:1282f, 2:1283fcarbonic acid (H2CO3) reduction reactions 2:1278carbonic species concentrations 2:1275fcharacteristics 2:1273condensation effects 2:1285corrosion inhibitors 2:1284corrosion rate calculations 2:1280crude oil effects 2:1285electrochemical reactions 2:1277equilibrium relations 2:1273, 2:1274f, 2:1275fflow effects 2:1283, 2:1284fglycol/methanol effects 2:1285hydronium (H+) ion reduction reactions 2:1278influencing factors 2:1281iron carbonate (FeCO3) 2:1275f, 2:1276f, 2:1290flocalized corrosion 2:1286mixed hydrogen sulfide–carbon dioxide (H2S–CO2) saturated





background information 2:1273alloying element influences 3:1724fcathodic protection criteria 4:2847tcorrosion rates 3:1702tmillscale formation 4:2487phosphate coatings 4:2494stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t

millscale formation 4:2487mineral acidscast iron corrosion 3:1766glass enamel corrosion 3:2073, 3:2326lead corrosivity 3:2063niobium corrosion 3:2144, 3:2145ftantalum corrosion 3:2144, 3:2145f

mineral base oils 2:1300mineral scaleschemical compositions 4:2942tclosed-loop water systems 4:2943cooling systems 4:2943, 4:2943fgeneral discussion 4:2941new-construction HVAC systems 4:2944potable water lines 4:2944steam boiler systems 4:2941, 4:2942f

mining industry 4:2994misfit dislocations 1:109fmisses/skips/holidays 4:2739Mississippi Chemical (US) 3:2131mixed dislocation 1:104, 1:105fMode I loading 1:81, 1:82f, 1:83f

3474 Subject Index


modeling approaches 2:1581–1584computational fluid dynamics 2:985methodologies 2:1582purposes 2:1581spatial distributionboundary element method (BEM) 2:1584finite difference methods (FDM) 2:1583, 2:1583ffinite element methods (FEM) 2:1583general discussion 2:1582

modern metals 4:3313–3314mold casting techniques 3:1983molds 4:2949, 4:2950molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) 1:328molten salts 1:316–330analytical methodselectrochemical techniquescyclic voltammogram 1:324fgeneral discussion 1:323Nyquist plot of impedance data 1:325fpolarization curves 1:324fset-up diagram 1:323f

multisample exposure tests 1:323thermogravimetric tests 1:325

background information 1:316carbonate meltscharacteristics 1:319gas solubility 1:319oxide solubility 1:320, 1:320f, 1:321fredox reactions 1:319

corrosion test methodschemical reactions 2:1496general discussion 2:1495impurity reactions 2:1496liquid–metal embrittlement 2:1500mass transfer 2:1496simple solutions 2:1496testing methodsdynamic tests 2:1498general discussion 2:1497loop tests 2:1498, 2:1498frefluxing capsules 2:1497static tests 2:1497

corrosive environmentsaluminum alloys 3:2000chlorine-containing environments 1:662, 1:662fgeneral discussion 1:405sulfur-containing environments 1:661, 1:661f

diffusion coatings 4:2535t, 4:2541fireside corrosionalloy corrosion resistance 1:480, 1:480fbasic concepts 1:468, 1:469fchlorine-related corrosion 1:477, 1:479fcoal constituents 1:475fcorrosion rates 1:473ffused salts 1:479–480, 1:480foxide basicity 1:477foxide solubility 1:476fsulfate-induced corrosion 1:461f, 1:472, 1:473f, 1:474f, 1:477f,

1:478fvanadium attacks 1:470, 1:470f, 1:471f, 1:472f

high-temperature stainless steels 3:1876hot-salt corrosionchloride melts 1:326, 1:327f, 1:327t, 1:328fgas turbines 1:325molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) 1:328sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) 1:325, 1:326fwaste incineration 1:326, 1:327f, 1:328fzinc chloride (ZnCl2)–potassium chloride (KCl) mixtures


noble metals 3:2219sulfate meltsbackground information 1:316gas solubility 1:317oxide solubility 1:320, 1:320f, 1:321f

Rapp–Goto corrosion criterion 1:322, 1:322f, 1:323fredox reactionsbasic concepts 1:317chronopotentiometric curve 1:319flimiting diffusion current density 1:318f

thermodynamics 1:317zirconium corrosivity 3:2127

molybdenum (Mo) 3:2157–2167age-hardenable nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–

Fe–Mo–Cu) alloys 3:1898alloysalumina-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609tamorphous alloys 3:2193–2194, 3:2194f, 3:2198, 3:2198faqueous corrosive environments 3:2163characteristics 3:2161chromia-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609tchromium–molybdenum (Cr–Mo) alloys 1:466f, 1:468f, 1:589cobalt-based alloys 3:1918, 3:1918tcobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloycorrosion fatigue 2:1318corrosion resistance 2:764, 2:1314, 3:1927crevice corrosion 2:1317galvanic corrosion 2:1319, 3:1928historical background 2:1310hydrogen embrittlement 2:1317pitting corrosion 2:1317replacement joints 2:1046f, 2:1047fzirconium (Zr)-based bulk metallic glasses 3:2200

compositions 1:246tcorrosion-resistant alloys 2:1308heat-resisting alloys–carburization effects 1:283intermetallic alloys 1:656, 1:658iron–chromium–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Mo) alloys 3:2233, 3:2234t,

3:2241iron–chromium–nickel–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mo) alloys 3:2236low-alloy steel 1:569nickel–molybdenum (Ni–Mo) alloyscorrosion resistance 3:1884, 3:1885fgalvanic corrosion 2:851thistorical development 3:1882tintergranular corrosion 2:819laser surface alloying (LSA) 4:2631major alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881ttime–temperature–notch impact energy diagram 3:1885f

quaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2244silicon–molybdenum iron (Si–Mo Fe) alloys 4:2784stainless steels 2:1232–1233, 2:1233f, 3:1809thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fTi15Mo5Zr3Al alloy 2:1313, 3:2164Ti6Al2Nb1Ta0.8Mo alloy 2:1313titanium molybdenum (TiMo) alloys 2:1312–1313uranium–molybdenum (U–Mo) alloys 3:2182, 3:2182t

anodic protection 4:2874t, 4:2888applications 3:2159aqueous corrosioncorrosion processescorrosion rates 3:2162tgalvanic corrosion 3:2163general discussion 3:2163high-temperature water 3:2163molybdenum alloys 3:2163oxidizing environments 3:2163

electrochemistryanodic behavior 3:2161passivation 3:2161potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:2161f, 3:2162fthermodynamics 3:2161

corrosion-resistant coatings 4:2995corrosivityaqueous corrosion 3:2161high-temperature corrosion 1:466f, 3:2164reducing environments 1:468f

crystal structure 1:55tdiffusion coatings 4:2535t, 4:2536tfabrication processes 3:2159, 3:2160thigh-temperature corrosionfused materials

Subject Index 3475


molybdenum (Mo) (continued)liquid metals 3:2165molten glasses 3:2165

gaseous environmentscarburization 3:2165halide-containing environments 3:2165nitridation 3:2165oxidation 3:2164, 3:2164tsulphidation 3:2164

protective treatments 3:2166inhibitive pigments 4:2652laser surface alloying (LSA) 4:2631mechanical properties 3:2137t, 3:2158, 3:2158tmolybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) 1:145f, 1:209, 1:210f, 1:552, 3:2301molybdenum nitride (Mo2N) 1:308fmolybdenum oxide (MoO2) 1:542fmolybdenum oxide (MoO3) 1:160t, 1:204f, 1:205, 1:477f, 3:2197fmolybdenum sulfide (MoS2) 3:2164nickel-based superalloys 1:693tnickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu)






alloy G-3acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909corrosion loss measurements 3:1894tcorrosion resistance 3:1891historical development 3:1882t

hydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907major alloying elements 3:1881t



nickel–chromium–molybdenum (Ni–Cr–Mo) alloysabove-water fastener selection 2:847falloy 22corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion resistance 3:1887hydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1217f, 2:1219f, 2:1220fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tnuclear waste isolation 2:767thermal stability 3:1890ttime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891f

alloy 59acetic acid production 3:1908corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion rates 3:1889f, 3:1905f, 3:1911fcorrosion resistance 3:1887, 3:1900fine and specialty chemicals 3:1910hydrochloric acid (HCl) isocorrosion diagram 3:1888fhydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907hydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1217f, 2:1219fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1906fpitting resistance 3:1894fpollution controls 3:1912sulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 3:1888fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903, 3:1904f,


alloy 625acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909alkali corrosion 2:1200fcorrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion rates 3:1889fcorrosion resistance 3:1890, 3:1899galvanic corrosion 2:849fhydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1217f, 2:1219fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tnuclear waste isolation 2:767phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1905pitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1900sulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 2:1243fthermal expansion coefficients 1:145ftime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891fvinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908



alloy C-4corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion resistance 3:1887, 3:1900hydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1220f

3476 Subject Index


major alloying elements 3:1881tmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909thermal expansion coefficients 1:145ftime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891ftoluene di-isocyanate (TDI) 3:1909

alloy C-276acetic acid production 3:1908acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion rates 3:1889fcorrosion resistance 3:1886, 3:1900galvanic corrosion 2:849fhydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907hydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1217f, 2:1219f, 2:1220fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1906fpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1900pollution controls 3:1912styrene production 3:1908sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1238f, 2:1240f,

2:1243fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 3:1887fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fthermal stability 3:1890ttime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891ftoluene di-isocyanate (TDI) 3:1909vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy MAT 21 3:1881t, 3:1889below-water fastener selection 2:849ffireside corrosion 1:480fflow-induced corrosion 2:982fgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:1119fgeneral discussion 3:1886historical development 3:1882thydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion 2:1215f, 2:1216fhydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1214fintergranular corrosion 2:819major alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881tmaterials selection 2:982f

occurrence 3:2157oxidation processes 1:204f, 1:205physical properties 3:2136t, 3:2158, 3:2158tproduction processes 3:2157–2158stainless steelsalloying elements 2:1232–1233, 2:1233f, 3:1809gradeschemical compositions 3:1810t, 3:1812t, 3:1825t, 3:1863tseawater corrosion 3:1856ttesting environments 3:1864t

surgical implantscobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy 2:764, 2:1310, 2:1314,

2:1317, 3:1927environmental conditions 2:1311health effects 2:1310, 2:1310t

monoethanolamine 4:2977Monte Carlo (MC) techniques 2:1550fmontmorillonite 2:1154morpholine 4:2977, 4:2998tmortarssilicate-based mortars 3:2341, 3:2342tsynthetic and natural resinsepoxy resins 3:2342, 3:2342tfurane resin 3:2341, 3:2342tphenolic resins 3:2342, 3:2342tpolyester resins 3:2342

vessel linings 3:2345Mott–Schottky analysis 2:1642–1643muck 3:2087t, 4:2563tmud cracking 4:2739mudschemical compositions 4:2942tclosed-loop water systems 4:2943cooling systems 4:2943, 4:2943fgeneral discussion 4:2941new-construction HVAC systems 4:2944

potable water lines 4:2944steam boiler systems 4:2941, 4:2942f

mullite 3:2296, 3:2302f, 3:2340multiple linear regression models 2:1553multistage flash (MSF) process 3:1863municipal solid waste 1:459, 1:459t, 1:460f, 1:460t, 1:464t, 1:465fmuscovite mica 3:2257t, 3:2263Mycobacterium avium 4:2951–2952

N

nails, archaeological 4:3312f, 4:3313f, 4:3318fnail sickness 2:1325, 3:2442–2443, 3:2445nanocrystalline alloysconventional corrosion-resistant materials 3:2202corrosion behavior 3:2201dealloying applications 2:802pitting potential 3:2201fprecipitated materials 3:2201repassivation potential 3:2201f

nanosilica 3:2354nanostructured coatings 4:2617nanotubes 3:2274, 3:2279fNational Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) 4:3057natural gas 1:459, 1:459t, 1:460f, 1:460tnatural rubber see rubbernatural waters see water (H2O)Navier–Stokes equations 2:1649near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy 2:1396–

1397neodymium (Nd)alumina-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609tchromia-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609tmagnesium alloys 3:2014–2015Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) laser 3:2024,

4:2623neon (Ne) 2:1053tneoprene 3:2473, 3:2473fNernst diffusion layer 1:22, 1:22f, 1:39f, 1:683, 2:1602–1603Nernst–Einstein relation 1:116, 2:1611–1613, 2:1648–1649Nernst equationchemical potential 1:8ionic solutions 1:27Mz+/M couple 1:25, 1:26tout-of-equilibrium conditions 1:38, 1:39fpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagramaluminum (Al) 1:31, 1:32fgeneral discussion 1:28gold (Au) 1:30, 1:30firon (Fe) 1:30–31, 1:31fpH and potential-dependent equilbrium 1:29, 1:29fpurely pH-dependent equilbrium 1:29, 1:29fpurely potential-dependent equilbrium 1:28, 1:29f

redox couples equilibrium potential values 1:26tuniform corrosion 2:725–726

Nernst’s diffusion boundary layer calculation 1:683neural network methods 2:1680–1692austenitic stainless steel pitting potential case studycarbonate concentration effects 2:1689fchloride concentration effects 2:1688fgeneral discussion 2:1687hydroxide concentration effects 2:1690fnitrate concentration effects 2:1689fsulfate concentration effects 2:1688ftemperature effects 2:1690f

basic conceptsgeneral discussion 2:1681–1682layered structure 2:1682flimitations 2:1682sigmoidal transfer function 2:1681f

confidence fitting techniques 2:1684, 2:1685fgeneral discussion 2:1690inconsistent data sets 2:1686industrial applications 2:1682training data requirements 2:1686variance estimations 2:1684, 2:1684f

Subject Index 3477


neutral cleaners 4:2485neutral glasses 3:2307, 3:2308t, 3:2309tneutralizing amine treatments 4:2977, 4:2986Newbuilding shipyard 4:2685, 4:2689new-construction HVAC systems 4:2944new rheo-casting (NRC) process 3:2022nickel (Ni)acid pickling 4:2992tage-hardenable nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–

Fe–Mo–Cu) alloys 3:1898alloy 400acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909alkali corrosion 2:1200fhydrofluoric acid (HF) production 2:1214f, 3:1907marine environments 2:1135, 2:1136tmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909oxidizing environments 2:1240fstyrene production 3:1908sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1247fvelocity factors 2:1241fvinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy 600alkali corrosion 2:1200f, 2:1202–1203, 2:1203faqueous corrosive environments 2:1136t, 3:1902, 3:1908hydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1214fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t

amorphous alloys 3:2193anodic protection 4:2874taqueous corrosive environments 3:1879–1915age-hardenable nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–

Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu) alloys 3:1898alloy 28corrosion loss measurements 3:1894t, 3:1895t, 3:1896t, 3:1897tphosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1905pitting potential 3:1895f

alloy 39 3:1911falloy 200 3:1902, 3:1908alloy 201 3:1902, 3:1902falloy 316 2:1238f, 2:1247f, 3:1897talloy 400acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909hydrofluoric acid (HF) production 2:1214f, 3:1907marine environments 2:1135, 2:1136tmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909oxidizing environments 2:1240fstyrene production 3:1908sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1247fvelocity factors 2:1241fvinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy 600 2:1136t, 3:1902, 3:1908alloy 617 3:1908alloy 690 2:1238f, 3:1896talloy 800 2:1136t, 3:1908alloy 904L 2:1238f, 3:1897t, 3:1906f, 4:3059t, 4:3060falloy 926acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909corrosion loss measurements 3:1894t, 3:1895thydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1906fpitting potential 3:1895fpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1897tpollution controls 3:1914stability limits 3:1895fstyrene production 3:1908vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy B-2 2:1238f, 2:1240f, 3:1903, 3:1907, 3:1908, 3:1909, 3:1911f,4:3058f

background information 3:1881chemical process industry and environmental technologyacetic acid production 3:1907acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909caustic soda (NaOH) production 3:1902fine and specialty chemicals 3:1910general discussion 3:1901hydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907methylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1905

pollution controls 3:1912styrene production 3:1908sulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903, 3:1904f,

3:1905ftank transport studies 3:1912toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) 3:1909vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

corrosion resistance 3:1882, 3:1883fgeneral discussion 3:1880historical development 3:1882tnickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu)

alloysalloy 20 2:831f, 2:1119f, 2:1128t, 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1897talloy 31 2:1237f, 3:1892alloy 33 2:1238f, 3:1892alloy 825 2:767, 2:1238f, 2:1243f, 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1897t,

3:1908alloy G-3 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1894t, 3:1907alloy G-30 2:1238f, 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1896tcorrosion resistance 3:1891historical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881t

nickel–chromium–molybdenum (Ni–Cr–Mo) alloysalloy 22 2:767, 3:1881t, 3:1887, 3:1888f, 3:1890t, 3:1891falloy 59 3:1887alloy 625 1:145f, 2:767, 2:849f, 2:1243f, 3:1890alloy 686 3:1881t, 3:1889, 3:1890t, 3:1891falloy 2000 2:1241f, 2:1247f, 3:1881t, 3:1889, 3:1890t,

3:1891falloy C-4 1:145f, 3:1881t, 3:1887, 3:1888f, 3:1891f, 3:1900alloy MAT 21 3:1881t, 3:1889general discussion 3:1886historical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881t


nickel–copper (Ni–Cu) alloyscorrosion resistance 3:1883galvanic corrosion 2:1119fhistorical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881t

nickel–molybdenum (Ni–Mo) alloyscorrosion resistance 3:1884, 3:1885fhistorical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881ttime–temperature–notch impact energy diagram

3:1885fprincipal alloys 3:1881, 3:1881twelded-state corrosion behaviorheat-affected zone (HAZ) 3:1894–1895, 3:1898, 3:1898fintercrystalline corrosion (IC) 3:1894–1895, 3:1900pitting resistance 3:1900surface conditions and treatment 3:1899

atmospheric corrosion 2:848fcarbon dioxide (CO2) environments 2:855fcoating characteristics 4:2525cobalt-based alloys 3:1918tcobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy 2:1314copper–nickel–beryllium (CuNiBe) intermetallic compound

3:2177corrosion potential 4:2591tcorrosion resistance 3:1882, 3:1883fcrystal structure 1:55tdiffusion coatings 4:2535telectrochemical scanning tunnel microscopy (ECSTM) 2:1436electroplated coatings 4:2584Ellingham diagram 1:652ferosion resistance 2:985fexchange current density 3:2217tgalvanic corrosion 2:850t, 2:851t, 2:1119fgalvanizing zinc melts 4:2570hydrogen sulfide (H2S) environments 2:855flaser surface alloying (LSA) 4:2631magnesium alloys 3:2016t, 3:2019tnickel alloys 2:767

3478 Subject Index


aircraft corrosion 4:3188talkali corrosionalloying element influences 2:1200fcorrosion rates 2:1200, 2:1202f, 2:1203fnickel–water system Pourbaix diagram 2:1201ftemperature effects 2:1202f

alloy 59acetic acid production 3:1908corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion rates 3:1889f, 3:1905f, 3:1911fcorrosion resistance 3:1887, 3:1900fine and specialty chemicals 3:1910hydrochloric acid (HCl) isocorrosion diagram 3:1888fhydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907major alloying elements 3:1881tmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1906fpitting resistance 3:1894fpollution controls 3:1912sulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 3:1888fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903, 3:1904f,






alloy 33caustic soda (NaOH) production 3:1902, 3:1902fcorrosion loss measurements 3:1896t, 3:1897tcorrosion resistance 3:1892, 3:1896fhistorical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881tpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1897t

sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1238fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 3:1897fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903

alloy 400acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909alkali corrosion 2:1200fhydrofluoric acid (HF) production 2:1214f, 3:1907marine environments 2:1135, 2:1136tmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909oxidizing environments 2:1240fstyrene production 3:1908sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1247fvelocity factors 2:1241fvinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy 600alkali corrosion 2:1200f, 2:1202–1203, 2:1203faqueous corrosive environments 2:1136t, 3:1902, 3:1908hydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1214fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t

alloy 617 3:1908alloy 690 2:1238f, 3:1896talloy 800 2:1136t, 3:1908alloy 904L 2:1238f, 3:1897t, 3:1906f, 4:3059t, 4:3060falloy 926acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909corrosion loss measurements 3:1894t, 3:1895thydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1906fpitting potential 3:1895fpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1897tpollution controls 3:1914stability limits 3:1895fstyrene production 3:1908vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy B-2 2:1238f, 2:1240f, 3:1903, 3:1907, 3:1908, 3:1909, 3:1911f,4:3058f


alumina-forming alloys 1:606–645breakaway oxidation 1:634compositions 1:607, 1:608t, 1:609tcreep rupture life 1:611fenvironmental conditions 1:637functionality 1:607general discussion 1:640hydrogen permeability 1:612fselective oxidation 1:612spalled oxide mass 1:610f, 1:617fsteady-state oxidation 1:621total mass gain 1:607, 1:610f, 1:614f, 1:617ftransient oxidation 1:617

anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acidsalloy 2000 2:1218falloy B 2:1217falloy B-3 2:1218fcompositions 2:1213tcorrosion rates 2:1212

Subject Index 3479


nickel (Ni) (continued)hydrobromic acid (HBr) 2:1217fhydrochloric acid (HCl) 2:1214f, 2:1215f, 2:1216f, 2:1217f, 2:1218f,

2:1220fhydrofluoric acid (HF) 2:1214f, 2:1219f



4:3058fbackground information 3:1881caustic soda (NaOH) production 3:1902chemical process industry and environmental technology 3:1901fine and specialty chemicals 3:1910general discussion 3:1880heat-affected zone (HAZ) 3:1898, 3:1898fhistorical development 3:1882thydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907intercrystalline corrosion (IC) 3:1894–1895, 3:1900materials selection 2:982fmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu)





3:1885fphosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1905pitting resistance 3:1900pollution controls 3:1912principal alloys 3:1881, 3:1881tstyrene production 3:1908sulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903, 3:1904f,


austenitic iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 1:296, 1:297austenitic nickel cast iron 3:1744, 3:1744f, 3:1745t, 3:1756tbrazed joints 3:2451carburizationdissolution thermodynamics 1:275tpermeability data 1:276treaction morphologies 1:276thermodynamic properties 1:276

cobalt-based alloys 3:1918tcobalt–nickel–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (CoNiCrAlY) alloys

1:537f, 4:2552comparison studies 1:595tcompositions 1:246t, 2:1213t, 2:1242tcopper–nickel–chromium (Cu–Ni–Cr) alloys 3:1943crevice corrosion 2:759–760cupronickel alloys 3:1942, 3:1952t, 3:1967diffusion coefficients 1:307tferritic chromium steels 1:501tgalvanic corrosion 3:1757tInconel alloys 1:354intergranular corrosion 2:819, 2:823t, 2:825tinternal corrosion risks 4:3217f, 4:3218f

iron- and nickel-based superalloys 1:310, 1:311firon–chromium–nickel–manganese (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mn) alloys


3:2236iron–nickel–cobalt (Fe–Ni–Co) alloys 1:551firon–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 3:1789–1801acid corrosion 3:1792, 3:1792tatmospheric corrosion 3:1790, 3:1791f, 3:1791tcarburization 1:296, 1:297diffusion coefficients 1:307telectrochemistry 3:1790, 3:1790ffireside corrosion 1:472ffreshwater environments 3:1791galvanic corrosion 3:1793, 3:1794tgeneral discussion 3:1790industrial environments 3:1792nitridation processes 1:307tphase diagram 1:70fsalt solutions 3:1792seawater corrosion 3:1791, 3:1791t, 3:1792tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1793, 3:1793t

iron–nickel–sulfur (Fe–Ni–S) alloys 1:244f, 1:245flow-alloy steels 1:568maraging steelsacid corrosion 3:1795applications 3:1800atmospheric corrosion 3:1795, 3:1797fcompositions 3:1793, 3:1795tfabrication processes 3:1794industrial environments 3:1795mechanical properties 3:1794, 3:1796tnatural environments 3:1795physical properties 3:1795tseawater corrosion 3:1795, 3:1797fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1796structural characteristics 3:1794

marine corrosion 2:1135, 2:1136tmetal dusting 1:293, 1:294f, 1:295f, 1:296f, 1:297nickel aluminides (NiAl/Ni3Al)

alumina scale formation 1:547f, 1:623f, 1:652f,1:654f

aluminide coatings 1:665, 1:665f, 3:2188characteristics 1:646chlorine-containing environments 1:661coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) 1:632fcompositions 1:609tcrystal structure 1:104, 1:648fdislocations 1:106–107internal oxidation 1:633microstructure 1:651parabolic rate constants 1:624tpartial pressure effects 1:654phase diagram 1:649fporosity 1:651reactive element additions 1:227t, 1:655scale adhesion 1:223scale properties 1:650sulfur-containing environments 1:660sulfur impurities 1:230, 1:231f, 1:654–655water vapor effects 1:637, 1:638f, 1:654

nickel–chromium–aluminum (Ni–Cr–Al) alloysbase metal oxide formation 1:617, 1:618f, 1:619fcompositions 1:609t, 1:693tdepletion profiles 1:695fdiffusion-controlled internal nitridation 1:307fhigh-temperature oxidation 1:613, 1:614f, 1:692, 1:693fnitridation processes 1:639oxide map 1:614fplatinum-group metal effects 1:616reactive element additions 1:227tspecimen mass gain 1:619fsulfur impurities 1:230, 1:231fthermodynamic stability 1:308, 1:308f


nickel–chromium–cobalt (Ni–Cr–Co) alloys 1:250

3480 Subject Index



alloy 20 2:831f, 2:1119f, 2:1128t, 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1897talloy 825 2:767, 2:1238f, 2:1243f, 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1897t,

3:1908alloy G-3 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1894t, 3:1907alloy G-30 2:1238f, 3:1881t, 3:1882t, 3:1891, 3:1896tcorrosion resistance 3:1891historical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881t

nickel–chromium–molybdenum (Ni–Cr–Mo) alloysabove-water fastener selection 2:847falloy 22 2:767, 3:1881t, 3:1887, 3:1888f, 3:1890t, 3:1891falloy 686 3:1881t, 3:1889, 3:1890t, 3:1891falloy 2000 2:1241f, 2:1247f, 3:1881t, 3:1889, 3:1890t, 3:1891falloy C-4 1:145f, 3:1881t, 3:1887, 3:1888f, 3:1891f, 3:1900alloy C-276 1:145f, 2:849f, 2:1240f, 2:1243f, 3:1886alloy MAT 21 3:1881t, 3:1889below-water fastener selection 2:849fcorrosion resistance 3:1886fireside corrosion 1:480fgalvanic corrosion 2:1119fgalvanic series 2:831fgeneral discussion 3:1886historical development 3:1882thydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion 2:1215f, 2:1216fhydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1214fintergranular corrosion 2:819major alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881t

nickel–chromium (Ni–Cr) alloysalumina scale formation 1:623fanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1209fcarburization kinetics 1:279tcarburization rate variations 1:280fchromia (Cr2O3) scale growth mechanisms 1:419, 1:421fchromium carbide precipitation 1:277tcoefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) 1:632fcorrosion resistance 3:1885, 3:1886f, 3:1900galvanic corrosion 2:1119fhigh temperature oxidation behavior 1:554f, 1:592, 1:593thistorical development 3:1882thydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1214finternal carbides 1:277tinternal nitridation processes 1:308–309, 1:309fmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881tmechanical properties 1:584minor alloying element addition effects 1:424f, 1:425f, 1:426fmolybdenum additives 3:2159oxide overlay coatings 1:698fphase diagram 1:586fscale adhesion 1:627, 1:628fsteam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:430, 1:431f, 1:432fsulfidation corrosion 1:247ftime to breakaway 1:636fvanadium attacks 1:472f

nickel–cobalt–aluminum–yttrium (NiCoAlY) alloys 4:2624–2625nickel–copper (Ni–Cu) alloyscorrosion protection methods 2:1143corrosion resistance 3:1883erosion resistance 2:985fflow-induced corrosion 2:982fgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:854t, 2:1119f, 3:1845fhistorical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881tmarine environments 2:1131, 2:1132t, 2:1133f, 2:1134f, 2:1135materials selection 2:982fmetal dusting 1:296, 1:296fphase diagram 1:64fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t

nickel–iron–chromium (Ni–Fe–Cr) alloyscarbide precipitation zones 1:281fcarburization rate variations 1:280fcast refractory iron–nickel–chromium (Fe–Ni–Cr) alloys 1:603tcathodic modification 3:2235coke deposition 1:292fgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:1119fglobal rating parameter (KB4) 1:594, 1:596f

high temperature oxidation behavior 1:552f, 1:593, 1:593f, 1:594fintergranular corrosion 2:819intragranular corrosion 2:1478metal dusting 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fpost-carburization appearance 1:282fsulfidation corrosion 1:250surface alloying processes 3:2240wrought refractory iron–nickel–chromium (Fe–Ni–Cr) alloys 1:599t,

1:600tnickel–molybdenum (Ni–Mo) alloyscorrosion resistance 3:1884, 3:1885fgalvanic corrosion 2:851thistorical development 3:1882tintergranular corrosion 2:819major alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881ttime–temperature–notch impact energy diagram 3:1885f

nickel-resist cast ironsacetic acid corrosion 3:1767tcharacteristics 3:1750corrosion rates 3:1753f, 3:1753tgaseous environments 3:1785t, 3:1786thydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion 3:1765tsalt solution corrosion 3:1768t, 3:1769tseawater corrosion 2:1125, 2:1125t, 3:1760f, 3:1761f, 3:1762t,

3:1761fnickel silvers 3:1943, 3:1952tnickel–sulfur (Ni–S) alloys 1:242, 1:243f, 1:245fnickel titanium (NiTi) alloys 2:764, 2:1312–1313, 2:1314nitridation resistance 1:309fprocess equipment materials 4:3210f, 4:3211quaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2244scaling index 1:584tsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:510, 1:511f, 1:512fstainless steels 2:1232–1233, 3:1809stress growth measurements 1:159tsulfuric acid (H2SO4)

anodic polarization curves 2:1239fchloride contamination 2:1241fcorrosion rates 2:1238, 2:1239firon alloying influences 2:1240foxidizing environments 2:1240fperformance characteristics 2:1241, 2:1242f, 2:1242t, 2:1243fprotection mechanisms 2:1238, 2:1239fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 2:1242f, 2:1243fvelocity factors 2:1241f

superalloyscompositions 1:693thigh-temperature oxidation 1:692, 1:693fmolybdenum additives 3:2159

welding processes 3:2461nickel aluminate (NiAl2O4) 1:182tnickel aluminides (NiAl/Ni3Al)

alumina scale formation 1:547f, 1:623f, 1:652f, 1:654faluminide coatings 1:665, 1:665f, 3:2188characteristics 1:646chlorine-containing environments 1:661coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) 1:632fcompositions 1:609tcrystal structure 1:104, 1:648fdislocations 1:106–107internal oxidation 1:633microstructure 1:651outward grown diffusion coatings 4:2538, 4:2539fpack aluminizing process 4:2534, 4:2537f, 4:2538fparabolic rate constants 1:624tpartial pressure effects 1:654phase diagram 1:649f, 4:2539fplatinum aluminide coatings 4:2544, 4:2545fporosity 1:651reactive element additions 1:227t, 1:655reactive element-modified aluminides 4:2549scale adhesion 1:223scale properties 1:650sulfur-containing environments 1:660sulfur impurities 1:230, 1:231f, 1:654–655thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fwater vapor effects 1:637, 1:638f, 1:654

Subject Index 3481


nickel (Ni) (continued)nickel anode plating 4:2586–2587, 4:2587f, 4:2588tnickel chloride (NiCl2) 1:329f, 1:403f, 1:479fnickel chromate (NiCr2O4) 1:182tnickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu)









nickel–chromium–molybdenum (Ni–Cr–Mo) alloysabove-water fastener selection 2:847falloy 22

corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion resistance 3:1887hydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1217f, 2:1219f, 2:1220fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tnuclear waste isolation 2:767thermal stability 3:1890ttime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891f

alloy 59acetic acid production 3:1908corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion rates 3:1889f, 3:1905f, 3:1911fcorrosion resistance 3:1887, 3:1900fine and specialty chemicals 3:1910hydrochloric acid (HCl) isocorrosion diagram 3:1888fhydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907hydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1217f, 2:1219fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1906fpitting resistance 3:1894fpollution controls 3:1912sulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 3:1888fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903, 3:1904f,


alloy 625acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909alkali corrosion 2:1200fcorrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion rates 3:1889fcorrosion resistance 3:1890, 3:1899galvanic corrosion 2:849fhydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1217f, 2:1219fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tnuclear waste isolation 2:767phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1905pitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1900sulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 2:1243fthermal expansion coefficients 1:145ftime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891fvinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908



alloy C-4corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion resistance 3:1887, 3:1900hydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1220fmajor alloying elements 3:1881tmethylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909thermal expansion coefficients 1:145ftime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891ftoluene di-isocyanate (TDI) 3:1909

alloy C-276acetic acid production 3:1908acrylic acid/acrylate ester production 3:1909corrosion loss diagram 3:1888fcorrosion rates 3:1889fcorrosion resistance 3:1886, 3:1900galvanic corrosion 2:849fhydrofluoric acid (HF) production 3:1907hydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1217f, 2:1219f, 2:1220fmajor alloying elements 3:1881t

3482 Subject Index


methylene di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) 3:1909phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production 3:1906fpitting resistance 3:1894f, 3:1900pollution controls 3:1912styrene production 3:1908sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1238f, 2:1240f, 2:1243fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 3:1887fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) production and handling 3:1903thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fthermal stability 3:1890ttime–temperature–sensitization diagram 3:1891ftoluene di-isocyanate (TDI) 3:1909vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production 3:1908

alloy MAT 21 3:1881t, 3:1889below-water fastener selection 2:849ffireside corrosion 1:480fflow-induced corrosion 2:982fgeneral discussion 3:1886historical development 3:1882thydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion 2:1215f, 2:1216fhydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1214fintergranular corrosion 2:819major alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881tmaterials selection 2:982f

nickel–chromium (Ni–Cr) alloysanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1209fcarburizationcarburization kinetics 1:279tchromium carbide precipitation 1:277tinternal carbides 1:277trate variations 1:280f

corrosion resistance 3:1885, 3:1886f, 3:1900historical development 3:1882thydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1214finternal nitridation processes 1:308–309, 1:309fmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881toxide overlay coatings 1:698fscaling index 1:584tvanadium attacks 1:472f

nickel–copper (Ni–Cu) alloyscorrosion protection methods 2:1143corrosion resistance 3:1883erosion resistance 2:985fflow-induced corrosion 2:982fgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:854t, 2:1119f, 3:1845fhistorical development 3:1882tmajor alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881tmarine environments 2:1131, 2:1132t, 2:1133f, 2:1134f, 2:1135materials selection 2:982fmetal dusting 1:296, 1:296fphase diagram 1:64fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t

nickel–molybdenum (Ni–Mo) alloyscorrosion resistance 3:1884, 3:1885fgalvanic corrosion 2:851thistorical development 3:1882tintergranular corrosion 2:819laser surface alloying (LSA) 4:2631major alloying elements 3:1881, 3:1881ttime–temperature–notch impact energy diagram 3:1885f

nickel oxide (NiO)amorphous alloys 3:2197fcrystal structure 1:104diffusion processes 1:124, 1:125f, 1:126f, 1:127dislocations 1:106–107Ellingham diagram 1:652fenamel frit compositions 3:2321t, 3:2331tequilibrium oxygen partial pressure 1:410ffracture toughness values 1:168tfree energy 1:542fgeneral discussion 1:197growth rate 1:199, 1:200fhigh-temperature oxidation 1:182t, 1:183foxidation tendencies 1:389foxide basicity 1:477foxide solubility 1:476–477, 1:476fPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:146t, 1:160t

point defects 1:113, 1:127Poisson ratios 1:170tscale failure strain measurements 1:167tsolubility plot 1:320f, 1:321fstress curve growth–time plot 1:158fstress growth measurements 1:159tstructural characteristics 1:197, 1:198fsuperheater deposit composition 1:464tsurface fracture energies 1:170ttransient stage oxidation 1:197transport processes 1:199

nickel–phosphorus (Ni–P) alloys 3:2197–2198, 3:2198fnickel plating 4:3184tnickel titanium (NiTi) alloys 2:764, 2:1312–1313, 2:1314nickel–water system Pourbaix diagram 2:1201fnitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252toxidation processesgeneral discussion 1:197growth rate 1:199, 1:200fhigh-temperature oxidation 1:182t, 1:183fstructural characteristics 1:197, 1:198ftransient stage oxidation 1:197transport processes 1:199

pitting corrosion 2:774tproduction processes 3:1862redox couples equilibrium potential values 1:26tstainless steelsalloying elements 2:1232–1233, 3:1809gradeschemical compositions 3:1810t, 3:1812t, 3:1825t, 3:1863t, 3:1874tseawater corrosion 3:1856ttesting environments 3:1864t

standard reduction potential 3:2074tsulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1178sulfidation corrosion 1:246fsurgical implantshealth effects 2:1310, 2:1310thistorical background 2:1308

zinc–nickel (Zn–Ni) coatings 4:3188tzirconium (Zr)-based bulk metallic glasses 3:2199

Nimonic alloyscoefficient of friction 1:380f‘glaze’ formation 1:379Incoloy 800HT counterfaces 1:364, 1:366f, 1:367fload effects 1:366, 1:368f, 1:371Nimonic alloys–Stellite 6 wear-affected surfaces studyrelevant element oxidation tendencies 1:389fscanning electron microscopy (SEM) 1:381f, 1:383scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)aluminum oxide segregation 1:387f‘glaze’ formation 1:382f, 1:383, 1:384fsliding wear comparisons 1:388fspectral data 1:392twear effects 1:385f, 1:386f

structural characteristics 1:387, 1:390f, 1:391fwear maps 1:393, 1:394f

processing route effects 1:371silicon nitride (SiN/Si3N4) counterface 1:371, 1:372fsliding wear comparisons 1:371Stellite 6 counterface 1:366wear effects 1:366f, 1:367f, 1:369f, 1:370f, 1:372fweight change comparisons 1:380f

niobium (Nb) 3:2135–2150alloysalumina-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609t, 1:615famorphous alloys 3:2193chromia-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609tchromium–niobium (Cr–Nb) alloys 1:549–550, 1:550f, 1:589, 3:2198–

2199, 3:2198f, 3:2199f, 3:2202compositions 1:246theat-resisting alloys–carburization effects 1:284, 1:284fintermetallic alloysnickel aluminides (NiAl/Ni3Al) 1:656niobium aluminides 1:660titanium aluminides (TiAl/Ti3Al) 1:658

mechanical properties 3:2137t, 3:2137nickel-based superalloys 1:693t

Subject Index 3483


niobium (Nb) (continued)stainless steels 3:1811Ti18Nb4Sn alloy 2:1314Ti6Al2Nb1Ta0.8Mo alloy 2:1313titanium niobium (TiNb) alloys 2:1312–1313uranium–niobium (U–Nb) alloys 3:2182, 3:2182t

applications 3:2139t, 3:2138corrosion processesanodic oxide films 3:2141, 3:2141taqueous corrosive environmentsalkali corrosion 3:2146t, 3:2145aqueous salts 3:2147fluorine (F) 3:2144, 3:2146galvanic corrosion 3:2146hydrochloric acid (HCl) 3:2145fhydrogen embrittlement 3:2146mineral acids 3:2144sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 3:2145f

corrosion behavior 3:2142gaseous environmentshalide-containing environments 3:2144hydride formation 3:2144nitridation 3:2144oxidation 3:2143

liquid metals 3:2147organic compounds 3:2148passive films 3:2142

diffusion coatings 4:2535t, 4:2536teconomic considerations 3:2138electrochemistryhydride formation 3:2139, 3:2144potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:2140fthermodynamics 3:2139

fabrication processes 3:2137historical background 3:2135industrial applicationsanodes 3:2148chemical process equipment 3:2148medical/in vivo applications 3:2148

mechanical properties 3:2137t, 3:2137t, 3:2136niobium beryllide (NbBe2) 3:2177niobium carbide (NbC) 1:275tniobium nitride (NbN) 1:308fniobium oxide (Nb2O5) 1:146t, 1:203, 1:204f, 3:2197fniobium oxide (NbO) 1:542fnitric acid (HNO3)

containment materials 2:1255corrosion reactions 2:1252

nitridation processes 1:400environmental conditions 1:549

occurrence 3:2136oxidation processes 1:203, 1:204fphysical properties 3:2136, 3:2136tplatinized niobium anodes 4:2795, 4:2795t, 4:2813, 4:2814tproduction processes 3:2136stainless steels 3:1811

Nitinol 2:764nitrile rubber (NBR) 3:2410–2411, 3:2412t, 3:2413f, 3:2416t, 3:2431Nitrobacter spp. 2:1183nitroethane 3:2380tnitrogen (N)aluminum nitride (AlN) 3:2301nitridation processescomputer simulation modelling 1:314fdiffusion-controlled internal nitridation 1:306, 1:307fgeneral discussion 1:314heat-resisting alloys 1:260iron- and nickel-based superalloys 1:310, 1:311flaser gas nitriding (LGS) 4:2632–2633mechanical/kinetic effects 1:311, 1:312fthermodynamic stability 1:308, 1:308f

thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fammonia (NH3)

aluminum coatings 4:2564fammonia–nitric acid–sulfuric acid–water (NH3–HNO3–H2SO4–H2O)

systems 2:1058ammonia–nitric acid–water (NH3–HNO3–H2O) systems 2:1058

ammonium bisulfide (NH4HS) 4:3221–3223ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) 3:1769t, 4:2537tammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) 3:1769t, 4:2883anodic protection 4:2874tammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) 4:2883aqueous ammonia solutions 4:2884

atmospheric gases 2:1053t, 2:1054coal plant ammonia absorber system 4:3140, 4:3141fcombustion conditions 1:461fdry deposition rates 2:1073tenvironmental conditions 2:1082tflue gas composition 1:462tglass linings and coatings 3:2324tHenry’s law coefficients for common gases 2:1056, 2:1056tnitridation processes 1:400process equipment risk management 4:3217f, 4:3219, 4:3220f, 4:3220train chemistry 2:1063f, 2:1064tsteam boiler systems 4:2977, 4:2986sulfuric acid–ammonia–water (H2SO4–NH3–H2O) systems 2:1057,

2:1058ftin corrosivity 3:2073water chemistry 2:1096, 2:1098t

atmospheric gases 2:1053t, 2:1054, 2:1054tboron nitride (BN)advanced technical ceramicscomparative attack rates 3:2302fcorrosion resistance 1:679, 3:2285cubic boron nitride (CBN) 3:2301hexagonal boron nitride (HBN) 3:2301hydrolysis processes 3:2301fmaterial types 3:2301

nitridation processes 1:308fcalcium nitrite (CaNO2) 4:2997cellulose nitrate 4:3331chromium nitride (CrN/Cr2N)

nitridation processescomputer simulation modelling 1:314fdiffusion-controlled internal nitridation 1:306, 1:307fgeneral discussion 1:314heat-resisting alloys 1:260iron- and nickel-based superalloys 1:310, 1:311fthermodynamic stability 1:308, 1:308f

flue gas composition 1:462t, 1:463tfuel chemistry 1:459, 1:459t, 1:461fhigh-temperature tribocorrosion 1:373iron nitride (Fe4N)

internal nitridation processes 1:260nitridation processesdiffusion-controlled internal nitridation 1:306heat-resisting alloys 1:260thermodynamic stability 1:308, 1:308f

lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) 3:2060tmolecular nitrogen (N2) 2:1053tmolybdenum nitride (Mo2N) 1:308fniobium nitride (NbN) 1:308fnitrate (NO3) 2:1056t, 2:1063f, 2:1064t, 2:1082tnitric acid (HNO3) 2:1250–1269acid pickling 4:2990, 4:2993talumina ceramics 3:2290, 3:2291t, 3:2292f, 3:2302faluminum alloys 3:1998, 3:1999faluminum coatings 4:2564fammonia–nitric acid–sulfuric acid–water (NH3–HNO3–H2SO4–H2O)

systems 2:1058ammonia–nitric acid–water (NH3–HNO3–H2O) systems 2:1058amorphous alloys 3:2193applications 2:1250aqueous nitric acid (HNO3) corrosivity

base metals 2:1250concentration amount 2:1250noble metals 2:1250passive metals 2:1252, 2:1253f, 2:1263

atmospheric gases 2:1054cast iron corrosion 3:1765, 3:1766fcontainment materialsaluminum (Al) 2:1255, 2:1255fcorrosion rates 2:1253t, 2:1256fgeneral discussion 2:1252

3484 Subject Index


hafnium (Hf) 2:1255niobium (Nb) 2:1255stainless steels 2:1253, 2:1253t, 2:1254f, 2:1256ftantalum (Ta) 2:1255titanium/titanium alloys 2:1254, 2:1254tzirconium (Zr) 2:1255

corrosion-influencing factorscold work 2:1260, 2:1260fdissolved oxidizing species 2:1261, 2:1262f,

2:1263fdissolved reducing species 2:1263, 2:1264f, 2:1265theat transfer 2:1266ionizing radiation 2:1264, 2:1265f, 2:1266fliquor-line corrosion effects 2:1267nitrous acid gases 2:1260, 2:1261fpassive metals 2:1263solution boiling 2:1265vapor regions 2:1267welds 2:1259, 2:1259f

corrosion mechanismscorrosion fatigue 2:1258crevice corrosion 2:1257end grain corrosion 2:1256f, 2:1257, 2:1257ferosion 2:1258fretting corrosion 2:1258galvanic corrosion 2:1259intragranular corrosion 2:1255, 2:1256fpassivity–transpassivity continuum 2:1255stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:1258

corrosion test methodsin-service corrosion rates 2:1267nickel–iron–chromium (Ni–Fe–Cr) alloys 2:1478nitric acid–hydrofluoric acid (HNO3–HF) test 2:1479t, 2:1480f,

2:1480t, 2:1482ranking tests 2:1267

corrosivityaqueous nitric acid (HNO3) 2:1250pure nitric acid (HNO3) 2:1250, 2:1252t

dry deposition rates 2:1073tglass linings and coatings 3:2324tHenry’s law coefficients for common gases 2:1056, 2:1056tinhibitors 4:2990ionizing radiation effectsaqueous environments 2:1337atmospheric environments 2:1337stainless steel corrosion 2:1337

lead corrosivity 3:2063nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu)

alloys 3:1896t, 3:1897tnitric acid–hydrofluoric acid (HNO3–HF) test 2:1479t, 2:1480f, 2:1480t,

2:1482noble metal corrosion resistance 3:2216tprocess equipment risk management 4:3217fstainless steels 3:1842tin passivation 3:2071wood degradation effects 3:2443–2444zirconium corrosivity 3:2119, 3:2122f, 3:2124t, 3:2131

nitric oxide (NO) 1:462t, 2:1053t, 2:1054, 2:1054t, 2:1073tnitridation processes 1:304–315alloysbasic concepts 1:260corrosion mechanisms 1:262environment-based alloy selection 1:549, 1:550f, 1:551fequipment concerns 1:260general discussion 1:267predictive modeling 1:261f, 1:262pressure effects 1:263f, 1:264f, 1:265fthermochemistry 1:262transition stages 1:265f

alumina-forming alloys 1:549, 1:639computer simulation modelling 1:313, 1:313f, 1:314fenvironmental conditions 1:400, 1:549general discussion 1:314heat-resisting alloysbasic concepts 1:260environment-based alloy selection 1:549, 1:550f, 1:551firon- and nickel-based superalloys 1:310, 1:311f

mechanical/kinetic effects 1:311, 1:312fprotective measures 1:312

internal nitridation attacks 1:304, 1:305flaser gas nitriding (LGS) 4:2632molybdenum nitride (Mo2N) 3:2165niobium (Nb) 3:2144tantalum (Ta) 3:2144thermodynamicsdiffusion coefficients 1:307tdiffusion-controlled internal nitridation 1:306, 1:306f, 1:307f, 1:308finternal–external nitridation transition 1:309, 1:310fnitrogen-containing gas atmospheres 1:305, 1:305fsolvent surface protrusions 1:307fstability conditions 1:308, 1:308f

nitriles 4:2992tnitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) 4:2981nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

atmospheric gases 2:1053t, 2:1054, 2:1054tdry deposition rates 2:1073tenvironmental conditions 2:1082tHenry’s law coefficients for common gases 2:1056tsteel corrosion 3:1715transport mechanisms 2:1067f

nitrous acidcorrosivity 2:1260, 2:1261f, 2:1337dry deposition rates 2:1073t

nitrous oxide (N2O) 2:1053t, 2:1054, 2:1067fpitting corrosion 2:774tprocess equipment risk management 4:3217fsilico-carbonitrides 1:680silicon nitride (SiN/Si3N4)

advanced technical ceramicscomparative attack rates 3:2302fcorrosion resistance 1:678, 3:2285hot corrosion 1:678–679material types 3:2299penetration time–temperature plot 1:679freaction-bonded silicon nitrides 3:2300sintered silicon nitrides 3:2300

high-temperature tribocorrosion 1:355f, 1:360f, 1:364f, 1:365f, 1:371,1:372f

nitridation processes 1:308fsilicon carbide (SiC) bricks 3:2339, 3:2340t

sodium nitrite (NaNO2) 3:2331tsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:497tstainless steelsalloying elements 3:1810gradeschemical compositions 3:1810t, 3:1812t, 3:1825t, 3:1863t,

3:1874tseawater corrosion 3:1856ttesting environments 3:1864t

tantalum nitride (TaN) 1:308ftitanium nitride (TiN)ceramics 1:680coatings 2:1316, 2:1319, 4:2632corrosion resistance 1:680historical background 2:1308nitridation processescomputer simulation modelling 1:314fdiffusion-controlled internal nitridation 1:306general discussion 1:314internal nitridation processes 1:260, 1:309f, 1:310, 1:310firon- and nickel-based superalloys 1:310, 1:311flaser gas nitriding (LGS) 4:2632mechanical/kinetic effects 1:311, 1:312fthermodynamic stability 1:308, 1:308f

oral cavity environment 2:1312–1313thermal expansion coefficients 1:145f

water chemistry 2:1096, 2:1098t, 4:2937–2938, 4:2939tzirconium nitride (ZrN) 1:308f

Nitrosomonas spp. 2:1183noble gases 2:1053tnoble metals 3:2205–2223alumina-forming alloys 1:616, 1:617f, 1:631anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1223cathodic modification 3:2224–2249

Subject Index 3485


noble metals (continued)background information 3:2226basic conceptsactive–passive state 3:2227, 3:2228factive state 3:2227, 3:2228fgeneral discussion 3:2227passive state 3:2227, 3:2228ftranspassive state 3:2228, 3:2228f

chromium alloys 3:2241chromium/chromium-based alloysgeneral discussion 3:2230kinetic effects 3:2230

corrosion resistance 3:2241tcurrent research areas 3:2245general discussion 3:2225, 3:2247iron–40% chromium–platinum-group metals (Fe–40% Cr–PGM)

system 3:2243passivation processes 3:2225, 3:2226fpassive film growth and structure analysis 3:2242process mechanisms 3:2229quaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2244Russian research 3:2242schematic diagram 3:2227fstainless steelscorrosion rates 3:2232tduplex stainless steels 3:2237, 3:2238t, 3:2239f, 3:2241tgalvanic coupling 3:2237iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloys 3:2231, 3:2235firon–chromium–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Mo) alloys 3:2233, 3:2234t,

3:2241iron–chromium–nickel–manganese (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mn) alloys 3:2236iron–chromium–nickel–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mo) alloys 3:2236nickel–iron–chromium (Ni–Fe–Cr) alloys 3:2235, 3:2240surface alloying processes 3:2240, 3:2241t


coating characteristics 4:2526corrosion behaviorgeneral discussion 3:2212gold (Au)anodic processes 3:2214dealloying 3:2215extraction processes 3:2214nanoporous materials 3:2215

platinum-group metalsanodic processes 3:2215cathodic processes/hydrogen evolution 3:2216, 3:2217tcorrosion resistance 3:2216texchange current densities 3:2217textraction processes 3:2216secondary recovery 3:2216

silver (Ag)anodic processes 3:2212atmospheric corrosion 3:2213tarnishing 3:2213

corrosion resistancegeneral discussion 3:2246hydrochloric acid (HCl) 3:2246sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 3:2246

high-temperature propertiesgold (Au) 3:2217platinum-group metals 3:2217, 3:2218tsilver (Ag) 3:2217

intermetallic alloysalloyed aluminide coatings 1:665nickel aluminides (NiAl/Ni3Al) 1:656oxidation processes 1:659titanium aluminides (TiAl/Ti3Al) 1:658–659

iron–40% chromium–platinum-group metals (Fe–40% Cr–PGM)system 3:2243

production background 3:2206propertiesdispersion strengthened alloys 3:2209

general discussion 3:2206gold (Au) 3:2206, 3:2207tplatinum-group metals 3:2207t, 3:2208platinum–iridium (Pt–Ir) alloys 3:2209platinum–rhodium (Pt–Rh) alloys 3:2209platinum–ruthenium (Pt–Ru) alloys 3:2209silver (Ag) 3:2206, 3:2207t

quaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2244redox couples equilibrium potential values 1:26tselected applicationsanodescathodic protection 3:2222dimensionally stable anodes 3:2221

chemical process equipmentbursting discs 3:2218linings 3:2218spinnerets 3:2218

dental restorations 3:2220, 3:2220telectrical contact materials 3:2221high-temperature materialsfurnace windings 3:2219gas turbines 3:2220metal joining 3:2219molten glasses and salts 3:2219temperature measurement 3:2220

medical sensing and electrodes 3:2221supply/demand estimations 3:2207tthermodynamic behaviorgeneral discussion 3:2209gold (Au) 3:2210, 3:2211fplatinum-group metals 3:2210, 3:2211fsilver (Ag) 3:2209, 3:2210f

nonbiocidal coatings 4:2692, 4:2692tnonosmotic blistering 4:2732nonthermal spraying techniquesair spraying 4:2610, 4:2638electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) 4:2611, 4:2640

Normal (Gaussian) distribution statistical method 2:1550, 2:1550f, 2:1552fNorth Sea 2:1109tnuclear graphiteenhanced radiolytic oxidation 3:2281radiation damage 3:2280

Nusselt number 2:1610nylon 3:2379t, 3:2383, 3:2385t, 3:2388fNyquist plot of impedance data 1:325f, 2:1359, 2:1360f

O

oak 2:1325tobeche 2:1325toctane 3:2380toctanol 3:2380tOddy test 4:3313–3314Office of Pipeline Safety (US) 4:3273offshore drilling structures 4:2824fOhm’s law 2:1343Ohriner–Morall theory 1:281–282oil and gas industryacidic inhibitors 4:2994, 4:2994tcorrosion management 4:3230–3269chemical injection systemscarbon dioxide (CO2)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) content 4:3260common treatments 4:3260inhibitor residuals 4:3261iron counts 4:3261oxygen monitoring 4:3261pH measurements 4:3261temperature/pressure measurements 4:3260

chemical treatments 4:2900–2929batch treatments 4:2907f, 4:2907continuous treatments 4:2906f, 4:2905corrosion inhibition 4:2908corrosion reactions 4:2902f, 4:2901data management strategies 4:2928f, 4:2927emulsion cleaners 4:2905f, 4:2903field applications 4:2905

3486 Subject Index


inhibition risk evaluation/mitigation monitoring 4:2926t, 4:2925inhibitors 4:2905f, 4:2903injection failures 4:2906f, 4:2906microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 4:2922f, 4:2920pipelines 4:2902fprogram management strategies 4:2924f, 4:2925t, 4:2923scale inhibition/control 4:2916squeeze treatments 4:2907f, 4:2907–2908treating terminology 4:2903

communication and management structureaudit/compliance reviews 4:3266contractual structure 4:3265corrosion management team 4:3264key performance indicators (KPIs) 4:3266t, 4:3265management of change (MoC) procedures 4:3265ongoing improvement practices 4:3266

corrosion inhibitionadsorption inhibition processes 4:2909f, 4:2910f, 4:2908chemical treatments 4:2902f, 4:2903general discussion 4:2908inhibitor performance analysis 4:2910f, 4:2910inhibitor testing 4:2911

corrosion threat characteristics 4:3233, 4:3235fdesign guidelinescommissioning procedures 4:3255data management systems 4:3255documentation 4:3250engineering considerations 4:3253general discussion 4:3250

documentation guidelinescathodic protection (CP) systems 4:3253chemical injection systems 4:3251corrosion management philosopy 4:3251material selection reports 4:3250, 4:3252f

engineering considerationscorrosion allowances 4:3253corrosion threat minimization 4:3253, 4:3254finaccessible pipework 4:3253insulation 4:3254pigging facilities 4:3254

fabrication/construction guidelinescommissioning procedures 4:3256integrity management systems 4:3256quality assurance (QA)/quality control (QC) 4:3255

Front End Engineering Design (FEED)basic concepts 4:3243corrosion risk analysis 4:3247, 4:3247fdata availability 4:3244financial projections 4:3247finstallation and operational considerations 4:3248, 4:3250flaboratory tests 4:3247modeling approaches 4:3244, 4:3245f, 4:3246fprocurement considerations 4:3248quality assurance (QA) practices 4:3248risk matrices 4:3247, 4:3247f

general discussion 4:3233, 4:3267industry drivers and changes 4:3238inhibitor testingautoclave tests 4:2914bubble tests 4:2911compatibility tests 4:2915f, 4:2914field deployment tests 4:2914general discussion 4:2911jet impingement tests 4:2914persistency tests 4:2913f, 4:2913rotating cylinder electrode (RCE)/flow loops tests 4:2912f,

4:2912weld corrosion 4:2914f, 4:2915f, 4:2914

inspection techniques 4:3160management process guidelines 4:3240, 4:3242fmicrobially-induced corrosion (MIC)bacteria monitoring techniques/serial dilution 4:2922f, 4:2920biocide application procedures 4:2922biocide treatments 4:2922corrosion effects 4:2922f, 4:2920

mitigation approachespipelines 4:3236–3237

process plants 4:3238subsurface environments 4:3236

monitoring techniquesbackground information 4:3121, 4:3124case studies 4:3138economic factors 4:3136tfield signature method (FSM) 4:3131, 4:3132f, 4:3133fgeneral discussion 4:3135survey response findings 4:3124t

operations phasechemical injection systems 4:3260communication and management structure 4:3264corrosion management strategy implementation 4:3257data management systems 4:3261direct assessment (DA) procedures 4:3263external protection 4:3260fitness-for-service (FFS) assessments 4:3264inspection and monitoring activities 4:3259f, 4:3257process condition changes 4:3262risk-based inspection (RBI) 4:3263

pipelinescomponents 4:3236corrosion characteristics 4:3236in-line inspection (ILI) 4:3157, 4:3301pipeline inspections gauge (PIG) 4:3158

process plantscomponents 4:3237corrosion characteristics 4:3237

risk-based inspection (RBI) 4:3238–3239, 4:3263scale inhibition/controlchemical treatments 4:2917t, 4:2916control mechanisms 4:2917general discussion 4:2916inhibitor material selection 4:2919inhibitor treatments 4:2916removal methods 4:2919scale formation 4:2916fscale prediction models 4:2919f, 4:2917squeeze treatments 4:2921f, 4:2919

subsurface environmentscomponents 4:3235corrosion characteristics 4:3235

offshore drilling structures 4:2824fpolymer matrix systems 3:2398, 3:2398f, 3:2399f, 3:2400f,

3:2401fstainless steelsartificial environments 3:1868environmental conditionscarbon dioxide (CO2) 3:1868chloride concentration effects 3:1868elemental sulfur 3:1868hydrogen sulfide (H2S) 3:1867sweet/sour environments 3:1867temperature effects 3:1868

galvanic corrosion 3:1868general discussion 3:1867metallurgical factorsaustenitic stainless steels 3:1869duplex stainless steels 3:1869ferritic stainless steels 3:1869general discussion 3:1869martensitic stainless steels 3:1869NACE standard MR0175 stress cracking corrosion test method

3:1870offshore production conditions 3:1869

oil-fired boiler corrosion 1:404oil-in-water emulsions 4:2905f, 4:2903oil products 1:459t, 1:464t, 1:465f, 4:2942–2943oil tankers 4:2683, 4:2684fOKSCALE Prediction Model 4:2918olefins 3:2424, 3:2425foleic acid 3:1842open circuit potential (OCM)beryllium (Be) 3:2169, 3:2173fmagnesium alloys 3:2032f

operational amplifiers 2:1350, 2:1350foptical microscopy

Subject Index 3487


optical microscopy (continued)basic concepts 2:1407corrosion studiesheat-affected zone (HAZ) 2:1406–1407, 2:1406fmagnesium alloys 2:1408f

oral cavitydental fixtures 2:1308environmental conditions 2:1312–1313galvanic lesions 2:1311

orange peel/pock marks 4:2740organic acidsaluminum alloys 3:1998–1999anodic protection 4:2882aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion 2:1285atmospheric gases 2:1055cast iron corrosion 3:1766, 3:1767tglass enamel corrosion 3:2073, 3:2326lead corrosion 3:2063molybdenum corrosion 3:2163stainless steels 3:1842, 3:1843fwater chemistry 2:1099zirconium corrosivity 3:2125

organic coatings 4:2643–2665application methods 4:2637–2642air-assisted airless spray application 4:2640air atomized spray application 4:2638airless spray application 4:2639applicator skill 4:2641brush application 4:2638dip coating 4:2641electrostatic spray application 4:2640environmental conditions 4:2641flow coating 4:2641fluidized bed coating 4:2641general discussion 4:2637, 4:2654heated spray application 4:2640high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) spraying techniques 4:2610, 4:2639roller application 4:2638


background information 4:2644characteristics 4:2646conductive paints 4:2792corrosion-protective coatings 4:2666–2677active metal-rich pigmentation 4:2646f, 4:2648aluminum alloys 3:2006anodic passivationbasic pigments 4:2670general discussion 4:2670soluble pigments 4:2670

barrier protection 4:2646f, 4:2647, 4:2648fbasic concepts 4:2645, 4:2646fcathodic protection 4:2646f, 4:2648, 4:2758, 4:2758fgeneral discussion 4:2647, 4:2666inhibitor release coatings 4:2646f, 4:2649iron and steelanodic reactions 4:2669cathodic reactions 4:2667oxygen diffusion 4:2668, 4:2668trust formation 4:2667water diffusion 4:2668, 4:2668t

magnesium alloys 3:2036multilayered coating system 4:2648fpaint protection mechanismsanodic passivation 4:2670cathodic protection 4:2669resistance inhibition 4:2671

performance predictions 4:2676resistance inhibitionbelow-film electrolytes 4:2671

electrolyte concentrations 4:2675film thickness 4:2675, 4:2675tgeneral discussion 4:2671ionogenic materials 4:2671outside-film electrolytes 4:2672, 4:2673f, 4:2674fsolvents 4:2676temperature effects 4:2675

smart coatings 4:2650corrosion test methodscoating behavior 2:1508coating evaluationsabrasion tests 2:1511distensibility 2:1511general discussion 2:1510hardness 2:1511impact tests 2:1511

exposure conditionsfield and plant tests 2:1510general discussion 2:1509laboratory tests 2:1509

general discussion 2:1508laboratory testsadherence tests 2:1510electrochemical tests 2:1509exposure cabinets 2:1510general discussion 2:1509

specimen preparation techniques 2:1509formulation processcombinatorial methods 4:2661design processbasic concepts 4:2655formulation flow chart 4:2660fproduction flow chart 4:2661fraw material selection 4:2655f, 4:2656f, 4:2657f, 4:2658f,

4:2659fformulation specifications 4:2659, 4:2663tgeneral discussion 4:2646raw material selection 4:2655f, 4:2656f, 4:2657f, 4:2658f, 4:2659fvolume effectsbasic concepts 4:2657component variations 4:2662fcomponent volume–coarseness relationship plot 4:2662fcritical pigment volume concentration (CPVC) 4:2657, 4:2662f,

4:2662tfilm permeability 4:2662ffilm resistance 4:2662fpaint properties 4:2662tpigment volume concentration (PVC) 4:2657, 4:2662f, 4:2662t

general discussion 4:2664hydrogen embrittlement 2:907organic biocides 2:1188, 4:2922organic polymers 4:2917t, 4:2916paints and organic coatings 4:2637–2642, 4:2643–2665, 4:2666–2677

anodic passivationbasic pigments 4:2670general discussion 4:2670soluble pigments 4:2670


conductive paints 4:2792corrosion inhibitors 4:2995, 4:2995tgeneral discussion 4:2666iron and steelanodic reactions 4:2669cathodic reactions 4:2667oxygen diffusion 4:2668, 4:2668trust formation 4:2667water diffusion 4:2668, 4:2668t

liquid-applied coatings (paint) 4:2705, 4:2706f, 4:3283, 4:3283torganic polymers 4:2917t, 4:2916

3488 Subject Index


paint inspection procedures 4:2720–2727duties and requirements 4:2720general discussion 4:2727inspection considerations 4:2722quality control methods 4:2720training and certification 4:2722



pipeline corrosion management 4:3283, 4:3283tresistance inhibitionbelow-film electrolytes 4:2671electrolyte concentrations 4:2675film thickness 4:2675, 4:2675tgeneral discussion 4:2671ionogenic materials 4:2671outside-film electrolytes 4:2672, 4:2673f, 4:2674fsolvents 4:2676temperature effects 4:2675

primary components 4:2645fadditives 4:2653general discussion 4:2645, 4:2650pigmentscolored pigments 4:2653general discussion 4:2652inert/extender pigments 4:2653inhibitive pigments 4:2652, 4:2995t, 4:2996reactive metal pigments 4:2653

polymersacrylic polymers 4:2652alkyds 4:2652characteristics 4:2651epoxies 4:2651general discussion 4:2651polymer matrix systems 4:2652polyurethane/polyurea coatings 4:2652sol–gel materials 4:2652

solvents/carrier fluids 4:2654testing procedures 4:2646, 4:2663wet adhesion 4:2655

organic inhibitors 4:2489construction materials 4:2997–2998industrial heating and cooling systems 4:2966, 4:2966fmining industry 4:2994oil and gas industry 4:2917t, 4:2908, 4:2916potable water systems 4:2966

organic solvents 1:98fOrmocer™ lacquer 4:3331osmium (Os)corrosion resistance 3:2216texchange current density 3:2217thigh-temperature properties 3:2217, 3:2218tproperties 3:2207t, 3:2208supply/demand estimations 3:2207tthermodynamic behavior 3:2210

osmotic blistering 4:2732outer Helmholtz plane (OHP) 1:21outward grown diffusion coatings 4:2538, 4:2539fover-spray 4:2639overspray 4:2740oxalic acid 3:1766, 3:1842, 3:1843f, 3:1998–1999, 3:2073, 4:2882oxidation 1:195–239alumina-forming alloysAuger depth profiles 1:216fcross-section image 1:221fdiffusion rates 1:221, 1:222fgeneral discussion 1:215isotope profiles 1:220f

oxidation rates 1:218, 1:219foxide growth mechanisms 1:219, 1:220freactive elements 1:224scale adhesion 1:223, 1:223fscale development 1:216, 1:216fscale morphology 1:217f, 1:220f

chromia-forming alloyscarburization 1:551general discussion 1:211localized oxidation 1:212foxidation rates 1:211, 1:212foxide layer development 1:213, 1:213f, 1:215freactive elements 1:224scale formation 1:182t, 1:183f, 1:213fscale morphology 1:212f, 1:213f, 1:214, 1:215fsteam and steam/hydrogen environmentschromia (Cr2O3) scale growth mechanisms 1:419, 1:421fchromia-forming iron- and nickel-based alloys 1:418commercial chromia-forming iron- and nickel-based alloys 1:422,

1:422f, 1:423fminor alloying element addition effects 1:423, 1:424f, 1:425f, 1:426fprocess mechanisms 1:418spalling tendencies 1:419fsurface morphologies 1:423fweight change comparisons 1:419f, 1:420f

sulfidation 1:551–552, 1:552ftransport properties 1:211

cobalt/cobalt alloys 1:200, 3:1926corrosive environments 1:400general discussion 1:196, 1:232intermetallic alloysEllingham diagram 1:652fgeneral discussion 1:649iron aluminides (FeAl/Fe3Al)

alumina scale formation 1:654general discussion 1:650microstructure 1:651partial pressure effects 1:654porosity 1:651reactive element additions 1:227t, 1:655scale properties 1:650sulfur impurities 1:654–655water vapor effects 1:654

nickel aluminides (NiAl/Ni3Al)alumina scale formation 1:652f, 1:654fgeneral discussion 1:650microstructure 1:651porosity 1:651reactive element additions 1:227tscale properties 1:650

platinum aluminides 1:227t, 1:659titanium aluminides (TiAl/Ti3Al)

general discussion 1:656microstructure 1:657–658nitrogen influences 1:657pretreatment options 1:658reactive element additions 1:658, 1:659fscale properties 1:656, 1:656fwater vapor effects 1:658

iron (Fe)characteristics 1:201high-temperature oxidation 1:182t, 1:183f, 1:202foxide cross-section 1:202fresistance factors 1:560, 1:561f, 1:562fscale formation 1:182t, 1:183fstability conditions 1:201f

iron oxidation film evaluations 2:1380–1382, 2:1381f, 2:1382flead electrochemistry 3:2058low-alloy steel 1:558–582alloying effectsaluminum (Al) 1:566basic concepts 1:562, 1:563f, 1:564fcarbon (C) 1:565cerium (Ce) 1:569chromium (Cr) 1:568, 1:568fcopper (Cu) 1:569diffusion-controlled growth 1:564f

Subject Index 3489


oxidation (continued)manganese (Mn) 1:567molybdenum (Mo) 1:569nickel (Ni) 1:568phosphorus (P) 1:568silicon (Si) 1:566sulfur (S) 1:567

commercial low-alloy steels 1:572, 1:573fgeneral discussion 1:558governing factors 1:559, 1:560findustrial environmentscarbon monoxide/carbon dioxide (CO/CO2) environments 1:578,

1:579fchemical environments 1:577combustion gas conditions 1:576steam environments 1:573, 1:575f, 1:576f

iron oxidation 1:560, 1:561f, 1:562fstress effectsgeneral discussion 1:570growth stresses 1:571, 1:571fsystem-applied stresses 1:572thermal stresses 1:572

marine environments 2:1113micro arc oxidation (MAO) 3:2034minor alloying elementsgeneral discussion 1:224nonmetallic impuritiesgeneral discussion 1:231sulfur (S) 1:230, 1:231f

reactive elementsgeneral discussion 1:224growth rate changes 1:226, 1:227toxidation rate changes 1:227tpromoted selective oxidation 1:226scale adhesion 1:228structural characteristics 1:225f

molybdenum corrosivity 3:2164, 3:2164tnickel (Ni)general discussion 1:197growth rate 1:199, 1:200fhigh-temperature oxidation 1:182t, 1:183fstructural characteristics 1:197, 1:198ftransient stage oxidation 1:197transport processes 1:199

niobium corrosivity 3:2143oxidation rate constants 1:196foxidation–reduction potential (ORP)all volatile treatment (oxidizing) (AVT(O)) 4:2978all volatile treatment (reducing) (AVT(R)) 4:2977

plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) 2:950, 3:2034, 3:2035f, 3:2036frefractory metals and alloysgeneral discussion 1:203molybdenum (Mo) 1:204f, 1:205niobium (Nb) 1:203, 1:204fprotective coatings 1:207refractory alloys 1:206tantalum (Ta) 1:203, 1:204ftungsten (W) 1:204f, 1:205, 1:205f

rubber 3:2422, 3:2422f, 3:2423fsilica-forming alloysgeneral discussion 1:208silicides 1:209, 1:210fsilicon-containing alloys 1:208, 1:208f

steam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:407–456argon–water vapor (Ar–H2O) atmospheres 1:408, 1:410f, 1:412fbasic concepts 1:408chromium/chromium-based alloyschromia (Cr2O3) scale growth mechanisms 1:419, 1:421fchromia-forming iron- and nickel-based alloys 1:418, 1:420fcommercial chromia-forming iron- and nickel-based alloys 1:422,

1:422f, 1:423fminor alloying element addition effects 1:423, 1:424f, 1:425f,

1:426foxidation processes 1:418spalling tendencies 1:419fsurface morphologies 1:423fweight change comparisons 1:419f, 1:420f

environmental conditionsbreakaway oxidation mechanisms 1:428f, 1:430external chromia scale formation 1:427, 1:429finternal oxidation 1:427, 1:428fnonprotective oxidation 1:426

ferritic and austenitic stainless steelsconstruction materials 1:432tgeneral discussion 1:431inner scale formation 1:443flong-term behavior 1:436, 1:437f, 1:438f, 1:439foxidation rates 1:440f, 1:441f, 1:442fpressure effects 1:449, 1:450fscale growth rate 1:445, 1:445fscale morphology 1:447f, 1:448f, 1:449f, 1:450fspalling tendencies 1:439fsteam oxidation mechanisms 1:433, 1:434f, 1:435ftemperature dependence effects 1:440, 1:440f, 1:441f, 1:442f, 1:443f,

1:445ftime-based mass change 1:446fvoid and gap formation 1:435, 1:436f, 1:437f, 1:438f,

1:439fweight change comparisons 1:433f, 1:442f, 1:444f

metallic high-temperature componentsalumina-forming alloys and coatings 1:449borderline alloys 1:426chromium/chromium-based alloys 1:418environmental conditions 1:426ferritic and austenitic stainless steels 1:431general discussion 1:416nomenclature 1:417protective scale-forming elements (PSEs) 1:416, 1:417f

nomenclature 1:408oxide scale growthlattice diffusion 1:415molecular diffusion 1:415, 1:416f, 1:417foxidation rate–hydration enthalpy relationship 1:415fsurface reaction kinetics 1:413, 1:414f

thermodynamicsargon–water vapor (Ar–H2O) atmospheres 1:410f, 1:412fequilibrium oxygen partial pressure 1:409f, 1:410f, 1:412fgas atmospheres 1:409, 1:409f, 1:410fmaterial testing considerations 1:411, 1:412f, 1:413fsolid oxide stability 1:409temperature dependence effects 1:411fvolatile reaction products 1:409, 1:411f

synthetic elastomers 3:2415, 3:2416ttantalum corrosivity 3:2143tin corrosivity 3:2072Wagner’s theory of internal oxidationalloy design requirements 1:543, 1:543fchromium alloys 1:490kinetics laws 1:137nitridation processes 1:306, 1:306fpure metal reactions 1:188, 1:189fsilicon carbide (SiC) 1:676–677, 1:676f

wood 3:2441see also high-temperature oxidation; oxide scale growth

oxidation–reduction potential (ORP)all volatile treatment (oxidizing) (AVT(O)) 4:2978all volatile treatment (reducing) (AVT(R)) 4:2977

oxide scale growth 1:101–131alumina (Al2O3) scale growth 148analytical methodscorrosion analysis methodology 1:139, 1:141fcorrosion product characterizations 1:140, 1:142f, 1:143fcyclic oxidation 1:141fpredictive modeling 1:142surface preparation 1:139two-stage oxidation experiments 1:140, 1:142f, 1:143f

background information 1:102chromia (Cr2O3) scale growth 148, 1:413, 1:414f, 1:419,

1:421fcrystal defectsdislocations 1:104, 1:105f, 1:106f, 1:107f, 1:108fgeneral discussion 1:102glide dislocation 1:107fgrain boundaries and interfaces 1:108, 1:108f, 1:109f

3490 Subject Index


kinks and jogs 1:104, 1:106f, 1:107fpoint defectsalumina (Al2O3) 1:129basic concepts 1:102chromium oxide (Cr2O3) 1:129cobalt oxide (CoO) 1:127general discussion 1:127interstitial sites 1:102–103intrinsic defects 1:103, 1:104firon oxides 1:128nickel oxide (NiO) 1:113, 1:127schematic diagram 1:102fthermal defects 1:103

surfaces 1:107, 1:107fterrace–ledge–kink (TLK) surfaces 1:107, 1:107f

diffusion lawsbinary systems 1:118chemical diffusion 1:122diffusion mechanisms 1:117Fick’s law 1:116general discussion 1:116grain boundary diffusion 1:137, 1:137f, 1:139finterdiffusion 1:118intrinsic diffusion 1:118Kirkendall effect 1:118, 1:118flattice diffusion 1:117multiphase systems 1:119nonstoichiometric oxides 1:122short-circuit diffusion 1:121, 1:121f, 1:122f, 1:137ternary systems 1:120

diffusion processesalumina (Al2O3) 1:129basic concepts 1:123, 1:123fchromium oxide (Cr2O3) 1:129cobalt oxide (CoO) 1:127general discussion 1:127iron oxides 1:128microstructure effects 1:124, 1:125f, 1:126fnickel oxide (NiO) 1:124, 1:125f, 1:126f, 1:127

gas turbines 1:526, 1:526f, 1:528fintrinsic oxide scale growthchromia (Cr2O3) scale growth 1:160fexperimental observations 1:155, 1:156fmass change–time plot 1:156fmodeling methods 1:160nickel oxide (NiO) 1:158f, 1:159tparabolic stages 1:156fPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:146t, 1:160, 1:160tstress curve growth–time plot 1:158fstress growth measurements 1:159twave formation 1:156f

mass transport processes 1:130metals and alloys 1:180–194alloy reactionsexclusive scale growth criteria 1:191, 1:191fgeneral discussion 1:190internal oxidation 1:192internal oxidation–external scale formation transition 1:193thermodynamics 1:190

general discussion 1:180, 1:193pure metal reactionsdual-oxidant thermodynamic reactions 1:184Ellingham diagram 1:183fgeneral discussion 1:181metal oxide transport properties 1:187, 1:188f, 1:189fphase stability diagram 1:184, 1:184f, 1:185fscale formation kinetics 1:186single-oxidant thermodynamic reactions 1:181, 1:182t, 1:183fWagner’s theory of internal oxidation 1:188, 1:189f


minor element influences 1:146parabolic rate constant plot 1:146f, 1:147fPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:146t

point defectsalumina (Al2O3) 1:129basic concepts 1:102chromium oxide (Cr2O3) 1:129cobalt oxide (CoO) 1:127electronic defects 1:112extended defects 1:115Frenkel disorders 1:111general discussion 1:127impurity effects 1:115interstitial sites 1:102–103intrinsic defect equilibriums 1:114intrinsic defects 1:103, 1:104f, 1:110fionic crystals 1:110ionized point defects 1:112iron oxides 1:128Kroger–Vink notation 1:110, 1:111f, 1:111tnickel oxide (NiO) 1:113, 1:127nonstoichiometric oxidesn-type oxides 1:114point defect equilibriums 1:113p-type oxides 1:113

schematic diagram 1:102fSchottky disorders 1:111thermal defects 1:103


spalling tendencies 1:144steam and steam/hydrogen environmentschromia (Cr2O3) scale growth 1:413, 1:414fsurface reaction kinetics 1:413, 1:414f

stress effectsactive oxidation conditions 1:162dissolution/precipitation conditions 1:162epitaxial stresses 1:161–162general discussion 1:176geometrically induced growth stresses 1:161, 1:161fintegrity effects 1:164intrinsic growth 1:155oxide composition changes 1:162protective treatments 1:171thermally induced scale changes 1:162

thermal expansion coefficients 1:145foximes 4:2992toxygen (O)argon–oxygen decarburization (AOD) 3:1882atmospheric gases 2:1053tbody fluid levels 2:1311–1312, 2:1312tcombustion conditions 1:461fflue gas composition 1:460t, 1:462tfuel chemistry 1:459, 1:459thydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

atmospheric gases 2:1055dry deposition rates 2:1073tradiolytic yields 2:1332tstainless steel corrosion 2:1334, 2:1335ftransport mechanisms 2:1067fwater radiolysis 2:1331zirconium corrosivity 3:2124

iron and steel corrosion 4:2668, 4:2668tlead dioxide (PbO2) 3:2060t, 3:2197flead oxide (PbO) 3:2060t, 3:2197fmarine environments 2:1110, 2:1110fmolecular oxygen (O2) 2:1053t, 2:1067fozone (O3) 2:1053t, 2:1054t, 2:1055, 2:1056, 2:1056t, 2:1073t, 2:1082tsodium–iron–sulfur–oxygen (Na–Fe–S–O) phase diagram 1:320fsoil characteristics 2:1154uranium compounds 3:2184f, 3:2187vacuum–oxygen decarburization (VOD) 3:1882water chemistry 2:1096, 2:1097t, 3:1753, 3:1755f, 4:2937–2938, 4:2939twater radiolysis 2:1331, 2:1332tsee also high-temperature oxidation

ozone (O3) 2:1053t, 2:1054t, 2:1055, 2:1056, 2:1056t, 2:1073t, 2:1082t

Subject Index 3491


P

Pacific Ocean 2:1109tpackaging materials 3:2000, 4:2997painted metalspaint removal methods 4:3335refinishing methods 4:3335, 4:3336f

paints and organic coatings 4:2643–2665, 4:2666–2677anodic passivationbasic pigments 4:2670general discussion 4:2670soluble pigments 4:2670

application methods 4:2637–2642air-assisted airless spray application 4:2640air atomized spray application 4:2638airless spray application 4:2639applicator skill 4:2641brush application 4:2638dip coating 4:2641electrostatic spray application 4:2640environmental conditions 4:2641flow coating 4:2641fluidized bed coating 4:2641general discussion 4:2637, 4:2654heated spray application 4:2640high-volume low-pressure (HVLP) spraying techniques 4:2639roller application 4:2638


background information 4:2644characteristics 4:2646conductive paints 4:2792corrosion inhibitors 4:2995, 4:2995tcorrosion-protective coatingsactive metal-rich pigmentation 4:2646f, 4:2648barrier protection 4:2646f, 4:2647, 4:2648fbasic concepts 4:2645, 4:2646fcathodic protection 4:2646f, 4:2648general discussion 4:2647inhibitor release coatings 4:2646f, 4:2649multilayered coating system 4:2648fsmart coatings 4:2650

formulation processcombinatorial methods 4:2661component volume–coarseness relationship plot 4:2662fcritical pigment volume concentration (CPVC) 4:2657, 4:2662f, 4:2662tdesign process 4:2655, 4:2655f, 4:2656f, 4:2657f, 4:2658f, 4:2659ffilm permeability 4:2662ffilm resistance 4:2662fformulation flow chart 4:2660fformulation specifications 4:2659, 4:2663tgeneral discussion 4:2646pigment volume concentration (PVC) 4:2657, 4:2662f, 4:2662tproduction flow chart 4:2661fraw material selection 4:2655f, 4:2656f, 4:2657f, 4:2658f, 4:2659fvolume effects 4:2657, 4:2662f, 4:2662t

general discussion 4:2664, 4:2666hydrogen embrittlement 2:907iron and steelanodic reactions 4:2669cathodic reactions 4:2667oxygen diffusion 4:2668, 4:2668trust formation 4:2667water diffusion 4:2668, 4:2668t

liquid-applied coatings (paint) 4:2705, 4:2706f, 4:3283, 4:3283torganic polymers 4:2917t, 4:2916paint inspection procedures 4:2720–2727duties and requirements 4:2720additional services 4:2721inspection levels 4:2720

inspection records and reports 4:2721precontract inspections 4:2722

general discussion 4:2727inspection considerations 4:2722ambient conditions 4:2726blast cleaning abrasives 4:2722BS EN ISO 8501 4:2723BS EN ISO 8502 4:2725BS EN ISO 8503 4:2724chemical cleanliness 4:2725liquid paints 4:2722paint application monitoring 4:2726post-application monitoring 4:2726surface preparation 4:2723surface profile 4:2724

quality control methods 4:2720training and certification 4:2722



pipeline corrosion management 4:3283, 4:3283tpolymersacrylic polymers 4:2652alkyds 4:2652characteristics 4:2651epoxies 4:2651general discussion 4:2651polymer matrix systems 4:2652polyurethane/polyurea coatings 4:2652sol–gel materials 4:2652


resistance inhibitionbelow-film electrolytes 4:2671electrolyte concentrations 4:2675film thickness 4:2675, 4:2675tgeneral discussion 4:2671ionogenic materials 4:2671outside-film electrolytes 4:2672, 4:2673f, 4:2674fsolvents 4:2676temperature effects 4:2675


palladium (Pd)alumina-forming alloys 1:616corrosion resistance 3:2216texchange current density 3:2217thigh-temperature properties 3:2217, 3:2218tintermetallic alloys 1:665laser surface alloying (LSA) 4:2632, 4:2632fpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:2212fproperties 3:2207t, 3:2208quaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2245supply/demand estimations 3:2207tthermal expansion coefficients 1:145fthermodynamic behavior 3:2210see also noble metals

paper 3:2000paper industry 3:1865parabolic rate law 1:186, 1:187fParaloid™ coatings 4:3328Parana pine 2:1325tparking structures 4:3204, 4:3205fParkinson’s disease 2:1310

3492 Subject Index


passive alloyscathodic modification 3:2224–2249background information 3:2226basic conceptsactive–passive state 3:2227, 3:2228factive state 3:2227, 3:2228fgeneral discussion 3:2227passive state 3:2227, 3:2228ftranspassive state 3:2228, 3:2228f



system 3:2243noble metal additions 3:2230, 3:2241tpassivation processes 3:2225, 3:2226fpassive film growth and structure analysis 3:2242process mechanisms 3:2229quaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2244Russian research 3:2242schematic diagram 3:2227fstainless steelscorrosion rates 3:2232tduplex stainless steels 3:2237, 3:2238t, 3:2239f, 3:2241tgalvanic coupling 3:2237iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloys 3:2231, 3:2235firon–chromium–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Mo) alloys 3:2233, 3:2234t,

3:2241iron–chromium–nickel–manganese (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mn) alloys


3:2236nickel–iron–chromium (Ni–Fe–Cr) alloys 3:2235, 3:2240noble metal additions 3:2231surface alloying processes 3:2240, 3:2241t


electroplated coatings 4:2590passive filmsamorphous alloys 3:2194–2195, 3:2195t, 3:2196fcobalt-based alloys 3:1923, 3:1924f, 3:1925fcompositions 2:746electrochemical scanning tunnel microscopy (ECSTM) analyses 2:1436,

2:1437fkinetic mechanisms 2:737pitting corrosionfilm breakdown mechanisms 2:735f, 2:747, 2:792general discussion 2:792ion penetration mechanisms 2:792metastable pits 2:757, 2:793, 2:794f

point defect model 2:1641, 2:1642f, 2:1645f, 2:1646fstainless steels 3:1822, 3:1822fsteelnonoxide passive films 3:1706, 3:1706fpassive oxide films 3:1705

tin (Sn) 3:2071passivity 2:731–752alloys 2:744anodic polarization curves 2:732f, 2:733f, 2:734f, 2:735, 2:735fbasic conceptsanodic polarization curves 2:732f, 2:733f, 2:734fgeneral discussion 2:731

chemical/electrochemical passivity 2:733f, 2:734f, 2:743corrosion rate determination 2:734film compositions 2:746kinetic mechanisms 2:737nonaqueous liquids 2:744oxide film growth mechanisms 2:737passivity breakdown 2:735f, 2:747, 2:1621, 3:1824

thermodynamicsbasic concepts 2:740potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 2:742f

pathogenic bacteria 4:2951, 4:2951fpatinas 4:3326, 4:3327f, 4:3328fPearson surveys 4:3286peat 3:2087t, 4:2563tPeclet number 2:961peeling 4:2740Pentarthrum spp. 3:2445pentylacetate 3:2380tperchloric acid (HClO4) 3:2216tperfluoroalkoxy (PFA) 2:1246perfluoroelastomers 2:1224periclaso 3:2013tperovskites 1:507, 1:510f, 1:511fperoxide vulcanization 3:2436petrochemical/chemical industriesindustry characteristics 4:3208process equipmentcharacteristics 4:3208, 4:3208ffailure incidents 4:3208–3209, 4:3209ffuture trends 4:3226general discussion 4:3227microprocess equipment 4:3226, 4:3226foperating conditions 4:3208, 4:3208fprotective treatmentscoatings and linings 4:3212electrochemical protection 4:3213inhibitors 4:3213selection guidelines 4:3213

risk management 4:3207–3229environmental cracking 4:3214fenvironmentally-assisted cracking 4:3217, 4:3217f, 4:3218f, 4:3219f,

4:3220f, 4:3220texternal corrosion risks 4:3215, 4:3216finternal corrosion risks 4:3217, 4:3217f, 4:3218f, 4:3219f, 4:3220f,

4:3220tmaterials selection 4:3210, 4:3210f, 4:3213operation-based risk mitigation 4:3221, 4:3223f, 4:3224forganic waste destruction 4:3225fprotective treatments 4:3212risk-based cost benefit analysis 4:3223, 4:3225frisk mitigation guidelines 4:3214stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 4:3215fsupercritical water oxidation (SCWO) 4:3224–3226,

4:3225fpetrolatum tapes 4:2707petroleum-derived bricks 2:1248, 3:2339, 3:2339tpetroleum industry see oil and gas industrypetroleum products 3:2000Petrotech MultiSCALE Code 4:2918pHaerosols 2:1061alkaline cleaners 4:2486taluminum alloys 3:1987faluminum coatings 4:2564, 4:2564faqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion 2:1274f, 2:1281,

2:1282faqueous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) corrosion 2:1287fatmospheric conditions 2:1065, 2:1082tberyllium (Be) corrosioncorrosion resistance 3:2171galvanic effect–impurity relationships 3:2173,

3:2173fbody fluids 2:1311, 2:1312fcopper/copper alloys 3:1945, 3:1945fhydrofluoric acid (HF) 2:1207–1208, 2:1208fhydrohalic acids 2:1207–1208industrial-use carbon 3:2276lead (Pb) 3:2057fmagnesium alloy corrosion 3:2027fmicrobially-induced corrosion (MIC) 2:1185molybdenum (Mo) 3:2161, 3:2161f, 3:2162fnatural waters 2:1104niobium (Nb) 3:2140fpaint protection mechanisms 4:2674, 4:2674f

Subject Index 3493


pH (continued)pitting corrosion 2:780, 2:781f, 2:788, 2:789fpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagramaluminum (Al) 1:31, 1:32faluminum alloys 3:1987faqueous corrosive environment models 2:1012, 2:1591, 2:1593f, 2:1596fatmospheric conditions 2:1082, 2:1083f, 2:1084fchemical equilibrium computations 2:1597, 2:1598fcobalt (Co) 3:1923fcopper/copper alloys 3:1945, 3:1945felectrochemical equilibriumgeneral discussion 1:28pH and potential-dependent equilbrium 1:29, 1:29fpurely pH-dependent equilbrium 1:29, 1:29fpurely potential-dependent equilbrium 1:28, 1:29f

gold (Au) 1:30, 1:30f, 3:2211firon (Fe) 1:30–31, 1:31f, 3:1702, 3:1703f, 3:1706f, 4:2894flead (Pb)lead sulfate (PbSO4) system 3:2058flead–water (Pb–H2O) system 3:2057f

magnesium alloys 3:2027fmetastability computations 2:1599, 2:1599fmolybdenum (Mo) 3:2161f, 3:2162fNernst equation 1:28niobium (Nb) 3:2140fpalladium (Pd) 3:2212fpassivation 2:740, 2:742fpitting corrosion 2:778f, 2:784, 2:785fplatinum (Pt) 3:2211fsilver (Ag) 3:2210fsulfur (S) 3:1706ftantalum (Ta) 3:2140ftungsten (W) 3:2154furanium (U) 3:2183f, 3:2184fzirconium (Zr) 3:2105f

rain chemistry 2:1064tseawater 2:1110steam boiler systemsall volatile treatment (AVT) 4:2985boiler water treatment 4:2982, 4:2983fcondensate treatment 4:2986feedwater treatment 4:2977makeup water treatment 4:2973

sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1174superheater deposit composition 1:464tsweet corrosion 4:3292tantalum (Ta) 3:2140ftin (Sn) 3:2070, 3:2070f, 3:2073titanium (Ti) 3:2045tungsten (W) 3:2154f, 3:2155vitreous silica 3:2316fwater chemistry 2:1098t, 4:2939, 4:2939t, 4:2940t, 4:2958wood 2:1325t, 3:2443zinc–aluminum (Zn–Al) alloy coatings 4:2557fzinc corrosion rates 3:2081f, 3:2084–2085zirconium (Zr) 3:2105, 3:2105f, 3:2119t, 3:2128, 3:2129t

phenol–formaldehyde plastics 3:2384, 3:2385tphenolic resins 3:2342, 3:2342tphenols 3:2000, 3:2380tphosphophyllite 4:2497t, 4:2501phosphorus (P)alkaline cleaners 4:2486amorphous alloys 3:2196, 3:2198fanodic protectionphosphate compounds 4:2883phosphoric acid (H3PO4) 4:2874t, 4:2881, 4:2882f

boiler water treatmentcongruent phosphate treatment 4:2983coordinated phosphate treatment 4:2982, 4:2983fequilibrium phosphate treatment 4:2984, 4:2985fresidual phosphate treatment 4:2980, 4:2981t

calcium phosphate (Ca10(OH)2(PO4)6) 2:1102, 4:2942tcorrosion-resistant coatings 4:2995tdiffusion coatings 4:2548tinhibitive pigments 4:2652iron phosphate (FePO4/Fe3(PO4)2) 4:2495, 4:2497t, 4:2500tlead phosphate (Pb3(PO4)2) 3:2060t

low-alloy steels 1:568magnesium alloys 3:2019tmagnesium phosphate (3Mg3(PO4)2�Mg(OH)2) 4:2942tmanganese phosphate (Mn3(PO4)2) 4:2495, 4:2496t, 4:2497t,

4:2500tnickel–phosphorus (Ni–P) alloys 3:2197–2198, 3:2198fphosphate coatings 4:2494–2502coating characteristicsanalytical tests and results 4:2499tcoating types 4:2496, 4:2497tcomposition 4:2498heating effects 4:2498, 4:2498fmetal surface factors 4:2497phosphate solution effects 4:2497post-phosphating rinse treatments 4:2499structure 4:2498

coating formationaccelerators 4:2496deposition mechanisms 4:2495evolving-gas compositions 4:2496t

coating processes 4:2500tgeneral discussion 4:2494performance characteristicscoating weight 4:2501tcorrosion protection 4:2499phosphophyllite–hopeite ratio 4:2501testing procedures 4:2500

scale inhibition/control 4:2917t, 4:2916steel coatings 4:2500t

phosphate compounds 4:2883phosphoric acid (H3PO4)acid pickling 4:2992–2993, 4:2992t, 4:2993taluminum alloys 3:1999faluminum coatings 4:2564fanodic protection 4:2874t, 4:2881, 4:2882fcast iron corrosion 3:1765, 3:1766f, 3:1767tcopper/copper alloys 3:1963glasses 3:2313nickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu)

alloys 3:1892, 3:1894tnoble metal corrosion resistance 3:2216tproduction processes 3:1905, 3:1906fstainless steelscorrosion rates 3:1841, 3:1841f, 3:1842fstainless steel vessels 4:2887

stripping techniques 4:3320zirconium corrosivity 3:2121, 3:2123f

phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) 3:2119tsodium phosphate (Na3PO4) 4:2938–2939sodium:phosphate (Na:PO4) molar ratio

congruent phosphate treatment 4:2983coordinated phosphate treatment 4:2983, 4:2983fequilibrium phosphate treatment 4:2984, 4:2985f

tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) 4:2942twater chemistry 2:1098, 2:1098t, 4:2938, 4:2939tzinc phosphate (ZnPO4/Zn3(PO4)2) 4:2495, 4:2496t, 4:2497t, 4:2500t,

4:2670photoelectrochemistry 1:140photoluminescence spectroscopy (PLS) 1:140photolytic laser chemical vapor deposition 4:2629, 4:2629fphysical vapor deposition (PVD)aluminum coatings and cladding 4:3184, 4:3188tamorphous alloys 3:2192–2193

pickling methodsacid picklingalloy steels 4:2489, 4:2992tgeneral discussion 4:2487hydrogen embrittlement 2:907, 4:2489millscale formation 4:2487nonferrous metals 4:2491, 4:2491tpickling inhibitorsbasic concepts 4:2990characteristics 4:2992thydrofluoric acid (HF) 4:2993tinorganic inhibitors 4:2490nitric acid (HNO3) 4:2993torganic inhibitors 4:2489, 4:2490f

3494 Subject Index


phosphoric acid (H3PO4) 4:2993tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2992t

scale removal mechanisms 4:2488, 4:2488f, 4:2991, 4:2993tnickel alloys 3:1899surface preparation 4:2705

pigmentsorganic coatings 4:2645fanodic passivationbasic pigments 4:2670general discussion 4:2670soluble pigments 4:2670

colored pigments 4:2653general discussion 4:2645, 4:2652inert/extender pigments 4:2653inhibitive pigments 4:2652, 4:2995t, 4:2996reactive metal pigments 4:2653

pigment volume concentration (PVC)basic concepts 4:2657component variations 4:2662fcomponent volume–coarseness relationship plot 4:2662ffilm permeability 4:2662ffilm resistance 4:2662fpaint properties 4:2662t

Pilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:146t, 1:160, 1:160t, 1:706pineapple juice 3:1773tpinholes 4:2741pipelinesalternating current (AC) corrosion 4:2836fbackground informationdistribution statistics 4:3273tgeneral discussion 4:3272pipeline network schematic diagram 4:3272f

coatingsexternal corrosion prevention strategiesalternating current (AC) monitoring surveys 4:3286coating failures 4:3284coating requirements 4:3281coating types 4:3283, 4:3283tcondition monitoring 4:3285direct current voltage gradient (DCVG) surveys 4:3285field joint coatings 4:3284


field joint coatingsFBE-polypropylene 4:2713, 4:2714fFBE powder coatings 4:2712, 4:2713fgeneral discussion 4:2711liquid-applied field joint coatings 4:2711, 4:2712fradiation cross-linked heat shrink sleeves 4:2712

internal corrosion prevention strategies 4:3296line pipe coatingscoal tar and asphalt/bitumen enamels 4:2709, 4:2812t, 4:3283,

4:3283tFBE powder coatings 4:2708f, 4:2709, 4:2812t, 4:2836f, 4:3283,

4:3283tgeneral discussion 4:2707line pipe coating plant schematic diagram 4:2708fpolyolefin coatings 4:2708f, 4:2710, 4:2812t, 4:3283, 4:3283t

liquid-applied coatings (paint) 4:2705, 4:3283, 4:3283trefurbishment methods 4:2716resistance measurements 4:2821thermal insulation 4:2715, 4:2716f

corrosion management 4:3270cathodic protectionbasic concepts 4:3287close interval potential surveys (CIPSs) 4:3290design criteria 4:3288impressed current anodes 4:3288, 4:3288finternal protection 4:2812t, 4:2826, 4:2827fmonitoring procedures 4:3289sacrificial anodes 4:3287, 4:3287f

shielding criteria 4:3289system criteria 4:3288, 4:3289f

coatingsalternating current (AC) monitoring surveys 4:3286coating failures 4:3284coating requirements 4:3281coating types 4:3283, 4:3283tcondition monitoring 4:3285direct current voltage gradient (DCVG) surveys 4:3285field joint coatings 4:3284

components 4:3236direct assessmentsexternal corrosion direct assessment (ECDA) 4:3304general discussion 4:3303internal corrosion direct assessment (ICDA) 4:3304stress corrosion cracking direct assessment (SCCDA) 4:3304

erosion corrosion 4:2902fexternal corrosion risksalternating current (AC) corrosion 4:3281cathodic protection 4:3287coatings 4:3281corrosion mechanisms 4:3236, 4:3277direct assessment techniques 4:3304microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 4:3279preferential corrosion 4:3280prevention strategies 4:3281risk assessment guidelines 4:3290, 4:3291tsoil corrosion 4:3278, 4:3278fstray-current corrosion 4:3280, 4:3280f

flow lines 4:3236in-line inspection (ILI)advantages 4:3303background information 4:3157crack detection 4:3302general discussion 4:3301inspection vehicles 4:3158, 4:3159tmagnetic flux leakage (MFL) 4:3302pipeline inspections gauge (PIG) 4:3158ultrasonic wall thickness measurements 4:3302, 4:3302f

inspection techniquesdirect assessments 4:3303general discussion 4:3301hydrotests 4:3303in-line inspection (ILI) 4:3157, 4:3301management strategies 4:3160

internal corrosion riskscarbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion 4:3291coatings 4:3296corrosion allowance 4:3295corrosion mechanisms 4:3236corrosion-resistant alloys 4:3296direct assessment techniques 4:3304general discussion 4:3290inhibitors 4:3296localized corrosion 4:3293microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 4:3295monitoring procedures 4:3297prevention strategies 4:3295product treatments 4:3296risk assessment guidelines 4:3298, 4:3298tsour corrosion 4:3294sweet corrosion 4:3291

localized corrosionflow-induced localized corrosion (FILC) 4:3293general discussion 4:3293mesa corrosion 4:2902f, 4:3293pitting corrosion 4:2902f, 4:3293preferential weld corrosion 4:3293

monitoring techniques 4:3144pipeline integrity management 4:3277, 4:3277f, 4:3305pitting corrosion 4:2902fprevention strategiescathodic protection 4:2812t, 4:2826, 4:2827f, 4:3287coatings 4:3281, 4:3283t, 4:3296corrosion allowance 4:3295corrosion-resistant alloys 4:3296inhibitors 4:3296

Subject Index 3495


pipelines (continued)internal corrosion risks 4:3295product treatments 4:3296

significancecost concerns 4:3273failure causes 4:3273, 4:3274tpipeline age–spill frequency relationship 4:3275fpipeline failure statistics 4:3273, 4:3274tsafety concerns 4:3276, 4:3276t

sour corrosionerosion 4:2902fgeneral discussion 4:3294hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) 4:3294, 4:3295fmaterials selection 4:3295stress-oriented HIC 4:3295sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) 4:3294

stress corrosion cracking (SCC) riskscharacteristics 4:3299direct assessment techniques 4:3304external corrosion risks 4:3299high-pH stress corrosion cracking 4:3299near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking 4:3300occurrence 4:3299risk assessment guidelines 4:3301

sweet corrosionbasic concepts 4:3291flow rate effects 4:3292hydrogen sulfide (H2S) content effects 4:3293partial pressure effects 4:3292pH effects 4:3292temperature effects 4:3292

field signature monitoring method (FSM) 4:3131, 4:3132f, 4:3133fhighly corrosive environments 3:1822flead corrosivity 3:2062pipeline cathodic protection survey devices 4:2853, 4:2854fprotective treatments 2:1166repair and maintenance options 4:3044, 4:3045tsoil corrosion 2:1152f, 2:1166steel corrosion 3:1733sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1174–1175, 2:1176, 2:1177f, 2:1178fsee also buried and ground-contact structures

piperidine 3:2380tpit lining 3:2346pitting corrosion 2:772airframe corrosion 4:3177, 4:3178t, 4:3180talloying element influences 2:781, 2:782faluminum alloyscathodic polarization curves 2:795fcharacteristics 3:1986, 3:1988fearly stage corrosion 3:1991fintergranular corrosion 2:795, 2:796tmarine environments 2:1138pitting potentials 2:782f, 2:795, 2:796t

anodic protection 4:2863automotive bodywork 4:3168bulk solution composition effectsaggressive solutions 2:779, 2:779fchloride concentration effects 2:780tinhibitors 2:779, 2:780tpH 2:780, 2:781fsodium chloride (NaCl) effects 2:779f

carbon steel 2:1122–1123, 2:1122f, 2:1123f, 3:1711characteristics 1:95tcobalt-based alloys 3:1928comparisons to crevice corrosion 2:757copper/copper alloyscarbon film pitting 3:1955, 3:1955felectrochemical processes 3:1955freshwater environments 3:1954hot soft water conditions 3:1955marine environments 2:1133–1134natural waters 3:1954Type III pitting 3:1955Type II pitting 3:1955Type I pitting 3:1955, 3:1955f

corrosion management 4:3010experimental observations

electrochemical parametersgeneral discussion 2:776inhibition potential 2:778, 2:778fpitting potentials 2:777, 2:777f, 2:779frepassivation potential 2:778, 2:778f

pitting morphologies 2:775, 2:776ffatigue models 2:938, 2:938tindustrial heating and cooling systems 4:2945, 4:2946finside-pit solutionselectrolytes 2:780gas evolution 2:781

marine environments 2:1122–1123, 2:1122f, 2:1123fnickel-based alloys 2:1135–1136occurrencechemical depassivation 2:774–775, 2:775f, 2:779, 2:780telectrochemical depassivation 2:774etch pits 2:775general discussion 2:772pitting-producing anions 2:774, 2:774tschematic diagram 2:773f

passive film breakdownfilm breakdown mechanisms 2:735f, 2:747, 2:792general discussion 2:792ion penetration mechanisms 2:792metastable pits 2:757, 2:793, 2:794f

pipeline corrosion management 4:2902f, 4:3293pitting nucleation sites 2:782polarization curves 2:775fpotable water systems 4:2945, 4:2946fstable pitting growth mechanismsanodic and cathodic reactions 2:785fbasic concepts 2:783buffer concentrations 2:789–790, 2:790fexperimental versus theoretical pitting potential values 2:793tmetal compound percentage calculations 2:787–788, 2:788f, 2:789fmigration effects 2:791, 2:791fpH 2:788, 2:789fpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 2:784, 2:785frepassivation potential 2:790–791, 2:791fsize relationships 2:784fsodium chloride (NaCl) effects 2:791ftransport processes 2:786, 2:787f, 2:788f

stainless steelscharacteristics 3:1826, 3:1826fcrevice corrosion 2:759, 2:795, 2:796f, 2:796t, 2:1334–1335, 2:1336fcritical crevice corrosion temperature (CCT) 3:1850fcritical pitting temperature (CPT)alloying additions 2:759alloying element influences 3:1829fbasic concepts 2:797, 2:797f, 3:1827grade resistance 3:1847, 3:1848f, 3:1849fphotographic illustration 3:1829fpotential dependence 3:1828f

diffusion restrictions 3:1826fhighly corrosive environments 3:1822fmarine environments 2:1125, 2:1131tpit chemistry 2:749, 3:1826fpitting potentials 3:1849f

sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1178temperature effects 2:783, 2:783fzirconium/zirconium alloys 3:2106, 3:2107f

planktonic microorganisms 2:1172plasma-assisted vapor deposition (PAVD) 1:698plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) 2:950, 3:2034, 3:2035f, 3:2036f,

4:2514–2515plasma sprayingcharacteristics 4:2612t, 4:2614high-pressure plasma spraying (HPPS) 4:2615inert plasma spraying (IPS) 4:2615low-pressure plasma spraying (LPPS) 4:2615plasma-transferred arc (PTA) spraying 4:2615radio frequency (RF) induction plasma spraying 4:2615shrouded plasma spraying (SPS) 4:2614–2615supersonic RF plasma spraying 4:2615vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) 4:2615

plasma-transferred arc (PTA) spraying 4:2615plasters 3:2000

3496 Subject Index


plastics 3:2369–2386aluminum alloys 3:2000amorphous thermoplasticsacrylonitrile–styrene–butadiene polymers (ABS) 3:2382cellulose-based plastics 3:2383physical behavior 3:2373plasticized amorphous thermoplastics 3:2374polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) 3:2379t, 3:2382polystyrene 3:2382polyvinyl acetate 3:2379t, 3:2382polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 3:2382rubber-modified amorphous plastics 3:2374temperature–molecular weight phase diagram 3:2373f

background information 3:2370chemical behaviorfree-radical addition polymerization 3:2371ionic polymerization 3:2372monomer molecules 3:2371rearrangement polymerization 3:2372step-growth polymerization 3:2372

chemical propertieschemical attack resistance 3:2377cracking resistance 3:2381diffusion rates 3:2382general discussion 3:2376solubilityamorphous nonpolar polymers/amorphous nonpolar solvents

3:2379, 3:2379t, 3:2380tamorphous nonpolar polymers/crystalline solvents 3:2380amorphous polar polymers/solvents 3:2380crystalline nonpolar polymers/amorphous solvents 3:2379crystalline polar polymers/solvents 3:2381general discussion 3:2378molecular compatibility 3:2378frubbers/thermosetting plastics 3:2381solubility parameters 3:2379t, 3:2380t

commercial plasticsamorphous thermoplasticsacrylonitrile–styrene–butadiene polymers (ABS) 3:2382cellulose-based plastics 3:2383polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) 3:2379t, 3:2382polystyrene 3:2382polyvinyl acetate 3:2379t, 3:2382polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 3:2382

crystalline plasticsfluorine-containing plastics 3:2383linear polyesters 3:2383polyamides (nylons) 3:2379t, 3:2383polycarbonates 3:2384polyethers 3:2383polyethylene 3:2383polyformaldehydes 3:2383polyolefins 3:2377, 3:2383polypropylene (PP) 3:2383polysulfones 3:2384polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 3:2377, 3:2379t, 3:2383

thermosetting resinsamino plastics 3:2384epoxy resins 3:2384furan resins 3:2341, 3:2342t, 3:2384general discussion 3:2384phenol–formaldehyde plastics 3:2384polyurethanes 3:2384silicones 3:2384unsaturated polyesters 3:2384

definitions 3:2371enhanced heat resistance 3:2384, 3:2385tfiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) 2:1204, 3:2387–2406above-water fastener selection 2:847faccelerated ageing 3:2395ageing effectschemical processing industry 3:2401marine industry 3:2404oil and gas industry 3:2398, 3:2398f, 3:2399f, 3:2400f, 3:2401fsupersonic flight 3:2396

ageing mechanismschemical ageing 3:2393

fire resistance 3:2394general discussion 3:2390hygrothermal effects 3:2391mechanical degradation 3:2394physical ageing 3:2391synergistic effects 3:2394thermooxidative degradation 3:2392time-dependent effects 3:2391ultraviolet (UV) ageing 3:2393weather degradation 3:2393

below-water fastener selection 2:849fchemical processing industryArrhenius relationship 3:2403ASTM standard for long-term chemical resistance 3:2403Barcol hardness changes 3:2403fenvironmental conditions 3:2401failures and defects 3:2402fmass change–concentrated acid plot 3:2403fscrubbing tower 3:2401fsemiempirical corrosion approach 3:2404uniform corrosion 3:2402f

general discussion 3:2388, 3:2405process equipment materials 4:3210, 4:3210fstrength comparisons 3:2388f

glass reinforced plastics 3:2388f, 3:2400f, 3:2401fphysical behaviorbasic concepts 3:2372, 3:2373freinforced plastics 3:2375thermoplastic materialsamorphous thermoplastics 3:2373, 3:2373fcrystalline thermoplastics 3:2374, 3:2375fplasticized amorphous thermoplastics 3:2374rubber-modified amorphous plastics 3:2374

thermosetting plastics 3:2375polymer orientation 3:2376, 3:2376fprocess equipment materials 4:3211, 4:3212freinforced plasticsanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1223physical behavior 3:2375

thermoplastic materialsphysical behavioramorphous thermoplastics 3:2373, 3:2373fcrystalline thermoplastics 3:2374, 3:2375fplasticized amorphous thermoplastics 3:2374rubber-modified amorphous plastics 3:2374

process equipment materials 4:3210, 4:3210frubbers 3:2385

thermosetting plasticsalkali corrosion 2:1204amino plastics 3:2384anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1223epoxy resins 3:2384furan resins 3:2341, 3:2342t, 3:2384general discussion 3:2384phenol–formaldehyde plastics 3:2384physical behavior 3:2375polyurethanes 3:2384silicones 3:2384solubility 3:2381unsaturated polyesters 3:2384

plastic settlement cracking 3:2358, 3:2358fplastic shrinkage cracking 3:2358plated coatings 4:2577–2609corrosion protection methods 4:2578electrodeposit propertiescoating thickness 4:2598compositional effects 4:2601current path geometry 4:2600internal stress effects 4:2601, 4:2602fmechanical properties 4:2602porosity 4:2603, 4:2604f, 4:2605fstructure-dependent properties 4:2601substrate–coating interdiffusion 4:2603throwing power 4:2599, 4:2599f

historical background 4:2578hydrogen embrittlement 2:907ionic liquids 4:2605

Subject Index 3497


plated coatings (continued)nonconductorsgeneral discussion 4:2580mechanical pretreatments 4:2580

plating methodsaddition agents 4:2585anodes 4:2586, 4:2587f, 4:2588taqueous electrolytes 4:2582, 4:2582fcathode corrosionagitation processes 4:2592corrosion potential 4:2591, 4:2591tgeneral discussion 4:2588high speed deposition 4:2591passive alloys 4:2590pulse plating 4:2592service corrosion effects 4:2591silver plating/strike baths 4:2589zinc diecastings 4:2589, 4:2589f

complex ions 4:2584, 4:2585fconducting salts 4:2585cyanide ions 4:2584, 4:2585f, 4:2589diffusion processes 4:2585felectroplating 4:2581industrial electroplating techniques 4:2597plating baths 4:2585postplating treatments 4:2598rinsing processes 4:2597simple ions 4:2584structure-influencing factorsbanding effects 4:2596fcurrent characteristics 4:2596electrolyte effects 4:2595epitaxy 4:2593, 4:2594fpseudomorphism 4:2593, 4:2593f, 4:2595f

pretreatment options 4:2579recent research developments 4:2606substratesbanding effects 4:2596fcorrosion potential 4:2591, 4:2591telectroplating 4:2581epitaxy 4:2593, 4:2594fgeneral discussion 4:2578pretreatment optionsdegreasing 4:2579metallic substrates 4:2579oxide removal/cleaning 4:2579

pseudomorphism 4:2593, 4:2593f, 4:2595fplating methodsaircraft corrosion 4:3184t, 4:3188tcadmium coatings 4:3184t, 4:3186, 4:3187f, 4:3194ttin coatings 3:2074

platinum (Pt)alumina-forming alloys 1:616, 1:617f, 1:631anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1223,

2:1223fanodic protection 4:2874tcoating characteristics 4:2526corrosion resistance 3:2216tcrystal structure 1:55telectroplated coatings 4:2584, 4:2587exchange current density 3:2217tgalvanic corrosion 2:851t, 2:1119fgalvanic series 2:831fhigh-temperature coatings 1:702high-temperature properties 3:2217, 3:2218timpressed current anodescharacteristics 4:2792mixed metal oxide (MMO) anodes 4:2796, 4:2798platinized niobium anodes 4:2795, 4:2795t, 4:2813, 4:2814tplatinized tantalum anodes 4:2795, 4:2795t, 4:2813platinized titanium anodes 4:2792, 4:2795t, 4:2813, 4:2814t

intermetallic alloysalloyed aluminide coatings 1:664–665, 1:665fnickel aluminides (NiAl/Ni3Al) 1:656platinum aluminides 1:227t, 1:659, 4:2544, 4:2545f, 4:2546f, 4:2547f,

4:2549ftitanium aluminides (TiAl/Ti3Al) 1:658–659

iron–40% chromium–platinum-group metals (Fe–40% Cr–PGM)system 3:2243

lead–platinum (Pb–Pt) bielectrodes 4:2787nitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252tplatinum-group metalscorrosion behavioranodic processes 3:2215cathodic processes/hydrogen evolution 3:2216, 3:2217tcorrosion resistance 3:2216texchange current densities 3:2217textraction processes 3:2216secondary recovery 3:2216

dispersion strengthened alloys 3:2209high-temperature properties 3:2217, 3:2218tplatinum–iridium (Pt–Ir) alloys 3:2209platinum–rhodium (Pt–Rh) alloys 3:2209platinum–ruthenium (Pt–Ru) alloys 3:2209potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:2211f, 3:2212fproduction background 3:2206properties 3:2207t, 3:2208supply/demand estimations 3:2207tthermodynamic behavior 3:2210, 3:2211f, 3:2212f

potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:2211fproperties 3:2207t, 3:2208quaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2245thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fthermodynamic behavior 3:2210, 3:2211fsee also noble metals

plywood vats 3:2444pock marks 4:2740point defectsalumina (Al2O3) 1:129basic concepts 1:102chromium oxide (Cr2O3) 1:129cobalt oxide (CoO) 1:127electronic defects 1:112extended defects 1:115Frenkel disorders 1:111general discussion 1:127impurity effects 1:115interstitial sites 1:102–103intrinsic defect equilibriums 1:114intrinsic defects 1:103, 1:104f, 1:110fionic crystals 1:110ionized point defects 1:112iron oxides 1:128Kroger–Vink notation 1:110, 1:111f, 1:111tnickel oxide (NiO) 1:113, 1:127nonstoichiometric oxidesn-type oxides 1:114point defect equilibriums 1:113p-type oxides 1:113

predictive modeling 2:1641, 2:1642f, 2:1645f, 2:1646fschematic diagram 1:102fSchottky disorders 1:111thermal defects 1:103

Poisson equation 2:1611–1613Poisson process modeling 2:1553, 2:1576tPoisson’s ratio 1:78polluted environments 3:1715, 3:1715t, 3:1716fpolyacetal 3:2385tpolyacrylic acid 3:1909, 4:2966polyacrylic rubber (ACM)applications 3:2412theat/oil resistance class 3:2413fprotective measures 3:2431structure–property relationships 3:2416tvulcanization systems 3:2436

polyacrylonitrile 3:2379tpolyamide–imide 3:2385tpolyamides (nylons) 3:2379t, 3:2383polyaniline (PAni) 2:994, 2:994f, 2:995fpolyarylate 3:2385tpolybutadiene 3:2379tpolybutyl acrylate 3:2379tpolybutylene terephthalate 3:2385tpolybutyl methacrylate 3:2379t

3498 Subject Index


polycarbonates 3:2384polychloroprene rubber (CR)applications 3:2412tchemical structure 3:2415fglass-transition temperature (Tg) 3:2416theat/oil resistance class 3:2413foxidation and ozone resistance 3:2416tproduction mechanisms 3:2410–2411solubility parameters 3:2379tswelling resistance 3:2416t

polychlorotrifluoroethylene 3:2379tpolydimethyl siloxane 3:2379tpolyepichlorohydrin rubber (CO) 3:2416t, 3:2436polyester resins 3:2342polyether ether ketone (PEEK) 3:2385t, 4:3212polyethers 3:2383polyether sulfone (PES) 3:2385tpolyethyl acrylate 3:2379tpolyethylene (PE)alkali corrosion 2:1204hydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1223–1224line pipe coatings 4:2708f, 4:2710, 4:2812t, 4:3283, 4:3283tprocess equipment materials 4:3212solubility parameters 3:2379t, 3:2385tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1246

polyethylene terephthalate 3:2379t, 3:2385tpolyethyl methacrylate 3:2379tpolyformaldehydes 3:2383polyimides 3:2385tpolyisobutylene 3:2379tpolyisoprene 3:2379tpolymersboiler water treatment 4:2982conductive polymers 4:2791controlled depletion polymers (CDPs) 4:2691–2692, 4:2692tintrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) 2:994ionizing radiation effects 2:1337isocyanate-based polymers 4:2652organic coatingsacrylic polymers 4:2652alkyds 4:2652characteristics 4:2651epoxies 4:2651general discussion 4:2651polymer matrix systems 4:2652polyurethane/polyurea coatings 4:2652sol–gel materials 4:2652

organic polymers 4:2917t, 4:2916polymer matrix composites 3:2387–2406accelerated ageing 3:2395ageing effectschemical processing industry 3:2401marine industry 3:2404oil and gas industry 3:2398, 3:2398f, 3:2399f, 3:2400f,

3:2401fsupersonic flight 3:2396


chemical processing industryArrhenius relationship 3:2403ASTM standard for long-term chemical resistance

3:2403Barcol hardness changes 3:2403fenvironmental conditions 3:2401failures and defects 3:2402fmass change–concentrated acid plot 3:2403fscrubbing tower 3:2401f

semiempirical corrosion approach 3:2404uniform corrosion 3:2402f

general discussion 3:2388, 3:2405organic coatings 4:2652strength comparisons 3:2388f

self-polishing copolymers (SPCs) 4:2691–2692, 4:2692tpolymethacrylate (PMA) 4:2966polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) 3:2379t, 3:2382, 3:2385tpolymethylphenyl siloxane 3:2379tpolynomial regression models 2:1553polyolefin coatings 4:2708f, 4:2710, 4:2812t, 4:3283, 4:3283tpolyolefins 3:2377, 3:2383polyphenylene oxide 3:2385tpolyphenylene sulfide (PPS) 3:2385tpolypropylene (PP)alkali corrosion 2:1204characteristics 3:2383FBE-polypropylene coatingsapplication frame 4:2713fapplication methods 4:2715fbasic concepts 4:2713coextruded sheet method 4:2714fcoextruded spiral tape 4:2715finjection molding 4:2714fplastic extrusion welding 4:2714f

hydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1223–1224process equipment materials 4:3211, 4:3212fsolubility parameters 3:2379t, 3:2385tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1246vulcanization systems 3:2436

polysiloxane coatings 4:2699, 4:2699tpolystyrene 3:2379t, 3:2382, 3:2385t, 4:2668tpolysulfide rubber (PTR) 3:2379t, 3:2412tpolysulfones 3:2384, 3:2385tpolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)chemical attack resistance 3:2377crevice corrosion 3:2107crystalline plastics 3:2383fluorocarbon membranes 3:2343, 3:2343thydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1223–1224limiting oxygen index 3:2385tprocess equipment materials 4:3212solubility parameters 3:2379tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1246

polyurethane coatingsburied and ground-contact structures 4:2705, 4:2706fcharacteristics 4:2652field joint coatings 4:2711marine vessels 4:2698, 4:2698t, 4:2699t

polyurethane rubber (AU, EU) 3:2412t, 3:2416t, 3:2431polyurethanes 3:2384polyvinyl acetate 3:2379t, 3:2382polyvinyl butyral (PVB) 2:989–991, 2:991f, 2:994f, 2:995f, 4:2668tpolyvinyl chloride (PVC)alkali corrosion 2:1204characteristics 3:2382corrosive environments 1:402hydrohalic acid corrosion 2:1223–1224ionizing radiation effects 2:1337limiting oxygen index 3:2385tphysical behavior 3:2374process equipment materials 4:3212solubility parameters 3:2379tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1246

polyvinylidene chloride 3:2379t, 3:2385tpolyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 2:1223–1224, 2:1246, 3:2343, 3:2343t,

3:2385t, 4:3212porcelainschemically resistant bricks 3:2340comparative attack rates 3:2302fperformance characteristics 3:2289

porous implant materials 2:1315Portland cementchemical properties 3:2349, 3:2350thydration processesbasic concepts 3:2353silicates 3:2350

Subject Index 3499


Portland cement (continued)stagesadmixed chlorides 3:2352first stage 3:2351second stage 3:2352third stage 3:2352

tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF) 3:2350t, 3:2351tricalcium aluminate (C3A) 3:2350t, 3:2351

potable water systemsalkalinity 4:2939, 4:2939t, 4:2940t, 4:2953, 4:2958blistering 4:2958fchemical inhibitorscooling systems 4:2964, 4:2965t, 4:2968fgeneral discussion 4:2961organic inhibitors 4:2966, 4:2966fsteam boiler systems 4:2961water treatment 2:1104

contaminant cycles of concentration (COC) 4:2959t, 4:2960, 4:2961tcontaminant saturation conditions 4:2956corrosion mechanismsbacterial growth count evaluation 4:2969tconcentrated cell/crevice corrosion 4:2947condensate line corrosion 4:2948erosion 4:2948galvanic corrosion 4:2946general discussion 4:2945grooving corrosion 4:2948impingement attacks 4:2948microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 4:2949, 4:2949f, 4:2967, 4:2969tmicrobiological fouling 4:2950, 4:2950f, 4:2967, 4:2969tpathogenic bacteria 4:2951, 4:2951fpitting corrosion 4:2945, 4:2946fstress corrosion 4:2947uniform corrosion 4:2945white rust 4:2949

corrosion mitigation 4:2933, 4:2936fcorrosion rate quantification 4:2957tcorrosion test coupon 4:2956fcorrosion vulnerability data 4:2956tfreshwater consumption 4:2932, 4:2935fhardness 2:1097, 4:2940–2941, 4:2953, 4:2958hydrologic cycle 4:2936, 4:2937fLangelier saturation index (LSI) 2:1100, 4:2958Larson–Skold index (L–SI) 4:2960makeup water treatment 4:2959tmetal and alloy materials selection 4:2955, 4:2956tmineral scales, muds, and sludgeschemical compositions 4:2942tclosed-loop water systems 4:2943cooling systems 4:2943, 4:2943fgeneral discussion 4:2941new-construction HVAC systems 4:2944potable water lines 4:2944steam boiler systems 4:2941, 4:2942f

pretreatment processes 4:2953, 4:2954fPuckorius scaling index (PSI) 2:1100, 4:2959Ryznar stability index (RSI) 2:1100, 4:2959scale formation 4:2935, 4:2936ftreatment guidelines 4:2952water chemistry 4:2936, 4:2939twater treatment factors 2:1104, 4:2933

potassium (K)alumina ceramics 3:2290, 3:2291t, 3:2292f, 3:2302fchemically resistant membranes 3:2343dipotassium oxide (K2O) 1:146t, 1:464t, 3:2308t, 3:2321t, 3:2331tfuel chemistry 1:459, 1:459tpotassium aluminum sulfate (KAl(SO4)2�12H2O) 3:1769tpotassium carbonate (K2CO3) 1:465f, 3:2331tpotassium chloride (KCl)paint protection mechanisms 4:2672, 4:2673f, 4:2674fphase diagram 1:531freference electrodes 1:46, 1:47fvapor pressure–temperature plot 1:403f

potassium cyanide (KCN) 3:2216tpotassium hydrogen fluoride (KHF) 4:2537tpotassium hydroxide (KOH) 3:2290, 3:2291t, 3:2292f, 3:2302fpotassium sulfate (K2SO4) 1:465f, 1:477f, 1:478f, 1:531f

rain chemistry 2:1064tseawater constituents 2:1109tzinc chloride (ZnCl2)–potassium chloride (KCl) mixtures


potentiostatbasic circuit 2:1350, 2:1350fbasic concepts 2:1349configurations 2:1351, 2:1351fcurrent control 2:1351, 2:1351fcurrent measurements 2:1351, 2:1351flimitations 2:1352negative feedback circuit 2:1350, 2:1350foperational amplifiers 2:1350, 2:1350f

Pourbaix diagramaluminum (Al) 1:31, 1:32faluminum alloys 3:1987faluminum–water system 2:1192faqueous corrosive environment models 2:1012, 2:1591, 2:1593f,

2:1596fatmospheric conditions 2:1082, 2:1083f, 2:1084fchemical equilibrium computations 2:1597, 2:1598fcobalt (Co) 3:1923fcopper/copper alloys 3:1945, 3:1945felectrochemical equilibriumgeneral discussion 1:28pH and potential-dependent equilbrium 1:29, 1:29fpurely pH-dependent equilbrium 1:29, 1:29fpurely potential-dependent equilbrium 1:28, 1:29f

gold (Au) 1:30, 1:30f, 3:2211firon (Fe) 1:30–31, 1:31f, 3:1702, 3:1703f, 3:1706f, 4:2894firon–water system 2:1193flead (Pb)lead sulfate (PbSO4) system 3:2058flead–water (Pb–H2O) system 3:2057f

magnesium alloys 3:2027fmetastability computations 2:1599, 2:1599fmolybdenum (Mo) 3:2161f, 3:2162fNernst equation 1:28nickel–water system 2:1201fniobium (Nb) 3:2140fpalladium (Pd) 3:2212fpassivation 2:742fpitting corrosion 2:778f, 2:784, 2:785fplatinum (Pt) 3:2211fsilver (Ag) 3:2210fsulfur (S) 3:1706ftantalum (Ta) 3:2140ftungsten (W) 3:2154furanium (U) 3:2183f, 3:2184fzirconium (Zr) 3:2105f

powder-post beetles 3:2445power law 1:136pozzolanic materialsbackground information 3:2354corrosion inhibitors 4:2997ground granulated blast furnace slage (GGBS) 3:2354inert fillers 3:2355pulverized fuel ash (PFA) 3:2354silica fume 3:2354

Prandtl number 2:1610Prandtl’s flow boundary layer calculation 1:682–683, 2:960–961praseodymium (Pr) 3:2014–2015precious metals 1:616, 4:2526, 4:2526f, 4:2527fsee also noble metals; platinum (Pt)

precipitation hardenable stainless steelscompositional ranges 3:1808tintergranular corrosion 2:819marine corrosion 2:1125process equipment materials 4:3210–3211

preferential corrosion 4:3280preferential weld corrosion 4:3293pressure die casting techniques 3:2021pressure-sensitive tapes 4:2707pressurized water reactors (PWRs)

3500 Subject Index


corrosion effects 2:1333, 2:1333fcrevice corrosion 2:766

propanol 3:2380tpropene (C3H6) 2:1067fpropionic acid 2:1324propylene 3:2371protective barrier inducement (PBI)aqueous acidic solutions 4:2895, 4:2896f, 4:2897faqueous near-neutral solutions 4:2897, 4:2898f, 4:2899fbasic concepts 4:2894

proteins 4:2490Pseudomonas spp. 2:1179, 4:2949, 4:2920Puckorius scaling index (PSI) 2:1100, 4:2959pulp and paper industry 3:1865, 4:3143pulsed laser deposition (PLD) 4:2628, 4:2628f, 4:2633tpulverized fuel ash (PFA) 3:2354pyridine 3:2380tpyrite (FeS2) 1:320f, 2:1288pyrolytic graphite 3:2273, 3:2275tpyrrhotite 2:1288, 2:1288t, 2:1289f

Q

quadratic regression models 2:1553qualitative risk-based inspections 4:3087quantitative risk-based inspections 4:3088, 4:3089fQuinn’s oxidational wear model 1:345, 1:346fquinolines 4:2992tquinonedioximes vulcanization 3:2437

R

radiation cross-linked heat shrink sleeves 4:2712radio frequency (RF) induction plasma spraying 4:2615radiolysis-induced environments 2:1330–1340corrosion effectsaqueous environmentschemical plant heating/cooling waters 2:1334general discussion 2:1332light water reactors (LWRs) 2:1333, 2:1333fnitric acid solutions 2:1264, 2:1265f, 2:1266f, 2:1337polymer degradation materials 2:1337stainless steel corrosion 2:1334, 2:1334t, 2:1335f, 2:1336f

atmospheric environments 2:1337general discussion 2:1331test considerations 2:1338water radiolysis 2:1331, 2:1332t

Rahmel–Tobolski mechanism 1:416, 1:416frainfallacid rain 2:1062, 2:1064taerosol transport mechanisms 2:1067atmospheric conditions 2:1082tdeposition processes 2:1069rain chemistry 2:1062, 2:1063f, 2:1064train damage/water spotting 4:2741, 4:2744surface cleaning 2:1075, 2:1076f, 2:1077surface moisture 2:1077

Raman spectroscopy 1:140, 1:162–163, 1:163f, 2:1427, 2:1428f, 3:2071Ramberg–Osgood equation 1:81, 1:81framin 2:1325tRandles equivalent circuit 2:1359fRaoult’s law 2:725–726Rapp–Goto corrosion criterion 1:322, 1:322f, 1:323frare earth magnets 2:1310, 2:1316rare earth materialsalloy compositions 1:246talloying element influences 1:546, 1:546f, 1:547fmagnesium alloys 3:2014–2015, 3:2019toxidation processes 1:224, 1:489

rayon production 3:2130reaction-bonded silicon carbides 3:2297reaction-bonded silicon nitrides 3:2300reactive flame spraying (RFS) 4:2613reactive metal pigments 4:2653reactor coolants 3:2066rectifier voltage determinations 4:2820

Red Sea 2:1109tred shale bricks 3:2338, 3:2338trefractory materials 1:668–690chemical dissolution 1:681chemically resistant bricks 3:2340cobalt-based alloys 3:1918, 3:1918tdefinition 1:670erosion 1:681general discussion 1:681, 1:688mechanical wear 1:681oxidation processes 1:203, 1:204fprocess equipment materials 4:3210f, 4:3211, 4:3211fzirconia (ZrO2) 1:674

reinforced plasticsanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1223physical behavior 3:2375

relative humidity (RH)aerosol transport analyses 2:1067ammonia–nitric acid–sulfuric acid–water (NH3–HNO3–H2SO4–H2O)

systems 2:1058ammonia–nitric acid–water (NH3–HNO3–H2O) systems 2:1058deliquescent relative humidity (DRH) 2:1060, 2:1061trelative humidity threshold values 4:3314, 4:3315f, 4:3316fsteel corrosion 3:1714, 3:1715f, 3:1715tsulfuric acid–ammonia–water (H2SO4–NH3–H2O) systems 2:1057,

2:1058fsurface moisture effects 2:1077

residual phosphate treatment 4:2980, 4:2981tresinsepoxy resins 3:2342, 3:2342tfurane resin 3:2341, 3:2342tglass fiber-reinforced resins 2:1223–1224, 3:2343organic coatings 4:2645, 4:2645fphenolic resins 3:2342, 3:2342tpolyester resins 3:2342

resin vulcanization 3:2437resistance welding 3:2452t, 3:2453fresponse surface regression analysis 2:1562, 2:1563freversed three parameter Weibull (Type III) distribution model 2:1554reverse emulsions 4:2905f, 4:2903reverse osmosisdesalination plants 3:1865makeup water treatment 4:2973

reversible thermodynamic systems 1:2Reynolds number 2:1609–1610rhenium (Re)alumina-forming alloys 1:616cobalt-based alloys 3:1918, 3:1918tintermetallic alloys 1:656, 1:665nickel-based superalloys 1:693tsee also noble metals

rheological control agents 4:2653rhodium (Rh)corrosion resistance 3:2216texchange current density 3:2217thigh-temperature properties 3:2217, 3:2218tintermetallic alloys 1:656platinum–rhodium (Pt–Rh) alloys 3:2209properties 3:2207t, 3:2208supply/demand estimations 3:2207tthermodynamic behavior 3:2210

RICE Code 4:2918rippled coating 4:2741risk-based inspection (RBI) 4:3084–3101asset integrity management (AIM) 4:3086, 4:3088fbackground information 4:3084case studiescorrosion rate trending 4:3097, 4:3097f, 4:3098f, 4:3099tintelligent data interpretation 4:3098management of change (MoC) procedures 4:3099robust RBI likelihood modeling 4:3098, 4:3099fultrasonic wall thickness measurements 4:3097, 4:3098f, 4:3099tunit layout schematic diagram 4:3100f

current international practiceAPI 580/API 581 4:3238–3239, 4:3016, 4:3016f, 4:3017f, 4:3091common practices 4:3092general discussion 4:3091

Subject Index 3501


risk-based inspection (RBI) (continued)decision-making process 4:3086, 4:3087ffuture developments 4:3101inspection plan designappropriate inspection technique selection 4:3092inspection interval specification 4:3092, 4:3093t

key performance indicators (KPIs) 4:3240, 4:3005–3006, 4:3266t, 4:3265major challenges 4:3100management requirements 4:3007fmanagement responsibilities 4:3086oil and gas industry 4:3238–3239, 4:3263process equipment risk management 4:3216–3217risk assessment characteristicsgeneral discussion 4:3087qualitative RBI 4:3087quantitative RBI 4:3088, 4:3089fsemiquantitative RBI 4:3089

risk matrixbasic concepts 4:3089criticality assessments 4:3013, 4:3014t, 4:3015tfailure probabilities 4:3017f, 4:3018t5 x 5 matrix 4:3016, 4:3016f, 4:3091fquantitative RBI results 4:3089f3 x 3 matrix 4:3090f

risk versus hazard 4:3085success factorsaccurate likelihood modeling 4:3094bathtub curve 4:3096fconfidence criteria 4:3095failure rate–time plot 4:3096fgeneral discussion 4:3004–3005, 4:3093intelligent data interpretation 4:3097key factors 4:3094operating conditions 4:3093RBI practitioners 4:3093realistic consequence modeling 4:3096, 4:3096fregulatory bodies 4:3094

risk managementdesign-based mitigation 4:3065–3083activity and information flow diagram 4:3068fcoating effectiveness 4:3079fdesign process 4:3065, 4:3066fenvironmental chemistry definitions and control 4:3069, 4:3070f,

4:3071fflow disturbances 4:3078f, 4:3079ffluid entrapment 4:3076fgalvanic compatibility risks 4:3078, 4:3079f, 4:3080fgeographic/shape factors 4:3075, 4:3076f, 4:3077f, 4:3078f, 4:3079fheat transfer conditions 4:3070, 4:3071f, 4:3072f, 4:3073flife cycle costing 4:3066fmanagement strategies 4:3080, 4:3080fmechanical design factors 4:3073microenvironment factors 4:3068, 4:3069f, 4:3070f, 4:3071f, 4:3072f

management process guidelinesbasic concepts 4:3007information flow guidelines 4:3009, 4:3009fprocess flowchart 4:3008frisk analysis, mitigation, and control flowchart 4:3010f

management requirements 4:3007fmanagement systemsdata management systems 4:3032, 4:3034fframeworkscorrosion management systems 4:3026, 4:3027f, 4:3028frisk mitigation systems 4:3025, 4:3026f

key performance indicators (KPIs) 4:3030management toolscorrosion mitigation requirementsbasic concepts 4:3022data management systems 4:3024, 4:3025fmitigation flowchart 4:3022fmonitoring techniques 4:3023, 4:3024f, 4:3117–3166

probability analysisbasic concepts 4:3018corrosion rates 4:3019ffailure probabilities 4:3021finhibitor performance analysis 4:3020tquantitative corrosion risk analysis 4:3020f

risk assessment guidelinescontrol options 4:3016tcriticality assessments 4:3013, 4:3014t, 4:3015tfailure probabilities 4:3017f, 4:3018thazards identification 4:3012, 4:3013tmatrix analyses 4:3013, 4:3014trisk-based inspection (RBI) 4:3238–3239, 4:3016, 4:3016f, 4:3017f

risk identificationcorrosion sources 4:3011damage and failure modes 4:3010risk assessment flowchart 4:3012f

petrochemical/chemical industries 4:3207–3229industry characteristics 4:3207–3229process equipmentcharacteristics 4:3208, 4:3208fcoatings and linings 4:3212electrochemical protection 4:3213environmental cracking 4:3214fenvironmentally-assisted cracking 4:3217, 4:3217f, 4:3218f, 4:3219f,

4:3220f, 4:3220texternal corrosion risks 4:3215, 4:3216ffailure incidents 4:3208–3209, 4:3209ffuture trends 4:3226general discussion 4:3227inhibitors 4:3213internal corrosion risks 4:3217, 4:3217f, 4:3218f, 4:3219f, 4:3220f,

4:3220tmaterials selection 4:3210, 4:3210f, 4:3213microprocess equipment 4:3226, 4:3226foperating conditions 4:3208, 4:3208foperation-based risk mitigation 4:3221, 4:3223f, 4:3224forganic waste destruction 4:3225fprotective treatments 4:3212risk-based cost benefit analysis 4:3223, 4:3225frisk mitigation guidelines 4:3214stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 4:3215fsupercritical water oxidation (SCWO) 4:3224–3226, 4:3225f

water system modifications 4:2930–2970chemical inhibitorscooling systems 4:2964, 4:2965t, 4:2968fgeneral discussion 4:2961steam boiler systems 4:2961


4:2969tpitting corrosion 4:2945, 4:2946fstress corrosion 4:2947uniform corrosion 4:2945white rust 4:2949

heat capacity 4:2931importance 4:2931industrial heating and cooling systemsalkalinity 4:2939, 4:2939t, 4:2940t, 4:2953, 4:2958bacterial growth count evaluation 4:2969tblistering 4:2958fchemical inhibitors 4:2961contaminant cycles of concentration (COC) 4:2959t, 4:2960, 4:2961tcontaminant saturation conditions 4:2956cooling systems 4:2964, 4:2965t, 4:2968fcorrosion mechanisms 4:2945corrosion mitigation 4:2933, 4:2936fcorrosion monitoring 4:3143corrosion rate quantification 4:2957tcorrosion test coupon 4:2956fcorrosion vulnerability data 4:2956tfreshwater consumption 4:2932, 4:2935fhardness 4:2940–2941, 4:2953, 4:2958

3502 Subject Index


hydrologic cycle 4:2936, 4:2937fLangelier saturation index (LSI) 4:2958Larson–Skold index (L–SI) 4:2960makeup water treatment 4:2959tmetal and alloy materials selection 4:2955, 4:2956tmicrobially-induced corrosion (MIC) 4:2967, 4:2969tmicrobiological fouling 4:2950, 4:2950f, 4:2967, 4:2969tmineral scales, muds, and sludges 4:2941, 4:2942f, 4:2942t, 4:2943forganic inhibitors 4:2966, 4:2966fpathogenic bacteria 4:2951, 4:2951fpretreatment processes 4:2953, 4:2954fPuckorius scaling index (PSI) 4:2959Ryznar stability index (RSI) 4:2959scale formation 4:2935, 4:2936fsteam boiler systems 4:2961treatment guidelines 4:2952water chemistry 4:2936, 4:2939twater treatment factors 4:2933

latent heat 4:2932new-construction HVAC systems 4:2944organic inhibitors 4:2966, 4:2966fpotable systemsalkalinity 4:2939, 4:2939t, 4:2940t, 4:2953, 4:2958bacterial growth count evaluation 4:2969tblistering 4:2958fchemical inhibitors 4:2961contaminant cycles of concentration (COC) 4:2959t, 4:2960, 4:2961tcontaminant saturation conditions 4:2956corrosion mechanisms 4:2945corrosion mitigation 4:2933, 4:2936fcorrosion rate quantification 4:2957tcorrosion test coupon 4:2956fcorrosion vulnerability data 4:2956tfreshwater consumption 4:2932, 4:2935fhardness 4:2940–2941, 4:2953, 4:2958hydrologic cycle 4:2936, 4:2937fLangelier saturation index (LSI) 4:2958Larson–Skold index (L–SI) 4:2960makeup water treatment 4:2959tmetal and alloy materials selection 4:2955, 4:2956tmicrobially-induced corrosion (MIC) 4:2967, 4:2969tmicrobiological fouling 4:2950, 4:2950f, 4:2967, 4:2969tmineral scales, muds, and sludges 4:2941, 4:2942f, 4:2942t, 4:2943fpathogenic bacteria 4:2951, 4:2951fpretreatment processes 4:2953, 4:2954fPuckorius scaling index (PSI) 4:2959Ryznar stability index (RSI) 4:2959scale formation 4:2935, 4:2936ftreatment guidelines 4:2952water chemistry 4:2936, 4:2939twater treatment factors 4:2933

steam boiler systems 4:2961rivelling 4:2744river waters 3:1853rolling techniques 3:1985ropiness 4:2733rubber 3:2407–2438above-water fastener selection 2:847fanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1224below-water fastener selection 2:849fchemically resistant membranes 3:2343, 3:2343tclassificationsby ISO designationsbrittleness temperature limits 3:2413tgeneral discussion 3:2411heat aging temperature 3:2412theat/oil resistance class 3:2413fvolume swelling limits 3:2412t

by origin 3:2410by purpose 3:2411, 3:2412t

flex cracking 3:2426future developments 3:2437heat aging resistance 3:2426, 3:2426flatex harvests 3:2410foil absorption effectsautomotive rubber components 3:2427fcrosslink concentration effects 3:2428, 3:2430f, 3:2430t

general discussion 3:2427mass uptake 3:2430f, 3:2430tpenetration rate–viscosity relationship 3:2428f, 3:2429fswelling resistance 3:2428

oxidation mechanisms 3:2422, 3:2422f, 3:2423fozone degradation 3:2424, 3:2425fprocessing techniquesmastication and mixing 3:2416rubber compounding 3:2416schematic flow chart 3:2417fvulcanization 3:2417, 3:2418t

propertieschemical structure 3:2415fgeneral discussion 3:2409mechanical properties 3:2409mechanical strength 3:2413swelling resistance 3:2415, 3:2416t

protective measuresaging effects 3:2431antidegradantsantiozonant mechanisms 3:2433, 3:2434f, 3:2435fbasic concepts 3:2432, 3:2432flayer formation theories 3:2433, 3:2434f, 3:2435f

elastomer blends 3:2431elastomer selection 3:2431paraffin wax blooming 3:2435sulfur vulcanizationconjugated diene and triene groups 3:2436cyclic sulfides 3:2436disulfidic crosslink 3:2436extra-network material 3:2436monosulfidic crosslink 3:2436pendent accelerator groups 3:2436polysulfidic crosslink 3:2436

vulcanization systemgeneral discussion 3:2435metallic oxide vulcanization 3:2437peroxide vulcanization 3:2436quinonedioximes vulcanization 3:2437resin vulcanization 3:2437sulfur vulcanization 3:2436urethane crosslinking system 3:2437

rubber–to–metal bondingbond failure 3:2421, 3:2473, 3:2473fbonding processbonding agents 3:2420metal plate preparation 3:2420molding methods 3:2420

engineering and automotive applications 3:2418, 3:2419fvulcanizationgeneral discussion 3:2421hot air/ambient temperature technnique 3:2421steam pressure technique 3:2421water curing technique 3:2421

rubber trees 3:2410fsolubility 3:2381vulcanization processesbasic concepts 3:2417general discussion 3:2435metallic oxide vulcanization 3:2437peroxide vulcanization 3:2436quinonedioximes vulcanization 3:2437resin vulcanization 3:2437rubber–to–metal bondinghot air/ambient temperature technnique 3:2421steam pressure technique 3:2421system characteristics 3:2418twater curing technique 3:2421

sulfur vulcanizationbasic concepts 3:2417polysulfidic crosslink 3:2436

system characteristics 3:2418turethane crosslinking system 3:2437

water absorption effects 3:2429, 3:2430f, 3:2431frubber-modified amorphous plastics 3:2374runs/sags/curtains 4:2741rust formation 4:2667

Subject Index 3503


rust inhibitors 2:1303trust rashing 4:2742rust spotting 4:2742rust staining 4:2742ruthenium (Ru)corrosion potential 2:1261corrosion resistance 3:2216texchange current density 3:2217thigh-temperature properties 3:2217, 3:2218tintermetallic alloysaluminide coatings 1:665, 1:665foxidation processes 1:659

ionizing radiation effects 2:1264, 2:1266firon–40% chromium–platinum-group metals (Fe–40% Cr–PGM)

system 3:2243nickel-based superalloys 1:693tplatinum–ruthenium (Pt–Ru) alloys 3:2209properties 3:2207t, 3:2208quaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2244supply/demand estimations 3:2207tthermodynamic behavior 3:2210see also noble metals


Ryznar stability index (RSI) 2:1100, 4:2959

S

sabkhas 2:1156sacrificial anodes 4:2763–2780bare steel protection 4:2774, 4:2774t, 4:2775tbasic conceptsanode capacity 4:2765anode efficiency 4:2765anode operating potential 4:2764, 4:2765tdriving voltage 4:2764fundamental requirements 4:2765protection potential 4:2764

calcareous scale deposits 4:2779cathodic protectionanode resistance 4:2776fbare steel protection 4:2774, 4:2774t, 4:2775tcorrosion management 4:3287, 4:3287fcurrent density requirements 4:2774design guidelines 4:2774electrochemical principles 4:2752, 4:2753f, 4:2754tsystem life 4:2775

combined alloy anodes 4:2779flame sprayed aluminum coatings 4:2780high-alloy steel protection 4:2780historical background 4:2764material requirements 4:2766, 4:2766tmaterials selectionaluminum (Al) 4:2772, 4:2773zinc (Zn) 4:2771

operation principles 4:2764performance factorsalloy compositions 4:2766, 4:2768t, 4:2769t, 4:2773alloying additions 4:2767, 4:2768tcurrent capacity 4:2771f, 4:2772felectrochemical potential 4:2771fenvironmental conditions 4:2770impurity effects 4:2767metallurgical factors 4:2769zinc alloys 4:2767–2768, 4:2768t

system lifeanode inserts 4:2778, 4:2778fanode life calculations 4:2776anode output calculations 4:2775anode quantity calculations 4:2777anode resistance 4:2776, 4:2776tbackfills 4:2779end current distribution 4:2777

general discussion 4:2775size and shape effects 4:2775utilization factors 4:2778weight calculations 4:2775

testing methods 4:2773sags 4:2741salivacorrosion-resistant alloys 2:1312fenvironmental conditions 2:1312–1313

salt aerosols 2:1059, 2:1061, 2:1067salt solution corrosion 3:1768, 3:1768t, 3:1769tsamarium oxide (Sm2O3) 3:2197fsand 2:1155fsand casting techniques 3:1983, 3:2021Sandelin curve 4:2569fsaponification 4:2743saturated Calomel electrode (SCE) 2:1371t, 4:2849tscandium (Sc)nitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252ttetragonal zirconia polycrystals (TZP) 3:2294

scanning electron microscopy (SEM)backscattered electrons 2:1409–1410, 2:1410f, 2:1411fbasic concepts 2:1409cementite analysis 1:286, 1:287fcharacteristics 2:1376tcorrosion product characterizations 1:140, 1:142fcorrosion studies 2:1406, 2:1406felectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) 2:880–881, 2:882f, 2:1411, 2:1413fenvironmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) 2:1412‘glaze’ formation analyses 1:383secondary electrons 2:1409–1410, 2:1410fspecimen preparation techniques 2:1415f, 2:1425topographic images 2:1410–1411, 2:1412fX-ray analyses 2:1419, 2:1419f

scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) methodcathodic delamination 2:989–991, 2:993filiform corrosion 2:997–998, 2:997f, 2:1000f

scanning probe microscopy 2:1430–1442atomic force microscopy (AFM)background information 2:1439general discussion 2:1441implementation processes 2:1440limitations 2:1440operating principles 2:1439, 2:1439fsolid/liquid interface applications 2:1440, 2:1441f

background information 2:1431electrochemical scanning tunnel microscopy (ECSTM)background information 2:1433electrochemical tunneling spectroscopoy (ECTS) 2:1438, 2:1438fgeneral discussion 2:1441implementation processes 2:1433, 2:1434flimitations 2:1433solid/liquid interface applicationsactive dissolution of metals 2:1434, 2:1435fgeneral discussion 2:1434passive film growth and structure analysis 2:1436, 2:1437f


scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)characteristics 2:1416Nimonic alloys–Stellite 6 wear-affected surfaces studyaluminum oxide segregation 1:387f‘glaze’ formation 1:382f, 1:383, 1:384fsliding wear comparisons 1:388fwear effects 1:385f, 1:386f

scanning tunnel microscopy (STM)background information 2:1431general discussion 2:1441‘glaze’ formation analyses 1:379limitations 2:1432operating principles 2:1431, 2:1432f

3504 Subject Index


scanning tunnel spectroscopy (STS) 1:379, 2:1432solid/gas interface applications 2:1432

scanning tunnel spectroscopy (STS) 1:379, 2:1432Schaeffler–Delong diagram 3:1811, 3:1811fScherrer formula 2:1393Schmidt number 2:961, 2:1609–1610schoepite 3:2190scholzite 4:2497tSchottky disorders 1:111screw dislocation 1:104, 1:105f, 1:106fseawater 2:1107–1148aluminum alloyscorrosion rates 2:1139tcorrosion resistance 2:1138maximum depth of attack 2:1140tpit depth measurements 2:1140fwrought aluminum alloy designations 2:1139t

carbon steeladhesive bond failure 3:2476fcorrosion protection methods 2:1143corrosion ratesalloying element influences 3:1702f, 3:1702tcorrosion products 2:1114fcorrosion profile 2:1121fdesign-based mitigation 4:3080fexposure rate–dissolved oxygen plot 2:1124fexposure rate–seawater depth plot 2:1124fgeneral discussion 2:1120hydrogen embrittlement 2:1123–1124macrofouling 2:1114fmass loss 2:1122fpitting corrosion 2:1122–1123, 2:1122f, 2:1123fpolarization curves 2:1114f, 2:1120fseasonal variations 2:1121tseawater velocity effects 2:1122f

cast ironcorrosion rates 2:1125t, 3:1759t, 3:1760f, 3:1760t, 3:1761f, 3:1762t,

3:1761fflow-induced corrosion 3:1778, 3:1779f, 3:1780f, 3:1780tgeneral discussion 2:1125, 3:1758gray cast iron corrosion rates 3:1759tsodium chloride (NaCl) concentration effects 3:1758f

copper alloyscorrosivity 2:1131, 3:1952t, 3:1958critical design velocities 2:1132tdealloying 2:1135dissolved oxygen–corrosion rate plot 2:1134fflow-induced corrosion 2:982fgalvanic corrosion 2:1134–1135impingement attacks 2:1134macrofouling 2:1133metal-ion concentration cell corrosion 2:1135pitting corrosion 2:1133–1134self-corrosion 2:1135shear stresses 2:1132tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:1135sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1132–1133temperature–corrosion rate plot 2:1133f

corrosion protection methods 2:1143corrosion ratesantifouling coatings 2:1143basic concepts 2:1113calcareous deposits 2:1115, 2:1115f, 2:1116f, 2:1117f, 2:1117t,

2:1143calcium/magnesium (Ca/Mg) ratio 2:1115–1116, 2:1117fcathodic protection 2:1115, 2:1117f, 2:1117t, 2:1143chloride ion sources 2:1113contaminant saturation conditions 4:2956corrosion product formation 2:1113, 2:1114fcrevice corrosion 2:1116, 2:1118fcurrent density 2:1115f, 2:1117f, 2:1117tgalvanic corrosion 2:1118, 2:1119f, 2:1120fmacrofouling 2:1113, 2:1114f, 3:2458oxidation reduction reaction 2:1113passive films 2:1116, 2:1118fpolarization curves 2:1113, 2:1114f, 2:1120fsulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1114–1115

environment characteristicscalcareous deposits 2:1111, 2:1115, 2:1115f, 2:1116f, 2:1117f, 2:1117t,

4:2759compositionionic concentrations 2:1109tsalinity 2:1108, 2:1109t, 2:1110f

depth effects 2:1111, 2:1112f, 2:1113fdissolved oxygen 2:1110, 2:1110felectrolytic resistivity 2:1113, 2:1113tgeneral discussion 2:1108macro/microfouling 2:1111, 2:1113, 2:1114f, 3:2458pH 2:1110temperature effects 2:1111velocity factors 2:1111

galvanic corrosionbelow-water fastener selection 2:849fcorrosion rates 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:854tcrevice corrosion depth 2:853tdesign-based mitigation 4:3080fsulfidation corrosion 2:850ftube alloy corrosion rates 2:853tvalve alloys 2:849fweight loss for iron (Fe) 2:850t

galvanic series 2:831fgeneral discussion 2:1108iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 3:1791, 3:1791t, 3:1792tmagnesium alloy corrosion 3:2013tmagnesium (Mg) 2:1142maraging steels 3:1795, 3:1797fmetal–matrix composites 3:2265, 3:2265fnickel-based alloys 2:1135, 2:1136tnonmetallic materials 2:1142pitting corrosion potential 2:782fprotective coatings 2:1115, 2:1115f, 2:1116f, 2:1117f, 2:1117t, 4:2759reference electrodes 4:2848, 4:2849treverse osmosis desalination plants 3:1865sacrificial anode performance 4:2770, 4:2771f, 4:2772fseawater-cooled circulating water systemscathodic protectioncontinuous anodes 4:2822current requirements 4:2812tgalvanic anodes 4:2822impressed current anodes 4:2822impressed-current systems 4:2823rod anodes 4:2822tubular anodes 4:2822

stainless steel corrosionanaerobic conditions 3:1857cathodic protection 3:1856crevice corrosion 2:1125, 2:1126f, 2:1127fcritical crevice corrosion solution values 2:1130tcritical crevice corrosion temperature (CCT) 2:759, 2:759t, 2:1128,

2:1129tdepth of localized attacks 2:1127texposure factors 3:1856, 3:1856t, 3:1857thydrogen embrittlement 3:1856materials selection 3:1854, 3:1855fmaximum depth of crevice attack 2:1128tpitting corrosion 2:1125, 2:1131tpitting resistance number (PREN) 2:759, 2:759t, 2:1128–1129, 2:1129tpolluted environments 3:1855resistance factors 3:1854, 3:1855tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:1125304L 2:1126f, 2:1130t, 2:1131t316LVM 2:1127f, 2:1129t, 2:1130t, 2:1131t

testing procedures 2:1146titanium alloys 2:1120f, 2:1137zinc/zinc alloy corrosion 2:1142, 3:2085

secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)basic concepts 2:1387characteristics 2:1376tcorrosion product characterizations 1:140, 1:142fpassive film analysis 2:746, 3:1923ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions 2:1376

secondary neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) 1:140second law of thermodynamics 1:3selected area diffraction (SAD) 2:1417

Subject Index 3505


selective corrosion 4:3280selective dissolution 1:95tself-polishing copolymers (SPCs) 4:2691–2692, 4:2692tsemiquantitative risk-based inspections 4:3089SermaLoy J 4:2540f, 4:2548–2549, 4:2549fserpentine (3MgO�2SiO2�2H2O) 4:2942tSerpula lacrymans 3:2445serum research 2:1310tsessile microorganisms 2:1172settlement 4:2743shape-memory alloyscopper/copper alloys 3:1968surgical implantshealth effects 2:1310historical background 2:1308nickel titanium (NiTi) alloys 2:1314titanium/titanium alloys 3:2049

shelling 4:2739Sherwood number 2:962, 2:1609–1610ships 4:2825, 4:2827fshipworm 3:2442, 3:2445–2445short-circuit diffusion 1:121, 1:121f, 1:122f, 1:137, 1:137fshot peening 2:950shrink films 4:2997shrouded plasma spraying (SPS) 4:2614–2615siderite (FeCO3) 4:2942t, 4:3311Sikla bridge (Sweden) 3:1858fsilanes 4:3331silica fume 3:2354silicone rubber (Si)applications 3:2412tchemical structure 3:2414fheat/oil resistance class 3:2411–2413, 3:2413fprotective measures 3:2431

silicones 3:2384silicon (Si)alkaline cleaners 4:2486alloysalumina-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609taluminum alloys 3:1981chromia-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609tchromium-containing alloys 1:584t, 1:589compositions 1:246theat-resisting alloys–carburization effects 1:283high silicon cast iron 3:1746, 3:1747t, 3:1748thigh-silicon–chromium iron (Si–Cr Fe) alloys (HSCI) 4:2784intermetallic alloys 1:658, 1:664iron–silicon (Fe–Si) alloys 4:2783low-alloy steels 1:566magnesium alloys 3:2015, 3:2016t, 3:2019tmagnesium–silicon-containing alloys 3:1981silicon–aluminum (Si–Al) alloys 2:1440, 2:1441fsilicon bronzes 2:831f, 2:1119f, 3:1943, 3:1952tsilicon–molybdenum iron (Si–Mo Fe) alloys 4:2784stainless steels 2:1232–1233, 3:1810

aluminosilicate ceramics 3:2289, 3:2302fanodic protection 4:2874tborosilicate glass 2:1224, 2:1248, 3:2307, 3:2308t, 3:2309t, 3:2324t,

3:2325tcast iron corrosionhydrochloric acid (HCl) 3:1765, 3:1765fliquid sulfur 3:1774tmineral acids 3:1766nitric acid (HNO3) 3:1766fphosphoric acid (H3PO4) 3:1765, 3:1766f, 3:1767tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 3:1764, 3:1764f

chemically resistant membranes 3:2343cobalt silicide (CoSi/Co2Si/CoSi2) 1:125–126, 1:126f, 1:209cordierite (Al3Mg2(Si5AlO18)) 1:674diffusion coatings 4:2535tferritic chromium steels 1:501thigh-silicon–chromium iron (Si–Cr Fe) alloys (HSCI) 4:2784high silicon iron (HSI)high-silicon–chromium iron (Si–Cr Fe) alloys (HSCI) 4:2784iron–silicon (Fe–Si) alloys 4:2783silicon–molybdenum iron (Si–Mo Fe) alloys 4:2784sulfuric acid (H2SO4) corrosion 2:1230

high-temperature coatings 1:702, 1:703fhot dip aluminization 4:2572iron–silicon (Fe–Si) alloys 4:2783magnesium silicate (3MgO�2SiO2�2H2O) 4:2942tmanganese/silicon (Mn/Si) oxide 1:413fmetallurgical properties 3:2169tmetal–matrix composites 3:2251molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) 1:145f, 1:209, 1:552, 3:2301Portland cement 3:2350resistivities 3:2257tsilica fume 3:2354silicate-based mortars 3:2341, 3:2342tsilicic acid (Si(OH)4) 1:409, 1:411f, 1:413fsilico-carbonitrides 1:680silicon carbide (SiC)advanced technical ceramicschemical vapor deposition (CVD) silicon carbides 3:2299comparative attack rates 3:2302fcorrosion resistance 1:675, 1:676f, 3:2285hot corrosion 1:675, 1:676fliquid phase sintered silicon carbides 3:2299material types 3:2297parabolic rate constant plot 1:677fpartial pressure effects 1:676fpenetration time–temperature plot 1:679freaction-bonded silicon carbides 3:2297silicon carbide/titanium carbide (SiC/TiC) composites 3:2299sintered silicon carbides 1:677, 1:678f, 3:2298

anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1224chemically resistant bricks 3:2339, 3:2340tmetal–matrix composites 3:2251process equipment materials 4:3211fproperties 1:275tresistivities 3:2257tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1248thermal expansion coefficients 1:145f

silicon dioxide (SiO2)alkali–silica reaction (ASR) 3:2362, 3:2362famorphous alloys 3:2197fcommercial glasses 3:2307corrosion resistance 3:2290tcristoballite (SiO2) 4:2942tenamel frit compositions 3:2321t, 3:2331tequilibrium oxygen partial pressure 1:410ffracture toughness values 1:168tfree energy 1:542fglass compositions 3:2308thigh-temperature coatings 1:693, 1:702, 1:703fmetal–matrix composites 3:2251oxidation processesgeneral discussion 1:208high-temperature oxidation 1:182t, 1:183f, 1:552, 1:554fsilicides 1:209, 1:210fsilicon-containing alloys 1:208, 1:208fwater vapor effects 1:553, 1:553t

oxide basicity 1:477foxide solubility 1:476–477, 1:476fPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:160tPoisson ratios 1:170tPortland cement 3:2349, 3:2350tscale formation 2:1102silica bricks 3:2340, 3:2340tsolubility plot 1:320fsuperheater deposit composition 1:464tsurface fracture energies 1:170tvitreous silicaalkaline solutions 3:2315applications 3:2316basic oxides 3:2316boiling water/steam conditions 3:2315characteristics 3:2314chemical attack resistance 3:2315electrical characteristics 3:2315fluorine corrosion 3:2315heat resistance 3:2315hydrofluoric acid (HF) 3:2315manufacturing processes 3:2314

3506 Subject Index


metal reaction products 3:2316pH 3:2316fpolymorphic structure 3:2314, 3:2315fthermal conductivity 3:2315thermal expansion coefficients 3:2314

silicon–iron (Si–Fe) anodes 4:2813, 4:2814tsilicon-modified aluminides 4:2548, 4:2549fsilicon–molybdenum iron (Si–Mo Fe) alloys 4:2784silicon nitride (SiN/Si3N4)advanced technical ceramicscomparative attack rates 3:2302fcorrosion resistance 1:678, 3:2285hot corrosion 1:678–679material types 3:2299penetration time–temperature plot 1:679freaction-bonded silicon nitrides 3:2300sintered silicon nitrides 3:2300

high-temperature tribocorrosion 1:355f, 1:360f, 1:364f, 1:365f, 1:371,1:372f

nitridation processes 1:308fsilicon carbide (SiC) bricks 3:2339, 3:2340t

soda-lime glass 3:2324t, 3:2325tsodium disilicate (Na2Si2O5) 4:2564fsodium hexafluorosilicate (Na2SiF6) 3:2331tsodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 4:2938–2939stainless steels 2:1232–1233, 3:1810, 3:1874tthermal expansion coefficients 1:145ftitanium silicide (Ti5Si3) 1:209, 1:702, 1:703ftitanium silicide (TiSi2) 1:145f, 1:209water chemistry 4:2938, 4:2939tzinc silicate coatings 4:2695t, 4:2698t

silt 2:1155fsilver (Ag)alkali corrosion 2:1204alloysgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:851t, 2:1119fimpressed current anodes 4:2814t, 4:2815

anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1223anodic protection 4:2874tarchaeological metals 4:3311fcorrosion behavioranodic processes 3:2212atmospheric corrosion 3:2213tarnishing 3:2213

corrosion removal methods 4:3322crystal structure 1:55telectrochemical scanning tunnel microscopy (ECSTM) 2:1436electroplated coatings 4:2584, 4:2588t, 4:2589galvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:851thigh-temperature properties 3:2217intermetallic alloys 1:658–659lead–silver (Pb–Ag) alloys 3:2055, 3:2055t, 4:2814t, 4:2815magnesium alloys 3:2019tnitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252tpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:2210fproduction background 3:2206properties 3:2206, 3:2207tredox couples equilibrium potential values 1:26treference electrodes 1:46, 1:48t, 2:1371t, 4:2847–2848, 4:2849f, 4:2849t,

4:2850fsilver chloride (AgCl) 1:46, 1:48t, 2:1371t, 4:2847–2848, 4:2849f, 4:2849t,

4:2850fsilver–copper (Ag–Cu) alloys 1:67fsilver cyanide (AgCN) 4:2584, 4:2585f, 4:2589, 4:2591tsilver–gold (Ag–Au) alloys 2:803f, 2:805f, 2:806f, 2:867t, 3:2215silver oxide (Ag2O) 3:2197f, 3:2210fsilver sulfate (Ag2SO4) 3:2212supply/demand estimations 3:2207tthermodynamic behavior 3:2209, 3:2210f

sintered polyethylene coatings 4:3283tsintered silicon carbides 1:677, 1:678f, 3:2298skips 4:2739sliding wear-corrosion 2:1033, 2:1040slimes 2:1111, 2:1182, 4:2949

see also biofilmssludgeschemical compositions 4:2942t

closed-loop water systems 4:2943cooling systems 4:2943, 4:2943fgeneral discussion 4:2941new-construction HVAC systems 4:2944potable water lines 4:2944purification methods 3:1871steam boiler systems 4:2941, 4:2942f

slurry cementation process 4:2535t, 4:2538, 4:2540fSMARTCOAT concept 4:2551, 4:2552f, 4:2553fsmart coatings 4:2650SMART MCrAlY overlay coatings 1:699, 1:699f, 1:700fsmythite 2:1288Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) 4:3053soda-lime glass 3:2324t, 3:2325tsodium (Na)alkaline cleaners 4:2486atmospheric conditions 2:1082tcaustic soda (NaOH)aluminum coatings 4:2564fanodic protectioncorrosion rates 4:2884, 4:2885fpotentiodynamic curves 4:2885freference electrodes 4:2874tstorage tanks 4:2888

boiler water treatment 4:2986characteristics 2:1191chemical process industry and environmental technology 3:1902,

3:1902fglass linings and coatings 3:2324tnickel–copper (Ni–Cu) alloys 2:1200f, 3:1884stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 4:3058f

corrosive environments 1:405disodium octaborate (Na2B8O13�4H2O) 2:1328disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) 3:2441disodium oxide (Na2O)

enamel frit compositions 3:2321t, 3:2331tfireside corrosion 1:470, 1:470f, 1:472fglass compositions 3:2308tPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:146tPortland cement 3:2349, 3:2350tsuperheater deposit composition 1:464t

fire-retardant treatment chemicals 2:1328fuel chemistry 1:459, 1:459toil-fired boiler corrosion 1:404rain chemistry 2:1064tseawater constituents 2:1109tsoda ash (Na2CO3) 4:2982, 4:2983fsoda-lime glass 3:2324t, 3:2325tsodium carbonate (Na2CO3) 3:2324t, 4:2564fsodium chloride (NaCl)beryllium (Be) corrosion 3:2170, 3:2170fbody fluid levels 2:1311–1312, 2:1312tcorrosion predictions 4:3059tcorrosion-resistant alloys 2:1311, 2:1312fmarine aerosols 2:1059, 2:1061metal–matrix composites 3:2265, 3:2265fpaint protection mechanisms 4:2672phase diagram 1:531fpitting corrosion 2:779f, 2:791fseawater constituents 2:1109superheater deposit composition 1:465fvapor pressure–temperature plot 1:403fwater chemistry 4:2938–2939, 4:2939t

sodium cyanide (NaCN) 4:2584sodium disilicate (Na2Si2O5) 4:2564fsodium fluoride (NaF) 3:2119t, 4:2537tsodium hexafluorosilicate (Na2SiF6) 3:2331tsodium hydroxide (NaOH)aluminum coatings 4:2564fanodic protection 4:2874tboiler water treatment 4:2986characteristics 2:1191chemical process industry and environmental technology 3:1902,

3:1902fnickel–copper (Ni–Cu) alloys 3:1884

sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 3:2216t, 4:2968sodium–iron–sulfur–oxygen (Na–Fe–S–O) phase diagram 1:320f

Subject Index 3507


sodium (Na) (continued)sodium nitrite (NaNO2) 3:2331tsodium phosphate (Na3PO4) 4:2938–2939sodium:phosphate (Na:PO4) molar ratio

congruent phosphate treatment 4:2983coordinated phosphate treatment 4:2983, 4:2983fequilibrium phosphate treatment 4:2984, 4:2985f

sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 4:2938–2939sodium sulfate (Na2SO4)

hot-salt corrosion 1:325, 1:326f, 1:478f, 1:675metal–matrix composites 3:2265, 3:2265foxide solubility 1:320–321, 1:320f, 1:531fphase diagram 1:531fsuperheater deposit composition 1:461, 1:465fwater chemistry 4:2938–2939

sodium sulfide (Na2S) 1:320fsodium sulfite (Na2SO3) 4:2975–2976, 4:2976twater chemistry 2:1098t

soft rot 3:2445softwoods see woodsoil corrosion 2:1149–1168aluminum alloys 3:1998cast iron 3:1760, 3:1762tcathodic protection 4:2816, 4:2816fcontrol options 2:1166copper/copper alloys 2:1158, 2:1159f, 3:1949, 3:1949tcorrosion mechanismsbronze spearheads 2:1153fcarbon steel pipeline 2:1152fcast iron pipes 2:1152fcopper pipes 2:1152fgeneral discussion 2:1152

corrosion ratesaeration factors 2:1158, 2:1160farchaeological metals 2:1159carbon steel/low-alloy steel 2:1157, 2:1157f, 2:1158f, 2:1159fcopper (Cu) 2:1158, 2:1159fdisturbed/undisturbed conditions 2:1159, 2:1161flead (Pb) 2:1158, 2:1159flong-term corrosion 2:1159soil parameter influences 2:1158stainless steels 2:1158, 2:1158t, 2:1165tzinc (Zn) 2:1158, 2:1159f

corrosion test methods 2:1471, 2:1507corrosivity/aggressivity assessmentsassessment method characteristics 2:1164AWWA/DIPRA (American Water Works Association/Ductile Iron

Pipe Research Association) system 2:1162, 2:1163fDIN 50 929 Part 3 criteria 2:1162, 2:1162tdirect measurement approach 2:1164Eyre and Lewis system 2:1162Mean Time Before Failure (MTBF) method 2:1163methodologies 2:1161resistivity tests 2:1161, 2:1161tsulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1161

iron (Fe) 2:1159flead (Pb) 2:1158, 2:1159f, 3:2062metallic coatings 2:1165, 2:1166fpipeline corrosion management 4:3278, 4:3278fprotective coatings 4:2702–2719buried and ground-contact structures 4:2702coating characteristics 4:2704coating typescold-applied tapes 4:2707field joint coatings 4:2711, 4:2711f, 4:3284laminated tapes 4:2707line pipe coatings 4:2707, 4:2708fliquid-applied coatings (paint) 4:2705, 4:2706f, 4:3283,

4:3283tpetrolatum tapes 4:2707pressure-sensitive tapes 4:2707

FBE-polypropyleneapplication frame 4:2713fapplication methods 4:2715fbasic concepts 4:2713coextruded sheet method 4:2714fcoextruded spiral tape 4:2715f

injection molding 4:2714fplastic extrusion welding 4:2714f

field joint coatingsFBE-polypropylene 4:2713, 4:2714fFBE powder coatings 4:2712, 4:2713fgeneral discussion 4:2711liquid-applied field joint coatings 4:2711, 4:2712fpipeline corrosion management 4:3284radiation cross-linked heat shrink sleeves 4:2712set-up 4:2711f

line pipe coatingscoal tar and asphalt/bitumen enamels 4:2709, 4:2812t, 4:3283, 4:3283tFBE powder coatings 4:2708f, 4:2709, 4:2812t, 4:2836f, 4:3283, 4:3283tgeneral discussion 4:2707line pipe coating plant schematic diagram 4:2708fpolyolefin coatings 4:2708f, 4:2710, 4:2812t, 4:3283, 4:3283t

pipelinesFBE-polypropylene 4:2713field joint coatings 4:2711, 4:2711f, 4:2713line pipe coatings 4:2707, 4:2708fliquid-applied coatings (paint) 4:2705, 4:2706frefurbishment methods 4:2716thermal insulation 4:2715, 4:2716f

quality control methods 4:2717surface preparation 4:2705

resistivity surveys 4:2816, 4:2816fsoil characteristicsaeration 2:1154classifications 2:1154, 2:1155fclays 2:1154definitions 2:1153microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 2:1156oxygen diffusion 2:1154structure 2:1154texture 2:1154variable conditions 2:1156water (H2O) interactions

capillary water 2:1156free ground water 2:1156gravitational water 2:1156significance 2:1155

steel corrosionburied steellong-term burial 3:1733pilings 3:1732pipelines 3:1733

controlling factors 3:1731, 3:1732tsulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1175zinc (Zn)zinc coatings 2:1158, 2:1159f, 4:2562, 4:2563tzinc/zinc alloys 3:2085, 3:2087t

soldering and brazing methodsbrazed joints 3:2451filler materials 3:2450, 3:2451tfluxes 3:2451tgeneral discussion 3:2450joining processes 3:2452tsoldered joints 3:2450traditional alloys 3:2451t

solders 2:851t, 3:2075solid-metal embrittlement 4:3183solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:482–517basic conceptsgeneral discussion 1:483material thermal expansion coefficients 1:484tschematic diagram 1:483f

chromium-based materialsanode-side interactions 1:510, 1:511f, 1:512fbehavior in hydrogen/water (H2/H2O)-based gases 1:488, 1:489fcathode-side interactions 1:507, 1:508fcomponent thickness effects 1:502, 1:503f, 1:504f, 1:505fdual atmosphere conditions 1:507electronic conductivity 1:492, 1:493fequilibrium constants 1:488fferritic chromium steelsalloying elements 1:494tanode gas effects 1:494, 1:496f, 1:497f

3508 Subject Index


anode-side interactions 1:510, 1:511f, 1:512fcarbonaceous gas formation 1:497, 1:498fcathode-side interactions 1:507, 1:508fcharacteristics 1:492component thickness effects 1:502, 1:503f, 1:504f, 1:505fcompositions 1:501tcontact resistance 1:501fdesign guidelines 1:499dual atmosphere conditions 1:507metal–glass sealant interactions 1:512, 1:513foxidation rates 1:500foxide scale formation 1:495f, 1:496f, 1:501f, 1:506ftemperature dependence effects 1:502fvaporization protection methods 1:509, 1:510f, 1:511f

gas compositions 1:497tmetal–glass sealant interactions 1:512, 1:513fmixed-gas corrosion 1:489, 1:490f, 1:491foxidation rates 1:490, 1:492foxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys 1:485, 1:486f,

1:487foxygen partial pressure effects 1:498fscale formation 1:490f, 1:491f, 1:495f, 1:496f, 1:506fvaporization protection methods 1:509, 1:510f, 1:511fvolatile species 1:485

high-temperature metallic alloys 1:484solid particle erosion 2:978solid-phase welding 3:2452tsolvent-free epoxy coatings 4:2694tsolvent lifting 4:2743solvent popping 4:2743solventsorganic coatings 4:2645, 4:2645f, 4:2654solvent cleaningemulsifiable cleaners 4:2485emulsion cleaners 4:2485vapor degreasing 4:2484

sour corrosionhydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) 4:3294, 4:3295fmaterials selection 4:3295pipeline corrosion management 4:2902f, 4:3294stress-oriented HIC 4:3295sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) 4:3294

spatial distribution modeling 2:1582specially-formulated lubricants 2:1306specialty rubbers 3:2412tspecific heat capacity (water) 4:2931spectroscopy 2:1374–1404alternating current (AC) impedance spectroscopy (ACIS) 4:3130attenuated total reflection spectroscopy 2:1376t, 2:1402Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)atmospheric corrosion 3:2072basic concepts 2:1384characteristics 2:1376tenergy diagram 2:1384fpassive film analysis 2:746, 3:1923, 3:2244ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions 2:1376

basic concepts 2:1375characteristics 2:1376tcurrent imaging tunnel spectroscopy (CITS) 1:379electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)advanced measurement techniques 2:1360basic concepts 2:1358data analysis 2:1360data presentation 2:1359, 2:1359fpassive film analysis 2:746Randles equivalent circuit 2:1359f

electrochemical tunneling spectroscopoy (ECTS) 2:1438, 2:1438felectron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) 1:383, 1:385f, 2:1408, 2:1421,

2:1423fenergy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) 2:1418Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 3:2393general discussion 2:1403glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES)basic concepts 2:1398characteristics 2:1376tdepth profile 2:1401fschematic diagram 2:1399f

infrared spectroscopyattenuated total reflection spectroscopybasic concepts 2:1402characteristics 2:1376t


tin analyses 3:2071ion scattering spectrometry (ISS)basic concepts 2:1385characteristics 2:1376tdepth profile 2:1385fpassive film analysis 3:1923ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions 2:1376

ion spectrometrygeneral discussion 2:1385ion scattering spectrometry (ISS)basic concepts 2:1385characteristics 2:1376tdepth profile 2:1385fultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions 2:1376



IR reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) 2:1376t, 2:1403photoluminescence spectroscopy (PLS) 1:140Raman spectroscopy 1:140, 1:162–163, 1:163f, 2:1427, 2:1428f,

3:2071scanning tunnel spectroscopy (STS) 2:1432secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)basic concepts 2:1387characteristics 2:1376tcorrosion product characterizations 1:140, 1:142fpassive film analysis 2:746, 3:1923ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions 2:1376

secondary neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) 1:140surface analytical methods 2:1375, 2:1376ttime-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF–SIMS) 2:1387,

3:2465ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions 2:1376, 2:1377fultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS)basic concepts 2:1382characteristics 2:1376tenergy diagram 2:1383f, 2:1384f

wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS) 2:1418X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)adhesive bond failure 3:2465, 3:2469, 3:2470f, 3:2471f, 3:2472fangular resolved XPS (ARXPS) measurements 2:1380–1382,

2:1381fatmospheric corrosion 3:2072Auger energy yield 2:1380fbasic concepts 2:1378characteristics 2:1376tcorrosion product characterizations 1:140energy diagram 2:1379firon oxidation film evaluations 2:1380–1382, 2:1381f, 2:1382fpassive film analysis 2:746, 2:1380–1382, 2:1381f, 2:1382f, 3:1923,

3:1925f, 3:2244schematic diagram 2:1378fultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions 2:1376, 2:1377f

Sphaerotilus spp. 2:1183, 4:2920Sphingomonas spp. 2:1179spinel phase growth 1:588spin-galvanizing 4:2568spleen research 2:1310tsprayed coatings 4:2610–2621air-assisted airless spray application 4:2640airless spray application 4:2639

Subject Index 3509


sprayed coatings (continued)applicationscorrosion-resistant coatings 4:2618inorganic sprayed coatings 4:2620metallic coatings 4:2618, 4:2626

coatings 4:2521electrostatic spray application 4:2640heated spray application 4:2640metallic coatings 4:2521nonthermal sprayingair spraying 4:2610, 4:2638electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) 4:2611, 4:2640

thermal sprayingbasic concepts 4:2611cold-gas dynamic spraying (CGDS) 4:2612t, 4:2616detonation gun spraying (D-Gun) 4:2612t, 4:2616flame sprayingcharacteristics 4:2612, 4:2612thigh-velocity suspension flame spraying (HVSFS) 4:2613reactive flame spraying (RFS) 4:2613

high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)/high-velocity air fuel (HVAF)spraying 4:2612t, 4:2615, 4:2626

laser-hybrid techniques 4:2617, 4:2627, 4:2633tlaser surface melting/remelting (LSM) 4:2626, 4:2633tliquid feedstock 4:2617magnesium alloys 3:2036metallic glass coatings 4:2617metal matrix composite (MMC) coatings 4:2626–2627nanostructured coatings 4:2617plasma sprayingcharacteristics 4:2612t, 4:2614high-pressure plasma spraying (HPPS) 4:2615inert plasma spraying (IPS) 4:2615low-pressure plasma spraying (LPPS) 4:2615plasma-transferred arc (PTA) spraying 4:2615radio frequency (RF) induction plasma spraying 4:2615shrouded plasma spraying (SPS) 4:2614–2615supersonic RF plasma spraying 4:2615vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) 4:2615

postprocessing techniques 4:2618preprocessing processing techniques 4:2618wire arc spraying 4:2612t, 4:2613

tin coatings 3:2074spruce 2:1325tsputter deposition 3:2192–2193squeeze casting techniques 3:2022SS Great Britain 4:3316f, 4:3317, 4:3335–3336, 4:3336f, 4:3338stabilized zirconia 3:2294Stachybotrus spp. 4:2933–2934staining of wood 3:2444, 3:2445stainless steels 3:1802–1878above-water fastener selection 2:847facid pickling 4:2489, 4:2993talkali corrosionalloying element influences 2:1199f, 2:1200faustenitic stainless steels 2:1198f, 2:1199fcomposition effects 2:1197t, 2:1201tcorrosion potential 2:1196corrosion rates 2:1198fduplex stainless steels 2:1199f, 2:1202fgeneral corrosion 3:1843, 3:1844fpotentiodynamic polarization curves 2:1196fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1833


alloying elementsaluminum (Al) 3:1811carbon (C) 3:1810cerium (Ce) 3:1811

chromium (Cr) 2:1232–1233, 2:1233f, 3:1809cobalt (Co) 3:1811compositional ranges 3:1808tcopper (Cu) 2:1232–1233, 2:1233f, 3:1809corrosion resistance 2:1230general discussion 3:1809manganese (Mn) 3:1810molybdenum (Mo) 2:1232–1233, 2:1233f, 3:1809nickel (Ni) 2:1232–1233, 3:1809niobium (Nb) 3:1811nitrogen (N) 3:1810silicon (Si) 2:1232–1233, 3:1810sulfur (S) 3:1811titanium (Ti) 3:1810vanadium (V) 3:1811

anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acidsaustenitic stainless steels 2:1209f, 2:1212fcorrosion rates 2:1211, 2:1211t, 2:1212fduplex stainless steels 2:1212fhydrofluoric acid (HF) 2:1212f

anodic protection 4:2874t, 4:2878applications 3:1807, 3:1807f, 3:1807t, 3:1860atmospheric environmentsgeneral discussion 3:1858influencing factors 3:1860materials selection 3:1858, 3:1858tSikla bridge (Sweden) 3:1858furban/rural/marine atmospheres 2:848f, 3:1858, 3:1858t

atomic force microscopy (AFM) 2:1441austenitic–ferritic (duplex) stainless steelsintergranular corrosion 2:818marine corrosion 2:1125

austenitic stainless steelsacid pickling 4:2993talkali corrosion 2:1198f, 2:1199fanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1209f, 2:1212fanodic protection 4:2874t, 4:2878atmospheric environmentsgeneral discussion 3:1858influencing factors 3:1860materials selection 3:1858, 3:1858tSikla bridge (Sweden) 3:1858furban/rural/marine atmospheres 3:1858, 3:1858t

chemical compositions 3:1810t, 3:1812t, 3:1825t, 3:1855t, 3:1863t,3:1864t, 3:1874t

chemical plant heating/cooling waters 2:1334chromium-containing alloys 1:591, 1:591f, 1:592f, 1:592t, 1:593fcommercial applicationsart and architecture 3:1858f, 3:1866, 3:1867f, 3:1866fdomestic products/kitchenware 3:1860, 3:1861tprocess industry 3:1861

compositional ranges 3:1808tcorrosion propertiesalloy composition influence 3:1825, 3:1826falloying element influences 3:1822common test procedures 3:1846corrosion fatigue 2:1258, 3:1836crevice corrosion 3:1829, 3:1830fcrevice formers 3:1850fcritical crevice corrosion temperature (CCT) 3:1850fcritical pitting temperature (CPT) 3:1827, 3:1828f, 3:1829f, 3:1847,

3:1848f, 3:1849felectrochemical reactions 3:1823, 3:1824felectrochemical testing methods 3:1846, 3:1847ferosion 3:1846galvanic corrosion 3:1844, 3:1845fgeneral corrosion 3:1838general discussion 3:1821grade resistance 3:1847, 3:1848f, 3:1849f, 3:1850fgrade screening methods 3:1849, 3:1850fintergranular corrosion 3:1845, 3:1845flaboratory tests 3:1850, 3:1851tlocalized corrosion 3:1824material selection tests 3:1849passive films 3:1822, 3:1822fpassivity breakdown 3:1824pitting corrosion 2:749, 3:1826, 3:1826f

3510 Subject Index


pitting potentials 3:1849fpitting resistance equivalent (PRE) value 3:1825–1826, 3:1825tpolarization curves 3:1824fpostweld treatments 3:1837stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1830, 3:1831fwelding-related corrosion 3:1837

crevice corrosion 2:759cyclic oxidation 1:592f, 1:592t, 1:593fdesign-based mitigation 4:3070f, 4:3071felectrochemical scanning tunnel microscopy (ECSTM) 2:1436erosion resistance 2:985fflow-induced corrosion 2:982f, 2:983fgalvanic corrosion 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:853tgeneral corrosionalkaline solutions 3:1843, 3:1844fcharacteristics 3:1838hydrochloric acid (HCl) 3:1840, 3:1840fnitric acid (HNO3) 3:1842organic acids 3:1842, 3:1843fphosphoric acid (H3PO4) 3:1841, 3:1841f, 3:1842fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 3:1838, 3:1839f, 3:1840f

heat treatmentsgeneral discussion 3:1818precipitation hardening 3:1819quenching 3:1818solution annealing 3:1818, 3:1818tstabilization annealing 3:1819tempering 3:1819

high temperature oxidation behavior 1:553, 1:554fhigh-temperature stainless steelschemical compositions 3:1874tcorrosion resistance 3:1873halogen gas corrosion 3:1876molten metal environments 3:1877molten salt environments 3:1876oxidation behaviors 3:1875, 3:1875fsulfur attacks 3:1876

hydrochloric acid (HCl) 2:1212f, 2:1213fhydrofluoric acid (HF) 2:1212fhydrogen embrittlement 2:920, 2:920fhydrogen sulfide (H2S) environments 2:983fimmersion tests/test compounds 3:1863, 3:1864tintergranular corrosionanodic polarization curves 2:816fgeneral discussion 2:810grain boundary attack susceptibility 2:813, 2:813fgrain boundary structure and network 2:812grain dropping 2:811fknife line attacks 2:818metallurgical aspects 2:812polarization curves 2:824fsensitization conditions 2:815, 2:815f, 2:816f, 2:817fsensitization prevention 2:817standard practices and test methods 2:822t, 2:824ftheoretical aspects 2:811time–temperature–precipitation (TTP) diagram 2:816, 2:817f,

2:818fweld decay 2:818, 2:818f

isothermal air behavior 1:591fmarine corrosion 2:1125mechanical properties 3:2137tcold work effects 3:1815, 3:1816ffatigue properties 3:1816, 3:1816f, 3:1817tgeneral discussion 3:1812room temperature conditions 3:1812, 3:1813tstress–strain plots 3:1813ftempering temperature effects 3:1814ftoughness impacts 3:1815, 3:1816f

microstructure 3:1809f, 3:1811natural water environmentschlorination effects 3:1852, 3:1852fdrinking water 3:1853freshwater 3:1853, 3:1854fgeneral discussion 3:1851microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:1851, 3:1852friver waters 3:1853seawater 3:1854, 3:1855t

neural network method case studycarbonate concentration effects 2:1689fchloride concentration effects 2:1688fgeneral discussion 2:1687hydroxide concentration effects 2:1690fnitrate concentration effects 2:1689fsulfate concentration effects 2:1688ftemperature effects 2:1690f

nitric acid (HNO3) 2:1253nitridation processes 1:263f, 1:264fnoble metal additions 3:2241toxide overlay coatings 1:698fphysical properties 3:1819, 3:1820tprecipitation/embrittlementcarbide/nitride precipitation 3:1817carburization 3:1818475�C embrittlement 3:1817general discussion 3:1817heat treatments 3:1818intermetallic phases 3:1817

primary uses 3:1807process equipment materials 4:3210–3211process industry applicationscopper production 3:1862corrosion resistance 3:1863desalination 3:1863, 3:1865fhydrometallurgy 3:1861nickel production 3:1862oil and gas production 3:1867, 3:1869pulp and paper industry 3:1865wastewater treatment 3:1870zinc production 3:1862

property relationships 3:1820refractory austenitic stainless steels 1:598tSchaeffler–Delong diagram 3:1811fseawateranaerobic conditions 3:1857cathodic protection 3:1856exposure factors 3:1856, 3:1856t, 3:1857thydrogen embrittlement 3:1856materials selection 3:1854, 3:1855fpolluted environments 3:1855resistance factors 3:1854, 3:1855t

spalling tendencies 1:591fsteam and steam/hydrogen environmentsconstruction materials 1:432tgeneral discussion 1:431inner scale formation 1:443flong-term behavior 1:436, 1:437f, 1:438f, 1:439foxidation rates 1:440f, 1:441f, 1:442fpressure effects 1:449, 1:450fscale growth rate 1:445, 1:445fscale morphology 1:447f, 1:448f, 1:449f, 1:450fspalling tendencies 1:439fsteam oxidation mechanisms 1:433, 1:434f, 1:435ftemperature dependence effects 1:440, 1:440f, 1:441f, 1:442f, 1:443f,


stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t, 2:872f, 3:1835, 4:3061fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1232f, 2:1235, 2:1237fsurgical implants 2:1308thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fweight loss 1:592twelding processes 3:2458, 3:2459f

background information 3:1804below-water fastener selection 2:849fbrazed joints 3:2451carbon dioxide (CO2) environments 2:855fcathodic modification 3:2224–2249background information 3:2226basic conceptsactive–passive state 3:2227, 3:2228factive state 3:2227, 3:2228fgeneral discussion 3:2227passive state 3:2227, 3:2228f

Subject Index 3511


stainless steels (continued)transpassive state 3:2228, 3:2228f

chromium/chromium-based alloysgeneral discussion 3:2230kinetic effects 3:2230noble metal additions 3:2230

corrosion rates 3:2232tduplex stainless steels 3:2237, 3:2238t, 3:2239f, 3:2241tgalvanic coupling 3:2237general discussion 3:2225iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloys 3:2231, 3:2235firon–chromium–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Mo) alloys 3:2233, 3:2234t,

3:2241iron–chromium–nickel–manganese (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mn) alloys 3:2236iron–chromium–nickel–molybdenum (Fe–Cr–Ni–Mo) alloys

3:2236nickel–iron–chromium (Ni–Fe–Cr) alloys 3:2235, 3:2240noble metal additions 3:2231passivation processes 3:2225, 3:2226fprocess mechanisms 3:2229schematic diagram 3:2227fsurface alloying processes 3:2240, 3:2241t

chemical compositions 2:1231t, 3:1810t, 3:1812t, 3:1825t, 3:1855t, 3:1863t,3:1864t, 3:1874t

chromium-containing alloys 1:583–605cast refractory iron–nickel–chromium (Fe–Ni–Cr) alloys 1:603tcompositions 1:597t, 1:598tgeneral discussion 1:597growth behaviorchromia (Cr2O3) growth 1:588high temperature corrosion protection 1:587spinel phase growth 1:588

high temperature corrosion protectionalloy types 1:584cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) phase diagram 1:584, 1:586fgrowth behavior 1:587iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) phase diagram 1:584, 1:585fminor element influences 1:589nickel–chromium (Ni–Cr) phase diagram 1:584, 1:586f



historical development 1:583iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloys 1:585fmaximum isothermal service temperature 1:585frefractory austenitic stainless steels 1:598trefractory ferritic stainless steels 1:597tscaling index 1:584twrought refractory cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) alloys 1:602twrought refractory iron–nickel–chromium (Fe–Ni–Cr) alloys 1:599t,

1:600tclassifications 3:1808commercial applicationsart and architecture 3:1858f, 3:1866, 3:1867f, 3:1866fdomestic products/kitchenware 3:1860, 3:1861tprocess industrycopper production 3:1862corrosion resistance 3:1863desalination 3:1863, 3:1865fhydrometallurgy 3:1861nickel production 3:1862oil and gas production 3:1867pulp and paper industry 3:1865wastewater treatment 3:1870zinc production 3:1862

corrosion fatigue 2:946, 2:946tcorrosion propertiesalloy composition influence 3:1825, 3:1826falloying element influences 3:1822common test procedures 3:1846corrosion fatigue 2:1258, 3:1836crevice corrosion 3:1829, 3:1830fcrevice formers 3:1850fcritical crevice corrosion temperature (CCT) 3:1850fcritical pitting temperature (CPT)alloying element influences 3:1829fbasic concepts 3:1827grade resistance 3:1847, 3:1848f, 3:1849fphotographic illustration 3:1829fpotential dependence 3:1828f


general discussion 3:1821grade resistance 3:1847, 3:1848f, 3:1849f, 3:1850fgrade screening methods 3:1849, 3:1850fintergranular corrosion 3:1845, 3:1845flaboratory tests 3:1850localized corrosion 3:1824material selection tests 3:1849, 3:1851tpassive films 3:1822, 3:1822fpassivity breakdown 3:1824pitting corrosion 2:749, 3:1826, 3:1826fpitting potentials 3:1849fpitting resistance equivalent (PRE) value 3:1825–1826, 3:1825tpolarization curves 3:1824fpostweld treatments 3:1837stress corrosion cracking (SCC)alkaline solutions 2:1200, 3:1833atmospheric environments 3:1834, 3:1835fcharacteristics 3:1830, 3:1831fchlorine-induced mechanisms 3:1832, 3:1832ffilm-induced cleavage 3:1831hydrogen embrittlement 3:1831hydrogen-induced stress cracking (HISC) 2:859, 2:859f, 3:1833laboratory tests 3:1850material selection tests 3:1849process mechanisms 3:1831slip dissolution 3:1831stress intensity factor–crack rate relationship 3:1832, 3:1832fsulfide stress cracking (SSC) 2:859, 2:859f, 2:860f, 3:1833

welding-related corrosion 3:1836corrosion vulnerability data 4:2956tcrevice corrosioncharacteristics 3:1829, 3:1830fcorrosion test methods 2:1486, 2:1488f, 2:1488t, 2:1489fcrevice initiation 2:1334–1335, 2:1335t, 2:1336fmarine environmentscrevice corrosion 2:1126f, 2:1127fcritical crevice corrosion solution values 2:1130tcritical crevice corrosion temperature (CCT) 2:759, 2:759t, 2:1128,

2:1129tdepth of localized attacks 2:1127texposure factors 3:1857tgeneral discussion 2:1125maximum depth of crevice attack 2:1128tpitting resistance number (PREN) 2:759, 2:759t, 2:1128–1129, 2:1129t304L 2:1126f, 2:1130t, 2:1131t316LVM 2:1127f, 2:1129t, 2:1130t, 2:1131t

nitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1257passive current density 2:1369fpitting corrosion 2:759, 2:759t, 2:795, 2:796f, 2:796t, 2:1334–1335,

2:1336f

3512 Subject Index


duplex stainless steelsalkali corrosion 2:1199f, 2:1202fanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1212fatmospheric environmentsgeneral discussion 3:1858influencing factors 3:1860materials selection 3:1858, 3:1858tSikla bridge (Sweden) 3:1858furban/rural/marine atmospheres 3:1858, 3:1858t

cathodic modification 3:2237, 3:2238t, 3:2239f, 3:2241tchemical compositions 3:1810t, 3:1812t, 3:1825t, 3:1855t, 3:1863t,

3:1864t, 3:1874tcommercial applicationsart and architecture 3:1858f, 3:1866, 3:1867f, 3:1866fdomestic products/kitchenware 3:1860, 3:1861tprocess industry 3:1861


3:1848f, 3:1849felectrochemical reactions 3:1823, 3:1824felectrochemical testing methods 3:1846, 3:1847ferosion 3:1846galvanic corrosion 3:1844, 3:1845fgeneral corrosion 3:1838general discussion 3:1821grade resistance 3:1847, 3:1848f, 3:1849f, 3:1850fgrade screening methods 3:1849, 3:1850fintergranular corrosion 3:1845, 3:1845flaboratory tests 3:1850, 3:1851tlocalized corrosion 3:1824material selection tests 3:1849, 3:1851tpassive films 3:1822, 3:1822fpassivity breakdown 3:1824pitting corrosion 2:749, 3:1826, 3:1826fpitting potentials 3:1849fpitting resistance equivalent (PRE) value 3:1825–1826, 3:1825tpolarization curves 3:1824fpostweld treatments 3:1837stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1830, 3:1831fwelding-related corrosion 3:1837

flow-induced corrosion 2:983fgalvanic corrosion 2:849f, 2:853t, 2:855fgeneral corrosionalkaline solutions 3:1843, 3:1844fcharacteristics 3:1838hydrochloric acid (HCl) 3:1840, 3:1840fnitric acid (HNO3) 3:1842organic acids 3:1842, 3:1843fphosphoric acid (H3PO4) 3:1841, 3:1841f, 3:1842fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 3:1838, 3:1839f, 3:1840f


high-temperature stainless steelschemical compositions 3:1874tcorrosion resistance 3:1873halogen gas corrosion 3:1876molten metal environments 3:1877molten salt environments 3:1876oxidation behaviors 3:1875, 3:1875fsulfur attacks 3:1876

hydrochloric acid (HCl) 2:1212fhydrogen sulfide (H2S) environments 2:983fimmersion tests/test compounds 3:1863, 3:1864tintergranular corrosion 2:818

marine corrosion 2:1125mechanical propertiescold work effects 3:1815, 3:1816ffatigue properties 3:1816, 3:1816f, 3:1817tgeneral discussion 3:1812room temperature conditions 3:1812, 3:1813tstress–strain plots 3:1813ftempering temperature effects 3:1814ftoughness impacts 3:1815, 3:1816f

microstructure 3:1809f, 3:1811natural water environmentschlorination effects 3:1852, 3:1852fdrinking water 3:1853freshwater 3:1853, 3:1854fgeneral discussion 3:1851microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:1851, 3:1852friver waters 3:1853seawater 3:1854, 3:1855t

physical properties 3:1819, 3:1820tprecipitation/embrittlementcarbide/nitride precipitation 3:1817carburization 3:1818475�C embrittlement 3:1817general discussion 3:1817heat treatments 3:1818intermetallic phases 3:1817

primary uses 3:1807, 3:1807fprocess equipment materials 4:3210–3211process industry applicationscopper production 3:1862corrosion resistance 3:1863desalination 3:1863, 3:1865fhydrometallurgy 3:1861nickel production 3:1862oil and gas production 3:1867, 3:1869pulp and paper industry 3:1865wastewater treatment 3:1870zinc production 3:1862

property relationships 3:1820Schaeffler–Delong diagram 3:1811fseawateranaerobic conditions 3:1857cathodic protection 3:1856exposure factors 3:1856, 3:1856t, 3:1857thydrogen embrittlement 3:1856materials selection 3:1854, 3:1855fpolluted environments 3:1855resistance factors 3:1854, 3:1855t

stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t, 3:1836sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1236fwelding processes 3:2459

economic aspects 4:3043, 4:3043t, 4:3044f, 4:3044telectrochemical scanning tunnel microscopy (ECSTM) 2:1436electroplated coatings 4:2578, 4:2587, 4:2590environmentally-assisted cracking 4:3208–3209erosion 3:1846erosion resistance 2:985fferritic stainless steelsacid pickling 4:2993tatmospheric environmentsgeneral discussion 3:1858influencing factors 3:1860materials selection 3:1858, 3:1858tSikla bridge (Sweden) 3:1858furban/rural/marine atmospheres 3:1858, 3:1858t


chromia-forming alloys 1:424–425, 1:425f, 1:426fcommercial applicationsart and architecture 3:1858f, 3:1866, 3:1867f, 3:1866fdomestic products/kitchenware 3:1860, 3:1861tprocess industry 3:1861

compositional ranges 3:1808tcorrosion propertiesalloy composition influence 3:1825, 3:1826falloying element influences 3:1822common test procedures 3:1846

Subject Index 3513


stainless steels (continued)corrosion fatigue 2:1258, 3:1836crevice corrosion 3:1829, 3:1830fcrevice formers 3:1850fcritical crevice corrosion temperature (CCT) 3:1850fcritical pitting temperature (CPT) 3:1827, 3:1828f, 3:1829f, 3:1847,

3:1848f, 3:1849felectrochemical reactions 3:1823, 3:1824felectrochemical testing methods 3:1846, 3:1847ferosion 3:1846galvanic corrosion 3:1844, 3:1845fgeneral corrosion 3:1838general discussion 3:1821grade resistance 3:1847, 3:1848f, 3:1849f, 3:1850fgrade screening methods 3:1849, 3:1850fintergranular corrosion 3:1845, 3:1845flaboratory tests 3:1850localized corrosion 3:1824material selection tests 3:1849passive films 3:1822, 3:1822fpassivity breakdown 3:1824pitting corrosion 2:749, 3:1826, 3:1826fpitting potentials 3:1849fpitting resistance equivalent (PRE) value 3:1825–1826,

3:1825tpolarization curves 3:1824fpostweld treatments 3:1837stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1830, 3:1831fwelding-related corrosion 3:1837

electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) test 2:1486erosion resistance 2:985fflow-induced corrosion 2:982f, 2:983fgalvanic corrosion 2:852tgeneral corrosionalkaline solutions 3:1843, 3:1844fcharacteristics 3:1838hydrochloric acid (HCl) 3:1840, 3:1840fnitric acid (HNO3) 3:1842organic acids 3:1842, 3:1843fphosphoric acid (H3PO4) 3:1841, 3:1841f, 3:1842fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 3:1838, 3:1839f, 3:1840f


high temperature oxidation behavior 1:553, 1:554fhigh-temperature stainless steelschemical compositions 3:1874tcorrosion resistance 3:1873halogen gas corrosion 3:1876molten metal environments 3:1877molten salt environments 3:1876oxidation behaviors 3:1875, 3:1875fsulfur attacks 3:1876

hydrogen sulfide (H2S) environments 2:983fimmersion tests/test compounds 3:1863, 3:1864tintergranular corrosion 2:818marine corrosion 2:1125mechanical propertiescold work effects 3:1815, 3:1816ffatigue properties 3:1816, 3:1816f, 3:1817tgeneral discussion 3:1812room temperature conditions 3:1812, 3:1813tstress–strain plots 3:1813ftempering temperature effects 3:1814ftoughness impacts 3:1815, 3:1816f

microstructure 3:1811natural water environmentschlorination effects 3:1852, 3:1852fdrinking water 3:1853freshwater 3:1853, 3:1854fgeneral discussion 3:1851microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:1851,

3:1852f

river waters 3:1853seawater 3:1854, 3:1855t

nitric acid (HNO3) 2:1253noble metal additions 3:2241tphysical properties 3:1819, 3:1820tpolarization curves 2:1354, 2:1355fprecipitation/embrittlementcarbide/nitride precipitation 3:1817carburization 3:1818475�C embrittlement 3:1817general discussion 3:1817heat treatments 3:1818intermetallic phases 3:1817

primary uses 3:1807process equipment materials 4:3210–3211process industry applicationscopper production 3:1862corrosion resistance 3:1863desalination 3:1863, 3:1865fhydrometallurgy 3:1861nickel production 3:1862oil and gas production 3:1867, 3:1869pulp and paper industry 3:1865wastewater treatment 3:1870zinc production 3:1862


steam and steam/hydrogen environmentsconstruction materials 1:432tgeneral discussion 1:431inner scale formation 1:443flong-term behavior 1:436, 1:437f, 1:438f, 1:439foxidation rates 1:440f, 1:441f, 1:442fpressure effects 1:449, 1:450fscale morphology 1:447f, 1:448f, 1:449f, 1:450fspalling tendencies 1:439fsteam oxidation mechanisms 1:433, 1:434f, 1:435ftemperature dependence effects 1:440, 1:440f, 1:441f, 1:442f, 1:443f,

1:445fvoid and gap formation 1:435, 1:436f, 1:437f, 1:438f,

1:439fweight change comparisons 1:433f, 1:442f, 1:444f

stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1835thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fwelding processes 3:2458, 3:2459f

flow-induced corrosion 2:982f, 2:983fformic acid environments 4:3060ffracture toughness values 1:168tfretting corrosion 2:1012–1013, 2:1012f, 2:1258galvanic corrosionbasic concepts 3:1844corrosion potential 3:1845fcorrosion rates 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:854t, 3:1757tcrevice corrosion depth 2:853tenvironmental conditions 2:1011, 2:1012fgalvanic series 2:831fmarine environments 2:1119foil and gas industry 3:1868

glass linings and coatings 3:2324tgraphitic materials 3:2278high-temperature corrosion 1:464, 1:466f, 1:466t, 1:467f, 1:468fhigh-temperature stainless steelschemical compositions 3:1874tcorrosion resistance 3:1873halogen gas corrosion 3:1876molten metal environments 3:1877molten salt environments 3:1876oxidation behaviors 3:1875, 3:1875fsulfur attacks 3:1876

3514 Subject Index


historical development 1:583hot-salt corrosion 1:474f, 1:477fhydrogen embrittlement 2:1125, 3:1831, 3:1856hydrogen sulfide (H2S) environments 2:855f, 2:983fimmersion tests/test compounds 3:1863, 3:1864timpressed current anodes 4:2783intergranular corrosionanodic polarization curves 2:816faustenitic–ferritic (duplex) stainless steels 2:818characteristics 3:1845degree of sensitization tests 2:825f, 2:825telectrochemical poteniokinetic reactivation (EPR) tests 2:823, 2:825f,

2:825tferritic stainless steels 2:818general discussion 2:815knife line attacks 2:818martensitic stainless steels 2:818polarization curves 2:824fprecipitation hardenable stainless steels 2:819sensitization conditions 2:815, 2:815f, 2:816f, 2:817fsensitization prevention 2:817standard practices and test methods 2:822t, 2:824ftime–temperature–precipitation (TTP) diagram 2:816, 2:817f, 2:818ftime–temperature–sensitization (TTS) diagram 3:1845fweld decay 2:818, 2:818f

internal corrosion risks 4:3217f, 4:3218fionizing radiation corrosionchemical plant heating/cooling waters 2:1334, 2:1334t, 2:1335fcorrosion potential 2:1334tcurrent flow effects 2:1336fhydrogen peroxide (H2O2) effects 2:1334, 2:1335flight water reactors (LWRs) 2:1333nitric acid solutions 2:1337test considerations 2:1338

laser cladding (LC) 4:2624, 4:2633tlaser gas nitriding (LGS) 4:2632laser surface alloying (LSA) 4:2631marine corrosioncrevice corrosion 2:1125, 2:1127f, 3:1857tcritical crevice corrosion solution values 2:1130tcritical crevice corrosion temperature (CCT) 2:759, 2:759t, 2:1128,

2:1129tdepth of localized attacks 2:1127tmaximum depth of crevice attack 2:1128tpitting corrosion 2:1125, 2:1131tpitting resistance number (PREN) 2:759, 2:759t, 2:1128–1129, 2:1129tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:1125

martensitic stainless steelsatmospheric environmentsgeneral discussion 3:1858influencing factors 3:1860materials selection 3:1858, 3:1858tSikla bridge (Sweden) 3:1858furban/rural/marine atmospheres 3:1858, 3:1858t


commercial applicationsart and architecture 3:1858f, 3:1866, 3:1867f, 3:1866fdomestic products/kitchenware 3:1860, 3:1861tprocess industry 3:1861


3:1848f, 3:1849felectrochemical reactions 3:1823, 3:1824felectrochemical testing methods 3:1846, 3:1847ferosion 3:1846galvanic corrosion 3:1844, 3:1845fgeneral corrosion 3:1838general discussion 3:1821

grade resistance 3:1847, 3:1848f, 3:1849f, 3:1850fgrade screening methods 3:1849, 3:1850fintergranular corrosion 3:1845, 3:1845flaboratory tests 3:1850localized corrosion 3:1824material selection tests 3:1849passive films 3:1822, 3:1822fpassivity breakdown 3:1824pitting corrosion 2:749, 3:1826, 3:1826fpitting potentials 3:1849fpitting resistance equivalent (PRE) value 3:1825–1826, 3:1825tpolarization curves 3:1824fpostweld treatments 3:1837stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1830, 3:1831fwelding-related corrosion 3:1836

erosion resistance 2:985ffatigue resistance 3:1770t, 3:1771fflow-induced corrosion 2:983fgeneral corrosionalkaline solutions 3:1843, 3:1844fcharacteristics 3:1838hydrochloric acid (HCl) 3:1840, 3:1840fnitric acid (HNO3) 3:1842organic acids 3:1842, 3:1843fphosphoric acid (H3PO4) 3:1841, 3:1841f, 3:1842fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 3:1838, 3:1839f, 3:1840f


high-temperature stainless steelschemical compositions 3:1874tcorrosion resistance 3:1873halogen gas corrosion 3:1876molten metal environments 3:1877molten salt environments 3:1876oxidation behaviors 3:1875, 3:1875fsulfur attacks 3:1876

hydrogen sulfide (H2S) environments 2:983fimmersion tests/test compounds 3:1863, 3:1864tintergranular corrosion 2:818marine corrosion 2:1125mechanical propertiescold work effects 3:1815, 3:1816ffatigue properties 3:1816, 3:1816f, 3:1817tgeneral discussion 3:1812room temperature conditions 3:1812, 3:1813tstress–strain plots 3:1813f, 3:1815ftempering temperature effects 3:1814ftoughness impacts 3:1815, 3:1816f

microstructure 3:1811natural water environmentschlorination effects 3:1852, 3:1852fdrinking water 3:1853freshwater 3:1853, 3:1854fgeneral discussion 3:1851microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:1851, 3:1852friver waters 3:1853seawater 3:1854, 3:1855t

physical properties 3:1819, 3:1820tprecipitation/embrittlementcarbide/nitride precipitation 3:1817carburization 3:1818475�C embrittlement 3:1817general discussion 3:1817heat treatments 3:1818intermetallic phases 3:1817

process equipment materials 4:3210–3211process industry applicationscopper production 3:1862corrosion resistance 3:1863desalination 3:1863, 3:1865fhydrometallurgy 3:1861nickel production 3:1862

Subject Index 3515


stainless steels (continued)oil and gas production 3:1867, 3:1869pulp and paper industry 3:1865wastewater treatment 3:1870zinc production 3:1862


steam and steam/hydrogen environmentsconstruction materials 1:432tgeneral discussion 1:431inner scale formation 1:443flong-term behavior 1:436, 1:437f, 1:438f, 1:439foxidation rates 1:440f, 1:441f, 1:442fpressure effects 1:449, 1:450fscale morphology 1:447f, 1:448f, 1:449f, 1:450fspalling tendencies 1:439fsteam oxidation mechanisms 1:433, 1:434f, 1:435ftemperature dependence effects 1:440, 1:440f, 1:441f, 1:442f, 1:443f,


stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t, 3:1835thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fwelding processes 3:2458

materials selection 4:3210, 4:3210fmechanical propertiesannealed alloys 3:1699tcold work effects 3:1815, 3:1816ffatigue properties 3:1816, 3:1816f, 3:1817tgeneral discussion 3:1812room temperature conditions 3:1812, 3:1813tstress–strain plots 3:1813f, 3:1815ftempering temperature effects 3:1814ftoughness impacts 3:1815, 3:1816f

microstructure 3:1809f, 3:1811molybdenum additives 3:2159natural water environmentschlorination effects 3:1852, 3:1852fdrinking water 3:1853freshwater 3:1853, 3:1854fgeneral discussion 3:1851microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:1851, 3:1852friver waters 3:1853seawateranaerobic conditions 3:1857cathodic protection 3:1856exposure factors 3:1856, 3:1856t, 3:1857thydrogen embrittlement 3:1856materials selection 3:1854, 3:1855fpolluted environments 3:1855resistance factors 3:1854, 3:1855t

nitric acid (HNO3)containment materials 2:1253corrosion-influencing factorscold work 2:1260, 2:1260fdissolved oxidizing species 2:1261, 2:1262f, 2:1263fdissolved reducing species 2:1263, 2:1264f, 2:1265theat transfer 2:1266ionizing radiation 2:1264, 2:1265f, 2:1266fliquor-line corrosion effects 2:1267nitrous acid gases 2:1260, 2:1261fpassive metals 2:1263solution boiling 2:1265vapor regions 2:1267welds 2:1259, 2:1259f

corrosion mechanismscorrosion fatigue 2:1258corrosion rates 2:1256fcrevice corrosion 2:1257

end grain corrosion 2:1256f, 2:1257, 2:1257ferosion 2:1258fretting corrosion 2:1258galvanic corrosion 2:1259intragranular corrosion 2:1255, 2:1256fpassivity–transpassivity continuum 2:1255stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:1258

corrosion rates 2:1253t, 2:1254f, 2:1256fcorrosion reactions 2:1252, 2:1253fcorrosion test methodsin-service corrosion rates 2:1267ranking tests 2:1267

nitridation processesbasic concepts 1:260corrosion mechanisms 1:262predictive modeling 1:261f, 1:262pressure effects 1:263f, 1:264f, 1:265fthermochemistry 1:262transition stages 1:265f

nuclear waste isolation 2:767passive films 2:727, 2:744, 2:1436, 3:2195tphase stability diagram 1:185, 1:185fphosphoric acid (H3PO4) 4:2881, 4:2882fphysical properties 3:1699t, 3:1819, 3:1820tpitting corrosioncharacteristics 3:1826, 3:1826fcrevice corrosion 2:759, 2:795, 2:796f, 2:796t, 2:1334–1335, 2:1336fcritical crevice corrosion temperature (CCT) 3:1850fcritical pitting temperature (CPT)alloying additions 2:759alloying element influences 3:1829fbasic concepts 2:797, 2:797f, 3:1827grade resistance 3:1847, 3:1848f, 3:1849fphotographic illustration 3:1829fpotential dependence 3:1828f

electrochemical behavior 3:2107fmarine environments 2:1125, 2:1131tpit chemistry 3:1826fpitting potentials 3:1849fpitting-producing anions 2:774t

precipitation/embrittlementcarbide/nitride precipitation 3:1817carburization 3:1818475�C embrittlement 3:1817general discussion 3:1817heat treatmentsgeneral discussion 3:1818precipitation hardening 3:1819quenching 3:1818solution annealing 3:1818, 3:1818tstabilization annealing 3:1819tempering 3:1819

intermetallic phases 3:1817precipitation hardenable stainless steelscompositional ranges 3:1808tintergranular corrosion 2:819marine corrosion 2:1125process equipment materials 4:3210–3211

preservative treatments 2:1327–1328primary uses 3:1807, 3:1807f, 3:1807t, 3:1860property relationships 3:1820quaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2244reducing environments 1:465scale failure strain measurements 1:167tSchaeffler–Delong diagram 3:1811, 3:1811fS–N (stress–number of cycles to failure) curves 2:930fsoil corrosion 2:1158, 2:1158t, 2:1165tstandard reduction potential 3:2074tstorage tankselectroless nickel plating baths 4:2887phosphoric acid (H3PO4) 4:2887sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2886, 4:2887, 4:2887f, 4:2888f

stress corrosion cracking (SCC)alkaline solutions 2:1200, 3:1833atmospheric environments 3:1834, 3:1835fcharacteristics 3:1830, 3:1831fchlorine-induced mechanisms 3:1832, 3:1832f

3516 Subject Index


film-induced cleavage 3:1831highly corrosive environments 3:1822fhydrogen embrittlement 3:1831hydrogen-induced stress cracking (HISC) 2:859, 2:859f, 3:1833laboratory tests 3:1850marine environments 2:1125material selection tests 3:1849metal–environment combinations 2:867tnitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1258performance predictions 4:3058fprocess mechanisms 3:1831slip dissolution 3:1831stress intensity factor–crack rate relationship 3:1832, 3:1832fsulfide stress cracking (SSC) 2:859, 2:859f, 2:860f, 3:1833

stress growth measurements 1:159tsulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1175, 2:1176, 2:1177f, 2:1178fsulfuric acid (H2SO4)

anodic polarization curves 2:1231f, 2:1236faustenitic stainless steels 2:1232f, 2:1235, 2:1237fchromium alloying influences 2:1232–1233, 2:1233fcompositions 2:1231tcontaminant effects 2:1234, 2:1235fcopper alloying influences 2:1232–1233, 2:1233fcorrosion rates 4:2878, 4:2879fferritic chromium steels 2:1231fmolybdenum alloying influences 2:1232–1233, 2:1233fnickel alloying influences 2:1232–1233, 2:1233foxidizing environments 2:1233–1234, 2:1234fpassivation current density 4:2879fpassive range 4:2879fperformance characteristics 2:1235, 2:1236f, 2:1237f, 2:1238fpolarization curves 2:1354, 2:1355fprotection mechanisms 2:1230silicon alloying influences 2:1232–1233temperature effects 2:1236fvelocity factors 2:1234, 2:1236f

surgical implantscorrosion resistance 2:764, 2:1314environmental conditions 2:1311health effects 2:1310historical background 2:1308

thermal expansion coefficients 1:145fthiocyanate compounds 4:2883304Lacetic acid–sodium chloride mixtures 4:3059tactive–passive transition state 2:1617–1618, 2:1617falkali corrosion 2:1198f, 2:1199f, 2:1200fcorrosion potential 2:1334tcrevice corrosion 2:1126f, 2:1487–1488, 2:1488tcrevice initiation 2:1334–1335, 2:1335t, 2:1336fcritical crevice corrosion solution values 2:1130tformic acid environments 4:3060fgalvanic corrosion 2:855f, 2:1011, 2:1012f, 2:1478, 2:1480t,

3:1757thydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1211t, 2:1212fhydrogen peroxide (H2O2) effects 2:1334, 2:1335fintergranular corrosion testing procedures 2:825t, 2:826laser surface alloying (LSA) 4:2631marine corrosion 2:1125, 2:1128tnanocrystalline alloys 3:2202nitridation processes 1:264fnuclear waste isolation 2:767physical properties 3:2096tpitting corrosion 2:1131tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:1333sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1232f, 2:1235, 2:1238f

316LVMabove-water fastener selection 2:847facetic acid–sodium chloride mixtures 4:3059talkali corrosion 2:1198f, 2:1199f, 2:1200fbelow-water fastener selection 2:849fcorrosion resistance 2:764, 2:1314, 3:2240crevice corrosion 2:1125, 2:1317critical crevice corrosion solution values 2:1130tformic acid environments 4:3060fgalvanic corrosion 2:852t, 2:855f, 2:1478, 2:1480t, 3:1757thydrofluoric acid (HF) corrosion 2:1211t, 2:1219f

laser surface alloying (LSA) 4:2631marine corrosion 2:849f, 2:1127f, 2:1128tnuclear waste isolation 2:767pitting corrosion 2:1131t, 2:1317pitting resistance number (PREN) 2:1129trepassivation potential 2:1623–1624, 2:1623fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1235, 2:1235f, 2:1237f, 2:1238f,

2:1247ftank transport studies 3:1912zirconium (Zr)-based bulk metallic glasses 3:2200

welding processesaustenitic stainless steels 3:2458, 3:2459fcommon corrosion sites 3:2458fduplex stainless steels 3:2459ferritic stainless steels 3:2458, 3:2459fgeneral discussion 3:2458localized corrosion 3:2460martensitic stainless steels 3:2458sensitization conditions 3:2460, 3:2460f

standard chemical potential 1:5standardsadvanced technical ceramics 3:2286, 3:2288cathodic protection 4:2754, 4:2754tcement 3:2349corrosion monitoring and inspection 4:3117–3166crevice corrosion tests 2:760glass-lined steel equipment manufacturing processes 3:2322, 3:2322t,

3:2323thot-dipped coatingsASTM standards 4:2574tEN/ISO standards 4:2573tgeneral discussion 4:2573

intergranular corrosion testing proceduresaluminum alloys 2:821tdegree of sensitization tests 2:823, 2:825f, 2:825telectrochemical poteniokinetic reactivation (EPR) tests 2:823, 2:825f,

2:825tgeneral discussion 2:820microstructure screening 2:823nickel/nickel alloys 2:823t, 2:825tstainless steels 2:822t, 2:824f

metallic cultural heritage preservation 4:3309paint inspectionschemical cleanliness 4:2725post-paint application monitoring 4:2726surface preparation 4:2723surface profile 4:2724

risk-based inspection (RBI) 4:3238–3239surface pretreatments 4:2493

star cracking 4:2739statistical analysis 2:1547–1580analytical methodsBayes’ theoryBayes’ theorem 2:1557general discussion 2:1557prior and posterior possibilities 2:1558prior predictive possibility 2:1558probability theories 2:1557robust Bayes method 2:1559specifying the prior 2:1558uninformative prior possibility 2:1558wall thickness measurements 2:1569

experimental designs 2:1556extreme value (EV) distributionsbasic concepts 2:1554chloride concentration variations 2:1572fcoupon testing 2:1560, 2:1562fpit depth measurements 2:1570, 2:1571fwall thickness measurements 2:1567, 2:1569f

general discussion 2:1550linear regression 2:1553, 2:1560, 2:1560f, 2:1567Monte Carlo (MC) techniques 2:1550fNormal (Gaussian) distributions 2:1550, 2:1550f, 2:1552fPoisson process modeling 2:1553, 2:1576tsampling theory/sample surveys 2:1556threshold techniques 2:1555, 2:1577, 2:1578fWiener process modeling 2:1555

Subject Index 3517


statistical analysis (continued)background information 2:1549corrosion studiescorrosion engineeringgeneral discussion 2:1565heat exchanger tube inspections 2:1565inspection and repair optimization 2:1574Intelligent Pig pipeline inspections 2:1573pit depth measurements 2:1570thickness measurement locations 2:1566

corrosion monitoringgeneral discussion 2:1577threshold techniques 2:1555, 2:1577, 2:1578f

corrosion sciencecoupon testing 2:1559crack depth modeling 2:1563induction time measurements 2:1559pitting potentials 2:1559, 2:1559f

coupon testinganalysis of variance 2:1561textreme value (EV) analysis 2:1560, 2:1562fgeneral discussion 2:1559linear polarization resistance measurements (LPRMs) 2:1562,

2:1563fpit depth measurements 2:1560, 2:1561f, 2:1562fresponse surface regression analysis 2:1562, 2:1563fstraight line regression models 2:1560, 2:1560fweight loss 2:1560, 2:1560f

crack depth inspectionscase studies 2:1575inspection and repair optimization 2:1574inspection interval–operational failure rate plot 2:1577fparameter estimates 2:1576tprobability density distribution 2:1576ftime–crack depth plot 2:1576f

heat exchanger tube inspectionsbasic concepts 2:1565pit depth measurements 2:1565f, 2:1566f

inspection and repair optimizationcrack depth inspections 2:1574, 2:1576ffailure costs 2:1575general discussion 2:1574

Intelligent Pig pipeline inspectionsgeneral discussion 2:1573tracked feature depths 2:1573, 2:1574funtracked features/pareto distribution analysis 2:1573, 2:1573f

pit depth measurementschloride concentration variations 2:1572fcoupon testing 2:1560, 2:1561f, 2:1562fextreme value (EV) analysis 2:1570, 2:1571fgeneral discussion 2:1570heat exchanger tube inspections 2:1565f, 2:1566flife prediction models 2:1570, 2:1571fstraight line regression models 2:1571, 2:1572f

thickness measurement locationsBayesian methods 2:1569extreme value (EV) analysis 2:1567, 2:1568t, 2:1569fgeneral discussion 2:1566straight line regression models 2:1567ultrasonic wall thickness measurements 2:1568twall thickness data 2:1567f, 2:1568f

general discussion 2:1579steam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:407–456argon–water vapor (Ar–H2O) atmospheres 1:408, 1:410f,

1:412fbasic concepts 1:408metallic high-temperature componentsalumina-forming alloys and coatingsalumina scale formation 1:449, 1:450f, 1:451f, 1:452fborderline alumina-forming alloys 1:452, 1:452f, 1:453fmetastable alumina 1:451

borderline alloys 1:426chromium/chromium-based alloys 1:418chromia (Cr2O3) scale growth mechanisms 1:419, 1:421fchromia-forming iron- and nickel-based alloys 1:418, 1:420fcommercial chromia-forming iron- and nickel-based alloys 1:422,

1:422f, 1:423f

minor alloying element addition effects 1:423, 1:424f, 1:425f, 1:426foxidation processes 1:418spalling tendencies 1:419fsurface morphologies 1:423fweight change comparisons 1:419f, 1:420f




general discussion 1:416nomenclature 1:417protective scale-forming elements (PSEs) 1:416, 1:417f


thermodynamicsargon–water vapor (Ar–H2O) atmospheres 1:410f, 1:412fequilibrium oxygen partial pressure 1:409f, 1:410f, 1:412fgas atmospheres 1:409, 1:409f, 1:410fmaterial testing considerations 1:411, 1:412f, 1:413fsolid oxide stability 1:409temperature dependence effects 1:411fvolatile reaction products 1:409, 1:411f

uranium compounds 3:2188vitreous silica 3:2315

steam boiler systems 4:2971–2989boiler water treatmentall-polymer treatments 4:2982all volatile treatment (AVT) 4:2985caustic treatment 4:2986chelant treatments 4:2981congruent phosphate treatment 4:2983coordinated phosphate treatment 4:2982, 4:2983fequilibrium phosphate treatment 4:2984, 4:2985fresidual phosphate treatment 4:2980, 4:2981tsteam purity 4:2980

chemical inhibitors 4:2961condensate treatment 4:2986crevice corrosion 2:766drum-type utility boiler 4:2974ffeedwater treatmentall volatile treatment (oxidizing) (AVT(O)) 4:2978all volatile treatment (reducing) (AVT(R)) 4:2977dissolved oxygen control 4:2975, 4:2976tflow accelerated corrosion (FAC) 4:2977general discussion 4:2975oxygenated treatment (OT) 4:2979oxygen scavengers 4:2975, 4:2976tpH control 4:2977

field-erected water tube industrial boiler 4:2973findustry guidelines 4:2971makeup water treatment 4:2973mineral scales, muds, and sludges 4:2941, 4:2942fout-of-service conditions 4:2988process equipment risk management 4:3217fsampling guidelines 4:2988water system schematic diagram 4:2972f

3518 Subject Index


steamed European beech 2:1325tsteam-turbine lubricants 2:1305stearic acid 3:1795, 3:1842Stearn–Geary equation 2:1466, 2:1469steel 3:1693–1736acid picklingchemical cleaning 4:2489hydrochloric acid (HCl) 4:2992thydrofluoric acid (HF) 4:2993tnitric acid (HNO3) 4:2993tphosphoric acid (H3PO4) 4:2993tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2992t

adhesive bond failure 3:2472faircraft corrosiondesign guidelines 4:3191tmaterials selection 4:3182protective treatments 4:3186, 4:3187freprotective treatments 4:3194t

alkali corrosionanodic polarization curves 2:1194fcorrosion rates 2:1196fcrevice corrosion 2:1194–1195, 2:1195fgeneral discussion 2:1192iron–water system Pourbaix diagram 2:1193fstress relief techniques 2:1194ftemperature effects 2:1194f, 2:1195f

aluminized steel 4:3043, 4:3043t, 4:3044tanhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acidscorrosion ratesgeneral discussion 2:1209hydrochloric acid (HCl) 2:1209fhydrofluoric acid (HF) 2:1210f, 2:1212f

aqueous corrosive environments 4:2748, 4:2748f, 4:2749f, 4:2750f, 4:2751fatmospheric corrosionatmospheric corrosivity classifications 3:1725, 3:1726t, 3:1727tcorrosion kineticsclimatic variation 3:1720, 3:1721tcorrosion rates 3:1722, 3:1722f, 3:1723texposure conditions 3:1721

corrosion mechanismsacid regeneration cycle 3:1718electrochemical mechanisms 3:1719wet/dry cycles 3:1719, 3:1720f

corrosion product composition 3:1719electrochemical effects 2:1088environmental influencesair-borne pollutants 3:1715, 3:1715t, 3:1716fparticulate matter 3:1715f, 3:1717, 3:1718trelative humidity (RH) 3:1714, 3:1715f, 3:1715tsea salt 3:1718t

urban/rural/marine atmospheres 2:848fweathering steelsalloying effects 3:1720f, 3:1722f, 3:1723, 3:1724fapplications 3:1724next generation weathering steels 3:1725, 3:1725twet/dry cycles 3:1723, 3:1725f

brazed joints 3:2451carbon dioxide (CO2) environments 2:855fcarbon steel 3:1693–1736above-water fastener selection 2:847facetic acid–sodium chloride mixtures 4:3059tacid corrosion 3:1792, 3:1792tadhesive bond failure 3:2473, 3:2473f, 3:2475f, 3:2476f, 3:2477falkali corrosionanodic polarization curves 2:1194fcorrosion rates 2:1196fcrevice corrosion 2:1194–1195, 2:1195fgeneral discussion 2:1192iron–water system Pourbaix diagram 2:1193fstress relief techniques 2:1194ftemperature effects 2:1194f, 2:1195f

ammonia damage 4:3220tammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) 4:2883anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1209faqueous corrosioncorrosion rates 3:1761fcrevice corrosion 3:1711

differential aeration cell corrosion 3:1710, 3:1710ferosion-corrosion 3:1712flow-assisted corrosion 3:1712galvanic corrosion 3:1711, 3:1757tgeneral corrosion 3:1710pitting corrosion 3:1711protective treatments 3:1713solubility products 3:1712ttuberculation corrosion 3:1710f



corrosion rateshydrochloric acid (HCl) 2:1209f, 3:1765thydrofluoric acid (HF) 2:1210f, 2:1212fmarine environments 2:1114f, 3:1761fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 3:1792, 3:1792t, 4:2876, 4:2878f

electrochemical effects 2:1088electrochemistryanodic dissolution 3:1704aqueous corrosive environments 3:1708cathodic reactions 3:1707passivity 3:1705potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:1702, 3:1703f, 3:1706fthermodynamics 3:1702


marine corrosionalloying element influences 3:1702f, 3:1702tcorrosion profile 2:1121fcorrosion rates 2:1114f, 2:1120, 2:1121t, 3:1761fdesign-based mitigation 4:3080fexposure rate–dissolved oxygen plot 2:1124fexposure rate–seawater depth plot 2:1124fhydrogen embrittlement 2:1123–1124

Subject Index 3519


steel (continued)mass loss 2:1122fpitting corrosion 2:1122–1123, 2:1122f, 2:1123fpolarization curves 2:1114f, 2:1120fprotective treatments 2:1143seawater velocity effects 2:1122f

materials selection 4:3210, 4:3210fmolybdenum additives 3:2159oil and gas industry facilities 4:3234passivation current density 4:2876f, 4:2877fpassive range 4:2877fphosphoric acid (H3PO4) 4:2881potentiodynamic curves 4:2876fprocessing techniquesalloying element influences 3:1702f, 3:1702tcorrosion rates 3:1700, 3:1701t, 3:1702tmarine corrosion resistance 3:1702tmechanical deformation 3:1700, 3:1701f

protective barrier inducement (PBI) 4:2898f, 4:2899freducing environments 1:468fscale inhibitors/dispersants 4:2993tS–N (stress–number of cycles to failure) curves 2:930fsoil corrosion 2:1152f, 2:1157, 2:1157fstorage tanksalkaline environments 4:2888cellulose boilers 4:2888liquid fertilizer storage tanks 4:2888sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2887

stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t, 2:871f, 4:3058fsulfidation corrosion 1:241f, 1:246fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1236f, 2:1238f, 4:3058fsweet corrosion 4:3291underground corrosionburied steel 3:1732controlling factors 3:1731, 3:1732tlong-term burial 3:1733pilings 3:1732pipelines 3:1733



cathodic protection 4:2753, 4:2754t, 4:2774, 4:2774t, 4:2775tconcrete degradationcarbonation 3:2359, 3:2359fcathodic protection 4:2755, 4:2812t, 4:2827, 4:2830fcharacteristics 3:2358chloride-induced corrosion 3:2359, 3:2359fchloride ion diffusion 3:2359chloride ion selective electrodes 3:2362chloride ion sources 3:2359corrosion inhibitors 4:2996corrosion ladder 3:2361diffusion cell test 3:2360immersion tests 3:2360resistivity tests 3:2360retrieved sample tests 3:2361testing errors 3:2361

copper steel 3:1724fcorrosion potential 4:2591tcorrosion processesaqueous corrosioncrevice corrosion 3:1711

differential aeration cell corrosion 3:1710, 3:1710ferosion-corrosion 3:1712flow-assisted corrosion 3:1712galvanic corrosion 3:1711, 3:1757tgeneral corrosion 3:1710pitting corrosion 3:1711protective treatments 3:1713solubility products 3:1712ttuberculation corrosion 3:1710f

corrosion products 3:1709tenvironmentally-assisted cracking 3:1712general discussion 3:1709high-temperature oxidation 3:1713hydrogen embrittlement 3:1713microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:1713

corrosion protection methodsmarine environments 2:1143paints and organic coatingsanodic reactions 4:2669cathodic reactions 4:2667oxygen diffusion 4:2668, 4:2668twater diffusion 4:2668, 4:2668t

corrosion vulnerability data 4:2956tcorrosivity 1:90economic aspects 4:3043, 4:3043t, 4:3044f, 4:3044telectrochemistryanodic dissolutionanion adsorption effects 3:1704oxygen-containing conditions 3:1704oxygen-free conditions 3:1704

aqueous corrosive environmentsanode and cathode separation 3:1708, 3:1708fflow rate effects 3:1708mass transport processes 3:1708

cathodic reactionshydrogen evolution reactions 3:1707oxygen reduction reactions 3:1707

passivitynonoxide passive films 3:1706passive oxide films 3:1705

potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:1702, 3:1703f,3:1706f

thermodynamics 3:1702electroplated coatings 4:2578ferritic chromium steelsanodic polarization curves 2:1231fflow-induced corrosion 2:982fmetal dusting 1:291, 1:292f, 1:293fsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)alloying elements 1:494tanode gas effects 1:494, 1:496f, 1:497fanode-side interactions 1:510, 1:511f, 1:512fcarbonaceous gas formation 1:497, 1:498fcathode-side interactions 1:507, 1:508fcharacteristics 1:492component thickness effects 1:502, 1:503f, 1:504f,

1:505fcompositions 1:501tcontact resistance 1:501fdesign guidelines 1:499dual atmosphere conditions 1:507metal–glass sealant interactions 1:512, 1:513foxidation rates 1:500foxide scale formation 1:495f, 1:496f, 1:501f, 1:506ftemperature dependence effects 1:502fvaporization protection methods 1:509, 1:510f, 1:511f

filiform corrosion 2:1000, 2:1001f, 2:1002ffireside corrosion 1:466f, 1:468fflow-induced corrosion 2:982fgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:1119fgalvanized steel 2:1165, 2:1166fgalvanizing process

alloying additions 4:2569basic concepts 4:2568coating development 4:2570fcoating structure 4:2568f, 4:2569freactivity 4:2568, 4:2569f, 4:2570f

3520 Subject Index



high-temperature oxidation 1:466f, 1:468fhistorical background 3:1695hot dip aluminization 4:2572hot-salt corrosion 1:474f, 1:477fhydrogen cracking 2:923–927characteristics 1:95tgeneral discussion 2:923hydrogen embrittlementbasic concepts 2:925pipeline welds 2:925ftesting methods 2:926, 2:927f




hydrogen embrittlement 2:912, 2:912f, 2:913thydrogen sulfide (H2S) environments 2:855fimpressed current anodes 4:2782internal corrosion risks 4:3217f, 4:3218firon–carbon (Fe–C) alloysequilibrium microstructures 3:1697, 3:1698fmechanical properties 3:1699, 3:1699tnonequilibrium microstructures 3:1697, 3:1698fphase diagram 3:1695, 3:1696fphysical properties 3:1699, 3:1699t

laser gas nitriding (LGS) 4:2632laser surface alloying (LSA) 4:2631low-alloy steel 3:1693–1736above-water fastener selection 2:847facetic acid–sodium chloride mixtures 4:3059tadhesive bond failure 3:2473, 3:2473f, 3:2475f, 3:2476f, 3:2477falloying element influences 3:1724fammonia damage 4:3220tammonium nitrate 4:2883aqueous corrosioncrevice corrosion 3:1711differential aeration cell corrosion 3:1710, 3:1710ferosion-corrosion 3:1712flow-assisted corrosion 3:1712galvanic corrosion 3:1711general corrosion 3:1710pitting corrosion 3:1711protective treatments 3:1713solubility products 3:1712ttuberculation corrosion 3:1710f

atmospheric corrosionacid regeneration cycle 3:1718air-borne pollutants 3:1715, 3:1715t, 3:1716falloying effects 3:1720f, 3:1722f, 3:1723, 3:1724fatmospheric corrosivity classifications 3:1725, 3:1726t, 3:1727tclimatic variation 3:1720, 3:1721tcorrosion kinetics 3:1720corrosion mechanisms 3:1718corrosion product composition 3:1719corrosion rates 3:1722, 3:1722f, 3:1723telectrochemical mechanisms 3:1719

environmental influences 3:1714exposure conditions 3:1721next generation weathering steels 3:1725, 3:1725tparticulate matter 3:1715f, 3:1717, 3:1718trelative humidity (RH) 3:1714, 3:1715f, 3:1715tsea salt 3:1718turban/rural/marine atmospheres 2:848fweathering steels 3:1723, 3:1724wet/dry cycles 3:1719, 3:1720f, 3:1723, 3:1725f


corrosion rates 2:1114f, 4:2876, 4:2878fcorrosion testing 2:1475, 2:1476f, 2:1477felectrochemical effects 2:1088electrochemistryanodic dissolution 3:1704aqueous corrosive environments 3:1708cathodic reactions 3:1707passivity 3:1705potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:1702, 3:1703f, 3:1706fthermodynamics 3:1702


marine corrosionalloying element influences 3:1702f, 3:1702tcorrosion profile 2:1121fcorrosion rates 2:1114f, 2:1120, 2:1121tdesign-based mitigation 4:3080fexposure rate–dissolved oxygen plot 2:1124fexposure rate–seawater depth plot 2:1124fhydrogen embrittlement 2:1123–1124mass loss 2:1122fpitting corrosion 2:1122–1123, 2:1122f, 2:1123fpolarization curves 2:1114f, 2:1120fprotective treatments 2:1143seawater velocity effects 2:1122f

materials selection 4:3210, 4:3210fmetal dusting 1:290, 1:290f, 1:291fmicrobially-induced corrosion (MIC) 2:1176, 2:1177fmolybdenum additives 3:2159oxidation resistance 1:558–582aluminum alloying effects 1:566carbon alloying effects 1:565carbon monoxide/carbon dioxide (CO/CO2) environments 1:578,

1:579fcerium alloying effects 1:569chemical environments 1:577chromium alloying effects 1:568, 1:568fcombustion gas conditions 1:576commercial low-alloy steels 1:572, 1:573fcopper alloying effects 1:569general alloying effects 1:562, 1:563f, 1:564fgeneral discussion 1:558governing factors 1:559, 1:560f

Subject Index 3521


steel (continued)growth stresses 1:571, 1:571findustrial environments 1:573iron oxidation 1:560, 1:561f, 1:562fmanganese alloying effects 1:567molybdenum alloying effects 1:569nickel alloying effects 1:568phosphorus alloying effects 1:568silicon alloying effects 1:566steam environments 1:573, 1:575f, 1:576fstress effects 1:570sulfur alloying effects 1:567system-applied stresses 1:572thermal stresses 1:572

passivation current density 4:2876f, 4:2877fpassive range 4:2877fphosphoric acid (H3PO4) 4:2881potentiodynamic curves 4:2876fprocessing techniquesalloying element influences 3:1702f, 3:1702tcorrosion rates 3:1700, 3:1701t, 3:1702tmarine corrosion resistance 3:1702tmechanical deformation 3:1700, 3:1701f

protective barrier inducement (PBI) 4:2898f, 4:2899freducing environments 1:468fscale inhibitors/dispersants 4:2993tS–N (stress–number of cycles to failure) curves 2:930fsoil corrosion 2:1152f, 2:1157, 2:1157f, 2:1158fstorage tanksalkaline environments 4:2888cellulose boilers 4:2888liquid fertilizer storage tanks 4:2888sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2887

stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t, 2:871f, 4:3058fsulfidation corrosion 1:241–242, 1:241f, 1:242f, 1:246fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1236f, 2:1238f, 4:3058fsweet corrosion 4:3291underground corrosionburied steel 3:1732controlling factors 3:1731, 3:1732tlong-term burial 3:1733pilings 3:1732pipelines 3:1733



maraging steelsapplications 3:1800compositions 3:1793, 3:1795tcorrosion ratesacid corrosion 3:1795atmospheric corrosion 3:1795, 3:1797findustrial environments 3:1795natural environments 3:1795seawater corrosion 3:1795, 3:1797f

fabrication processes 3:1794mechanical properties 3:1794, 3:1796tphysical properties 3:1795tstress corrosion cracking (SCC)cracking resistance 3:1798, 3:1798fcrack propagation rates 3:1799tcritical stress intensity factor (KISCC) 3:1798, 3:1799f

high-temperature corrosion 3:1800, 3:1800fmechanisms 3:1796metallurgical variables 3:1799, 3:1799ttesting methods 3:1797

structural characteristics 3:1794materials selection 4:3210, 4:3210fmechanical properties 3:1699, 3:1699tmild steelacid gas corrosion 2:1270–1298aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion 2:1273aqueous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) corrosion 2:1286background information 2:1273

alloying element influences 3:1724faqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosioncarbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressure effects 2:1281, 2:1282f, 2:1283fcarbonic acid (H2CO3) reduction reactions 2:1278carbonic species concentrations 2:1275fcharacteristics 2:1273condensation effects 2:1285corrosion inhibitors 2:1284corrosion rate calculations 2:1280crude oil effects 2:1285electrochemical reactions 2:1277equilibrium relations 2:1273, 2:1274f, 2:1275fflow effects 2:1283, 2:1284fglycol/methanol effects 2:1285hydronium (H+) ion reduction reactions 2:1278influencing factors 2:1281iron carbonate (FeCO3) 2:1275f, 2:1276f, 2:1290flocalized corrosion 2:1286mixed hydrogen sulfide–carbon dioxide (H2S–CO2) saturated





cathodic protection criteria 4:2847tcorrosion rates 3:1702tmillscale formation 4:2487phosphate coatings 4:2494stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t

pH factors 2:1104phosphate coatings 4:2494, 4:2500tphysical properties 3:1699, 3:1699tprocessing techniquesalloying element influences 3:1702f, 3:1702tcorrosion rates 3:1700, 3:1701t, 3:1702theat treatments 3:1699marine corrosion resistance 3:1702tmechanical deformation 3:1700, 3:1701f

reducing environments 1:465rust formation 4:2667

3522 Subject Index


sacrificial anodes 4:2774, 4:2774t, 4:2775t, 4:2780S–N (stress–number of cycles to failure) curves 2:930fsoil corrosion 2:1157, 2:1157f, 2:1158f, 2:1159fstandard reduction potential 3:2074tsteel vessel fabrication 3:2344Stellite 6cobalt-based alloys 3:1917coefficient of friction 1:380fcorrosion behavior 3:1924, 3:1926f, 3:1927ferosion resistance 2:985f‘glaze’ formation 1:379microstructure 3:1917f, 3:1918, 3:1919f, 3:1920Nimonic alloys–Stellite 6 wear-affected surfaces studyaluminum oxide segregation 1:387fcharacteristics 1:366‘glaze’ formation 1:382f, 1:384fKnoop hardness 1:357frelevant element oxidation tendencies 1:389fscanning electron microscopy (SEM) 1:381f, 1:383scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) 1:383sliding wear comparisons 1:388fspectral data 1:392tstructural characteristics 1:387, 1:390f, 1:391fwear effects 1:385f, 1:386fwear maps 1:393, 1:394f

normalized alloy content 3:1932, 3:1933tpassive film analysis 3:1923, 3:1925fprocessing techniques 3:1920total weight loss (TWL) tests 3:1930, 3:1933f, 3:1934fwear–corrosion 3:1931, 3:1932fwear effectshigh-temperature wear behavior 1:357load–sliding speed effects 1:351SEM micrographs 1:358f, 1:359f, 1:361f, 1:363f, 1:364f, 1:368f, 1:369fwear rate variations 1:351fweight change comparisons 1:362f

weight change comparisons 1:355f, 1:362f, 1:380fstrength comparisons 3:2388fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867t, 2:1210–1211, 3:2458sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1174–1175, 2:1175f, 2:1176, 2:1177fsulfidation corrosioncorrosion rate predictions 1:247flow-alloy steel 1:241–242, 1:242f

sulfuric acid (H2SO4)corrosion rates 2:1228, 2:1228fstorage tanks 2:1230f

underground corrosionburied steellong-term burial 3:1733pilings 3:1732pipelines 3:1733

controlling factors 3:1731, 3:1732turban/rural/marine atmospheres 3:1751tvitreous enamel coatings 3:2331water corrosiondeposits and scalesfouling deposits 3:1728under-deposit corrosion 3:1728

natural watersaccelerated low water corrosion (ALWC) 3:1729corrosion rates 3:1728, 3:1729theight-related corrosion 3:1730, 3:1731fpiped fresh water systems 3:1729, 3:1730tunprotected structural steel 3:1729

process watersboiler waters 3:1731heating and cooling systems 3:1730, 3:1731t

water compositiondissolved gases 3:1726dissolved solids 3:1727general discussion 3:1726microbial effects 3:1728

wear effects 1:351, 1:351f, 1:392f, 1:393fwood corrosivitycontact corrosion 2:1324general discussion 2:1324preservative treatments 2:1327–1328

Stellite 6 steelcobalt-based alloys 3:1917coefficient of friction 1:380fcorrosion behavior 3:1924, 3:1926f, 3:1927ferosion resistance 2:985f‘glaze’ formation 1:379microstructure 3:1917f, 3:1918, 3:1919f, 3:1920Nimonic alloys–Stellite 6 wear-affected surfaces studycharacteristics 1:366Knoop hardness 1:357frelevant element oxidation tendencies 1:389fscanning electron microscopy (SEM) 1:381f, 1:383scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)aluminum oxide segregation 1:387f‘glaze’ formation 1:382f, 1:383, 1:384fsliding wear comparisons 1:388fspectral data 1:392twear effects 1:385f, 1:386f

structural characteristics 1:387, 1:390f, 1:391fwear maps 1:393, 1:394f

normalized alloy content 3:1932, 3:1933tpassive film analysis 3:1923, 3:1925fprocessing techniques 3:1920total weight loss (TWL) tests 3:1930, 3:1933f, 3:1934fwear–corrosion 3:1931, 3:1932fwear effectshigh-temperature wear behavior 1:357load–sliding speed effects 1:351SEM micrographs 1:358f, 1:359f, 1:361f, 1:363f, 1:364f, 1:368f, 1:369fwear rate variations 1:351fweight change comparisons 1:362f

weight change comparisons 1:355f, 1:362f, 1:380fstep-wise cracking 2:924Stern–Geary relationship 2:1358, 4:3129stone 3:2000storage tanks 4:2705, 4:2706fstraight line regression modelsbasic concepts 2:1553coupon testing 2:1560, 2:1560fpit depth measurements 2:1571, 2:1572fwall thickness measurements 2:1567

stray-current bonding systems 4:2807, 4:2807fstray-current corrosion 3:2062, 4:3280, 4:3280fStreicher test 2:1482stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:864–901aircraft corrosionairframe corrosion 4:3178, 4:3178t, 4:3179, 4:3180taluminum alloys 4:3178t, 4:3180, 4:3182thigh-strength steels 4:3182titanium alloys 4:3183

aluminum alloyscharacteristics 3:1993intergranular corrosion 3:1994fmarine environments 2:1138metal–environment combinations 2:867tresistance factors 3:1995t

anodic modelsbasic concepts 2:886crack velocity plot 2:890fcurrent density 2:888fplastic strain distributions 2:889fpotential–current decay 2:887f, 2:888fslip dissolution 2:887f, 2:889f, 2:890fultrasharp cracks 2:890, 2:891f, 2:892f, 2:893f

anodic protection 4:2864assessment parameters 4:3112, 4:3112faustenitic stainless steels 4:3061fboiling water reactors (BWRs)corrosion evolutionary path (CEP) 2:1672fcrack depth modeling 2:1673felectrochemical corrosion potential (ECP) calculation 2:1670f, 2:1671fpredicted damage plot 2:1672fpredictive modeling 2:1669

brass 2:867t, 3:1961brazed joints 3:2452cast iron corrosion 3:1770, 3:1772fcharacteristics 1:95t, 2:865, 2:866f

Subject Index 3523


stress corrosion cracking (SCC) (continued)copper/copper alloys 2:867t, 2:1135, 3:1957, 3:1957f, 3:1962corrosion-resistant alloys 2:1317crack chemistry 2:882cracking processeschlorine-induced corrosion 2:882, 2:883f, 2:884fcrack coalescence 2:880, 2:880f, 2:881fcrack morphology 2:882f, 2:883felectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) 2:880–881, 2:882f

dealloying mechanisms 2:807design-based mitigation 4:3069, 4:3070f, 4:3071fenvironmental conditions 2:885, 2:886f, 2:887ffilm-induced cleavage 2:892, 2:894ffracture mechanics 1:86, 1:87f, 1:88fheat exchangers and condensers 2:766hydrogen embrittlement 2:890, 2:893fintergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC)anodic models 2:886characteristics 2:865, 2:866felectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) 2:882fenvironmental conditions 2:885, 2:887ffilm-induced cleavage 2:892, 2:894fgrain boundaries 2:873–874, 2:877fmetallurgical factors 2:872modeling approaches 2:895–896, 2:897fpredictive modeling 2:1669slip dissolution 2:890temperature dependence effects 2:897fyield strength 2:893f

iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 3:1793, 3:1793tlight water reactors (LWRs) 2:1333loading patterns 2:858fmagnesium alloys 3:2030t, 3:2028maraging steelscracking resistance 3:1798, 3:1798fcrack propagation rates 3:1799tcritical stress intensity factor (KISCC) 3:1798, 3:1799fhigh-temperature corrosion 3:1800, 3:1800fmechanisms 3:1796metallurgical variables 3:1799, 3:1799ttesting methods 3:1797

mechanical fasteners 3:2449metal–environment combinationsenvironment exposure 2:870loading mode 2:870loading severity 2:870mechanical considerations 2:866nuclear steam generators 2:866–867, 2:872fslow strain-rate tests 2:866, 2:871fspecimen types 2:870testing methods 2:866–867typical combinations 2:867t

metallurgical factorscharacteristics 2:870grain boundaries without precipitation 2:873, 2:877fgrain boundary precipitation 2:875, 2:878fintragranular corrosion 2:877fpotential dependence 2:872fsolid solution compositioncaustic solutions 2:871, 2:874fCopson curve 2:873fdealloying 2:875f, 2:876fgeneral discussion 2:871Graf curve 2:873f

yield strength 2:876, 2:879fmodeling approachesadsorption-induced dislocation emission (AIDE) 2:896, 2:898fsurface mobility model 2:895, 2:896ftemperature dependence effects 2:897fvacancy injection model 2:896, 2:897f

nickel-based alloys 2:1136nitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1258photographic illustration 4:3104fpipeline corrosion managementcharacteristics 4:3299direct assessment techniques 4:3304external corrosion risks 4:3299

high-pH stress corrosion cracking 4:3299near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking 4:3300occurrence 4:3299risk assessment guidelines 4:3301

process equipment risk management 4:3215f, 4:3217, 4:3220f, 4:3220tslip dissolution 2:887f, 2:889f, 2:890, 2:890fstainless steelsalkaline solutions 2:1200, 3:1833atmospheric environments 3:1834, 3:1835fcharacteristics 3:1830, 3:1831fchlorine-induced mechanisms 3:1832, 3:1832ffilm-induced cleavage 3:1831highly corrosive environments 3:1822fhydrogen embrittlement 3:1831hydrogen-induced stress cracking (HISC) 2:859, 2:859f, 3:1833laboratory tests 3:1850marine environments 2:1125material selection tests 3:1849metal–environment combinations 2:867tnitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1258performance predictions 4:3058fprocess mechanisms 3:1831slip dissolution 3:1831stress intensity factor–crack rate relationship 3:1832, 3:1832fsulfide stress cracking (SSC) 2:859, 2:859f, 2:860f, 3:1833

steel 2:867t, 2:1210–1211, 3:2458strain-induced corrosion cracking (SICC) 2:861sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) 2:859, 2:859f, 2:860f, 4:3294sulfide stress cracking (SSC) 3:2458surface conditions 4:3110, 4:3111ftitanium/titanium alloys 2:867t, 2:1138, 3:2047ultrasharp cracks 2:890, 2:891f, 2:892f, 2:893furanium (U) 3:2186zirconium/zirconium alloys 2:867t, 3:2108

stress-induced corrosion 4:3056stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking (SOHIC)failure mechanisms 2:925general discussion 2:925morphology 2:926fsteels 2:1210–1211testing methods 2:927

strontium (Sr)corrosion-resistant coatings 4:2995magnesium alloys 3:2015, 3:2016tseawater constituents 2:1109tstrontium chromate (SrCrO4) 2:993, 2:994fstrontium oxide (SrO) 3:2321t

structural adhesive joints 3:2463–2481adhesive bond failure 3:2463adhesively bonded substrate materialsaluminum substrates 3:2475, 3:2477f, 3:2478f, 3:2479faqueous solutions 3:2477fgeneral discussion 3:2473low carbon steel substrates 3:2473, 3:2473f, 3:2475f, 3:2476f, 3:2477fseawater 3:2476fzinc substrates 3:2479

bond durability improvements 3:2480failure mechanismsadhesive plasticization 3:2465, 3:2466fclassificationscohesive failures 3:2466f, 3:2470fgeneral discussion 3:2469interfacial failures 3:2466f, 3:2470f, 3:2471f, 3:2472f

corrosion-induced failuresanodic failures 3:2468cathodic delamination 3:2466, 3:2467f, 3:2468f

hydrodynamic displacement 3:2464, 3:2464f, 3:2465fgeneral discussion 3:2480

structural metallurgy 1:52–76alloyscomplex alloy systems 1:75components and phases 1:62dislocation-based segregation 1:63equilibrium phase diagramsbinary isomorphous phase diagrams 1:64, 1:64fcomplex binary phase diagrams 1:66, 1:67f, 1:68f, 1:69f, 1:70fcoring 1:65

3524 Subject Index


eutectic phase diagrams 1:65, 1:65f, 1:66fgeneral discussion 1:63

general discussion 1:61grain boundary-based segregation 1:63intermediate phases/intermetallic compounds 1:63iron–iron carbide (Fe–Fe3C) phase diagram


limited and complete solid solubility 1:63solid solutions 1:62, 1:62f

equilibrium phase diagramsbinary isomorphous phase diagrams 1:64, 1:64fcomplex binary phase diagrams 1:66, 1:67f, 1:68f, 1:69f, 1:70fcoring 1:65eutectic phase diagrams 1:65, 1:65f, 1:66fgeneral discussion 1:63

general discussion 1:52iron–iron carbide (Fe–Fe3C) phase diagram


pure metalsannealing processes 1:60characteristics 1:52, 1:55tclose-packed structure 1:55fdislocations 1:57, 1:58f, 1:59fgrains and grain boundaries 1:58, 1:59f, 1:60f, 1:61fline defects 1:56, 1:57fmacroscopic defects 1:60point defects 1:54, 1:56fpolycrystalline metals 1:58stacking faults and twins 1:55, 1:56fsurface structure/surface defects 1:60, 1:61funit cells 1:54f

strengthening mechanismscomplex alloy systems 1:75general discussion 1:73inclusions 1:59f, 1:76precipitation hardening 1:74, 1:74f, 1:75f

Student’s t distribution 2:1556styrene 3:1908, 3:2371, 4:2995tstyrene butadiene rubber (SBR)applications 3:2412tchemical structure 3:2415fglass-transition temperature (Tg) 3:2416theat/oil resistance class 3:2413foxidation and ozone resistance 3:2416tproduction mechanisms 3:2410–2411solubility parameters 3:2379tswelling resistance 3:2416t

submerged entry nozzle (SEN) 1:682, 1:682fsubmerged structures 2:768sulfate-induced corrosioncementacid corrosion 2:1180conventional sulfate attacks 3:2363, 3:2363fdelayed ettringite formation 3:2365thaumasite form of sulfate attack (TSA) 3:2364

sulfonated styrene (SS) 4:2966sulfonic acid 4:2966sulfur (S)alloying effects 1:567

alumina-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609t, 1:630, 1:638aluminum sulfate (Al2SO4) 2:1086–1087, 3:1769tammonium bisulfide (NH4HS) 4:3221–3223anodic protectionsulfate compounds 4:2883sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2874t, 4:2876

atmospheric gases 2:1054, 2:1054tcalcium sulfate (CaSO4) 1:477f, 2:1102, 4:2938–2939, 4:2942tcarbon disulfide (CS2) 2:1054, 2:1054t, 3:2380tcarbonyl sulfide (COS)atmospheric gases 2:1054, 2:1054tcombustion conditions 1:461fflue gas composition 1:462tsulfidation corrosioncorrosion mechanisms 1:240laboratory simulations 1:245, 1:254f, 1:254t, 1:255fparabolic rate constant plot 1:256fsulfidation/oxidation mechanisms 1:249, 1:250f, 1:255f, 1:256f,

1:259f, 1:260fthermochemical models 1:254f, 1:254t, 1:255f

cast iron corrosion 3:1774, 3:1774tchromia-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609tchromium sulfate (CrSO4) 1:477fchromium–sulfur (Cr–S) alloys 1:589cobalt sulfate (CoSO4) 1:477fconcrete degradationconventional sulfate attacks 3:2363, 3:2363fdelayed ettringite formation 3:2365thaumasite form of sulfate attack (TSA) 3:2364

copper sulfate (CuSO4)corrosion test methods 2:1479t, 2:1480f, 2:1481, 2:1482freference electrodescathodic protection 4:2754, 4:2754t, 4:2850fcommon reference electrodes 2:1371tdesign guidelines 1:46, 1:47f, 1:48tpotential measurements 4:2848, 4:2849t

corrosive environmentsalumina-forming alloys 1:638coal-fired boiler corrosion 1:404general discussion 1:403oil-fired boiler corrosion 1:404

crosslink concentration effects on latex 3:2428, 3:2430f, 3:2430tdibenzyl sulfide 4:2991dibenzyl sulfoxide 4:2991diffusion coatings 4:2548tdimethyl sulfide (DMS) 2:1054, 2:1054t, 2:1067ffuel chemistry 1:459, 1:459t, 1:460f, 1:461fgypsum (CaSO4�2H2O) 4:2938, 4:2942themihydrate (CaSO4�1/2H2O) 4:2942thigh-temperature stainless steels 3:1876hydrogen sulfide (H2S)aqueous corrosive environments 2:1286atmospheric gases 2:1054, 2:1054tcast iron corrosion 3:1783, 3:1784tcorrosive environments 2:855fdry deposition rates 2:1073tenvironmental conditions 2:1082tflue gas composition 1:462tgaseous environments 3:1783, 3:1784t, 3:2164mild steel corrosion 2:1286polluted environments 3:1963, 3:1964t, 3:1965fprocess equipment risk management 4:3217f, 4:3219fsour corrosiongeneral discussion 4:3294hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) 4:3294, 4:3295fsulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) 4:3294

stainless steel corrosion 3:1867sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1156, 2:1174, 2:1177fsulfidation corrosioncorrosion mechanisms 1:240, 1:253fcorrosion rate predictions 1:243, 1:246f, 1:247f, 1:259flaboratory simulations 1:245, 1:254f, 1:254t, 1:255fparabolic rate constant plot 1:256fpressure effects 1:241f, 1:259f, 1:260fsteam concentration effects 1:260fsulfidation/oxidation mechanisms 1:249, 1:250f, 1:255f, 1:256f,

1:259f, 1:260f

Subject Index 3525


sulfur (S) (continued)temperature effects 1:242fthermochemical models 1:254f, 1:254t, 1:255f

sulfide stress cracking (SSC) 2:859, 2:859f, 2:860f, 3:1833, 4:3294sweet corrosion 4:3293water chemistry 2:1096, 4:2937–2938, 4:2939t

intermetallic alloyshot corrosiongaseous environments 1:660molten salts 1:661, 1:661f

impurities 1:230, 1:231f, 1:654–655iron–nickel–sulfur (Fe–Ni–S) alloys 1:244f, 1:245firon sulfate (FeSO4) 1:320firon sulfide (FeS)aqueous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) corrosion 2:1288, 2:1289f, 2:1290fcompositions 4:2938, 4:2942tflow-induced corrosion 2:965fsulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) 2:1174, 2:1177f

iron sulfide (FeS2) 1:320f, 2:1288lead sulfate (PbSO4) 3:2057–2058, 3:2058f, 3:2060t, 4:2670lead sulfide (PbS) 3:2060tlow-alloy steels 1:567lubricant systems 2:1303magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) 1:477f, 4:2938–2939manganese sulfate (MnSO4) 1:477fmetal dusting protection 1:300, 1:301fmining industry 4:2994molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) 3:2164nickel–sulfur (Ni–S) alloys 1:242, 1:243f, 1:245fpitting corrosion 2:774tpolysulfones 3:2384potassium aluminum sulfate (KAl(SO4)2�12H2O) 3:1769tpotassium sulfate (K2SO4) 1:477f, 1:531fpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:1706frain chemistry 2:1063f, 2:1064tsodium–iron–sulfur–oxygen (Na–Fe–S–O) phase diagram 1:320fsodium sulfate (Na2SO4)

hot-salt corrosion 1:325, 1:326f, 1:675metal–matrix composites 3:2265, 3:2265foxide solubility 1:320–321, 1:320f, 1:531fphase diagram 1:531fwater chemistry 4:2938–2939

sodium sulfide (Na2S) 1:320fsodium sulfite (Na2SO3) 4:2975–2976, 4:2976tstainless steel corrosion 3:1868stainless steels 3:1811, 3:1876sulfane acid 4:2882sulfate-induced corrosioncement 3:2363coal constituents 1:475fcombustion conditions 1:461fcorrosion rates 1:473ffireside corrosion 1:461f, 1:472, 1:473f, 1:474f, 1:477f, 1:478fflue gas composition 1:462toxide basicity 1:477foxide solubility 1:476fsuperheater deposit composition 1:464twater aggressiveness and corrosiveness 3:1754t

sulfate meltsbackground information 1:316gas solubility 1:317oxide solubility 1:320, 1:320f, 1:321fRapp–Goto corrosion criterion 1:322, 1:322f, 1:323fredox reactionsbasic concepts 1:317chronopotentiometric curve 1:319flimiting diffusion current density 1:318f

thermodynamics 1:317sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)acid corrosionconcrete degradation 2:1180fungi 2:1181sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 2:1179, 2:1180f, 2:1181f

black water corrosion 2:1175f, 2:1176cast iron 3:1775copper/copper alloys 2:1178, 2:1178fDesulfovibrio spp. 2:1174, 2:1174f

environmental conditions 2:1174, 2:1175f, 2:1176fGallionella spp. 2:1177, 2:1178f, 2:1183, 4:2920industrial heating and cooling systems 4:2949iron corrosion 2:1176, 2:1177flead (Pb) 3:2063low-alloy steel 2:1176, 2:1177fmarine environments 2:1114–1115, 2:1132–1133oil and gas industry 4:2920pipeline corrosion management 4:3279, 4:3295seawater constituents 2:1109, 2:1109tsoil corrosion 2:1156, 2:1161stainless steels 2:1176, 2:1177f, 2:1178f

sulfidationalloysalloy compositions 1:246tcorrosion mechanisms 1:240, 1:241f, 1:267corrosion rate predictions 1:243, 1:246f, 1:247f, 1:259fenvironment-based alloy selection 1:551–552, 1:552fequipment concerns 1:240high-nickel alloys 1:242, 1:243f, 1:245fhydrogen sulfide (H2S) 1:240, 1:241f, 1:242firon–nickel–sulfur (Fe–Ni–S) alloys 1:244f, 1:245flaboratory simulations 1:245nickel–sulfur (Ni–S) alloys 1:242, 1:243fparabolic rate constant plot 1:256fpressure effects 1:259f, 1:260fsteam concentration effects 1:260fsulfidation/oxidation mechanisms 1:249, 1:250f, 1:255f, 1:256f,

1:259f, 1:260ftime dependence factors 1:243, 1:248f

sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) 2:859, 2:859f, 2:860f, 3:2458,4:3294

sulfur dioxide (SO2)atmospheric gases 2:1053t, 2:1054, 2:1054tcast iron corrosion 3:1783combustion conditions 1:461fcorrosion test methods 2:1474dry deposition rates 2:1073tenvironmental conditions 2:1082tflue gas composition 1:460t, 1:462t, 1:463tgaseous environments 3:1783, 3:2164Henry’s law coefficients for common gases 2:1056, 2:1056thigh-temperature corrosion 1:182t, 1:183f, 3:2164iron aluminides (FeAl/Fe3Al) 1:660oxidation reactions 2:1056steel corrosion 3:1715, 3:1716ftransport mechanisms 2:1067fwood degradation effects 3:2443–2444

sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 2:1226–1249acid pickling 4:2990, 4:2992talumina ceramics 3:2290, 3:2291t, 3:2292f, 3:2302faluminum/aluminum alloys 2:1242, 3:1999faluminum coatings 4:2564fammonia–nitric acid–sulfuric acid–water (NH3–HNO3–H2SO4–H2O)

systems 2:1058anodic protection 4:2874tcarbon steelcorrosion rates 3:1792, 3:1792t, 4:2876, 4:2878fpassivation current density 4:2876f, 4:2877fpassive range 4:2877fpotentiodynamic curves 4:2876fstorage tanks 4:2887

cast ironanodic polarization curves 2:1229fanodic protection 4:2876corrosion rates 2:1228, 2:1228f, 3:1743f, 3:1761f, 3:1763, 3:1764fhigh chromium cast iron 3:1764fiso-corrosion curve plot 3:1762f, 3:1764fsilicon-based cast iron 3:1764f

characteristics 2:1226concrete degradation 2:1180copper/copper alloys 2:1243, 3:1963corrosion test methods 2:1479t, 2:1480f, 2:1480t, 2:1481, 2:1482, 2:1482fglass linings and coatings 3:2324tinhibitors 4:2990lead corrosivity 3:2063lead/lead alloys 2:1244, 2:1245f

3526 Subject Index


lead sulfate (PbSO4) 3:2057–2058, 3:2058fmaraging steels 3:1795marine aerosols 2:1059, 2:1061materials selection 4:3058fnickel alloysanodic polarization curves 2:1239fchloride contamination 2:1241fcorrosion rates 2:1238, 2:1239fcorrosion test methods 2:1479t, 2:1480f, 2:1481, 2:1482firon alloying influences 2:1240firon–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 3:1792, 3:1792tnickel–chromium–iron–molybdenum–copper (Ni–Cr–Fe–Mo–Cu)

alloys 3:1893f, 3:1894t, 3:1897fnickel–chromium–molybdenum (Ni–Cr–Mo) alloys 3:1887f, 3:1888forganic solvents 1:98foxidizing environments 2:1240fperformance characteristics 2:1241, 2:1242f, 2:1242t, 2:1243fprotection mechanisms 2:1238, 2:1239fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) isocorrosion diagram 2:1242f, 2:1243fvelocity factors 2:1241f

niobium corrosion 3:2144, 3:2145fnoble metal corrosion resistance 3:2216t, 3:2246nonmetallic materialsgeneral discussion 2:1246inorganic materials 2:1248organic materials 2:1246

process equipment risk management 4:3217fproduction and handling 3:1903, 3:1904f, 3:1905fscale inhibitors/dispersants 4:2994solution structure 2:1227fspecific conductivity 4:2876stainless steelsanodic polarization curves 2:1231f, 2:1236faustenitic stainless steels 2:1232f, 2:1235, 2:1237fchromium alloying influences 2:1232–1233, 2:1233fcompositions 2:1231tcontaminant effects 2:1235fcopper alloying influences 2:1232–1233, 2:1233fcorrosion rates 3:1838, 3:1839f, 3:1840f, 4:2878, 4:2879fferritic chromium steels 2:1231fmolybdenum alloying influences 2:1232–1233, 2:1233fnickel alloying influences 2:1232–1233, 2:1233foxidizing environments 2:1233–1234, 2:1234fpassivation current density 4:2879fpassive films 2:1234passive range 4:2879fperformance characteristics 2:1235, 2:1236f, 2:1237f, 2:1238fpolarization curves 2:1354, 2:1355fprotection mechanisms 2:1230silicon alloying influences 2:1232–1233stainless steel vessels 4:2886, 4:2887, 4:2887f, 4:2888ftemperature effects 2:1236fvelocity factors 2:1234, 2:1236f

steelcorrosion rates 2:1228, 2:1228fstorage tanks 2:1230f

sulfuric acid–ammonia–water (H2SO4–NH3–H2O) systems 2:1057,2:1058f

sulfuric acid–iron sulfate (H2SO4–FeSO4) test (Streicher test) 2:1479t,2:1480f, 2:1480t, 2:1482

sulfur-oxdizing bacteria 2:1179, 2:1180f, 2:1181ftantalum/tantalum alloys 2:1246, 2:1246f, 2:1247f, 3:2144, 3:2145ftin passivation 3:2071titanium/titanium alloyscorrosion rates 4:2880, 4:2881fcorrosion resistance 2:1243isocorrosion rate curves 2:1244fpassivation current density 4:2881f

water treatment 2:1103zirconium corrosivityanodic polarization curves 2:1245f, 3:2117fcharacteristics 3:2113chloride ion effects 3:2118fcorrosion rates 3:2118f, 3:2124tcorrosion resistance 2:1244isocorrosion diagram 3:2115f, 3:2116f, 3:2117fsulfuric acid-using processes 3:2130

vulcanization processesbasic concepts 3:2417conjugated diene and triene groups 3:2436cyclic sulfides 3:2436disulfidic crosslink 3:2436extra-network material 3:2436monosulfidic crosslink 3:2436pendent accelerator groups 3:2436polysulfidic crosslink 3:2436system characteristics 3:2418t

water chemistry 2:1098, 2:1098t, 4:2937–2938, 4:2939tsuperalloys 1:692, 1:693f, 1:693t, 3:1918supersonic RF plasma spraying 4:2615superstructures 4:2699, 4:2699tsurface filmsionizing radiation effects 2:1331wear theory 1:341

surface pretreatments 4:2483chemical cleaningacidic cleaners 4:2485acid picklingalloy steels 4:2489general discussion 4:2487hydrogen embrittlement 4:2489millscale formation 4:2487nonferrous metals 4:2491, 4:2491tpickling inhibitors 4:2489, 4:2490fscale removal mechanisms 4:2488, 4:2488f, 4:2991, 4:2993t

alkaline cleaners 4:2486, 4:2486t, 4:2487f, 4:2487tbackground information 4:2484electrochemical cleaning 4:2491neutral cleaners 4:2485solvent cleaningemulsifiable cleaners 4:2485emulsion cleaners 4:2485general discussion 4:2484vapor degreasing 4:2484

surfactants 4:2486–2487, 4:2487f, 4:2487tultrasonic cleaning 4:2491

general discussion 4:2484mechanical cleaningabrasive blastinggeneral discussion 4:2492surface finish 4:2492surface profile 4:2492

flame cleaning 4:2491health and safety concerns 4:2492manual cleaning 4:2491ultrahigh pressure water jetting 4:2492

standards 4:2493surfacers 4:3173surfactantsalkaline cleaners 4:2486–2487, 4:2487f, 4:2487toil and gas industry 4:2904organic coatings 4:2653water treatment 2:1104

surgical implantscorrosion-resistant alloyscobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy 2:764, 2:1310, 2:1314,

2:1317, 3:1927corrosion typescorrosion fatigue 2:1318, 3:2049crevice corrosion 2:1317fretting corrosion 2:1318galvanic corrosion 2:1319general corrosion 2:1316general discussion 2:1319hydrogen embrittlement 2:1317pitting corrosion 2:1317stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:1317

dental amalgams 2:1316magnesium alloys 2:1315metallic foams 2:1315nickel titanium (NiTi) alloys 2:764, 2:1312–1313, 2:1314porous materials 2:1315rare earth magnets 2:1310, 2:1316stainless steels 2:764, 2:1314

Subject Index 3527


surgical implants (continued)surface finish 2:1313titanium nitride (TiN) coatings 2:1316titanium/titanium alloys 2:764, 2:1310, 2:1313, 2:1317, 3:2164

crevice corrosion 2:763environmental conditions 2:1311, 2:1312fevaluation methods 2:761health effects 2:1310, 2:1310thistorical background 2:1308niobium (Nb) 3:2148tantalum (Ta) 3:2148titanium/titanium alloys 3:2049

sweet chestnut 2:1325tsweet corrosionbasic concepts 4:3291flow rate effects 4:3292hydrogen sulfide (H2S) content effects 4:3293partial pressure effects 4:3292pH effects 4:3292temperature effects 4:3292

Swiss cheese hazard management model 4:3239–3240, 4:3035–3036, 4:3035fsynchrotron radiation 2:1388, 2:1388fsynthesis gas reaction 1:274synthetic elastomers 3:2407–2438classificationsby ISO designationsbrittleness temperature limits 3:2413tgeneral discussion 3:2411heat aging temperature 3:2412theat/oil resistance class 3:2413fvolume swelling limits 3:2412t

by origin 3:2410by purpose 3:2411, 3:2412t

flex cracking 3:2426future developments 3:2437heat aging resistance 3:2426, 3:2426foil absorption effectsautomotive rubber components 3:2427fcrosslink concentration effects 3:2428, 3:2430f, 3:2430tgeneral discussion 3:2427mass uptake 3:2430f, 3:2430tpenetration rate–viscosity relationship 3:2428f, 3:2429fswelling resistance 3:2428

ozone degradation 3:2424, 3:2425fprocessing techniquesmastication and mixing 3:2416rubber compounding 3:2416schematic flow chart 3:2417fvulcanization 3:2417, 3:2418t

propertiesgeneral discussion 3:2409, 3:2413mechanical properties 3:2409structure–property relationshipchemical structure 3:2414t, 3:2415fglass-transition temperature (Tg) 3:2416, 3:2416tmechanical strength 3:2413oxidation and ozone resistance 3:2415, 3:2416tswelling resistance 3:2415, 3:2416t

protective measuresaging effects 3:2431antidegradantsantiozonant mechanisms 3:2433, 3:2434f, 3:2435fbasic concepts 3:2432, 3:2432flayer formation theories 3:2433, 3:2434f, 3:2435f

elastomer blends 3:2431elastomer selection 3:2431paraffin wax blooming 3:2435sulfur vulcanizationconjugated diene and triene groups 3:2436cyclic sulfides 3:2436disulfidic crosslink 3:2436extra-network material 3:2436monosulfidic crosslink 3:2436pendent accelerator groups 3:2436polysulfidic crosslink 3:2436

vulcanization systemgeneral discussion 3:2435

metallic oxide vulcanization 3:2437peroxide vulcanization 3:2436quinonedioximes vulcanization 3:2437resin vulcanization 3:2437sulfur vulcanization 3:2436urethane crosslinking system 3:2437

rubber–to–metal bondingbond failure 3:2421, 3:2473, 3:2473fbonding processbonding agents 3:2420metal plate preparation 3:2420molding methods 3:2420

engineering and automotive applications 3:2418, 3:2419fvulcanizationgeneral discussion 3:2421hot air/ambient temperature technnique 3:2421steam pressure technique 3:2421water curing technique 3:2421

vulcanization processesbasic concepts 3:2417general discussion 3:2435metallic oxide vulcanization 3:2437peroxide vulcanization 3:2436quinonedioximes vulcanization 3:2437resin vulcanization 3:2437rubber–to–metal bondinghot air/ambient temperature technnique 3:2421steam pressure technique 3:2421system characteristics 3:2418twater curing technique 3:2421

sulfur vulcanizationbasic concepts 3:2417polysulfidic crosslink 3:2436


water absorption effects 3:2429, 3:2430f, 3:2431fsynthetic polyisoprene rubber (IR) 3:2412t, 3:2415f

T

tackiness 4:2743Tafel’s lawelectrochemical kinetics–corrosion potential 1:43, 1:44f, 1:45f, 2:726,

2:726firon oxidation reactions 2:1278linear polarization resistance measurements (LPRMs) 2:1358pit propagation rate 2:1659polarization curves 2:1355, 2:1356fpolarization resistance calculations 2:1469, 2:1469fpotentiodynamic curves 2:1209funiform corrosion 2:726

talcum 4:2995tannins 2:1324, 3:2444, 4:2996–2997, 4:3334, 4:3335ftantalum (Ta) 3:2135–2150alloysalumina-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609tamorphous alloys 3:2193–2194anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1216f, 2:1222,

2:1223fchromia-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609tchromium–tantalum (Cr–Ta) alloys 3:2198–2199, 3:2198f, 3:2199fcobalt-based alloys 3:1918, 3:1918tintermetallic alloys 1:656mechanical properties 3:2137t, 3:2137nickel-based superalloys 1:693tprocess equipment materials 4:3211sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1246, 2:1246f, 2:1247fTi6Al2Nb1Ta0.8Mo alloy 2:1313

applications 3:2138t, 3:2138corrosion resistance 2:1337corrosivityanodic oxide films 3:2141, 3:2141taqueous corrosive environmentsalkali corrosion 3:2146t, 3:2145aqueous salts 3:2147fluorine (F) 3:2144, 3:2146

3528 Subject Index


galvanic corrosion 3:2146, 3:2147thydrochloric acid (HCl) 3:2145fhydrogen embrittlement 3:2146mineral acids 3:2144sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 3:2145f

corrosion behavior 3:2142gaseous environmentshalide-containing environments 3:2144hydride formation 3:2144nitridation 3:2144oxidation 3:2143

liquid metals 3:2147organic compounds 3:2148passive films 3:2142sulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 4:3058f

diffusion coatings 4:2535teconomic considerations 3:2138electrochemistryelectrochemical potential 3:2147thydride formation 3:2139, 3:2144potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:2140fthermodynamics 3:2139

fabrication processes 3:2137fluoride corrosion 2:1264historical background 3:2135industrial applicationsanodes 3:2148chemical process equipment 3:2148medical/in vivo applications 3:2148

mechanical properties 3:2137t, 3:2137t, 3:2136nitric acid (HNO3)containment materials 2:1255corrosion rates 2:1253t

occurrence 3:2136oxidation processes 1:203, 1:204fphysical properties 3:2136, 3:2136tplatinized tantalum anodes 4:2795, 4:2795t, 4:2813production processes 3:2136tantalum beryllide (TaBe2) 3:2177tantalum nitride (TaN) 1:308ftantalum oxide (Ta2O5) 1:146t, 1:203, 1:204f, 1:542f, 3:2197f

tape wrap systems 4:3283, 4:3283ttar acids 3:1766tartaric acid 3:2073teak 2:1325ttellurium–lead (Te–Pb) alloys 3:2055, 3:2055ttemporary protective coatings 4:2678–2682application methods 4:2679t, 4:2681characteristicshard-film materials 4:2679, 4:2679toil-type materials 4:2679t, 4:2680soft-film materials 4:2678, 4:2679tstrippable coatings 4:2679t, 4:2680volatile corrosion inhibitors 4:2679t, 4:2680water displacing agents 4:2679t, 4:2680

failure mechanisms 4:2681functionality 4:2681general discussion 4:2678suitability 4:2680

TEM tomography 2:1416see also transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Teredo spp. 3:2442, 3:2445–2445termites 3:2445terne coatings 4:2565, 4:2571terrace–ledge–kink (TLK) surfaces 1:107, 1:107ftetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF) 3:2350t, 3:2351tetrachloromethane 3:2380ttetragonal zirconia polycrystals (TZP) 3:2294, 3:2302fthaumasite form of sulfate attack (TSA) 3:2364thermal barrier coatingsgas turbinescharacteristics 1:527fdamage mechanisms 1:527operation principles 1:524fspallation models 1:528f, 1:529, 1:529f

high-temperature coatingsaeroengine applications 1:704f

characteristics 1:704cross-section diagram 1:705ffailure characteristics 1:713, 1:714f, 1:715f, 1:716foxidation-induced failure 1:712schematic cross-section diagram 1:705fstrain energy 1:715subcritical crack growthchemical failures 1:719, 1:720fmartensite formation 1:717mechanical instabilities 1:716f, 1:717surface roughness 1:718, 1:719f, 1:720f, 1:721ftransformation strains 1:716

surface roughness 1:720, 1:721ftime-to-failure data plot 1:713ftopcoat cracking 1:716f, 1:721f

intermetallic alloys 1:664–665laser cladding (LC) 4:2625sprayed coatings 4:2620

thermal sprayingbasic concepts 4:2611cold-gas dynamic spraying (CGDS) 4:2612t, 4:2616detonation gun spraying (D-Gun) 4:2612t, 4:2616flame sprayingcharacteristics 4:2612, 4:2612thigh-velocity suspension flame spraying (HVSFS) 4:2613reactive flame spraying (RFS) 4:2613

high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)/high-velocity air fuel (HVAF) spraying4:2612t, 4:2615, 4:2626

laser-hybrid techniques 4:2617, 4:2627, 4:2633tlaser surface melting/remelting (LSM) 4:2626, 4:2633tliquid feedstock 4:2617magnesium alloys 3:2036metallic glass coatings 4:2617metal matrix composite (MMC) coatings 4:2626–2627nanostructured coatings 4:2617plasma sprayingcharacteristics 4:2612t, 4:2614high-pressure plasma spraying (HPPS) 4:2615inert plasma spraying (IPS) 4:2615low-pressure plasma spraying (LPPS) 4:2615plasma-transferred arc (PTA) spraying 4:2615radio frequency (RF) induction plasma spraying 4:2615shrouded plasma spraying (SPS) 4:2614–2615supersonic RF plasma spraying 4:2615vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) 4:2615

postprocessing techniques 4:2618preprocessing processing techniques 4:2618wire arc spraying 4:2612t, 4:2613

thermodynamics 1:1–12basic conceptsactivity coefficient 1:6chemical potential 1:5entropy 1:4first law of thermodynamics 1:2general discussion 1:1Gibbs–Duhem equation 1:6Gibbs free energy 1:5, 1:8second law of thermodynamics 1:3terminology 1:2

chemical potential 1:5, 1:8equilibrium activity 1:8Gibbs free energy 1:5, 1:8spontaneous reactionsbasic concepts 1:7reversible cells 1:7

standard sign conventions 1:12steel 3:1702

thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) 3:2393thermomechanical analysis (TMA) 3:2393thermoplastic materialsalkali corrosion 2:1204anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1223chemically resistant membranes 3:2343physical behavioramorphous thermoplastics 3:2373, 3:2373fcrystalline thermoplastics 3:2374, 3:2375fplasticized amorphous thermoplastics 3:2374

Subject Index 3529


thermoplastic materials (continued)rubber-modified amorphous plastics 3:2374

process equipment materials 4:3210, 4:3210fthermosetting plasticsalkali corrosion 2:1204amino plastics 3:2384anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids

2:1223epoxy resins 3:2384furan resins 3:2341, 3:2342t, 3:2384general discussion 3:2384phenol–formaldehyde plastics 3:2384physical behavior 3:2375polyurethanes 3:2384silicones 3:2384solubility 3:2381unsaturated polyesters 3:2384

Thiobacillus spp. 2:1179, 2:1180f, 2:1181f, 4:2995, 4:2920thiocyanate compoundsacid pickling 4:2992tanodic protection 4:2883pitting corrosion 2:774t

thiourea 4:2490, 4:2490f, 4:2896f, 4:2991, 4:2992t, 4:2993tthiozoles 4:2490thixocasting techniques 3:2022thorium (Th)magnesium alloys 3:2014–2015, 3:2019tthorium oxide (ThO2) 1:146t

tidal marsh environments 3:2087tTillman’s formula 3:1752–1753timber see woodtime-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) 4:3154time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF–SIMS) 2:1387,

3:2465see also secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)

tin (Sn) 3:2068–2077alloysbearing metals 3:2076lead–tin (Pb–Sn) alloys 3:2055, 3:2055tmagnesium–tin (Mg–Sn) alloys 1:67fsacrificial anodes 4:2768–2769solders 3:2075tin interconnections 3:2076

applicationsbearing metals 3:2076general discussion 3:2069solders 3:2075tin coatings 3:2074, 4:2525tin interconnections 3:2076

archaeological metals 4:3311fatmospheric corrosion 2:848fcoating characteristics 4:2525corrosivityacid environmentsmineral acids 3:2073organic acids 3:2073

alkaline conditions 3:2073atmospheric environmentscorrosion products 3:2072dry air oxidation 3:2072humid air corrosion 3:2072

food products 3:2074galvanic corrosion 3:2074, 3:2074tnear-neutral environments 3:2073

crystal structure 1:55tdental amalgams 2:1310electrochemistrydissolution kinetics 3:2071passivation 3:2071Pourbaix diagram 3:2070fthermodynamic properties 3:2070, 3:2070f

electroplated coatings 4:2585galvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:850t, 2:851t, 2:1119fgalvanizing zinc melts 4:2570hot-dipped coatingsbasic concepts 4:2556corrosion behavior 4:2564

general discussion 3:2074hot tinning 4:2571

magnesium alloys 3:2019tnitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252tphysical properties 3:2054t, 3:2068pitting corrosion 2:774t, 2:782fstandard reduction potential 3:2074tTi18Nb4Sn alloy 2:1314tin anode plating 4:2587tin bronze 2:831f, 2:1119f, 3:1943tin dioxide (SnO2) 3:2070f, 3:2197f, 3:2321tzirconium alloy additions 3:2111

titanium (Ti) 3:2042–2052above-water fastener selection 2:847facetic acid–sodium chloride mixtures 4:3059tadvanced technical ceramicscorrosion resistance 3:2285silicon carbide/titanium carbide (SiC/TiC) composites 3:2299titanium carbide (TiC) 3:2301titanium diboride (TiB2) 3:2301, 3:2302f

aircraft corrosioncorrosion behavior 4:3183corrosion types 4:3178tdesign guidelines 4:3191tfretting corrosion 4:3183galvanic corrosion 4:3183industrial applications 3:2048protective treatments 4:3184t, 4:3189, 4:3190fsolid-metal embrittlement 4:3183stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 4:3183

alloysacid picklinghydrochloric acid (HCl) 4:2992tnitric acid (HNO3) 4:2993tphosphoric acid (H3PO4) 4:2993tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 4:2992t

alkali corrosion 2:1204alumina-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609tamorphous alloys 3:2194anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1220, 2:1221fchromia-forming alloys 1:424f, 1:608t, 1:609tchromium–titanium (Cr–Ti) alloys 1:589, 3:2198f, 3:2199fcobalt-based alloys 3:1918tcompositions 1:246tcorrosion fatigue 2:948crevice corrosion 2:760electroplated coatings 4:2578erosion resistance 2:985fferritic chromium steels 1:501tinternal corrosion risks 4:3217fmarine corrosion 2:1120f, 2:1137nickel-based superalloys 1:693tnickel titanium (NiTi) alloys 2:764, 2:1312–1313, 2:1314process equipment materials 4:3210f, 4:3211sacrificial anodes 4:2769stainless steels 3:1810steam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:452, 1:452f, 1:453fstrength comparisons 3:2388fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867tsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1243, 2:1244furanium–titanium (U–Ti) alloys 3:2182, 3:2182t

anodic protection 4:2880, 4:2888applicationsaerospace industry 3:2048biomedical devices 3:2049chemical process industry 3:2049dental fixtures 3:2049general discussion 3:2048power generation 3:2049seawater and brine applications 3:2048

below-water fastener selection 2:849fceramics 1:680cobalt-based alloys 3:1918tcorrosion behaviorfluorine (F) influences 3:2045general discussion 3:2044hydrogen absorption 3:2046

3530 Subject Index


oxide films 1:90–91pH factors 3:2045pitting corrosion 2:774ttemperature effects 3:2045

crystal structure 1:55tdiffusion coatings 4:2535t, 4:2536tEllingham diagram 1:652fexchange current density 3:2217tgalvanic corrosion 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:1119f, 3:1845fgalvanic series 2:831fgalvanizing zinc melts 4:2570general discussion 3:2042, 3:2095hydrochloric acid (HCl) 4:2883flaser cladding (LC) 4:2625laser surface alloying (LSA) 4:2632, 4:2632flocalized corrosion processescrevice corrosion 3:2046environmentally-assisted crackinggeneral discussion 3:2046hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) 3:2047stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:2047

general discussion 3:2046pitting corrosion 2:774t

mixed metal oxide (MMO) anodes 4:2796, 4:2814t, 4:2815, 4:2822molybdenum additives 3:2159nitric acid (HNO3)

containment materials 2:1254corrosion rates 2:1253t, 2:1254tcorrosion reactions 2:1252, 2:1252t

nitridation processes 1:400phosphoric acid (H3PO4) 4:2881physical properties 3:2042, 3:2044t, 3:2096tpitting corrosion 2:774tplatinized titanium anodes 4:2792, 4:2795t, 4:2813, 4:2814treactive metal pigments 4:2653stainless steels 3:1810stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867tsulfuric acid (H2SO4)

corrosion rates 4:2880, 4:2881fpassivation current density 4:2881f

surgical implantscorrosion resistance 2:763, 2:764, 2:1313, 3:2164crevice corrosion 2:1317environmental conditions 2:1311, 2:1312fhealth effects 2:1310, 2:1310thistorical background 2:1308pitting corrosion 2:1317titanium nitride (TiN) coatings 2:1316

Ti15Mo5Zr3Al alloy 2:1313, 3:2164Ti18Nb4Sn alloy 2:1314Ti6Al2Nb1Ta0.8Mo alloy 2:1313Ti6Al4V alloycoatingslaser cladding (LC) 4:2625laser gas nitriding (LGS) 4:2632, 4:2632flaser-hybrid sprayed coating techniques 4:2627laser melt/particle injection (LMI) 4:2628


titanium aluminides (TiAl/Ti3Al)alloyed aluminide coatings 1:665, 1:697characteristics 1:649chlorine-containing environments 1:661, 1:662fcoatings 1:697crystal structure 1:648fdifferent base–different substrate coatings 1:665high-temperature tribocorrosiontitanium–aluminum (Ti–Al)–ceramic counterfaces 1:362,

1:365ftitanium–aluminum (Ti–Al)–metallic counterfaces 1:360, 1:363f,

1:364f

oxidation processesgeneral discussion 1:656microstructure 1:657–658nitrogen influences 1:657pretreatment options 1:658reactive element additions 1:658, 1:659fscale properties 1:656, 1:656fsteam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:452, 1:452f,

1:453fwater vapor effects 1:658

phase diagram 1:651fsulfur-containing environments 1:660, 1:661fthermal expansion coefficients 1:145furanium alloys 3:2188

titanium beryllide (FeBe2) 3:2177titanium beryllide (FeBe12) 3:2173, 3:2173ftitanium carbide (TiC) 1:680, 3:2301titanium diboride (TiB2) 1:680, 3:2251, 3:2301, 3:2302ftitanium dioxide (TiO2)

amorphous alloys 3:2197fcorrosion-resistant coatings 4:2995enamel frit compositions 3:2321t, 3:2331tfracture toughness values 1:168tglass compositions 3:2308tintermetallic alloys 1:652f, 1:656, 1:656foxidation tendencies 1:389foxide basicity 1:477fPilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:146t, 1:160tPoisson ratios 1:170tscale failure strain measurements 1:167tstress growth measurements 1:159tsuperheater deposit composition 1:464tthermal expansion coefficients 1:145f

titanium molybdenum (TiMo) alloys 2:1312–1313titanium niobium (TiNb) alloys 2:1312–1313titanium nitride (TiN)ceramics 1:680coatings 2:1316, 2:1319, 4:2632corrosion resistance 1:680historical background 2:1308nitridation processescomputer simulation modelling 1:314fdiffusion-controlled internal nitridation 1:306general discussion 1:314internal nitridation processes 1:260, 1:309, 1:309f,

1:310firon- and nickel-based superalloys 1:310, 1:311flaser gas nitriding (LGS) 4:2632mechanical/kinetic effects 1:311, 1:312fthermodynamic stability 1:308, 1:308f

oral cavity environment 2:1312–1313thermal expansion coefficients 1:145f

titanium oxide (Ti2O3) 1:652ftitanium oxide (Ti3O5) 1:652ftitanium oxide (Ti4O7) 1:652ftitanium oxide (TiO) 1:410f, 1:542f, 1:652ftitanium silicide (Ti5Si3) 1:209, 1:702, 1:703ftitanium silicide (TiSi2) 1:145f, 1:209

toluene 3:2380ttoluene di-isocyanate (TDI) 3:1909tomato juice 3:1773ttopsides 4:2699, 4:2699ttransformation toughened partially stabilized zirconia

3:2294transgranular corrosion 2:866ftransmission electron microscopy (TEM)basic concepts 2:1412bright field (BF) images 2:1413–1414, 2:1414fcementite analysis 1:286, 1:287fconvergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) 2:1417corrosion product characterizations 1:140, 1:142fcorrosion studies 2:1406, 2:1406fdark field (DF) images 2:1413–1414, 2:1414felectron beam damage effects 2:1415, 2:1415felectron diffraction 2:1417, 2:1417f‘glaze’ formation analyses 1:379, 1:381f, 1:383high angle annular dark field (HAADF) images

Subject Index 3531


transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (continued)aluminum alloy cross-section 2:1414fNimonic alloys–Stellite 6 wear-affected surfaces studyaluminum oxide segregation 1:387f‘glaze’ formation 1:382f, 1:383, 1:384fsliding wear comparisons 1:388fwear effects 1:385f, 1:386f

high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) 2:1415,2:1416f

nickel graphitization 1:294, 1:295fscanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)characteristics 2:1416Nimonic alloys–Stellite 6 wear-affected surfaces studyaluminum oxide segregation 1:387f‘glaze’ formation 1:382f, 1:383, 1:384fsliding wear comparisons 1:388fwear effects 1:385f, 1:386f

selected area diffraction (SAD) 2:1417specimen preparation techniques 2:1415f, 2:1424, 2:1425fTEM tomography 2:1416X-ray analyses 2:1418–1419, 2:1419f, 2:1420f

trench lining 3:2346tribocorrosion 2:1005–1050applicationsbio-tribocorrosiondentistry 2:1046tdentisty 2:1045replacement joints 2:1046, 2:1046f, 2:1047f

chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) 2:1043, 2:1043ferosion-corrosion 2:1044, 2:1044f, 2:1045fgeneral discussion 2:1043

asperity–asperity interactions 2:1009, 2:1009fbackground information 2:1007basic conceptscorrosion/electrochemical reactionscritical velocity concept 2:1017, 2:1019f, 2:1019tdepassivation kinetics 2:1016, 2:1016f, 2:1017f, 2:1018t, 2:1040flow corrosion 2:1019, 2:1021frepassivation kinetics 2:1016, 2:1016f, 2:1018f, 2:1018t, 2:1040tribofilms 2:1015wear–corrosion interactions 2:1018f

experimental techniques 2:1028, 2:1029tinfluencing factorsenvironmental conditions 2:1011, 2:1012f, 2:1013fflow corrosion rate–flow velocity relationship 2:1011, 2:1011ffriction 2:1014general discussion 2:1010material parameters 2:1009f, 2:1010, 2:1010t

wear fundamentalsabrasion 2:1028, 2:1028fcavitation erosion 2:1025, 2:1026f, 2:1027fsolid particle erosion 2:1021, 2:1022f, 2:1023f, 2:1024f, 2:1025f,

2:1026fcavitation corrosion 2:1008, 2:1008fdefinitions 2:1008general discussion 2:1048high-temperature tribocorrosion 1:331–398tribocorrosion mechanismsmechanical–electrochemical interactionsabrasion-corrosion 2:1031, 2:1032f, 2:1033f, 2:1034f, 2:1038ferosion-corrosion 2:1029, 2:1030f, 2:1037t, 2:1038, 2:1038f, 2:1041tnear-wall turbulence 2:1031, 2:1031fpositive–negative interactions 2:1041tsliding wear-corrosion 2:1033, 2:1040synergy processes 2:1040, 2:1041t

wear–corrosion interactionsenhanced surface degradation mechanisms 2:1034, 2:1036f, 2:1037f,

2:1037t, 2:1038ferosion-corrosion 2:1038flow velocities 2:1040tpositive–negative interactions 2:1041tpotential particle kinetic energies 2:1040tsliding wear-corrosion 2:1040synergy processes 2:1040, 2:1041t

tribofilms 2:1015tricalcium aluminate (C3A) 3:2350t, 3:2351tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) 4:2942t

trichloroacetic acid 3:1998–1999trichloroethane (CH3CCl3) 2:1067ftrichloroethene 3:2380ttrichloromethane 3:2380ttroilite (FeS) 4:2942ttrolilte (FeS) 2:1288, 2:1288t, 2:1289ftroposphere 2:1052tubing glass 3:2307, 3:2308t, 3:2309ttungsten (W) 3:2151–2156alloysalumina-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609taluminum–tungsten (Al–W) alloys 3:2194f, 3:2195–2196amorphous alloys 3:2155, 3:2193–2194, 3:2194fchemical compositions 1:246t, 3:2153tchromia-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609tcobalt-based alloys 3:1918, 3:1918tcobalt–chromium–tungsten (Co–Cr–W) system 3:1920general discussion 3:2153intermetallic alloys 1:656, 1:658nickel-based superalloys 1:693t

anodic protection 4:2874tapplications 3:2152corrosivitycorrosion processesaqueous corrosion 3:2155dissolvable implants 3:2155high-temperature oxidation 3:2155liquid metals 3:2156oxide removal/cleaning 3:2154planarization/chemomechanical polishing 3:2155

electrochemistryanodic dissolution 3:2154potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:2154fthermodynamics 3:2153

crystal structure 1:55tdiffusion coatings 4:2548tfabrication processes 3:2152metal–matrix composites 3:2251occurrence 3:2151oxidation processes 1:204f, 1:205, 1:205fphysical properties 3:2054t, 3:2136tproperties 3:2151surgical implants 3:2155tungsten carbide (WC) 3:1920, 3:2152, 3:2301tungsten oxide (WO3) 1:146t, 1:204f, 1:205, 1:477f, 3:2197f

TZP (tetragonal zirconia polycrystals) 3:2294

U

UK Onshore Pipeline Association (UKOPA) 4:3273ultrahigh pressure water jetting 4:2492ultrahigh-temperature ceramics 1:680ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions 2:1376, 2:1377fultrasonic cleaning 4:2491ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS)basic concepts 2:1382characteristics 2:1376tenergy diagram 2:1383f, 2:1384f

unalloyed cast ironsalkali corrosion 3:1768f, 3:1768tcharacteristics 3:1747corrosion rates 3:1760f, 3:1761fgaseous environments 3:1785t, 3:1786thydrogen sulfide (H2S) corrosion 3:1784tnatural water corrosion 3:1756tseawater corrosion 3:1759t

underbody protection 4:3173undercutting 4:2744underground corrosion 3:2062see also buried and ground-contact structures; soil corrosion

underground structures 2:768underwater hulls 4:2691, 4:2692tunified numbering system (UNS) 4:3053uniform corrosion 2:725–730aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion 2:1286biomedical devices 2:1316

3532 Subject Index


carbon steel 3:1710characteristics 1:95t, 2:1633, 3:1838copper/copper alloys 2:729corrosion characteristics 2:727corrosion management 4:3010corrosion risk mitigation 4:3056electrochemical kinetics 2:726, 2:726findustrial heating and cooling systems 4:2945iron compounds 2:728passive films 2:727thermodynamics 2:725zinc/zinc alloys 2:730

unsaturated polyesters 3:2384uranium (U) 3:2181–2191alloys 3:2182, 3:2182tapplications 3:2182aqueous corrosionoxidation rates 3:2183, 3:2184fpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:2183f, 3:2184fthermodynamics 3:2183water corrosion 3:2183, 3:2184fwater radiolysis 3:2185water vapor effects 3:2185

atmospheric corrosion 3:2185background information 3:2181corrosion processesenvironmental conditions 3:2190irradiation effects 3:2189protective coatings 3:2188uranium oxide (UO2) dissolution 3:2189

galvanic corrosion 3:2186high-temperature gas reactionscarbon dioxide (CO2)/carbon monoxide (CO) 3:2184f, 3:2187oxidation reactions 3:2184f, 3:2187steam/water vapor interactions 3:2188

hydrated uranium oxide (UO3) 3:2183, 3:2185metallurgical properties 3:2182nitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252tproperties 3:2182, 3:2182tstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:2186triuranium octoxide (U3O8) 3:2187uranium carbide (UC) 3:2187uranium dioxide (UO2)

corrosion processes 3:2189formation processes 3:2183, 3:2187potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:2184fwater radiolysis 3:2185

uranium hydride (UH3)formation processes 3:2183potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:2184f

ureaorganic inhibitors 4:2490zirconium corrosivity 3:2125

urethane crosslinking system 3:2437urine bile research 2:1312f

V

vacuum–oxygen decarburization (VOD) 3:1882vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) 4:2615vanadium (V)corrosion potential 2:1261corrosion-resistant alloyshealth effects 2:1310, 2:1310thistorical background 2:1308

crystal structure 1:55tdiffusion coatings 4:2535t, 4:2536tfireside corrosion 1:470, 1:470f, 1:471f, 1:472ffuel chemistry 1:459, 1:459tgalvanizing zinc melts 4:2570intermetallic alloys 1:656, 1:662nitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252toil-fired boiler corrosion 1:404quaternary/ternary iron–chromium (Fe–Cr) alloy systems 3:2245stainless steels 3:1811Ti6Al4V alloy

coatingslaser cladding (LC) 4:2625laser gas nitriding (LGS) 4:2632, 4:2632flaser-hybrid sprayed coating techniques 4:2627laser melt/particle injection (LMI) 4:2628


vanadium beryllide (VBe2) 3:2177vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) 1:146t, 1:404, 1:461, 1:464t, 1:465f

van’t Hoff isotherm 1:8vapor degreasing 4:2484vapor phase corrosion inhibitors 4:2997varnishes 4:2668t, 4:2675, 4:2675t, 4:2995tvat plating 4:2597vats 3:2443–2444very large crude carriers (VLCCs) 4:2684t, 4:2685, 4:2690fvinegar 3:1773tvinyl acetate 3:2371vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) 3:1886–1887, 3:1908, 3:2371vitreous carbon 3:2273, 3:2275t, 3:2276vitreous enamel coatings 3:2330–2336characteristics 3:2330, 3:2331tcorrosion-resistant propertiesabrasion resistance 3:2333tchemical resistanceacid resistance 3:2334alkali resistance 3:2335atmospheric resistance 3:2335detergent resistance 3:2335general discussion 3:2333water resistance 3:2335

mechanical properties 3:2332, 3:2332t, 3:2333tthermal properties 3:2333


metal/metal preparationapplication and fusion processes 3:2332cast iron 3:2331enamel bonding 3:2332steel 3:2331

pipeline corrosion management 4:2812t, 4:3283, 4:3283tvitreous silicaapplications 3:2316characteristics 3:2314chemical attack resistancealkaline solutions 3:2315basic oxides 3:2316boiling water/steam 3:2315fluorine corrosion 3:2315general discussion 3:2315hydrofluoric acid (HF) 3:2315metal reaction products 3:2316pH 3:2316f

electrical characteristics 3:2315heat resistance 3:2315manufacturing processes 3:2314polymorphic structure 3:2314, 3:2315fthermal conductivity 3:2315thermal expansion coefficients 3:2314

vivianite 4:2497tvolatile organic compounds (VOCs) 3:2061Volmer–Heyrovsky mechanism 1:20, 2:904, 2:1607Volmer–Tafel mechanism 2:904, 2:1607vulcanizationbasic concepts 3:2417general discussion 3:2435metallic oxide vulcanization 3:2437

Subject Index 3533


vulcanization (continued)peroxide vulcanization 3:2436quinonedioximes vulcanization 3:2437resin vulcanization 3:2437rubber–to–metal bondinghot air/ambient temperature technnique 3:2421steam pressure technique 3:2421system characteristics 3:2418twater curing technique 3:2421

sulfur vulcanizationbasic concepts 3:2417conjugated diene and triene groups 3:2436cyclic sulfides 3:2436disulfidic crosslink 3:2436extra-network material 3:2436monosulfidic crosslink 3:2436pendent accelerator groups 3:2436polysulfidic crosslink 3:2436system characteristics 3:2418t


W

Wagner number 2:840, 2:842fWagner’s theory of internal oxidationalloy design requirements 1:543, 1:543fchromium alloys 1:490kinetics laws 1:137nitridation processes 1:306, 1:306fpure metal reactions 1:188, 1:189fsilicon carbide (SiC) 1:676–677, 1:676f

Wagner–Traud theory of metallic corrosion 2:1603–1604walnut 2:1325twasher test 2:846fwaste-fired boilers 1:326, 1:327f, 1:328fwaste incineration corrosion 1:326, 1:327f, 1:328f, 1:477, 1:479fwastewater treatmentcorrosion conditionschemical additives 3:1871chloride concentration effects 3:1871microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:1871

field exposure resultsbase material welds 3:1872, 3:1874tchemical compositions 3:1864t, 3:1872tgeneral discussion 3:1872localized corrosion 3:1873fopen circuit potential (OCP) time dependence 3:1873f

general discussion 3:1870purification methodsbiological treatments 3:1871chemical treatments 3:1871digestion processes 3:1871final settling processes 3:1871general discussion 3:1870mechanical treatments 3:1870schematic diagram 3:1870f

water cooling towers 2:1328, 3:2444water (H2O)

alkalinity 4:2939, 4:2939t, 4:2940t, 4:2953, 4:2958ammonia–nitric acid–sulfuric acid–water (NH3–HNO3–H2SO4–H2O)

systems 2:1058ammonia–nitric acid–water (NH3–HNO3–H2O) systems 2:1058aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion 2:1279atmospheric gases 2:1053tchemical characteristics 4:2936, 4:2939tcombustion conditions 1:461fconcrete 3:2356drinking water 3:1853enamel frit compositions 3:2331tflue gas composition 1:460t, 1:462t, 1:463tfreshwater consumption 4:2932, 4:2935ffreshwater environmentscopper corrosionpipework systems 3:1954pitting corrosion 3:1954

iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) alloys 3:1791stainless steel corrosion 3:1853, 3:1854fsteel corrosion 3:1729, 3:1730t

hardness 4:2940–2941, 4:2953, 4:2958heat capacity 4:2931hydrologic cycle 4:2936, 4:2937fionizing radiation effects 2:1331, 2:1332tiron corrosion 2:830flatent heat 4:2932lead corrosivitycondensed water 3:2061distilled water 3:2061natural waters 3:2061

molecular structure 4:2582fnatural waters 2:1094–1106cast iron corrosioncorrosion rates 3:1754, 3:1756f, 3:1756tdissolved oxygen effects 3:1753, 3:1755fgalvanic corrosion 3:1756, 3:1757tgeneral discussion 3:1752inhibitors 3:1757water aggressiveness and corrosiveness 3:1752, 3:1754f, 3:1754t

constituents/impuritiescarbon dioxide (CO2) 2:1097, 2:1097f, 3:1754fdissolved gases 2:1096hardness 2:1097metallic constituents 2:1095mineral analyses 2:1095, 2:1096tminor inorganic species 2:1098, 2:1098torganic species 2:1099oxygen (O) 2:1096, 2:1097t, 3:1753, 3:1755fpermissible limits 2:1098t

corrosion test methods 2:1506, 2:1507fcorrosivitybacteriological effects 2:1105copper corrosivity 3:1950, 3:1954general discussion 2:1104lead corrosivity 3:2061pH 2:1104physical processes 2:1105pitting corrosion 3:1954water chemistry 2:1105

fouling depositsbiofilms 2:1103corrosion 2:1103general discussion 2:1103steel corrosion 3:1728

scale formationcalcium carbonate (CaCO3) scales 2:1100, 2:1101fcalcium phosphate (Ca10(OH)2(PO4)6) 2:1102calcium sulfate (CaSO4) 2:1102controlling factors 2:1099, 2:1099ffouling deposits 2:1103inorganic species 2:1102iron compounds 2:1102magnesium compounds 2:1102manganese compounds 2:1102silica 2:1102steel corrosion 3:1728water treatment 2:1103

stainless steel corrosionchlorination effects 3:1852, 3:1852fdrinking water 3:1853freshwater 3:1853, 3:1854fgeneral discussion 3:1851microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:1851, 3:1852friver waters 3:1853seawater 3:1854, 3:1855t

steel corrosionaccelerated low water corrosion (ALWC) 3:1729corrosion rates 3:1728, 3:1729theight-related corrosion 3:1730, 3:1731fpiped fresh water systems 3:1729, 3:1730tunprotected structural steel 3:1729

water treatmentacid additions 2:1103scale inhibitors/dispersants 2:1104

3534 Subject Index


surfactants 2:1104water softening/water hardening 2:1103

zinc/zinc alloy corrosion 3:2083pack aluminizing process 4:2537tpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagramaluminum–water system 2:1192firon–water system 2:1193fnickel–water system 2:1201f

reduction reactions 2:1279river waters 3:1853rubber and synthetic elastomers 3:2429, 3:2430f, 3:2431fseawater-cooled circulating water systemscathodic protectioncontinuous anodes 4:2822current requirements 4:2812tgalvanic anodes 4:2822impressed current anodes 4:2822impressed-current systems 4:2823rod anodes 4:2822tubular anodes 4:2822

soil interactionscapillary water 2:1156free ground water 2:1156gravitational water 2:1156significance 2:1155

solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:488, 1:489f, 1:497tsolubility parameters 3:2380tsteam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:407–456argon–water vapor (Ar–H2O) atmospheres 1:408, 1:410f, 1:412fbasic concepts 1:408chromium/chromium-based alloyschromia (Cr2O3) scale growth mechanisms 1:419, 1:421fchromia-forming iron- and nickel-based alloys 1:418, 1:420fcommercial chromia-forming iron- and nickel-based alloys 1:422,

1:422f, 1:423fminor alloying element addition effects 1:423, 1:424f, 1:425f,

1:426foxidation processes 1:418spalling tendencies 1:419fsurface morphologies 1:423fweight change comparisons 1:419f, 1:420f




metallic high-temperature componentsalumina-forming alloys and coatings 1:449borderline alloys 1:426chromium/chromium-based alloys 1:418environmental conditions 1:426ferritic and austenitic stainless steels 1:431general discussion 1:416nomenclature 1:417protective scale-forming elements (PSEs) 1:416, 1:417f


solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:488, 1:489fthermodynamicsargon–water vapor (Ar–H2O) atmospheres 1:410f, 1:412fequilibrium oxygen partial pressure 1:409f, 1:410f,

1:412fgas atmospheres 1:409, 1:409f, 1:410fmaterial testing considerations 1:411, 1:412f, 1:413fsolid oxide stability 1:409temperature dependence effects 1:411fvolatile reaction products 1:409, 1:411f

uranium compounds 3:2188vitreous silica 3:2315

steel corrosionnatural watersaccelerated low water corrosion (ALWC) 3:1729corrosion rates 3:1728, 3:1729theight-related corrosion 3:1730, 3:1731fpiped fresh water systems 3:1729, 3:1730tunprotected structural steel 3:1729

process watersboiler waters 3:1731heating and cooling systems 3:1730, 3:1731t

sulfuric acid–ammonia–water (H2SO4–NH3–H2O) systems 2:1057,2:1058f

water-based lubricants 2:1306water corrosionadvanced material wear 1:373alumina-forming alloys 1:553, 1:553t, 1:637, 1:638faluminum alloys 3:1997automotive bodywork 4:3169chromia-forming alloys 1:553, 1:553tcopper/copper alloysbrass dezincification 3:1952chemical attacks 3:1956, 3:1956fcontaminated environments 3:1960dissolution conditions 3:1957freshwater environments 3:1954hot soft water conditions 3:1955impingement attacks 3:1950, 3:1951f, 3:1952tmicrobially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:1956, 3:1957fnatural waters 3:1950pitting corrosion 3:1954seawater 3:1952t, 3:1958selective attacks 3:1954stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:1957, 3:1957f

glasses 3:2313glass linings and coatings 3:2325high-temperature oxidation 1:553, 1:553thot-dipped zinc coatings 4:2562, 4:2562tiron and steel 4:2668, 4:2668tnickel/nickel alloys 1:98fsteelaccelerated low water corrosion (ALWC) 3:1729boiler waters 3:1731deposits and scales 3:1728dissolved gases 3:1726dissolved solids 3:1727fouling deposits 3:1728heating and cooling systems 3:1730, 3:1731theight-related corrosion 3:1730, 3:1731fmicrobial effects 3:1728natural waters 3:1728, 3:1729tpiped fresh water systems 3:1729, 3:1730tprocess waters 3:1730under-deposit corrosion 3:1728unprotected structural steel 3:1729water composition 3:1726

tin corrosivity 3:2073uranium (U) 3:2183, 3:2184fvitreous enamel coatings 3:2335water radiolysis 3:2185water vapor effects 3:2185

water system modifications 4:2930–2970chemical inhibitorscooling systems 4:2964, 4:2965t, 4:2968fgeneral discussion 4:2961steam boiler systems 4:2961

Subject Index 3535


water (H2O) (continued)closed-loop water systems 4:2943cooling systems 4:2964, 4:2965t, 4:2968fcorrosion mechanismsconcentrated cell/crevice corrosion 4:2947condensate line corrosion 4:2948crevice corrosion 2:766erosion 4:2948galvanic corrosion 4:2946general discussion 4:2945grooving corrosion 4:2948impingement attacks 4:2948microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 4:2949, 4:2949f, 4:2967,

4:2969tpitting corrosion 4:2945, 4:2946fstress corrosion 4:2947uniform corrosion 4:2945white rust 4:2949

heat capacity 4:2931importance 4:2931industrial heating and cooling systemsalkalinity 4:2939, 4:2939t, 4:2940t, 4:2953, 4:2958bacterial growth count evaluation 4:2969tblistering 4:2958fchemical inhibitors 4:2961contaminant cycles of concentration (COC) 4:2959t, 4:2960,

4:2961tcontaminant saturation conditions 4:2956cooling systems 4:2964, 4:2965t, 4:2968fcorrosion mechanisms 4:2945corrosion mitigation 4:2933, 4:2936fcorrosion monitoring 4:3143corrosion rate quantification 4:2957tcorrosion test coupon 4:2956fcorrosion vulnerability data 4:2956tfreshwater consumption 4:2932, 4:2935fhardness 4:2940–2941, 4:2953, 4:2958hydrologic cycle 4:2936, 4:2937fLangelier saturation index (LSI) 4:2958Larson–Skold index (L–SI) 4:2960makeup water treatment 4:2959tmetal and alloy materials selection 4:2955, 4:2956tmicrobially-induced corrosion (MIC) 4:2967, 4:2969tmicrobiological fouling 4:2950, 4:2950f, 4:2967, 4:2969tmineral scales, muds, and sludges 4:2941, 4:2942f, 4:2942t, 4:2943forganic inhibitors 4:2966, 4:2966fpathogenic bacteria 4:2951, 4:2951fpretreatment processes 4:2953, 4:2954fPuckorius scaling index (PSI) 4:2959Ryznar stability index (RSI) 4:2959scale formation 4:2935, 4:2936fsteam boiler systems 4:2961treatment guidelines 4:2952water chemistry 4:2936, 4:2939twater treatment factors 4:2933

latent heat 4:2932new-construction HVAC systems 4:2944organic inhibitors 4:2966, 4:2966fpotable systemsalkalinity 4:2939, 4:2939t, 4:2940t, 4:2953, 4:2958bacterial growth count evaluation 4:2969tblistering 4:2958fchemical inhibitors 4:2961contaminant cycles of concentration (COC) 4:2959t, 4:2960,

4:2961tcontaminant saturation conditions 4:2956corrosion mechanisms 4:2945corrosion mitigation 4:2933, 4:2936fcorrosion rate quantification 4:2957tcorrosion test coupon 4:2956fcorrosion vulnerability data 4:2956tfreshwater consumption 4:2932, 4:2935fhardness 4:2940–2941, 4:2953, 4:2958hydrologic cycle 4:2936, 4:2937fLangelier saturation index (LSI) 4:2958Larson–Skold index (L–SI) 4:2960makeup water treatment 4:2959t

metal and alloy materials selection 4:2955, 4:2956tmicrobially-induced corrosion (MIC) 4:2967, 4:2969tmicrobiological fouling 4:2950, 4:2950f, 4:2967, 4:2969tmineral scales, muds, and sludges 4:2941, 4:2942f, 4:2942t,

4:2943fpathogenic bacteria 4:2951, 4:2951fpretreatment processes 4:2953, 4:2954fPuckorius scaling index (PSI) 4:2959Ryznar stability index (RSI) 4:2959scale formation 4:2935, 4:2936ftreatment guidelines 4:2952water chemistry 4:2936, 4:2939twater treatment factors 4:2933

steam boiler systems 4:2961zinc/zinc alloy corrosionconductivity water 3:2084fdistilled water 3:2084thard water 3:2084fnatural waters 3:2083

zirconium corrosivity 3:2104waterlogged soils 2:1156water repellents 2:1303twater spotting 4:2741, 4:2744water tanks 2:1328, 4:2826wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS) 2:1418waxes 4:3173, 4:3330wear–corrosioncobalt/cobalt alloys 3:1928, 3:1931, 3:1932ftribocorrosion mechanismsenhanced surface degradation mechanisms 2:1034, 2:1036f, 2:1037f,

2:1037t, 2:1038ferosion-corrosion 2:1038flow velocities 2:1040tpositive–negative interactions 2:1041tpotential particle kinetic energies 2:1040tsliding wear-corrosion 2:1033, 2:1040synergy processes 2:1040, 2:1041t

weathering steels see low-alloy steelWeibull distribution model 2:1554weld corrosion 4:2914f, 4:2915f, 4:2914, 4:3293weld decayaustenitic stainless steels 2:818, 2:818fcharacteristics 1:95t

welded jointsfusion welding 2:1448, 3:2452t, 3:2453fresistance welding 3:2452t, 3:2453fsolid-phase welding 3:2452tweld defects 3:2453, 3:2453f, 3:2454f, 3:2454twelding processes 3:2452, 3:2452t, 3:2453fweldment corrosion factorsfiller metal composition 3:2455general discussion 3:2453postweld heat treatment (PWHT) 3:2455residual stresses 3:2455, 3:2455fwelding technique 3:2454weld joint design 3:2453, 3:2455f

Wenner four-pin earth resistivity meter 4:2842, 4:2843fWestergaard functions 1:82–83western red cedar 2:1325twet-rot fungi 3:2445wet storage stain 4:2563–2564wetting agents 4:2653Whipple–Le Claire diffusion model 1:138white cast iron 3:1739, 3:1751twhite rust 3:2083, 4:2563–2564, 4:2949Wiener process modeling 2:1555Wilkinson–Vick model 2:1655wire arc spraying 4:2612t, 4:2613wire-on-bolt/CLIMAT test 2:846f, 2:847wood 2:1323–1329, 3:2439–2446

above-water fastener selection 2:847fbackground information 3:2439below-water fastener selection 2:849fcomposition 2:1323corrosivityacidic vapor corrosion 2:1326aluminum alloys 3:2000

3536 Subject Index


aluminum/aluminum alloys 2:1326construction materialsfire-retardant treatment chemicals 2:1328industrial significance 2:1327preservative treatments 2:1327

contact corrosionacid content 2:1324, 2:1325tbasic concepts 2:1324bimetallic corrosion 2:1325moisture content 2:1324polyphenolic compounds 2:1325salt content 2:1325staining 3:2444, 3:2445wood degradation effects 2:1325, 3:2442, 3:2445

copper/copper alloys 2:1326corrosion test methods 2:1326general discussion 2:1323industrial significancebackground information 2:1327conservation efforts 2:1328construction materials 2:1327water cooling towers 2:1328, 3:2444water tanks 2:1328wood cutting tools 2:1328

lead (Pb) 2:1326modeling methods 2:1327

degradation conditionsbiological degradationmarine borers 3:2445–2445wood-boring insects 3:2445wood-rotting fungi 3:2441, 3:2445

corrosive liquids 3:2443marine environments 3:2442, 3:2445–2445mildly corrosive liquids 3:2444photooxidation 3:2441preservative treatments 3:2441staining 3:2444, 3:2445superficial degradationchemical damage 3:2445chemical stains 3:2445color change 3:2444nail sickness 3:2445weathered surfaces 3:2445

lead corrosivity 3:2061physical properties 3:2439structure 2:1323

wood-boring weevils 3:2445wood cutting tools 2:1328wooden vats 3:2443–2444woodworms 3:2445wools, glass 3:2307, 3:2308t, 3:2309tworld fleetballast tankscoating selection criteria 4:2692coating types and schemes 4:2694tinterior photograph 4:2693fschematic diagram 4:2684fsquare meters of steel 4:2684t

general discussion 4:2683ship characteristics 4:2684fship types 4:2684tsquare meters of steel 4:2684t

wrinkling 4:2735, 4:2741, 4:2744wustite (FeO) 1:128, 1:201, 4:2487

X

xenon (Xe) 2:1053tXestobium rufovillosum 3:2445X-raysbasic conceptsbrilliance measurements 2:1388fcell geometries schematic diagram 2:1389fsynchrotron radiation 2:1388, 2:1388f

characteristics 2:1330corrosion studies

electron microscopybasic concepts 2:1418line scan profile 2:1420fschematic diagram 2:1419fspectral data plot 2:1419f, 2:1420f

energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microscopyaluminum alloys 2:1406, 2:1406f, 2:1419–1420, 2:1419f, 2:1420fcorrosion product characterizations 1:140Nimonic alloy–Stellite 6 alloy analyses 1:383, 1:384f, 1:385f, 1:386f,

1:387f, 1:388f, 1:389f, 1:392tfailure mechanisms 3:2465f

general discussion 2:1403X-ray absorption (XAS)basic concepts 2:1395, 2:1395fcharacteristics 2:1376textended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) 2:1397–1398,



X-ray diffraction (XRD)basic concepts 2:1390, 2:1390fcementite analysis 1:286characteristics 2:1376tcorrosion product characterizations 1:140, 1:143fpassive film structure analysis 2:746, 2:1392fscattering geometry schematic diagram 2:1391fthermally induced scale changes 1:162–163, 1:163f

X-ray microscopy 2:1425X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)adhesive bond failure 3:2465, 3:2469, 3:2470f, 3:2471f, 3:2472fangular resolved XPS (ARXPS) measurements 2:1380–1382, 2:1381fatmospheric corrosion 3:2072Auger energy yield 2:1380fbasic concepts 2:1378characteristics 2:1376tcorrosion product characterizations 1:140energy diagram 2:1379firon oxidation film evaluations 2:1380–1382, 2:1381f, 2:1382fpassive film analysis 2:746, 2:1380–1382, 2:1381f, 2:1382f, 3:1923,

3:1925f, 3:2244schematic diagram 2:1378fultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions 2:1376, 2:1377f


X-ray tomography 2:1426, 2:1426fxylene 3:2380t

Y

yacht Asgard 4:3313, 4:3313fyeast 4:2949, 4:2950Young–Dupre equation 3:2464Young’s modulus 1:78, 1:80fyttrium (Y)alloying element influences 1:546, 1:546falumina-forming alloys 1:546, 1:546f, 1:608t, 1:609t, 1:628, 1:628f, 1:630fchromia-forming alloys 1:423, 1:424f, 1:425f, 1:426f, 1:608t, 1:609tchromium–yttrium (Cr–Y) alloys 1:589coatingscorrosion-resistant coatings 4:2618metal–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (MCrAlY) coatingsaluminum depletion 1:709characteristics 1:696, 4:2550compositions 1:696tcracking 1:706, 1:707f, 1:708festimated effective fracture energies 1:709tfinite-element modeling predictions 1:708, 1:708fgas turbines 1:537fmicrostructure 1:697fprotective oxidation 1:705, 1:706fspalling tendencies 1:706, 1:707f, 1:708f, 1:709tsteam and steam/hydrogen environments 1:449, 1:450f, 1:451f, 1:452f

Subject Index 3537


yttrium (Y) (continued)structure 1:697f

thermal barrier coatings 1:705, 1:705f, 1:712cobalt-based alloys 3:1918tcobalt–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (CoCrAlY) alloys 1:537f, 1:631cobalt–nickel–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (CoNiCrAlY) alloys 1:537f,

4:2552intermetallic alloys 1:655, 1:659magnesium alloys 3:2014–2015, 3:2016t, 3:2019tmetal–matrix composites 3:2251Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) laser 3:2024,

4:2623nickel–chromium–aluminum–yttrium (NiCrAlY) alloys 1:615–616,

1:632f, 1:639nickel–cobalt–aluminum–yttrium (NiCoAlY) alloys 4:2624–2625oxidation processes 1:224silicon nitride (SiN) 3:2300tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (TZP) 3:2294, 3:2302fyttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) 4:2630, 4:2630flaser cladding (LC) 4:2625thermal barrier coatings 1:705, 1:705fthermal expansion coefficients 1:484t

yttrium-modified aluminides 4:2550fyttrium oxide (Y2O3) 1:145f, 1:170t

Yucca Mountain, Nevada 2:767

Z

zeolites 4:2973zero preservation problem 2:1558zero-resistance ammeter 4:2842fzinc (Zn) 3:2078–2093acid pickling 4:2992tadhesive bond failure 3:2479alloys 3:2078–2093aluminum–zinc–magnesiumcast iron corrosion 3:1774copper–zinc (Cu–Zn) alloys 1:68fcorrosion propertiesacid environments 3:2086alkaline environments 3:2086atmospheric corrosion 3:2081, 3:2082t, 3:2083f, 3:2083tbimetallic corrosion 3:2081cathodic protection 3:2089chemical environments 3:2086conductivity water 3:2084fcorrosion rates 3:2081fcorrosion reactions 3:2081tdistilled water 3:2084t, 3:2085fgalvanic corrosion 3:2080–2081general discussion 3:2080hard water 3:2084fintergranular corrosion 2:820, 3:2091natural waters 3:2083organic chemicals 3:2089pH effects 3:2081f, 3:2084–2085protective film formation 3:2080salt solutions 3:2089seawater 2:1142, 3:2085soil corrosion 3:2085, 3:2087ttemperature effects 3:2085, 3:2085f, 3:2086fzinc–aluminum (Zn–Al) casting alloy corrosion 3:2090, 3:2091t

electroplated coatings 4:2578intergranular corrosion 2:820, 3:2091magnesium (Mg) 3:2013mechanical properties 3:2079physical properties 3:2079pitting corrosion potential 2:782frecent research developments 3:2091sacrificial anodes 4:2767–2768, 4:2768t

aluminum alloys 3:1981applications 3:2079archaeological metals 4:3313fatmospheric corrosion 2:848f, 2:1082brass dezincification 2:807, 2:807f, 3:1952

cast iron corrosion 3:1774coatingsactive metal-rich pigmentation 4:2648characteristics 2:1165, 4:2524corrosion-resistant coatings 4:2618, 4:3184tdiffusion coatings 4:2535t, 4:2536telectroplated coatings 4:2584, 4:2588t, 4:2589, 4:2589ffailures and defects 4:2745flame sprayed coatings 4:2613hot-dipped coatingsalloying additions 4:2569atmospheric corrosion 4:2558, 4:2559t, 4:2560tbasic concepts 4:2556continuous zinc/zinc alloy coatings 4:2570corrosion behavior 4:2557, 4:2557f, 4:2558fdetergents 4:2562inorganic chemicals 4:2562–2563lubricants 4:2563organic chemicals 4:2563soil corrosion 4:2562, 4:2563tsteel 4:2563water corrosion 4:2562, 4:2562twhite rust 4:2563–2564zinc–aluminum (Zn–Al) alloy coatings 4:2557f, 4:2558, 4:2558fzinc–iron (Zn–Fe) alloys 4:2558

zinc carbonates 4:2745corrosion propertiesaqueous environmentsconductivity water 3:2084fdistilled water 3:2084t, 3:2085fhard water 3:2084fnatural waters 3:2083seawater 2:1142, 3:2085

atmospheric corrosionenvironmental conditions 3:2081, 3:2083fUnited Kingdom 3:2082turban/rural/marine atmospheres 3:2083twhite rust 3:2083, 4:2563–2564, 4:2949

bimetallic corrosion 3:2081cathodic protection 3:2089chemical environmentsacid environments 3:2086alkaline environments 3:2086organic chemicals 3:2089salt solutions 3:2089

corrosion rates 3:2081fcorrosion reactions 3:2081tgalvanic corrosion 3:2080–2081general discussion 3:2080intergranular corrosion 2:820, 3:2091pH effects 3:2081f, 3:2084–2085protective film formation 3:2080soil corrosion 3:2085, 3:2087ttemperature effects 3:2085, 3:2085f, 3:2086fzinc–aluminum (Zn–Al) casting alloy corrosionneutral salt spray 3:2091pH-controlled aerated water 3:2090wastewater treatment environments 3:2091, 3:2091t

corrosion-resistant coatings 4:2995, 4:2995tcorrosion vulnerability data 4:2956tcorrosive environments 1:405crystal structure 1:55tfire-retardant treatment chemicals 2:1328fuel chemistry 1:459, 1:459tgalvanic corrosion 2:831f, 2:850t, 2:851t, 2:852t, 2:1119fhistorical background 3:2078intergranular corrosion 2:820, 3:2091magnesium alloys 3:2013, 3:2016t, 3:2019tmarine environments 2:1142mechanical properties 3:2079, 3:2080tnitric acid (HNO3) solutions 2:1252tpH factors 2:1105physical properties 3:2079, 3:2080tpitting corrosion 2:774tpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 2:1083f, 2:1084fproduction processes 3:1862, 3:2079reactive metal pigments 4:2653

3538 Subject Index


recent research developments 3:2091redox couples equilibrium potential values 1:26treference electrodes 2:1371t, 4:2848, 4:2849tsacrificial anodes 4:2771scale inhibitors/dispersants 4:2993tsoil corrosion 2:1158, 2:1159f, 4:2562, 4:2563tstandard reduction potential 3:2074tuniform corrosion 2:730white rust 3:2083, 4:2563–2564, 4:2949zinc–aluminum (Zn–Al) alloy coatings 4:2557f, 4:2558, 4:2558fzinc carbonate (ZnCO3) 2:1088f, 4:2745, 4:2942tzinc chloride (ZnCl2) 1:403f, 1:465f, 2:1089f, 3:1769tzinc chloride (ZnCl2)–potassium chloride (KCl) mixtures


zinc–cobalt– iron (Zn–Co–Fe) coatings 4:3188tzinc–cobalt (Zn–Co) coatings 4:3188tzinc–iron (Zn–Fe) alloys 4:2558zinc–magnesium-containing alloys 3:1981zinc napthenate 2:1328zinc–nickel (Zn–Ni) coatings 4:3188tzinc oxide (ZnO) 1:114, 1:464t, 3:2197f, 3:2321t, 4:2670zinc phosphate (ZnPO4/Zn3(PO4)2) 4:2495, 4:2496t, 4:2497t, 4:2500t,

4:2670zinc silicate coatings 4:2695t, 4:2698t

Zircaloy 3:2096, 3:2097t, 3:2099t, 3:2111zirconium (Zr) 3:2094–2134alloysalloy categories 3:2096alloying element influences 1:546, 1:546falumina-forming alloys 1:546, 1:546f, 1:608t, 1:609t, 1:628amorphous alloys 3:2194anhydrous hydrogen halide gases/hydrohalic acids 2:1216f, 2:1221chemical properties 3:2100chromia-forming alloys 1:608t, 1:609tchromium–zirconium (Cr–Zr) alloys 1:589, 3:2198–2199, 3:2198f,

3:2199f, 3:2201cobalt-based alloys 3:1918tcorrosion resistance 3:2100corrosive environmentsacetic acid 3:2125alkaline solutions 2:1204, 3:2124chlorinated organic compounds 3:2126chromic acid 3:2122cooling waters 3:2112formic acid 3:2125halogen acids 3:2116, 3:2130hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 3:2124inorganic acids 3:2113mixed acids 3:2122, 3:2124tnitric acid (HNO3) 3:2119, 3:2122f, 3:2124t, 3:2131organic acids 3:2125phosphoric acid (H3PO4) 3:2121, 3:2123fpressurized water and steam 3:2112salt solutions 3:2113, 3:2113tsulfur compounds 3:2113sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 3:2113, 3:2115f, 3:2116f, 3:2117f, 3:2118f,

3:2124turea 3:2125

corrosivitycorrosion rates 3:2128tcrevice corrosion 3:2106delayed hydride cracking 3:2109erosion 3:2110, 3:2111ffretting corrosion 3:2110galvanic corrosion 3:2109, 3:2110tintergranular corrosion 3:2107, 3:2108flocalized corrosion 3:2106microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:2110oxide films 3:2103pH effects 3:2105pitting corrosion 3:2106, 3:2107fpotential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:2105fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:2108surface conditions 3:2111, 3:2111f

temperature effects 3:2104, 3:2105ftin additions 3:2111water effects 3:2104Zircaloy 3:2096, 3:2097t, 3:2099t, 3:2111

fatigue limits 3:2099tferritic chromium steels 1:501tfuture developments 3:2132halogen acid corrosionanodic polarization curves 3:2120f, 3:2121fcharacteristics 3:2116corrosion rates 3:2124t, 3:2128telectrochemical protection 3:2129tfluoride-containing solutions 3:2119thydrochloric acid (HCl) 3:2120f, 3:2121findustrial environments 3:2130isocorrosion diagram 3:2120f

high-temperature environmentshigh-temperature oxidation 3:2126hot corrosion 3:2126molten salts/molten metals 3:2127

industrial applicationsgeneral discussion 3:2130halogen acid-using processes 3:2130nitric acid-using processes 3:2131sulfuric acid-using processes 3:2130

intergranular corrosion 2:820intermetallic alloys 1:655, 1:659internal corrosion risks 4:3217fmagnesium alloys 3:2013, 3:2016t, 3:2019tmanufacturing processeschemical cleaning 3:2103fabrication processes 3:2101handling concerns 3:2102heat treatments 3:2103welds 3:2103

mechanical properties 3:2098tmicrostructure 3:2099, 3:2101f, 3:2102fnuclear and nonnuclear grades 3:2097tprocess equipment materials 4:3211protective treatmentselectrochemical protection 3:2128, 3:2128t, 3:2129tfilm formation 3:2127heat treatments 3:2128, 3:2129tpH adjustments 3:2128, 3:2129tsurface conditions 3:2111f, 3:2128welds 3:2128, 3:2129t

safety concerns 3:2132stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867tstress–strain plots 3:2100fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) environments 2:1244, 2:1245ftensile properties–temperature curves plot 3:2100fTi15Mo5Zr3Al alloy 2:1313zirconium–hafnium (Zr–Hf) alloys 3:2097t, 3:2098

bulk metallic glasses 3:2199characteristicsalloy categories 3:2096fatigue limits 3:2099tmechanical properties 3:2096, 3:2098tmicrostructure 3:2099, 3:2101f, 3:2102fnonnuclear wrought grades 3:2097tnuclear grades 3:2097tphysical properties 3:2096, 3:2096tstress–strain plots 3:2100ftensile properties–temperature curves plot 3:2100f

chemical properties 3:2100cobalt-based alloys 3:1918tcorrosion resistance 2:1337, 3:2100corrosive environmentsaqueous environmentscooling waters 3:2112salt solutions 3:2113, 3:2113tsulfur compounds 3:2113

halogen acidsanodic polarization curves 3:2120f, 3:2121fcharacteristics 3:2116corrosion rates 3:2124t, 3:2128telectrochemical protection 3:2129t

Subject Index 3539


zirconium (Zr) (continued)fluoride-containing solutions 3:2119thydrochloric acid (HCl) 3:2120f, 3:2121findustrial environments 3:2130isocorrosion diagram 3:2120f

inorganic acidsalkaline solutions 2:1204, 3:2124chromic acid 3:2122halogen acids 3:2116, 3:2130hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 3:2124mixed acids 3:2122, 3:2124tnitric acid (HNO3) 3:2119, 3:2122f, 3:2124t,

3:2131phosphoric acid (H3PO4) 3:2121, 3:2123fsulfuric acid (H2SO4) 3:2113, 3:2115f, 3:2116f, 3:2117f, 3:2118f,

3:2124turea 3:2125

organic acidsacetic acid 3:2125chlorinated organic compounds 3:2126formic acid 3:2125

pressurized water and steam 3:2112corrosivitycorrosion rates 3:2128terosion 3:2110, 3:2111ffretting corrosion 3:2110galvanic corrosion 3:2109, 3:2110tlocalized corrosioncrevice corrosion 3:2106delayed hydride cracking 3:2109intergranular corrosion 3:2107, 3:2108fpitting corrosion 3:2106, 3:2107fstress corrosion cracking (SCC) 3:2108

microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) 3:2110oxide films 3:2103pH effects 3:2105potential–pH (Pourbaix) diagram 3:2105fsurface conditions 3:2111, 3:2111ftemperature effects 3:2104, 3:2105ftin additions 3:2111water effects 3:2104Zircaloy 3:2096, 3:2097t, 3:2099t, 3:2111

crystal structure 1:55tfluoride corrosion 2:1264, 2:1265tfuture developments 3:2132general discussion 3:2095high-temperature environmentshigh-temperature oxidation 3:2126hot corrosion 3:2126molten salts/molten metals 3:2127

industrial applicationsgeneral discussion 3:2130halogen acid-using processes 3:2130nitric acid-using processes 3:2131

sulfuric acid-using processes 3:2130intergranular corrosion 2:820ionizing radiation effects 2:1331manufacturing processeschemical cleaning 3:2103fabrication processes 3:2101handling concerns 3:2102heat treatments 3:2103welds 3:2103

nitric acid (HNO3)containment materials 2:1255corrosion rates 2:1253tcorrosion reactions 2:1252

oxidation processes 1:224pitting corrosion 2:774tprotective treatmentselectrochemical protection 3:2128, 3:2128t, 3:2129tfilm formation 3:2127heat treatments 3:2128, 3:2129tpH adjustments 3:2128, 3:2129tsurface conditions 3:2111f, 3:2128welds 3:2128, 3:2129t

safety concerns 3:2132solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) 1:510stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 2:867tsurgical implants 2:1308ultrahigh-temperature ceramics 1:680zirconia (ZrO2)

advanced technical ceramics 3:2295amorphous alloys 3:2197fcorrosion behavior 1:674enamel frit compositions 3:2321tglass compositions 3:2308tmetal–matrix composites 3:2251oxide films 3:2103oxide scale growth 1:114performance characteristicsmaterial types 3:2294stabilized zirconia 3:2294tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (TZP) 3:2294, 3:2302ftransformation toughened partially stabilized materials 3:2294,

3:2295fzirconium dioxide (ZrO2) composites 3:2295

Pilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR) 1:146t, 1:160tprocess equipment materials 4:3211fyttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) 4:2630,

4:2630flaser cladding (LC) 4:2625thermal barrier coatings 1:705, 1:705fthermal expansion coefficients 1:484t

zirconium beryllide (ZrBe2) 3:2177, 3:2178f, 3:2179fzirconium nitride (ZrN) 1:308f

zwitterions 3:2424, 3:2425f

3540 Subject Index


Documents

Subject Index - dl.iran-mavad.comdl.iran-mavad.com/pdf95/Shreirs Corrosion Endpages_iran-mavad.com.pdf · Subject Index Page numbers suffixed by Tand Frefer to Tables and Figures