HOW TO DEAL WITH EARTHQUAKES

Submitted to:D.Dana Adas.

Prepared by:Mahran Ramahi.Omar Al-Taher.

2010-2011

LIST OF CONTENT:

Part One: Earthquake Definition.

Part Two: Earthquakes Measurement Methods.

Part Three: Earthquakes Estimations.

Part Four: Great Earthquakes History.

Part Five: Earthquakes Safety Tips :

A. Before an Earthquakes.

B. During an Earthquakes.

C. After an Earthquakes.

PART ONE: EARTHQUAKE DEFINITIONWhat is an Earthquake ?

An Earthquake is a sudden movement of the earth's surface according to the rapid release of energy.

Most earthquakes ( 90% ) occur along the edge of oceanic.

Earthquake size:

To accurately describe the scale of intensity of an earthquake, a proper scientific method was developed by scientists devoted to earthquake study, who are called seismologists.

> two ways to measure :

1. Magnitude: Richter Scale. 

2. Intensity: Mercalli Scale.

Richter Scale Vs. Mercalli Scale:

The Richter and Mercalli scales are different in nature. The Mercalli scale is largely subjective as it measures the intensity of earthquake, whereas Richter scale is an objective and numerical measurement based on readings taken by seismometers.

PART TWO: EARTHQUAKES MEASUREMENT

Magnitude Class Earthquake Effects Estimated NumberEach Year

2.5 or less Very MinorUsually not felt, but can be recorded by

seismograph.900,000

2.5 to 5.4 MinorOften felt, but only

causes minor damage.

30,000

5.5 to 6.0 ModerateSlight damage to

buildings and other structures.

500

6.1 to 6.9 StrongMay cause a lot of

damage in very populated areas.

100

7.0 to 7.9 Major Major earthquake. Serious damage. 20

8.0 or greater Great

Great earthquake. Can totally destroy

communities near the epicenter.

One every 5 to 10 years

PART THREE: EARTHQUAKES ESTIMATIONS

Location Date Magnitude Casualties

Lisbon, Portugal Nov 1, 1755 8.6 60,000 people killed

San Francisco, California

Apr 18, 1906 8.3 700 people killed

Kansu, China Dec 16, 1920 8.5 200,000 people killed

Tokyo-Yokohama, Japan Sep 1, 1923 8.3 143,000 people killed

Agadir, Morocco Jan 13, 1960 5.9 12,500 people killed

Tangshan, China Jul 27, 1976 8.0 255,000 people killed

Mexico City, Mexico Sep 19, 1985 8.1 9,500 people killed

Armenia, USSR Dec 7, 1988 6.8 25,000 people killed

Loma Prieta, California Oct 17, 1989 7.0 62 people killed

Northridge, California Jan 17, 1994 6.8 60 people killed

Kobe, Japan Jan 16, 1995 6.8 5,530 people killed

Gölcük, Turkey Aug 17, 1999 7.6 17,000 people killed

Nantou, Taiwan Sep 20, 1999 7.6 1,800 people killed

BengKulu, Indonesia Jun 4, 2000 7.9 N/AIndia/Pakistan Border Jan 26, 2001 7.9 20,000+ people killed

Sumatra Dec 26 2004 9.1 283,106 people killed

Tōhoku, Japan Mar 11 2011 9.0 N/A

PART FOUR: GREAT EARTHQUAKES HISTORY

A. HOME PREPAREDNESS (BEFORE EQ.):

• Learn how to shut off gas, water

and electricity.

• Check roofs, and wall foundations for stability.

• Secure water heater and appliances.

• Keep heavy objects on lower shelves.

• Maintain emergency food, water, medicine,

first aid kit, tools, and clothing.

• Locate each safety spot in the house.

PART FIVE: EARTHQUAKES SAFETY TIPS

B. DURING AN EARTHQUAKE:

• Stay away from windows, bookcases, heavy mirrors, and other heavy objects that could fall.

• Go under a desk or study table.

• If the desk or table you are under moves

……..… move with it.

EARTHQUAKES SAFETY TIPS…………..CONT.

DURING AN EARTHQUAKE…………..Cont.

• Do not use the stairs or elevators while the building is shaking.

• If you are outside, get into the open, away from buildings and overhead power lines.

• If you are driving, stop in a safe open area away from buildings, trees, and overhead power lines.

EARTHQUAKES SAFETY TIPS…………..CONT.

C. AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE:

• Be prepared for aftershocks, plan for cover when they occur.

• Check for injuries, give first aid as necessary.

• Remain calm, try to reassure others.

• Wear shoes to avoid injury from broken glass.

EARTHQUAKES SAFETY TIPS…………..CONT.

AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE……………… CONT.

• Check for fire and take appropriate actions.

• Check gas, water, and electric lines.

• Do not re-enter the building looking for them.

EARTHQUAKES SAFETY TIPS…………..CONT.

A Caution

That aftershocks and subsequent earthquakes can be even more damaging than the initial shock so take that in consideration and be ready.

So

this is all about Earthquakes. For more detailed information you can Google it.

Thanks for the audience