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Subodh Public School Rambagh Crossing, Jaipur
Session: 2020-21
Class: Flyers 1
Subject: Social Science
ONLINE ASSIGNMENTS
General Instructions:
1. Solve all assignments on A 4 size sheet which are given after each chapter. 2. Solve Test Paper on April 18, 2020 on A 4 sheet 3. Steps to use Extra Marks App
a. Open the app b. Go to the last dot. c. click on' Got it' d. Select the subject e. Select the chapter f. Select 'Learn' g. Click on Detailed learning h. Start modules / animation
Chapter -1: India: Size and Location (Geography)
[April 03, 04, 07 & 08]
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The Learner will
Be able to learn, memorize, and apply the following facts in the day to day life:
locate different places/areas on the map of India / world
about the latitudes & longitudes and north, south, east & west directions of our country
the total area, length of the coastlines, length of the frontiers and distance in kilometres from east to west and from north to south.
make difference between India union and mainland of India
about the location and size of our country India.
APRIL 3, 2020
Introduction
Geographical Location Of India
Basic Attributes to define India
Location Of India in World
Location Of India in Asia
Location of India in the Sub continent
April 4, 2020
Physical Features of India
Location of Himalayas
Location of Great Northern Plains
Location Of India Through animation
Location Of India In South Asia
Water Bodies that surround the Indian Peninsula
April 5, 2020 (Sunday)
Learn the importance of location India in South Asia
Locate important water bodies that surround India on the political map of India
April 6, 2020 (Holiday -Mahaveer Jayanti)
In the Political Map of India mark all 28 States of India along with their capitals and 8
Union Territories of India.
April 7, 2020
Geographical extent of India( Latitudinal And Longitudinal extent)
Understanding the extent of India through animation
Implications of Latitudinal Extent
Implications of Longitudinal Extent
Module on standard Meridian of the country
Administrative Divisions of India
India's link to neighbouring countries and its results.
In addition to extra marks, please read the following notes for your further understanding
Short Notes: Chapter - 1 (India - size and location)
India is one of the ancient civilizations in the world. It has achieved multi-faceted socioeconomic
progress during the last five decades. It has moved forward displaying remarkable progress in the
field of agriculture, industry, technology and overall economic development. India has also
contributed significantly to the making of world history.
Location
India is a vast country. Lying entirely in the Northern hemisphere the main land extends between
latitudes 8°4’N and 37°6’N and longitudes 68°7’E and 97°25’E.
The Tropic of Cancer (23° 30’N) divides the country into almost two equal parts.
To the southeast and southwest of the mainland, lie the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and
the Lakshadweep Islands in Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea respectively.
Size The land mass of India has an area of 3.28 million square km.
India’s total area accounts for about 2.4 per cent of the total geographical area of the world.
India is the seventh largest country of the world.
India has a land boundary of about 15,200 km and the total length of the coast line of the
mainland including Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep is 7,516.6 km.
India is bounded by the young fold mountains in the northwest, north and north east.
South of about 22° north latitude, it begins to taper, and extends towards the Indian Ocean,
dividing it into two seas, the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on its east.
The latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the mainland is about 30°. Despite this fact the
east-west extent appears to be smaller than the north-south extent.
From Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh there is a time lag of two hours.
Hence, time along the Standard Meridian of India (82°30’E) passing through Mirzapur (in
Uttar Pradesh) is taken as the standard time for the whole country.
The latitudinal extent influences the duration of the day and night, as one move from
south to north.
India and the World The Indian landmass has a central location between the East and the West Asia.
India is a southward extension of the Asian Continent.
The Trans Indian Ocean routes which connect the countries of Europe in the West and the
countries of East Asia provide a strategic central location to India.
Note that the Deccan Peninsula protrudes into the Indian Ocean, thus helping India to
establish close contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the western coast and with
Southeast and East Asia from the eastern coast.
No other country has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean as India has and indeed, it is
India’s eminent position in the Indian Ocean which justifies the naming of an Ocean after it.
India’s contacts with the World have continued through the ages but her relationships
through the land routes are much older than her maritime contacts. The various passes
across the mountains in the north have provided passages to the ancient travelers, while the
oceans restricted such interaction for a long time.
These routes have contributed in the exchange of ideas and commodities since ancient
times.
The ideas of the Upanishads and the Ramayana, the stories of Panchtantra, the Indian
numerals and the decimal system thus could reach many parts of the world.
The spices, muslin and other merchandise were taken from India to different countries. On
the other hand, the influence of Greek sculpture, and the architectural styles of dome and
minarets from West Asia can be seen in different parts of our country.
India’s Neighbours
India occupies an important strategic position in South Asia. India has 28 states and 8 Union
Territories.
Shares its land boundaries with Pakistan and Afghanistan in the northwest, China
(Tibet), Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east.
Our southern neighbours across the sea consist of the two island countries, namely Sri
Lanka and Maldives.
Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and
the Gulf of Mannar while Maldives Islands are situated to the south of the Lakshadweep
Islands
Map Work 1. India - States with Capitals, Tropic of Cancer, Standard Meridian
April 8, 2020
Worksheet
Objective Type Questions
Q.1. Choose the correct option: India has union territories. How many union territories are there? a. 5 b. 7 c. 6 d 4. Q.2. Choose the correct option: India's distance from Europe has been reduced by the opening of Suez Canal. By how much is the distance reduced? a. 7500 km b. 6000 km c. 8000 km d. 7000 km Q.3. Choose the correct option: The Standard Meridian of India passes through_________. a. Mumbai b. Mirzapur c. Patna d. Delhi Q.4. Choose the correct option: The largest country of the world is _________. a. India b. China c. Russia d. Canada Q.5. State true or false: The Northwest neighbors of India are Pakistan and Afghanistan. 1. True 2. False Q.6. State true or false: Before 1947, there were two types of states in India- the Provinces and the Princely States. 1. True 2. False
Q.7. In which hemisphere is India located?
Q.8. How many States and Union Territories are there in India?
Q.9. Name the island groups of India which lies in Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
Q.10. Name the imaginary line dividing the country into almost two equal parts and at what degree?
Q.11. Name the southernmost point of India that got submerged under sea during Tsunami and in which year?
Q.12. Which island group of India lies to its Southeast?
Q.13. Name the group of Islands lying in the Arabian Sea.
Q.14.What is the position of India in the largest countries of the world based on areas?
Q.15. State the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India’s Mainland.
Answer the following in 60 – 80 words:
Q.16. What is meant by Indian Standard Time?
Q.17.Why is 82 degrees 30 minutes East has been chosen as the standard meridian of India?
Q.18. Why is India called a Peninsula?.
Q.19. Name the states through which the Tropic of Cancer passes in India and locate them
on the political map of India.
Q.20.Which latitude divides India into two equal halves and what is its importance?
Q.21. Name the State having the longest Coastline and state its importance.
Q.22. The Sun rises two hours earlier in Arunachal Pradesh as compare to Gujarat in the
west, but the watches show the same time. How does this happen.
Answer the following in 80 to 100 words each:
Q.23.What role Indian Land route played in developing India's relationship with other
countries?
Q.24. How does India occupy an important strategic position in South Asia
Chapter- 2: Physical Features of India (Geography)
[April 09, 11,13,15,16 & 17]
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The Learner will
Be able to identify the location of major landforms of India in the Indian subcontinent.
Be able to understand the major landform features and the underlying geological structure;
their association with various rocks and minerals as well as nature of soil types.
Be able to identify the role of natural forces causing changes in the earth landforms
Analyze the importance of Himalayas as Climatic Divide.
Be able to assess the role of northern plains as food bowl of India.
Be able to distinguish between Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats.
Be able to identify the role of Indian Desert, Coastal Plains and the Island Groups in the
Indian subcontinent.
Be able to locate, label and identify various mountain passes, peaks and other important
physical features of India on the outline political map of India
April 9, 2020
The Physical features of India
Theory of Plate Tectonic.
Three types of plate boundaries (i.e. Convergent Boundary, Divergent
Boundary and Transform Boundary).
The Continental Drift Theory
April 10, 2020(Holiday – Good Friday)
Learn any 5 features of each of the physical features of India.
.
April 11, 2020
Formation of India with great
The major physiographic divisions of India (i.e. The Himalayan Mountains, The
Northern Plains, The Peninsular Plateau, The Indian Desert, The Coastal Plains, and
The Islands).
The Great Himalayas, three parallel ranges in its longitudinal extent (i.e. Inner
Himalayas or Himadri, The Lesser Himalaya or Himachal and The Shiwaliks).
Some of the highest peaks of Himalayas.
Division of Himalayan regions from west to east (i.e. Punjab Himalayas, Kumaon
Himalayas, Nepal Himalayas and Assam Himalayas).
Eastern hills and mountains (i.e. Patkai Hills, Naga Hills, Manipuri Hills and Mizo
Hills).
April 12, 2020 (Sunday)
Learn the major divisions of Himalayas
Learn the important peaks and ranges of India
April 13, 2020
The Northern Plains, three sections of Northern Plain (i.e. Punjab Plains, Ganga
Plains and Brahmaputra Plains).
. Division of northern plain on the basis of relief features; divided into four regions
(i.e. Bhabar, Terai, Bhangar and Khadar).
The Peninsular Plateau, which is broadly divided into two regions (i.e. The Central
Highlands and The Deccan Plateau).
The Western and the Eastern Ghats.
April 14, 2020 Holiday – Ambedkar Jayanti)
Learn the major sections/divisions of Northern Plains.
April 15, 2020
The Indian Desert.
The Coastal Plain of India (i.e. The Eastern and Western Coastal Plains).
The Islands of India (i.e. Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and Nicobar Islands).
April 16, 2020
Map Work in an outline map of India:-
1. Mountain Ranges: The Karakoram, the Zaskar, the Shivaliks, the Aravali, the
Vindhya, the Satpura, Western and Eastern Ghats.
2. Mountain Peaks: K2, Kanchenjunga, Anai Mudi
3. Plateau: Deccan Plateau, Chotta Nagpur Plateau, Malwa Plateau
4. Coastal Plains: Konkan , Malabar, Coromandal and Northern Circars
In addition to extra marks, please read the following notes for your further understanding
Short Notes: Chapter - 2 (Physical Features Of India)
Location
India has all major physical features of the Earth, i.e. mountains, plains, deserts, plateaus and islands.
In India, the soil colour varies from place to place as it is formed from different types of rocks.
India is a large landmass formed during different geological periods. India’s relief features are the outcome of other processes like weathering, erosion and
deposition. India has varied physical features whose formation can be explained on the basis of the
‘Theory of Plate Tectonics’. According to the theory of Plate Tectonics, the seven major and minor plates that form the
Earth’s crust keep moving, causing stress and thus leading to folding, faulting and volcanic activity.
Plates can have convergent, divergent and transform boundaries. India’s peninsular part is made from one of the oldest landmasses of the world ‘Gondwana
land’. It was a single landmass comprising of India, Australia, South Africa, South America and Antarctica.
Major Physiographic Divisions -
The physical features of India are grouped under the following physiographic divisions:
1. The Himalayan Mountains
2. The Northern Plains
3. The Peninsular Plateau
4. The Indian Desert
5. The Coastal Plains
6. The Islands
The Himalayan Mountains
Himalayan mountains are stretched over the northern borders of India. These mountain ranges run
in a west-east direction from the Indus to the Brahmaputra. The Himalaya consists of 3 parallel
ranges in its longitudinal extent.
1. The northern-most range is known as the Great or Inner Himalayas or the Himadri. It is the
most continuous range consisting of the loftiest peaks with an average height of 6,000
metres.
2. The folds of the Great Himalayas are asymmetrical in nature. The core of this part of
Himalayas is composed of granite.
3. The range lying to the south of the Himadri forms the most rugged mountain system and is
known as Himachal or lesser Himalaya.
4. Pir Panjal range forms the longest and the most important range.
5. The outermost range of the Himalayas is called the Shiwaliks. These ranges are composed of
unconsolidated sediments.
6. The longitudinal valley lying between lesser Himalaya and the Shiwaliks are known as Duns.
DehraDun, Kotli Dun and Patli Dun are some of the well-known Duns.
The Himalayas have also been divided on the basis of regions from west to east.
1. The part of Himalayas lying between Indus and Satluj has been traditionally known as Punjab
Himalaya but it is also known regionally as Kashmir and Himachal Himalaya from west to
east respectively.
2. The part of the Himalayas lying between Satluj and Kali rivers is known as Kumaon
Himalayas.
3. The Kali and Teesta rivers divide the Nepal Himalayas and the part lying between Teesta and
Dihang rivers is known as Assam Himalayas.
4. The Brahmaputra marks the eastern-most boundary of the Himalayas.
5. Beyond the Dihang gorge, the Himalayas bend sharply to the south and spread along the
eastern boundary of India, which is known as the Purvachal or the Eastern hills and
mountains. The Purvachal comprises the Patkai hills, the Naga hills, the Manipur hills and the
Mizo hills.
The Northern Plain
The northern plain has been formed by the interplay of the 3 major river systems – the Indus, the
Ganga and the Brahmaputra along with their tributaries. It spreads over an area of 7 lakh sq. km.
The Northern Plain is broadly divided into 3 sections as mentioned below:
1. The Western part of the Northern Plain is referred to as the Punjab Plains. This plain is
formed by the Indus and its tributaries – the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas and the
Satluj.
2. The Ganga plain extends between Ghaggar and Teesta rivers. It is spread over the states of
North India, Haryana, Delhi, U.P., Bihar, partly Jharkhand and West Bengal.
3. Brahmaputra plain lies in the state of Assam.
According to the variations in elevation points, the Northern plains can be divided into 4 regions.
1. The rivers, after descending from the mountains, deposit pebbles in a narrow belt of about 8
to 16 km in width lying parallel to the slopes of the Shiwaliks, which is known as bhabar. All
the streams disappear in this bhabar belt.
2. The streams and rivers re-emerge and create a wet, swampy and marshy region known
as terai.
3. The largest part of the northern plain is formed of older alluvium. It lies above the
floodplains of the rivers and presents a terrace like feature which is known as bhangar.
4. The soil in the bhangar region contains calcareous deposits and is known as kankar. The
newer, younger deposits of the floodplains are called khadar.
The Peninsular Plateau
The Peninsular plateau is a tableland composed of the old crystalline, igneous and metamorphic
rocks. It was formed due to the breaking and drifting of the Gondwana land. One of the distinct
features of the peninsular plateau is the black soil area known as Deccan Trap.
This plateau consists of 2 divisions:
1. The Central Highlands: The part of the Peninsular plateau lying to the north of the Narmada
river, covering a major area of the Malwa plateau, is known as the Central Highlands. The
eastward extensions of this plateau are locally known as the Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand.
2. The Deccan Plateau: It is a triangular landmass that lies to the south of the river Narmada.
An extension of the Plateau is also visible in the northeast which is known as the Meghalaya,
Karbi-Anglong Plateau and North Cachar Hills.
The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats mark the western and the eastern edges of the Deccan
Plateau respectively.
Western Ghats Eastern Ghats
Western Ghats lie parallel to the western coast. The Eastern Ghats stretch from the Mahanadi Valley to the Nigiris in the South.
They are continuous and can be crossed through passes only.
They are discontinuous and irregular. They can be dissected by rivers draining into the Bay of Bengal.
They are higher than the Eastern Ghats. Their average elevation is 900–1600 metres.
Their average elevation is 600 metres.
Anai Mudi is the highest peak in the Eastern Ghats.
Mahendragiri (1,501 metres) is the highest peak in the Eastern Ghats.
The Indian Desert
The Indian desert lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills.
It is a sandy plain covered with sand dunes.
This region receives very low rainfall below 150 mm per year.
It has a dry climate with low vegetation cover.
The Coastal Plains
A coastal plain is a flat, low-lying piece of land next to the ocean. To the east and west of the
peninsular plateau, 2 narrow strips of plain lands are found, which are respectively called Eastern
Coastal Plain and Western Coastal Plain.
Eastern Coastal Plain
The Eastern Coastal Plains is a wide stretch of the landmass lying between the Eastern Ghats and the
Bay of Bengal. In the northern part, it is referred to as the Northern Circar, while the southern part is
known as the Coromandel Coast. Large rivers, such as the Mahanadi the Godavari, the Krishna and
the Kaveri have formed extensive delta on this coast. Lake Chilika is an important feature along the
eastern coast
Western Coastal Plain
The western coast is sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. It is a narrow
plain and consists of 3 sections as mentioned below:
The northern part of the coast is called the Konkan (Mumbai – Goa)
The central stretch is called the Kannad Plain
The southern stretch is referred to as the Malabar coast
The Islands
An island is a piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Lakshadweep Islands group
is composed of small coral islands which were earlier known as Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindive.
The entire group of islands is divided into 2 broad categories:
1. The Andaman in the north
2. The Nicobar in the south
These islands lie close to the equator and experience equatorial climate and have thick forest cover.
The diverse physical features of India have immense future possibilities of development because of
the following reasons.
The mountains are the major sources of water and forest wealth.
The northern plains are the granaries of the country. They provide the base for early
civilisations.
The plateau is a storehouse of minerals, which has played a crucial role in the
industrialisation of India.
The coastal region and island groups provide sites for fishing and port activities.
April 17, 2020
Work Sheet:
Objective type questions;
1. Which of the following is a plausible theory presented by Earth scientists to explain the formation
of continents
and oceans and the various landforms?
(a) Theory of Motion
(b) Theory of Plate Tectonics
(c) Theory of Evolution
(d) Theory of Relativity
2. According to the ‘Theory of Plate Tectonics,’ the earth’s crust is formed of how many major
plates?
(a) Three (b) Five (c) Seven (d) Ten
3. The Peninsular Plateau of India is part of which of the following landmass?
(a) Angara land (b) Gondwanaland (c) Tethys (d) Eurasian Plate
4. Which of the following physiographic divisions of India was formed out of accumulations in the
Tethys geosynclines?
(a) The Himalayas (b) The Northern Plains (c) The Peninsular Plateau (d) The Indian Desert
5. Which of the following physical features forms a natural barrier to the north of India?
(a) Kunlun Mountains (b) Plateau of Tibet (c) River Brahamaputra (d) The Himalayas
6. Name the glaciers and passes that lie in the Great Himalayas.
7. What is the name of the states where the highest peaks of India are located?
8. Name the state where Missouri, Nainital and Ranikhet are located.
9. Which plateau lies between the Aravali and the Vindhyan ranges?
10. Name the island group of India having a coral origin.
11. What are Barchans?
12. The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is Mahendragiri. True or False?
13. The Western coastal strip, south of Goa is referred to as Konkan. True or False?
Correct the following statements and rewrite
14. The Gondwana land included South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia and Canada.
15. All the streams disappear in this region of Terai and the underground water level is deep in this
region.
16. The administrative headquarters of ------------------------ is at Kavarathi island.
17. The Indian Peninsula drifted towards the north and finally collided with the much larger ------------
---------------------.
18. Complete the following table:
Western Ghats Eastern Ghats
They lie along the Arabian Sea. They lie along the - ?
Average height is - ? Average height is 600 m
They are almost - ? They are interspersed by - ?
Answer the following in 60 to 80 words each;
19. Write a short note on the Indian Desert.
20. Write a short note on the Island groups of India.
21. Name the three major divisions of the Himalayas from north to south.
22. Explain the theory of Tectonic Plates?
Answer the following in 80 to 100 words each;
23. Give an account of the Northern Plains of India.
24. How were the Himalayas formed? Explain
25. Distinguish between
1. Bhangar and Khadar.
2. Converging and diverging tectonic plates.
3. Western and Eastern Ghats
4. Himalayan Mountains and Peninsular Plateau
April 18, 2020
Subodh Public School2020-21
Class Test
Subject – Social science
Chapter- India Size and Location
Class – Flyers 1 Sec-
Time - 30 min Date- April 18, 2020
Name - M.M – 20
Very Short Answer Type Questions.
1. Which Island group of India lies to its south-east? 1
a. Lakshadweep c. Diu
b. Andaman and Nicobar d. Sri Lanka
2. India occupies a major strategic position in _______ 1
a. South Asia c. Europe
b. Central Asia d. Africa
Correct the following statements.
3. India is called peninsula as it is surrounded on four sides by water bodies. 1
4. From Gujarat to Rajasthan there is a time lag of two hours. 1
Answers to the following questions should not exceed 80 words.
5. Explain the size and geographical extent of India. 3
6. Why is the difference between duration of day and night hardly felt at Kanyakumari but
not so in Kashmir? 3
Answers to the following questions should not exceed 100 words.
7. The central location of India at the head of the Indian Ocean is considered of great
significance. Why? 5
8. Locate and label the following on the political map of India 1×5=5
a. Tropic of cancer.
b. Standard Meridian.
c. State situated on extreme east.
d. The strait separating Sri Lanka from India.
e. The place situated on three seas.
Chap -1: The Story of Village Palampur
[April 18,20,21,22 & 23]
Learning Outcomes;
The Learner will
Understand some basic economic concepts related to production through an
imaginary story of a village.
Understand changes that occurred due to Green Revolution in India.
Get the knowledge of land distribution pattern in Indian villages.
Sustainability of land.
Cropping seasons in India.
Get to know the measures to increase farm production
April 18, 2020
Introduction
Introduction to some basic concepts related to production through a hypothetical village called Palampur where farming is the main activity.
Palampur is fairly connected with a well-developed system of roads, transport, electricity, irrigation, schools and health centers. The story of Palampur takes us through the different types of production activities in the village. In India, farming is the main production activity across villages.
April 19, 2020 (Sunday).
Read the story of village Palampur and in tabular form write the detail of village under following
headings; Village connectivity, Education, Health, Irrigation, Electricity.
Find some non- farm activities from your nearby areas.
April 20, 2020
Organisation of Production
The main aim of production is to produce goods and services, which require four essential things.
1. Land and other natural resources such as water, forests, minerals. 2. Labour 3. Physical Capital such as tools, machines, buildings, raw materials and money.
4. The fourth requirement is knowledge and enterprise to be able to put together land, labour and physical capital and produces an output.
April 21, 2020
Farming in Palampur
Land is fixed
For Palampur, village farming is their main production and the wellbeing of these people is related to production on the farms. But, there is a basic constraint in raising farm production. Land area under cultivation is practically fixed.
Is there a way one can grow more from the same land?
o Due to well-developed irrigation, farmers can grow three different crops. Electricity transformed the system of irrigation. Another way for higher yield is modern farming.
o Multiple cropping means to grow more than one crop on a piece of land.
o In the later 1960s, the Green Revolution introduced the Indian farmer to cultivation of wheat and rice using high yielding varieties (HYVs) of seeds.
Will the land sustain?
Modern farming methods have overused the natural resource base. Due to increased use of chemical fertilizers, soil lost its fertility.
April 22, 2020
Distribution of Land, Labour and Capital
How is land distributed between the farmers of Palampur?
Land is important for any kind of farming.. Who will provide the labour?
Labour is next important factor for production – with small, medium and large
farmers.
Capital needed in farming
Modern farming methods require a great deal of capital.
How it is arranged by small, medium and large
Sale of Surplus Farm Products
The wheat the farmers produce from the land is retained in part for their family consumption and they sell the surplus wheat. Only the medium and large farmers supply wheat to the market.
Non-Farm Activities in Palampur
25 per cent of the people working in Palampur are engaged in activities other than agriculture.
Dairy — the other common activity
An example of small-scale manufacturing in Palampur
The shopkeepers of Palampur
Transport: a fast developing sector
In addition to extra marks, please read the following notes for your further understanding
Short Notes: Chapter - 1 (The Story of Village Palampur)
Introduction
Introduction to some basic concepts related to production through a hypothetical village called
Palampur where farming is the main activity. The village also has several other activities such as
small scale manufacturing, dairy, transport, etc, carried out on a limited scale. Palampur is fairly
connected with a well-developed system of roads, transport, electricity, irrigation, schools and
health centres. The story of Palampur takes us through the different types of production activities in
the village. In India, farming is the main production activity across villages.
Organisation of Production
The main aim of production is to produce goods and services, which require four essential things.
1. Land and other natural resources such as water, forests, minerals.
2. Labour i.e. people who will do the work. Each worker is providing the labour necessary for
production.
3. Physical Capital such as tools, machines, buildings, raw materials and money.A variety of raw
materials are required while production, such as the yarn used by the weaver and clay used
by the potter. Money is also essential during production and both of them in hand are called
working capital.
4. The fourth requirement is knowledge and enterprise to be able to put together land, labour
and physical capital and produces an output. Factors of production are combining of land,
labour, physical capital and human capital.
Farming in Palampur
1. Land is fixed
For Palampur, village farming is their main production and the wellbeing of these people is related to
production on the farms. But, there is a basic constraint in raising farm production. Land area under
cultivation is practically fixed.
2. Is there a way one can grow more from the same land?
Multiple cropping means to grow more than one crop on a piece of land
i) In the rainy season, Kharif farmers grow jowar and bajra followed by the cultivation of potato
between October and December.
ii) In winter, farmers grow wheat and a part of the land is devoted to sugarcane harvested once
every year.
iii) Due to well-developed irrigation, farmers can grow three different crops.
iv) Electricity transformed the system of irrigation. Another way for higher yield is modern farming.
v) In the later 1960s, the Green Revolution introduced the Indian farmer to cultivation of wheat and
rice using high yielding varieties (HYVs) of seeds.
3. Will the land sustain?
Modern farming methods have overused the natural resource base. Due to increased use of
chemical fertilisers, soil lost its fertility. Natural resources like soil fertility and groundwater are
destroyed and it is very difficult to restore them.
4. How is land distributed between the farmers of Palampur?
Land is important for any kind of farming. In Palampur, about one-third of the 450 families are
landless. Dalits have no land for cultivation. 240 families cultivate small plots of land less than 2
hectares in size. In Palampur, there are 60 families of medium and large farmers who cultivate more
than 2 hectares of land.
5. Who will provide the labour?
Small farmers cultivate their own lands. Medium and large farmers hire labourers to cultivate their
fields who come either from landless families or families cultivating small plots of land. Farm
labourers will not have any right over the crops grown on the land. They will be paid on wages for
their work which can be cash or in-kind e.g. crop. Sometimes labourers get meals also. Wages vary
from region to region, crop to crop, one farm activity to another. Farm labourers are employed on a
daily basis, or for one particular farm activity like harvesting, or for the whole year.
6. Capital needed in farming
Modern farming methods require a great deal of capital.
1. Most small farmers borrow money from large farmers or the village moneylenders or the traders
who supply various inputs for cultivation. The rate of interest on such loans is very high.
2. The medium and large farmers have their own savings from farming. They are thus able to arrange
for the capital needed.
7. Sale of Surplus Farm Products
The wheat the farmers produce from the land is retained in part for their family consumption and
they sell the surplus wheat. Only the medium and large farmers supply wheat to the market.
Non-Farm Activities in Palampur
25 per cent of the people working in Palampur are engaged in activities other than agriculture.
1. Dairy — the other common activity
Other than agriculture, some people are engaged in dairy and the milk is sold in the nearby village.
2. An example of small-scale manufacturing in Palampur
People are engaged in small-scale manufacturing which are carried out at home or in the fields. This
manufacturing involves very simple production methods.
3. The shopkeepers of Palampur
Traders of Palampur buy various goods from wholesale markets in the cities and sell them in the
village. General stores in the village sell a wide range of items like rice, wheat, sugar, tea, oil,
biscuits, soap, toothpaste, batteries, candles, notebooks, pen, pencil, even some cloth.
4. Transport: a fast developing sector
Transport services include rickshaws, tonga, jeep, tractor, truck drivers, traditional bullock cart and
bogey. They transport people and goods from one place to another, and in return get paid for it.
April 23, 2020
Worksheet;
Objective Type Questions:
1. Which of the following is grown in the rainy season?
(a) Jowar and bajra (b) Wheat (c) Soyabean (d) Rice
2. Money in hand is an example of
(a) Human capital (b) Fixed capital (c) Working capital (d) Physical capital
3. Modern farming methods were tried in India for the first time in
(a) Punjab (b) Western U.P. (c) Haryana (d) All the above
4. High yielding variety seeds (HYV) were introduced to Indian farmers as a result of
(a) White Revolution (b) IT Revolution (c) Green Revolution (d) none of the above
5. Which Kharif crop is used for cattle feed?
(a) Sugarcane (b) Potato (c) Jowar and bajra (d) Wheat
6. The concept of White Revolution is associated with
(a) food crops (b) milk (c) cotton (d) pesticides
7. Consumption of chemical fertilisers is highest in which state of India?
(a) Punjab (b) Haryana (c) Rajasthan (d) Himachal Pardesh
8. Which sector includes Agriculture and Animal Husbandry?
(a) Primary Sector (b) Secondary Sector (c) Tertiary Sector (d) None of these
9. What are the main economic activities of the village Palampur?
10. Name the village and town connected with Palampur.
11. What is the aim of production?
12. Who will provide labour to landless farmers?
Answer the following in 60 to 80 words each;
1. Modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in industry. Do you agree?
2. Is it important to increase the area under irrigation? Why?
3. What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land? Use examples to
explain.
4. How do the medium and large farmers obtain capital for farming? How is it different from
the small farmers?
5. How is land distributed between the farmers of Palampur and Indian villages?
6. What is the difference between multiple cropping and modern farming method?
7. Why do we call the village Palampur as a hypothetical village?
Answer the following in 80 to 100 words each;
1. What are the four requirements of production?
