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7/30/2019 Succeeding with Technology Chapter 2
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Succeeding with Technology 4th ed> Hardware Designed to Meet the Need >
Please discontinue useof cell phoneand turn off the ringer.
The Digital Revolution Integrated Circuits and Processing
Storage
Input, Output, and Expansion
Selecting and Purchasing a Computer
Hardware Designed to Meet
the Need
Chapter 2
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What does it mean to be digital?
The Digital Revolution
Key Terms
Binary number system
Digital convergence
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The Digital Revolution
Understand the
importance of
digitizationlearn about
how devices of
all types use
bytes.
Digital Camera
Digital Convergence
DIGITAL TV
DIGITAL
DIGITAL
Whats all the fussabout digital?!
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The Bit (binary digit)
Bits are the 1s and 0s that allow us to
represent, store, and manipulate data
They are the smallest unit of data in a digital
electronics device
Recall from chapter 1.
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The Bit
Bits arent really 1s and 0s, they aredevices that can be set to one of twostates.
A bit can be a capacitor that iselectronically chargedor notcharged.
A bit can be an area of metalparticles on the surface of a disk that
are eithermagnetically chargedornot.
A bit can be a microscopic spot on ahighly reflective disk surface thateither has a pit burned into it or not.
http://www.at-consultants.com/img/hard-drive.jpghttp://www.pcmech.com/images/memory/memory.jpg7/30/2019 Succeeding with Technology Chapter 2
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The Bit
How can a bit (an on-off switch) represent
useful data and information?
Information can be assigned to the two
states of the bit:
On =
Off =
1 and 0 are typically used to describe the state of
a bit, but you could use anything; black/white,
true/false, male/female, etc.
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00 =
01 =
10 =
11 =
The Bit
How many units of information could be
represented with 2 bits?
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The Bit
How many units of information could be stored
using 3 bits?
000 =
001 =
010 =011 =
100 =
101 =
110 =111 =
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Bit & Bytes
Bytes can represent any
collection of items using a
look-up table approach
ASCII is used to representcharacters
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII7/30/2019 Succeeding with Technology Chapter 2
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The Value of Going Digital
Anything that can be expressedthrough words, numbers, sounds,pictures, and even scents can bedigitized.
Digital information is easy tomanipulate.
Digital information is easy to copyand transfer.
Digital information is long lasting.
Digitization standardizes theformat of all different types ofdata and information leading to
http://www.trisenx.com/intro.htmlhttp://www.trisenx.com/intro.html7/30/2019 Succeeding with Technology Chapter 2
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Digital Convergence
Digital convergenceis the trend to merge
multiple digitalservices into one
device.
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Integrated Circuits and
Processing
Key Terms Consider PC Choices
Transistor
Integrated circuit
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Motherboard
Arithmetic/logic unit
Control unit
Random Access Memory (RAM)
The machine cycle
Megahertz (MHz)
Gigahertz (GHz)
Gigaflop
Moores Law
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Lets go shopping!
CompUSA
SonyApple
In order to shop intelligently, you
must understand the basics about
processors, storage, input/output,
and peripherals.
http://www.compusa.com/http://www.sonystyle.com/is-bin/INTERSHOP.enfinity/eCS/Store/en/-/USD/SY_BrowseCatalog-Start;sid=ARDuX1jvT5zvdBwEttDkVBf_NLmPJX7YtL0=?CategoryName=hid_notebooks_advisor&CatName=cpu_VAIONotebookComputershttp://www.apple.com/hardware/http://www.apple.com/hardware/http://www.sonystyle.com/is-bin/INTERSHOP.enfinity/eCS/Store/en/-/USD/SY_BrowseCatalog-Start;sid=ARDuX1jvT5zvdBwEttDkVBf_NLmPJX7YtL0=?CategoryName=hid_notebooks_advisor&CatName=cpu_VAIONotebookComputershttp://www.compusa.com/7/30/2019 Succeeding with Technology Chapter 2
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Key Components
Processor
MemoryStorage
OS
Video
Removable Storage
Networking
Security
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Transistor
A transistoris anelectronics component,composed typically of
silicon, that opens orcloses a circuit to alterthe flow of electricity tostore and manipulatebits.
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Integrated Circuit
An Integrated Circuit(chip)combines transistors and
capacitors in a tiny module
to store and process bits andbytes in todays digital
electronic devices.
http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/physics/integrated_circuit/history/index.html
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The Central Processing Unit
The Central ProcessingUnit(CPU) is a group ofintegrated circuits that work
together to perform the
processing in a computer
system.
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The Motherboard
The motherboardis the primary circuit boardof a computing device that houses the digital
devices circuitry including the microprocessor
and memory.
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Processing
The microprocessor accesses instructions
stored in memory over the system bus.
Random AccessMemory(RAM) istemporary, or volatile,
memory that stores
bytes of data andprogram instructions
for the processor to
access.
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CPU Components
Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU):contains the circuitry to carry outthe instructions in theprocessors instruction set.
Control Unit: sequentiallyaccesses program instructions,decodes them, and coordinatesthe flow of data throughout the
system.Registers: hold the data andinstructions currently beingprocessed (~300 bytes).
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Latest Technology
Multicore technologyrefersto housing more than one
CPU on a chip.
Dual-core processorsandquad-core processorsusetwoand four CPUs on onechip that work together to
provide twice and four timesthe speed of traditional
single-core chips.
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System Bus
The system bus
connects the CPU to
the chipset, andthrough it to RAM and
other components on
the motherboard.
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Processing The Machine Cycle
The four stages of
the machine cycle
are (1)fetch the
instruction frommemory, (2)decodeand (3)execute theinstruction, then (4)
store the results.
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CPU Characteristics
The first consideration in selecting a computer is
typically its speed: how quickly it can carry out such
tasks as loading a program, opening a file, and writing
to a CD.
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Computer Performance ~ Factors
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Moores Law
Gordon Moore,
cofounder of Intel,
observed in 1965 that the
continued advances intechnological innovation
made it possible to
reduce the size of
transistors, doubling their
density on the chip every
two years.
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Storage
Key Terms
Read-only Memory
Magnetic Storage
Optical Storage
CD-ROM
DVD
CD-RW
Solid State Storage
Flash memory card
USB
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Secondary Storage
Secondary storageis used tostore data more permanently
without the need for electricity.
Tape Drive
One of the storage silo robots in NERSCs
8.8-petabyte High Performance Storage
System.
Mini Cards
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Secondary Storage
23
Storage Media Type
Magnetic storagedevices use themagnetic properties of iron oxide particles
to store bits and bytes more permanently
than RAM.
Microdrives can store gigabytes of data on
a disk one or two inches in size.
Optical storagemedia store bits using an
optical laser to burn pits into the surface ofa highly reflective surface.
Solid State storagedevices use flashmemory to store bits.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory7/30/2019 Succeeding with Technology Chapter 2
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System Storage
System storageis storage that is used by acomputer system for standard operations.
Forms of system storage, include
RAM
Cache
Video RAM
ROM
CMOS
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Graphics Memory
Graphics memory,sometimescalled videoRAM or VRAM, is usedto store imagedata fora computer display in
order to speed the
processing and display
of video images.
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Microdrives from Toshiba
provide iPods with their ultra
high storage capacity.
Magnetic Storage
Hard Disk Drives
Magnetic Tape
High-capacity Disks &
Floppy Disks (outdated)
Microdrives
http://sdd.toshiba.com/http://www.apple.com/ipod/ipod.htmlhttp://www.apple.com/ipod/ipod.htmlhttp://sdd.toshiba.com/7/30/2019 Succeeding with Technology Chapter 2
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Optical Media
CD, DVD, Blu-laser Disk (BD)
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Solid State
A flash memory cardis achip that, unlike RAM, is
nonvolatile and keeps its
memory without the need forelectricity.
Universal Serial BusorUSBis astandard that allows a wide variety of
devices to connect to a computer
through a common port.
USB Flash Drivesuse flashmemory to provide high
capacity storage through the
USB port.
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Input, Output, and Expansion
Key Terms
Input device
Output device
Touch screen
Game controller Display resolution
LCD
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I/O Concepts
An input deviceassists incapturing and entering raw
data into the computer
system.An output device allows
you to observe the results of
computer processing with
one or more of your senses.
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I/O Concepts
Speed and Functionality
Human vs. Machine
Readable Data
Source Data Automation
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Input Devices Keyboard, Mouse,
Trackball
Touch screen, stylus,kiosks
Microphone, speechrecognition
Gamepad, othergame-centered
devicesDigital cameras
Scanning devices
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/tabletpc/default.mspx
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Output DevicesDisplays Liquid crystal display(LCD) orFlat
panel
Printers and Plotters
Sound Systems
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Selecting and Purchasing aComputer
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Researching a Computer Purchase
Web sites such as www.cnet.com andwww.zdnet.com can help you decide on a
computer type and platform.
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Online Vendors
Online merchants allow you to compare
packages from varying manufacturers to find
the best configuration and price.
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Strategies for Computer Shopping
Choose type: notebook,desktop, tablet, smart
phone, or netbook
Choose platform Windows/Mac/Linux
Choose Manufacturer
Choose Model Select Add-ons
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Helpful Links for Computer Shopping
Research www.zdnet.com
www.cnet.com
www.macworld.com
Computer Retailers www.cdw.com
www.compusa.com
Direct from Manufacturer www.apple.com
www.dell.com
www.sony.com
www.hp.com
www.gateway.com
www.toshiba.com
http://www.zdnet.com/http://www.cnet.com/http://www.macworld.com/http://www.cdw.com/http://www.compusa.com/http://www.apple.com/http://www.dell.com/http://www.sony.com/http://www.hp.com/http://www.gateway.com/http://www.toshiba.com/http://www.toshiba.com/http://www.gateway.com/http://www.hp.com/http://www.sony.com/http://www.dell.com/http://www.apple.com/http://www.compusa.com/http://www.cdw.com/http://www.macworld.com/http://www.cnet.com/http://www.zdnet.com/7/30/2019 Succeeding with Technology Chapter 2
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Chapter 2 Questions?