Upload
others
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Kat Gupta
University of
Nottingham
@mixosaurus
THE TAINT OF
MILITANCY IS NOT UPON
THEM:
REPRESENTATIONS OF
SUFFRAGISTS,
SUFFRAGETTES AND
DIRECT ACTION IN THE
TIMES, 1908-1914
How a political movement was reported by those in power
WHY THE SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT?
How a political movement was reported by those in power
Huge diversity of backgrounds, views and strategies within the
movement
WHY THE SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT?
How a political movement was reported by those in power
Huge diversity of backgrounds, views and strategies within the
movement
Subject of historical debate
WHY THE SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT?
How a political movement was reported by those in power
Huge diversity of backgrounds, views and strategies within the
movement
Subject of historical debate
Gap in historical research
WHY THE SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT?
How a political movement was reported by those in power
Huge diversity of backgrounds, views and strategies within the
movement
Subject of historical debate
Gap in historical research
Anniversary of suffrage events
WHY THE SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT?
EMILY WILDING DAVISON
4TH JUNE 1913
EMILY WILDING DAVISON'S FUNERAL
14TH JUNE 1913
HURST PARK RACECOURSE
8TH JUNE 1913
SUFFRAGIST PRODUCED MEDIA
Feminist and suffragist journals
The Common Cause
The Freewoman
Jus Suffragii
The Liberal Women’s Suffrage Review
The Suffragette
The Vote
Votes for Women
The Women’s Franchise
The Women’s Suffrage Journal
The Women’s Suffrage Record
(from Holton 1986)
SUFFRAGIST PRODUCED MEDIA
Pamphlets
Charlotte Despard, “Women’s Franchise and Industry”
Millicent Garrett Fawcett, “Home and Politics”, “Men Are Men And
Women Are Women”, “The Franchise and Married Working Women”
Cicely Hamilton, “Women’s Vote”
Homo Sum, “A Letter from an Anthropologist to an Anti-Suffragist”
Walter McLaren, “One Man, One Vote: One Woman, One Vote”
Emmeline Pankhurst, “The Importance of the Vote”
Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, “Sex Equality versus Adult Suffrage”
(selection from Holton 1986)
THE TIMES DIGITAL ARCHIVE (TDA)
http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/archive/
Example:
THE SUFFRAGE CORPUS
Extracted from xml files provided by TDA
suffrag*
Includes suffrage, suffrages, suffragist, suffragists, suffragette,
suffragettes
Excluded Suffragan – ecclesiastical terminology
1908 – 1914
Average of 546 texts per year
7,089,889 tokens (running words) in text
THE LETTERS TO THE EDITOR (LTTE) CORPUS
Extracted from xml files provided by TDA
Two steps in extracting it:
xml tag: <ct>Letters to the Editor</ct>
suffrag*
1908 – 1914
Average of 85 texts per year
395,597 tokens (running words) in text
TERMINOLOGY FROM HISTORIOGRAPHY
SUFFRAGIST
considered the more inclusive term
constitutionalists who campaigned by lobbying Parliament
TERMINOLOGY FROM HISTORIOGRAPHY
SUFFRAGIST
considered the more inclusive term
constitutionalists who campaigned by lobbying Parliament
SUFFRAGETTE
originally a pejorative coined by the Daily Mail
saw the vote as an end unto itself
prepared to engage in direct action
members of a militant organisation
challenged the constitutionalist approach
FREQUENCIES IN SUFFRAGE CORPUS
suffragist suffragists suffragette suffragettes
1908 165 302 30 57
1909 139 311 16 35
1910 156 197 9 11
1911 81 104 2 10
1912 388 502 18 30
1913 527 615 34 19
1914 263 270 15 21
suffragist* is the
preferred term, even
when discussing issues
strongly associated with
suffragettes and which
suffragists rejected e.g.
militant direct action
Mutual Information
Measure of collocation strength
Both directions
"Hunston (2002: 71) proposes an MI score of 3 or higher to be taken
as evidence that two items are collocates" (McEnery, Xiao and Tono
2006: 56)
Functional categories
Derived from historiography
Corpus-driven
METHODOLOGY
CATEGORIES
From historical research
Equal franchise vs universal suffrage
Constitutionalist vs militant
Class
Geography (regional vs London)/places
Gender/gender roles
Origins
MUTUAL INFORMATION
1912
Suffragette: a, of
Suffragettes: by, have, militant, that, the, to
Suffragist: a, after, an, anti, at, by, convicted, disturbances, dublin, english, even, every, feeding, forcible, friends, further, incident, last, leaders, liberal, london, meeting, militant, miss, movement, mrs, other, out, outrage, outrages, police, prisoners, recent, released, sentenced, she, speakers, suffragists, tion, treatment, trial, two, up, views, well, who, whole, whom, window, woman, women
Suffragists: among, anti, are, at, being, believe, both, breaking, by, case, constitutional, damage, done, dublin, ejected, english, extreme, four, have, held, imprisoned, interrupted, labour, last, liberal, london, militant, miss, night, non, now, number, out, passed, point, police, political, prison, released, section, set, should, some, support, their, treatment, trial, two, well, were, when, who, window, windows, woman, women
CONSTITUTIONALIST VS MILITANT
1912
Suffragette: a, of
Suffragettes: by, have, militant, that, the, to
Suffragist: a, after, an, anti, at, by, convicted, disturbances, dublin, english, even, every, feeding, forcible, friends, further, incident, last, leaders, liberal, london, meeting, militant, miss, movement, mrs, other, out, outrage, outrages, police, prisoners, recent, released, sentenced, she, speakers, suffragists, tion, treatment, trial, two, up, views, well, who, whole, whom, window, woman, women
Suffragists: among, anti, are, at, being, believe, both, breaking, by, case, constitutional, damage, done, dublin, ejected, english, extreme, four, have, held, imprisoned, interrupted, labour, last, liberal, london, militant, miss, night, non, now, number, out, passed, point, police, political, prison, released, section, set, should, some, support, their, treatment, trial, two, well, were, when, who, window, windows, woman, women
GEOGRAPHY
1912
Suffragette: a, of
Suffragettes: by, have, militant, that, the, to
Suffragist: a, after, an, anti, at, by, convicted, disturbances, dublin, english, even, every, feeding, forcible, friends, further, incident, last, leaders, liberal, london, meeting, militant, miss, movement, mrs, other, out, outrage, outrages, police, prisoners, recent, released, sentenced, she, speakers, suffragists, tion, treatment, trial, two, up, views, well, who, whole, whom, window, woman, women
Suffragists: among, anti, are, at, being, believe, both, breaking, by, case, constitutional, damage, done, dublin, ejected, english, extreme, four, have, held, imprisoned, interrupted, labour, last, liberal, london, militant, miss, night, non, now, number, out, passed, point, police, political, prison, released, section, set, should, some, support, their, treatment, trial, two, well, were, when, who, window, windows, woman, women
GENDER & GENDER ROLES
1912
Suffragette: a, of
Suffragettes: by, have, militant, that, the, to
Suffragist: a, after, an, anti, at, by, convicted, disturbances, dublin, english, even, every, feeding, forcible, friends, further, incident, last, leaders, liberal, london, meeting, militant, miss, movement, mrs, other, out, outrage, outrages, police, prisoners, recent, released, sentenced, she, speakers, suffragists, tion, treatment, trial, two, up, views, well, who, whole, whom, window, woman, women
Suffragists: among, anti, are, at, being, believe, both, breaking, by, case, constitutional, damage, done, dublin, ejected, english, extreme, four, have, held, imprisoned, interrupted, labour, last, liberal, london, militant, miss, night, non, now, number, out, passed, point, police, political, prison, released, section, set, should, some, support, their, treatment, trial, two, well, were, when, who, window, windows, woman, women
CATEGORIES
From historical research
Equal franchise vs universal suffrage
Constitutionalist vs militant
Class
Geography (regional vs London)/places
Gender/gender roles
Origins
DIRECT ACTION
1912
Suffragette: a, of
Suffragettes: by, have, militant, that, the, to
Suffragist: a, after, an, anti, at, by, convicted, disturbances, dublin, english, even, every, feeding, forcible, friends, further, incident, last, leaders, liberal, london, meeting, militant, miss, movement, mrs, other, out, outrage, outrages, police, prisoners, recent, released, sentenced, she, speakers, suffragists, tion, treatment, trial, two, up, views, well, who, whole, whom, window, woman, women
Suffragists: among, anti, are, at, being, believe, both, breaking, by, case, constitutional, damage, done, dublin, ejected, english, extreme, four, have, held, imprisoned, interrupted, labour, last, liberal, london, militant, miss, night, non, now, number, out, passed, point, police, political, prison, released, section, set, should, some, support, their, treatment, trial, two, well, were, when, who, window, windows, woman, women
LEGAL AND PRISON
1912
Suffragette: a, of
Suffragettes: by, have, militant, that, the, to
Suffragist: a, after, an, anti, at, by, convicted, disturbances, dublin, english, even, every, feeding, forcible, friends, further, incident, last, leaders, liberal, london, meeting, militant, miss, movement, mrs, other, out, outrage, outrages, police, prisoners, recent, released, sentenced, she, speakers, suffragists, tion, treatment, trial, two, up, views, well, who, whole, whom, window, woman, women
Suffragists: among, anti, are, at, being, believe, both, breaking, by, case, constitutional, damage, done, dublin, ejected, english, extreme, four, have, held, imprisoned, interrupted, labour, last, liberal, london, militant, miss, night, non, now, number, out, passed, point, police, political, prison, released, section, set, should, some, support, their, treatment, trial, two, well, were, when, who, window, windows, woman, women
ORGANISATIONAL
1912
Suffragette: a, of
Suffragettes: by, have, militant, that, the, to
Suffragist: a, after, an, anti, at, by, convicted, disturbances, dublin, english, even, every, feeding, forcible, friends, further, incident, last, leaders, liberal, london, meeting, militant, miss, movement, mrs, other, out, outrage, outrages, police, prisoners, recent, released, sentenced, she, speakers, suffragists, tion, treatment, trial, two, up, views, well, who, whole, whom, window, woman, women
Suffragists: among, anti, are, at, being, believe, both, breaking, by, case, constitutional, damage, done, dublin, ejected, english, extreme, four, have, held, imprisoned, interrupted, labour, last, liberal, london, militant, miss, night, non, now, number, out, passed, point, police, political, prison, released, section, set, should, some, support, their, treatment, trial, two, well, were, when, who, window, windows, woman, women
POLITICAL
1912
Suffragette: a, of
Suffragettes: by, have, militant, that, the, to
Suffragist: a, after, an, anti, at, by, convicted, disturbances, dublin, english, even, every, feeding, forcible, friends, further, incident, last, leaders, liberal, london, meeting, militant, miss, movement, mrs, other, out, outrage, outrages, police, prisoners, recent, released, sentenced, she, speakers, suffragists, tion, treatment, trial, two, up, views, well, who, whole, whom, window, woman, women
Suffragists: among, anti, are, at, being, believe, both, breaking, by, case, constitutional, damage, done, dublin, ejected, english, extreme, four, have, held, imprisoned, interrupted, labour, last, liberal, london, militant, miss, night, non, now, number, out, passed, point, police, political, prison, released, section, set, should, some, support, their, treatment, trial, two, well, were, when, who, window, windows, woman, women
OPPOSITION
1912
Suffragette: a, of
Suffragettes: by, have, militant, that, the, to
Suffragist: a, after, an, anti, at, by, convicted, disturbances, dublin, english, even, every, feeding, forcible, friends, further, incident, last, leaders, liberal, london, meeting, militant, miss, movement, mrs, other, out, outrage, outrages, police, prisoners, recent, released, sentenced, she, speakers, suffragists, tion, treatment, trial, two, up, views, well, who, whole, whom, window, woman, women
Suffragists: among, anti, are, at, being, believe, both, breaking, by, case, constitutional, damage, done, dublin, ejected, english, extreme, four, have, held, imprisoned, interrupted, labour, last, liberal, london, militant, miss, night, non, now, number, out, passed, point, police, political, prison, released, section, set, should, some, support, their, treatment, trial, two, well, were, when, who, window, windows, woman, women
ALL CATEGORIES
1913
Suf fragette: a, she, that , the
Suf fragettes: and, are
Suf fragist: a, addressed, again, ai r, alber t, an, another, ant i , at tempt, between, bombs, breakers, campaign, case, cause, colours, conspiracy, cour t , dav ison, deal , demonstration, disorder, d isturbance, disturbances, dur ing, f i re , found, hal l , held, her, hyde, l , large, last , leader, leaders, l iberal, l i terature, london, male, meet ing, meetings, mi l itancy, mi l itant, ministers, miss, movement, near, night , on, open, outrage, outrages, papers, park , pol ice, pr isoner, pr isoners, publ ications, quant ity, re leased, repor ted, sentenced, she, some, speaking, supposed, taken, tho, two, v iew, v iolence, was, wel l , were, who, wi th, woman, women, yesterday
Suf fragists: about , act ions, again, against, among, ant i , are, at , at tempt, at tempted, att r ibuted, been, being, body, both, by, campaign, cause, caused, committed, damage, demonstration, disturbance, done, ear ly, end, f i re, f i res, four, george, given, have, hav ing, held, interrupted, known, large, l iberal , male, many, meeting, mi l i tant , miss, morning, mrs, never, night , non, number, occurred, on, outrage, outrages, park , pol ice, prevent, pr ison, proceedings, set , several , s ide, stated, st reet, supposed, suspected, the, their, themselves, those, three, to, t reatment, two, unionist, var ious, v iolence, well , were, who, window, woman, women, yesterday
CATEGORIES
From historical research
Constitutionalist vs militant
Geography (regional vs London)/places
Gender/gender roles
Corpus-driven categories
Direct action
Legal and prison
Organisational
Political
Opposition
Proper nouns
Frequencies of
suffrag* collocates
normalised to 500
texts
DIRECT ACTION
DIRECT ACTION TERMS
disturbance* Relatively high frequency, non-specific
Most frequent term before1912
outrage* Relatively high frequency, non-specific
Most frequent term after 1912
violence Low frequency, specific
crime* Low frequency, specific
disorder Used when suffrage campaigners encounter non-suffrage supporters,
especially hostile crowds
incident? Used when suffrage campaigners attempt to attract the attention of authority
figures
WHAT DO THE COLLOCATIONS TELL US?
Direct actions terms have dif ferent patterns of use
Used at different times
Used to describe different activities
WHAT DO THE COLLOCATIONS TELL US?
Direct actions terms have dif ferent patterns of use
Used at different times
Used to describe different activities
Preference for suffragist* + direct action term than for
suffragette* + direct action term
WHAT DO THE COLLOCATIONS TELL US?
Direct actions terms have dif ferent patterns of use
Used at different times
Used to describe different activities
Preference for suffragist* + direct action term than for
suffragette* + direct action term
Association of suffragist with terms that more closely reflect
suffragette activities
Reducing the diversity of suffrage movement
Using texts from the Letters to the Editor corpus
Obtained collocates through Mutual Information scores
Anti (1910, 1912, 1913, 1914)
Leaders (1908, 1913, 1914)
Movement (1908, 1910, 1912)
Party (1908, 1910, 1914)
Prison (1908, 1909, 1910)
Prisoners (1910, 1912, 1913)
CREATING SUFFRAGE UNITY
SUFFRAG* PRISONERS
suffragette prisoners , suffragist prisoners and suffrage
prisoners all appear
SUFFRAGETTE PRISONERS
Low frequency
Only found in 1908
1. to keep the peace. They were placed in the second division, end
since then the rule has been for all suffragette prisoners to be placed
in the second division, and in some cases even in the third divi
2. tenced to seven days' imprisonment, and she was placed in the first
division. Following this all the suffragette prisoners (and there were
many batches, in some cases containing 60, 60, and 70 prisone
SUFFRAGIST PRISONERS
Found in 1909, 1910, 1912, 1913
1912 1. SUFFRAGIST PRISONERS. TO THE EDITOR OF THE TIMES. Sir,-Now that the
leaders of the Women's Social an
2. r. Churchill's rule. The question of doing work was never raised. I
was allowed - as were all the other suffragist prisoners - visitors and
letters once a fortnight. Parcels, whether of food or other thin
3. . Sir,-I am desired by the Home Secretary to say that Mrs. Fawcett
in her letter on the treatment of suffragist prisoners published in The
Times of to-day is evidently under a misapprehension when s
4. rests." The privileges of Mr. Churchill's new rule (Rule 243a) were
given some time ago to all the suffragist prisoners alike, and this has
been made clear in the statements made by Mr. McKenna in
5. g yesterday, authorized me to communicate to you a very earnest
expression of their feeling that the suffragist prisoners found guilty
in the recent conspiracy trial should be accorded treatment in th
6. court public inquiry at an early date on this question as on others
connected with the treatment of suffragist prisoners. April 26. ETFLL
S3MYTr, 3[us.Dov. In view of Mr. Philip Snowdens question con
SUFFRAGE PRISONERS
Found in 1909, 1912, 1913
1912 1. stice to support Mrs. Fawcett's appeal against the injustice of
refusing to the rank and file of the suffrage prisoners the first-class
treatment which had been conceded to their leaders, and the brut
2. ore more than I can easily describe Mr. McKenna's refusal to afford
to the rank and file of the suffrage prisoners the first-class
treatment which he has already conceded to the leaders. He insi
3. THE SUFFRAGE PRISONERS AND FORCIBLE FEEDING. TO THE EDITOR OF THE
TIMES. Sir,-The strong disapproval of
4. quely misleading. It states that the Medical Memorialists who are
opposed to the forcible feeding of suffrage prisoners have no
alternatives to suggest as to prison treatment of prisoners, whether
pol
5. son A is impossible, hunger-striking can be met by method B. This
has often been done in the case of suffrage prisoners, invariably so
through out Scotland, where forcible feeding has not been attempt
SUFFRAGE PRISONERS
1913
1. ES. Sir,-Of the alternatives put by Mr. J3. Wells in The Times of
to-day as to the treatment of the suffrage prisoners, I have a definite
opinion upon which ought to be preferred. But, as the Govermne
2.any prisoner refusing food is at least doubtful: "Forcible feeding
was instituted . . . to keep the suffrage prisoners in health and also
to prevent them bringing about remission of their sentences *
3.l ? A few extracts from a report by Sir Victor Horaley and other
doctors on the forcible feeding of suffrage prisoners, published in the
Lancet of August 24, 1912, will, I think, show that the legali
suffrag* prisoners
Suffrage campaigners' letters revealed that suffrage was the
preferred suffrag* term across organisations
Opens up a space where NUWSS leaders can work on behalf of WSPU
prisoners
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
suffrag* prisoners
Suffrage campaigners' letters revealed that suffrage was the
preferred suffrag* term across organisations
Opens up a space where NUWSS leaders can work on behalf of WSPU
prisoners
Preference for suffragist* + direct action term than for
suffragette* + direct action term
B a k e r , P . , G a b r i e l a t o s , C . , K h o s r a v i n i k , M . , K r z y z a n o w s k i , M . , M c E n e r y , T . , & W o d a k , R . ( 2 0 0 8 ) . A u s e f u l m e t h o d o l o g i c a l
s y n e r g y ? C o m b i n i n g c r i t i c a l d i s c o u r s e a n a l y s i s a n d c o r p u s l i n g u i s t i c s t o e x a m i n e d i s c o u r s e s o f r e f u g e e s a n d a s y l u m
s e e k e r s i n t h e U K p r e s s . D i s c o u r s e a n d S o c i e t y , 1 9 ( 3 ) , 2 7 3 .
B a k e r , P . , & M c E n e r y , T . ( 2 0 0 5 ) . A c o r p u s - b a s e d a p p r o a c h t o d i s c o u r s e s o f r e f u g e e s a n d a s y l u m s e e k e r s i n U N a n d
n e w s p a p e r t e x t s . J o u r n a l o f L a n g u a g e a n d P o l i t i c s , 4 ( 2 ) , 1 9 7 - 2 2 6 .
B i n g h a m , A . ( 2 0 1 0 ) . T h e D i g i t i z a t i o n o f N e w s p a p e r A r c h i v e s : O p p o r t u n i t i e s a n d C h a l l e n g e s f o r H i s t o r i a n s . T w e n t i e t h
C e n t u r y B r i t i s h H i s t o r y , 2 1 ( 2 ) , 2 2 5 - 2 3 1 .
C o l m o r e , G . ( 1 9 1 3 ) . T h e L i f e o f E m i l y D a v i s o n . L o n d o n : T h e W o m e n ' s P r e s s .
C r a w f o r d , E . ( 1 9 9 9 ) . T h e W o m e n ' s S u f f r a g e M o v e m e n t : A r e f e r e n c e g u i d e 1 8 6 6 - 1 9 2 8 . L o n d o n : R o u t l e d g e .
G a b r i e l a t o s , C . , & B a k e r , P . ( 2 0 0 8 ) . F l e e i n g , S n e a k i n g , F l o o d i n g : A C o r p u s A n a l y s i s o f D i s c u r s i v e C o n s t r u c t i o n s o f
R e f u g e e s a n d A s y l u m S e e k e r s i n t h e U K P r e s s , 1 9 9 6 - 2 0 0 5 . J o u r n a l o f E n g l i s h L i n g u i s t i c s , 3 6 ( 5 ) , 5 .
H a l l , L . A . ( 2 0 1 2 ) . S e x , G e n d e r a n d S o c i a l C h a n g e i n B r i t a i n s i n c e 1 8 8 0 ( 2 n d e d . ) . L o n d o n : P a l g r a v e M a c m i l l a n .
H a m p t o n , M . ( 2 0 0 1 ) . ` U n d e r s t a n d i n g m e d i a ' : t h e o r i e s o f t h e p r e s s i n B r i t a i n , 1 8 5 0 - 1 9 1 4 . M e d i a , C u l t u r e & S o c i e t y , 2 3 ( 2 ) ,
2 1 3 - 2 3 1 .
H o l t o n , S . S . ( 1 9 8 6 ) . F e m i n i s m a n d D e m o c r a c y : W o m a n ' s s u f f r a g e a n d r e f o r m p o l i t i c s i n B r i t a i n , 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 1 8 . C a m b r i d g e :
C a m b r i d g e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s .
L i d d i n g t o n , J . ( 2 0 0 5 ) . E r a o f C o m m e m o r a t i o n : C e l e b r a t i n g t h e S u f f r a g e C e n t e n a r y . H i s t o r y W o r k s h o p J o u r n a l ( 5 9 ) , 2 5 .
L i d d i n g t o n , J . , & N o r r i s , J . ( 1 9 8 4 ) . O n e H a n d T i e d B e h i n d U s : T h e R i s e o f t h e W o m e n ' s S u f f r a g e M o v e m e n t ( 2 n d e d . ) . L o n d o n :
V i r a g o .
M a u t n e r , G . ( 2 0 0 9 ) . C h e c k s a n d b a l a n c e s : h o w c o r p u s l i n g u i s t i c s c a n c o n t r i b u t e t o C D A . I n R . W o d a k & M . M e y e r ( E d s . ) ,
M e t h o d s o f C r i t i c a l D i s c o u r s e A n a l y s i s . L o n d o n : S a g e .
M c E n e r y , T . , X i a o , R . , & Y o k i o , T . ( 2 0 0 6 ) . C o r p u s - b a s e d l a n g u a g e s t u d i e s : A n a d v a n c e d r e s o u r c e b o o k . L o n d o n : R o u t l e d g e .
M o r l e y , A . , & S t a n l e y , L . ( 1 9 8 8 ) . T h e L i f e a n d D e a t h o f E m i l y W i l d i n g D a v i s o n . L o n d o n : T h e W o m e n ' s P r e s s .
R o s e n , A . ( 1 9 7 4 ) . R i s e U p , W o m e n ! T h e M i l i t a n t C a m p a i g n o f t h e W o m e n ’ s S o c i a l a n d P o l i t i c a l U n i o n 1 9 0 3 - 1 9 1 4 . L o n d o n :
R o u t l e d g e .
T i c k n e r , L . ( 1 9 8 7 ) . T h e S p e c t a c l e o f W o m e n : I m a g e r y o f t h e S u f f r a g e C a m p a i g n 1 9 0 7 - 1 4 . L o n d o n : C h a t t o a n d W i n d u s .
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY