sumerian grammatical text

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U N I V E R S I T Y O F P E N N S Y L V A N I AT H E U N I V E R S I T Y MUSEUM

P U B L I C A T I O N S O F T H E B A B Y L O N IA N S E C T IO NVOL XI1 No

SUMERIAN GRAMMATICAL TEXTSBY

S TEP HE N LANGDON

P H I L A D E L P H I AP U B L I S H E D B Y T H E U N I V E R S I T Y M U S E U M

9 7


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IVINITY LIBiil\ iY


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LlST O F BBREVI TIONSAJSL.AL3.ASKT.BE.BM.Boissier,Choix.Br.Clay,Miscel.C T .

American Journ al of S emitic Languages and L iteratures.Assyrische Lesestucke (third edition), by FRIEDRICHELITZSCH.Akkadische und Sumerische Keilschrifttexte, by PAULHAUPT.Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania,edi ted by t l . V. HILPRECHT.British Mus eum , Assyrian C ollection.Choix de Textes relatifs la Divination, by AL FR EDBOISSIER.A Classified List of Sum erian Ideographs, by RU DO LF RU NN OW .Miscellaneous Inscriptions in the Yale Babylonian Collection,by A. T CLAY.Cuneiform Texts in the British Museum, by PINCHES, ING nd

THOMPSONDA. Documents Assyriens, by ALFR ED OISSIER.Del. H.W. Assyrisches Handworterbuch, by FR IE D RI C HELITZSCH.D P . Documents Prbsargoniques, by ALLOTTEE LA FuYE.Historical and Religious Texts. Volume 31 of BE., by S. LA NG DO N.KTA. Keilschrifttexte aus Assur, Wissenschaftliche Veroffentlichungender Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft.KL. See Zimme rn, K.L.Mak lu. Die Assyrische Beschworungsserie M aklu, by K NU T L.TALLOUIST.M DO G. Mitteilungen de r Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft.MV AG. Mitteilungen dcr Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft.OLZ. Orientalische Literaturzeitung .PBS. Publications of th e Babylonian Section of th e University Muse um.Indicates the new series, replacing BE.PSBA. Proceed ings of th e Society of B iblical Archaeology.R. I, 11, Ill, IV, V R. or Raw., refer to the five volumes of theCuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, founded by H C.R A W L ~ N ~ ~ Nontinued by NORRIS,G EO R G E M I TH andPIN CH ES . IV R. refers always to th e second edition byP I N C H ES .Rev ue d Assyriologie.

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Radau,Miscel.R E C .R T .R T C .saSb.SAI.SBP.Sum. Gr.TSA.W Z K M .ZA.

U N I V E R S I T Y MU S E U M- B A B Y L O N I A N S E C T I O N

Miscellaneous Sumerian Texts from the Temple Library ofNippur, by HUG O RAD AU n the t l ilprecht AnniversaryVolume.Recherches su r I Origine de I2Ec riture Cuneiforme, by FR .T H U R E A U - D A N G I N .Recueil de Tra va ux relatifs la Philologie Egyptien ne e tAssyrienne.Recue il de Tablet t es Chald iennes, by FR . TH U RE A U -I~ A N G IN .Syllabar A, published in CT. XI.Syllabar B, publ ished in CT . X I .Seltene Assyrische Ideogramme, by BR UN OM E I S S N E R .Sumerian and Babylonian Psalms, by S. LANGDON.Sumer ian Grammar , by S . LAN GD ON .

Tablettes Sumkriennes Archaiques, by H . D E G E N O U I L L A C .Wiener Zeitschrift fiir die Kun de des M orgenlandes.Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie.


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I N T R O D U C T I O NT h e present volume includes the greater portion of the

grammatical texts in the Nippur Collection of the Universi tyMuseum which have not been publ ished by DR . PO EB EL nVolume V of this series. T h e au th or has examined th e ent ireNi pp ur Collection in C onstan tinople an d P hiladelphia, where-fore he is able to sta te th at th e volume nearly completes th epublication of this class of doc um ent s. T h e preceding state -m ent refers only t o grammatical texts in th e str ict sense of t heterm. A large number of lexicographical tablets usually desig-nated as l is ts will be published soon by D R. C H I E R A .A fewreligious texts and other miscellaneous material have beenincluded here, having been copied for lexicographical purposes.

The grammatical texts belong chiefly to a large group oftablets known as school texts. T he y represe nt th e pedagogicalbooks and pupils' exercises of a Sumerian college. I n ma n ycases, as for exam ple Nu mb ers 15 16 17 18 th e teacher 's copyon th e left side of th e table t has been severed with a s ha rpinstrument from the scholar 's copy on the r ight. The r igh thalf of th e table t containin g th e scholar's work was probab lyremoistened and remolded to be utilized for other school work.Numbers 16 and 18 are par ticular ly in teres t ing an d im portan t ,since they contain the Sum erian original of par t of th e stan dar dBabylonian and Assyrian bilingual lexicographical work knownas nn itti iu. This series of lexicographical and grammaticaltext books seems to have been writ ten by the Sumerian school-men t o instruct the learner in business form ulz, legal terms an dab ou t words employed in practical life. T h e Semitic teachers

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6 U N I V E R S I T Y M U S E U M B A B Y L O N I A N S E C T IO Nthen ed ited the series with a translation into their vernacular.T h e bilingual ed ition has been fou nd in use in all parts of Baby-lonia and Assyria. I t was much more comprehensive thanhas been supposed and scholars from tim e to t im e have succeededin proving that many well known grammatical tablets reallybelong to this gre at legal tex t book. In recent nunibers of theR o u e d Assyr io log ie several important sections have beenpublished and edited from the remains of the Assyrian edit ionin the British Museum.

Number 7 reveals a Sumerian text book which was knownin later Babylonia and Assyria as darra-hubullu, i e., Sumeriandarra means hubullzt, money loaned for interest. Th is serieswas equally im por tant , forming a huge text book on words con-nected with various sciences or crafts such as geology, zoology,botan y, the crafts of the carpe nter, cabin et maker, etc. Pos-sibly Num ber 14, a st ud y in geo logy, belongs to this series.The collection possesses one large tablet which carries a list ofover zoo names of stones and objects ma de of stones. M an ylists of th is kind, dealing with th e sciences an d cra fts of Sumerand Babylonia, will be made accessible in another volume.

Numbers 5, I and 54 represent the kind of school bookknown as a syllabar, or a list of all the Sumerian ideogramsarrang ed either with reference t o their forms (Sb) or t o theirphonetic values (S ).' T h e former seems to ha ve been followedby the la t ter in the completed work, employed as a text bookon the signs, their forms and the various phonetic values ofeach sign. In th e Semitic editions of these syllaba rs, Sb isedited with th e Sumerian values a t the left and the Semitic

The principle on which Syliabar A , represented by No. 5 was constructed is obscureThe statement made above is only partially correct. In fact the signs in this syllabar d o notfollow each other in phonetic order for w e know from numbers 9, 2 that the Sumerians hadnot dircovercd the phonetic relation of the consonants.


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S T E P H E N L A N C D O N S U M E R I A N G R A M M AT I CA L T XTS 7

meanings on t he r ight . Sa is edi ted wi th Sume rian values on th elef t and the Sumerian name of each s ign on the r ight . I t isdifficult to und erstand wh at object th e Sumerian teacher hadin mind in wri t ing S a unless i t was to teach t h e numeroussylla bic values of each sign. b s originally designed as a w orkin epig rap hy. By mea ns of this l ist of the signs employed inthe Sumer ian sys tem of wri t ing and arranged according to thei rforms the s tude nt was enabled to f ind a t once any s ign whosevalue he had forgot ten or which he was unable to ident i fy .Sumerian text books aimed t o inst ruct in the a r t of wri t ing andth e various sciences. M ost of th e works on these subjects ar erepresented in greater or less degree in the Nippur Collect ion.

T h e au tho r has t ransl i terated an d t ranslated all of theim po rta nt texts. In case of material of this kind Assyriologistswill t rus t give preference t o such t reatm ent of th e m ateria lwhich renders an index dispensable .


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S U M E R IA N G R A M M A T IC A L T E X T S

This extraordinary tablet carries several badly preservedsections of i nca nta tion s an d ritua ls afte r which follow tw o closelywrit ten columns of lexicography, being a study in anatomy.T h e w riter knows of no oth er published t able t in Assyriology ofa similar kind. It is difficult to und erst and t h e scribe's objec tin combining such heterogeneous material upon one tablet .T h e incan tations yield l i t t le philological material . In the Ob v.1 2 note sugus'=ir-dil for iSdi.% In the same l ine g i k d n u isnew. Rev. g su-'u-ur-ta ta-sa-ar-ma is found also in Z IMMERN ,Beitrage 103 note gam ma . Cf . a lso s u r t u m f a b a d t i , Sm. 747,a n d ikrib surt i , ZIMMERN,bid., 190, 2 2

The anatomical study clears up the following lexicograph-ical difficulties

Col. I 3 u a- la-ad=kakkadu, head. Restores I K 4, 25. Lineshows tha t t he rare word fo r head is bibznu.Line 1 2 up-sag-ki=nak-[kabl-turn, probably nose, bridge of the nose.Cf. CT. 1 2 , 33b 1 2 , sag-ki=nak-kab-bu and BR. 3645. The word occursalso in the Code of I-lammurapi 215 , I f a doctor open the na-kab-ti of aman with a bronze knife (and his eye gets well, or does not get well), etc.Here the nakab tu is associated with the eye. No te also BO I S S I ER C h o i x23, 19 f , where the right and left nakab tu of a sheep may be black. InSCHEIL, i ppar , Cstpl . 583 demon is exhorted to depart from thebody like water from th e nakabtu, i . e. , nostri l(?) . See also HO LM A,Korperteile 7.Line 1 3 u p - m e - z i = i s i , jaw, see HOLMA,bid., 34. The meaning isassured by line 14 rne-li-gid-da=laha, jaw. Therefore i su , i s su is distin-

Text hiC f . MEISSNER, s s ~ ~ i s c h erlill~millik, . S e) and PSBA. X X X l l zo z l ine 7 ir-do-?in.See also B R OC KELMAN,ergleichende Grnmm otik, p 138, g

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guished from laha , which is here designated as th e long me-ti; isu then isonly part of th e maxillary.Line 15 me-zi-gc-da=laihu, gum, ' l i te ra lly , r idge of the m a ~ i l l a ry . ~So the passage in CT . 17 , 50, 16 and 1 9 s cleared up. See also C T . 29, 49.26 la-US-hi-iu.Line 17u p - k a r = a p p u t t u m , forehead, also mark o n a s lave.Line 18 utu-gh-bar=gzi-[ba-ru], neck. See a lso W EI D NE R, LZ. 1912,209. In line 27 b ir f i ah i probably means rectum. It occurs also in E B E L I N G ,KTA . 32, 43. On k inna tu , rec tum, podex, see CH RIS TIA N,ZICM. 26, 390;H ~ L M Abid., 172, 65.Col. I 6 gives the reading of th e obscure nam e G U - H A R = u r - u - t u m ,part of the l iver. For murha7inni (line 19) which here appea rs w ith u tu

ear, see also AJS L 30, 77, 17 restored f rom R T . 27, 125 Obv. 2 where i tappears to be part of the abdomen.Line 21 utu gd-tal=ku-fal-lu, back; also in DELITZSC H'SOC. Hi tt i te7478 30.eru tum, back, in lines 22-4 is also established by uzu-&-TAR= kuta l lu ,P O E B E L , BS. v 137, 4 . See a lso ME ISS NE R,AI . 2039.

up-sa-gzi=dadanu, labanu, breast, neck. Also di-a-da-a-nu PBS. V137, 6. Here also gzi-sd, M E I S S N E R ,AI. 2039, and DEL ITZS CH 'Saddaru ,HW. 212a is to be read murur daddani.

T h e material which remains upo n this fragment representsabou t one-fourth of the original tablet . T h e au tho r of thesyllabar aimed to give a l ist of noun s an d verbs which concernvarious professions, an d oth er related material. Ob v. I I I con-tains various words denoting family relationships and thestatus of children and slaves. The first two entries in Col. Idumu-ni tag and d u m u - u f app ear to indicate a dis t inct ion betweenthese two terms for i b i l a = a p l u , heir, although the two signsare indifferent variants of an original sign, REC. 26. In anycase d u m u - u s son w ho follows, is th e original idea of ib i la ,

S o already ~MEISSNEK vAG 1904gd-da=i ihdu, ridge


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heir.' dumu- dz i =mi r ban follows t he word for heir, an d pre-cedes dumu-ci-2.-a=mdr likziti, adopted son, which eliminatesthe suggest ion that i t means adopted son.

Cols. I a n d I of the reverse discuss words connectedwith liturgical practice and for that reason the informationis valuable. First in I 6 is entered the word s i r=s i rhu ,m e l ~ d y . ~Here fol low the in terest ing terms: s i r - a ~ a g , ~h eholy song, of which the elative form occurs in d N in A sir-azag-dzig zu Nin2 who knows th e holy songs, Gu dea , Cyl. B 4, 6.arag here differentiates sir from sir used in the sense of secularsong. s i r i a - m u n , song of loud cries. T h e ter m occurs alsoin Gudea Cyl. A. 27, 12 Zag-bi nam-Zub sir-ia-mun, Withinwhich the re is inc antatio n4 an d loud song. s ir nam-nar , songof the singer's art, in which a special kind of singer ndr u , pos-sibly choir boy, is intended. sir-nam-gala, song for the psalm-ists. s ir nam-lub, song of absol ution(? ). W e possess on eexample of this class of song in ZIMMERN, .L., 65, s i r nam-Su-ub dNidaba, a song of absolution(?) to Nidaba. T he con-tents of th is song in a ny case do not suggest an incantat ion( l i p t u ) . s ir nam-er im-ma, song of th e curse. Since sir isgenerally employed for liturgical melody, and incantationswere excluded from the liturgies, i t is difficult to determinethe kind of song intended here. sir-gid-da, a long song, a termapplied to a particularly long melody, as the Dublin text, pub-lished in th is series Vol. X, pt . 2 s i r - sag =~ irh u relt zi , firstmelody of a liturgy, the chief melody which gave its name to

'Note u i=ridd, to fo l low, drive, and the noun rid*, heir, ridih, heiress.'Discussed in the Introduction to the author's Babylonian Liturgies.' N o t to be confused with r n b a p g , pure incantation, SAI. 2902 tc. or sir a p g , seeBE. 30 No. 12 and EBELING TA. 16 R ev . ~ j = l o m d r i lld ii.

Incantat ions in th e ordinary sense were excluded from the temple. Th e word nnmf b isprobably employed here in the sense of song which brings absolution from sin. See also GudeaCyl. A. 27 zo immir-bi immir-ia-mu*, Whose wind is a raging wind, a phrase employed ofthe temple in some mythological sense. On &mun see D ~ u n s c ~ slor ior 2 1 1


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a l i turgy; see SB P. 332, 9 and 96 lo. Also ZI MM ER N .L.,25 111 1 6 , sir-sag gal-7u She th a t knows well th e chief melodies.Cf. also R A D A U , iscel. 17, 1 2 .At t he end of Rev. I 1 occur two well known but difficultterms sa-sdd-da and sa-gar. T h e full form sa-bar-sud-da occursin Z I M M E R N , .L., 199 1 28; I 1 34; and the term is commentedupon in PBS. X, pt . 2 note on Ni . 7184, 31 sa-gar-ra-dm

It is a sagar melody, is th e rub ric aft er a musical passage ina l i turgy to Libi t - lshtar , ZIMMERN,K.L., 199 11 35-111 4.Note a lso git-ki-ghl1 sa-gar-ra-kam T h e ant iphon of the sagarmelody is (as follows), Historical and Religious Texts p. 121 6 . The rubric will be found also in RADAU BE. 29 I 111 5

Both phrases indicate a song sung with the accompani-men t of some inst rument . T h a t sa denotes an instrument isevident f rom Rev. 11 4, rzar-sa following nar-balag musicianof the lyre.

This tab let contained in i ts original condition the imp orta nttext known as Sb. Unlike the later Assyrian and Babylonianeditions the Nippur text has only the Sumerian l ist ofsigns without Semitic translations and phonetic readings.T h e tablet is probably Cassite. Sb and Sbl originated amongthe Sumerian schoolmen who wrote out a l ist of signs basedupo n their classical Sum erian form s. Similar lists of th efirst dynasty containing the Sumerian originals of both St,and Y will be found in CT. V. Ta bl et N o. 4502 carried sixcolumns of closely wr itten te xt on each side. T h e obve rseand the reverse as fa r as the middle of Col. I I contain all

1 or gi-gal=mihir l amdr i see m y note o Ni. 7184 n PRS. X , pt 2


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of S . At this point the text begins to repeat the entire syl la-bar. Exam ples of this kind of repeti t ion are numerous in theschool texts a t Nipp ur, bu t i t is difficult to explain in t h e late rperiods, for a Sumerian text book of this kind would hardlyhave been used in th e Semitic schools . T h e tablet probablyrepresents a copy of an early text.

Obverse I is entirely gone. T h e first legible sign in Col.is i d im , fifth sign from the end of Sb CoI. I . T h e text hererestores the end of Sb I an d the beginning of Sb 11. N ot e thesign megidda=Sahttu, sow, already known from a Berl in v ariant ,No. 523. In Sb I 6 the sign for amurrA is identical with thatfor Akkad, proving an original historic connection betweenAccad an d the Amo rites . At this point th e Rev. IV sets in asa varian t . After a long break Col. begins with Sb 47,labar. T h e sign M E S = S b 54 occurs but once; i . e., k i i i b =rittu, and k u n u k k u , seal, is om itted . T hi s is correct, since th eoriginal sign for k u n u k k u was D U P a n d M E S is a late sub-s t i t u t e . Sb 65 agargara, water animals, is omitted and prop-erly so since the sign N U N + H A properly began with N U Nin a slanting position nu-un-te-en, CT. XI 49 , 28 Hence i tdoes not belong here. T h e sign T U R = t a r b a s u occurs twice.

According to our text the signs d u b = n a p Z ~ uand balag=balangu are not originally identical . N o t e t h a t a lad=Sb I 4 1has not the determinat ive dingir . For Sb I 45 s a - a = D IR IG=.sriwu, be red, the Nippur text has K A L A B occurs butonce. T h e s ign A K A = S b IV 4 occurs but once. The s igngala is not gunufied but identical with K U M . T h e s ign B A Dis entere d thrice. N ot e th e original(?) form of kisal . T h esign for &rub a n d k s wz is not th e one given in Sb IV 5 f . T h esign ab=arhu is om it ted. T h e s ign LIPES occurs onlytwice, but M E S I is entered twice. Sb V 65 is om itted . After


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U N I V E R S I T Y M U S E U M - B A B Y L O N I A N S E C T I O Na long break we come to Sb V 29. T h e s igns in S b V 31-3 a r eclearly misleading in the Assyrian tex t . Afte r N U N U Z inlui tan a jar o r bowl is annexed B U R and a f t e r N U N U Z inmu d= buburu is annexed simply B I .

Sb has a break a t V 47 which HROZN-?n ZA. 19 368 par t lyrestored. Our t ex t a t the top of Rev. I is sadly defective butwe may hazard th e fol lowing res to rat io n:

V. 48. si-ig=Sii+Sii=eniu.49. si-ig=Sii+Sii= katnu.[He re a n illegible sign not given in th e published Assyrian texts.]

50. ? u - u l = S ~ ~dlu.1 du-un=SUL=bira.52. ?a-aj=SAH=?ab&. Omitted on Ni. 4502.53. iu-bur=SA~=?abiL.

Ou r t ex t omi t s 12-kar hablumAt the top of Rev. 11 U Z U repeated twice corresponds to

S V 1 23 but suiur precedes . T h e next two s igns shouldcorrespond to th e s ign U B I and i t s {e l j ig form G A L A M seeHistorical and Religious Texts p . 45 Z A G is entered twiceand also M U N S U B . U S A N is om i t t ed . T h e idiogram for ther iver Euphrates i s inser ted.

In the succeeding por t ion where the syl labar i s repeateda restoration of Sb Col . would be welcome bu t our text sadlyfails us. Fo r P E S entered three t imes our t ex t has the gunuof K A D twice followed by K A D . Note a l so tha t the Bahylo-nian var iant in WE IS S B AC H iscellen BE. 13667 has K A D -G U N U for H A - G U N U in al l thr ee posi t ions. Hen ce th e originaltext was :

pi-a = KAD-GUNU =nap&, SAI. 5090.Pi-ei KAD-GUN partidu, SA1. 5092.ka-ad KAL) kasdru, SA 5096 an d 830.

DA is entered twice after which follows I D entered thr ice.Hence S V 31-3 is restored:


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ST PH N L A N G D O N - S U M E R l A N G RA l M M A Tl CA L TEXTS

[a-a]= I D d u .[a-a] D= .[a-a]= I D = [emuku ?)].lHere WEISSBACH'Sext breaks away. T h e text in 4502

has two signs between I D a n d ma?, bar which correspondperhaps to gu-ur a n d deifz? i n C T. X I 15a 37 f . These signsappear to be B A D and X .

Our text restores S l Su [US] S U and n i - i = S i i f B I L =puluhtu. See also P OE BE L, BS. 104 IV 12 and C LA Y 'SYaleSyllabar 290.

In Sb H U L is entered thrice but in our text the third s igncorresponding to bi-ib-ra is not H U L but a similar sign.Ni. Go61 published as No. 54 repeats a section of S Col.

several times. This tablet has in each case B A D and SU forB A D and X before M A S . Hence di-ei-Su in CT X I 15a 38mu st be regarded as a value of the sign SO repeated threeplaces below. gu-ur is then a value of B A D , a sign enteredtwice in Sb a t 6 4 ( i d i m ) and IV (bad, U S R E C . I I . I tis possible then that Ni. 4502 entered B A D thrice. PerhapsCT X I 15a 37 is to be restored t i - i l = BAD = bal a t u ( R E C . I ) .Hence the s ign B A D a pp ea rs i n t hr e e places in S h n d t h eAssyrian form results from a confusion of three classical signs.Ni. Go61 R. has instead of I D thrice only one sign, which isa peculiar form of I D an d Col. has a sign for I D resemblingthat of Ni. 4502

A small fragment from the right edge of a large tablet.f carries a few lines at the bottom of the last column of the

obverse, and at the top of the first column of the reverse, thusform ing a continuo us tex t of 20 l ines which form a duplicate

This should correspond t CT X I i j a 36.


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I 6 U N I V E R S I T Y MUSEUM-BABYLONIAN SECTIONof pa rt of Rev. an d IV on Ni. 19791=P O E B E L ,BS. V I 52.The text may be restored as follows:

I . [me-a-an-ti-en]2 [me-a-an-ti-en]3. [me-a-an-te-en-]ne-en4. [me-a-an-ti-]en-&en5 [me-ale-ne-ne6. [me-a] lzl me-en-ne-en47. [me-a liL]?a-en-li-ed8. [me-a lu e?]-ne-ne9. [me-a IM-RI-A-mu]

l o . [Zir- gimlI I . [Zir-gEn- nam]12 . ]1 3 ]1 4 . ]15 ]I 6.1 7 .I 8.

1 3 2 6 7This f ragment f rom a two column tablet mu st remain

for the most par t uninterpreted. Not on ly a re the Sumer ianwords badly preserved but th e values themselves are unusu al.Beginning with line one of Col. I gig=iupuwu[. I isunknown. For lupurru see CLAYMiscel. 53, 1 2 2 where theSumerian is dur durum. In ne= kardu s t rong; see Sum.Gr. 23 I . I 7 gun =karbu nea r ; cf. gana kariibu C T , I 2 lo Iand ku-nu=kiribu saniku press near, BRUNNOW , OS . 10587-8a n d K U C H L E R , edirin 67 f . ; a lso PBS. 22 22 . .

I Ni. 9791 Rev. 24 T h a t t en t employs N I for liVar. Rev. 25Var. Rev. 1 26Xititerally the people-we.For this independent form of t he z per. pl. cf. fa-a-an- en, Ni. 19791VII I , 8.

POEBEL BS. VI. p. 40 8.

a-li at-tala-li a-nu-kua-li ni-nu2a-li at-tu-nu3a-li iu-nua-li ni-s'u-nia-li ni-s'u-ku-nua-li ni-iu-iu-nua-li ki-im-tiki- a- amki-a- am-maki-i ki- a- amds'-?nm ki-a-amki-a-am ma-at-a-ama-na(?)ki- a- am?a-am-mana h-tali-im zi ta.

Where a r t thou?Where am I?Where are we?Where are you?Where a re they?Where ar e our folks?Where a re your folks?Where are the i r fo lks?Where is m y family?Thus; l ike this .Thus i t is.After this fashion.Therefore.For such purpose.


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S T E P H E N L A N G D O N -S U M E R IA N G R A M M A T IC A L TEXTS 1711 11-16 has the Sumerian words for the well known

Semitic ipku, which forms an element of proper names in allperi0ds.l T h e roo t is epzku and a synonym of r E m ~ , ~enceipku, ipku mercy. In nom enclature it is represented by sig,f i g a variant of S ig damZ(zu,and the ideogram in I I I ends insig. Hence names like Ipku-Ishtar me an, Mercy of Ishtar,etc . N ot e also ip-ki-s'u lukallimmu-ka, May he cause thee tosee his mercy, CT. 22, No. 35, 35. Cf. ibid. 36, 32. At th eend of the fragment two words for diseases are given, ~inittu,leprosy and mangu. In RA. XI, 84, 33 a -gig=jinnitu; t h eword appears as ~i-ne-it-ta n K. 45, I I . See HOLMA,KleineBeitrage 20

4608Obverse I 1 contains a fragmentary list of ornaments for

women.DAG-gig, black stone. Mentioned with dig-UD, the white stone,probably to be read da'g-bar-ra after CT. 14, 3b I . See also CT. VI

2b34 fDAG-NE, mentioned with dig-SI as in CT. 14, 3b 3. Explained by abanpi-indu-u, CT. 14, 15, 34 in a list of o rnam ents of a wom an's app arel.pin& is explained by aban iiat, fire-stone, and by ianibu, Rm. 3391 3 f in CT. 18, 26. The lat ter stone ja-ni-bu is rendered a-a-ni-bu( i . e . iri-ni-bu) = dig-Z A+ SU H-U NU -KI , in an unpublished syllabar,DEL. . W., 5oa and by aba za-ni-bu CT. 14, 17a lo) =drig-ZA-SUY-U N U - K I for which CT. 14, 15, I I has simply ab ni-bu. The signdrig=abnu has also the values zd and and consequently janibu and?a-nibu are both loan-words whose first syllable represents th e wordfor jeweL4 nibu consequently represents the word without the deter-minative and we must suppose a value ni-ibs for Z A - S U H - U N U - K I .

' See RANKE , e r ~ o ~ a lames 89 8 ; ~ A L L Q U I S T , Neubabylonircher Namenbuch jaoT T . 8 22 34. See also ri-la=epiku be merciful, POEBEL BS. V 1 2 IV 18, a n d riln=mindaturn, compassion, ibid. 16. The word i i la c a m e t have th is s ns f rom rila womb.3 The value i n for Br. 5221 was first conjectured by CLAY E. 14 3 a n d is confirmedby Voc. Berlin 5 j 1 2 5 .

See on the dist inction between dig tone , and pi jewel, S u n . G r . 56.' V R. 22 23 gave fa-ba-bu a n d C T . 12. 28 26 in-bo-[bu?]: a ERL I NVocabulary has {abolnm (DELITZSCH.larrar 218 .


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8 U N I V E R S I T Y M U S E U M - B A B Y L O N I A N SE TION

DELITZSCH,. W. 50, cites K. 4349, 10 f . @(or ;a)-ZUR-DUG-LI and(pi)-ia-ni-bul as Sumerian equivale nts of ia-ni-bu. According to th eideogram janibu should me an jewel of Hallab, and probab ly referst o an ornam ent of the apparel of Ishtar. CT . 14, 15 also containsnames of Ishtar's apparel. dig -N E or zh, -A,-NE means preciselyfire stone, an d pin dd is pro bab ly for pentzi, live coal, hence glowingobject, fire stone. In this case th e disease petzds is a kind of redfiery tumor and really the same word as penfu.%DAG-UR, here for th e first time. Proba bly aban-baiti, jeweled cloth ofth e pudendum. 3DAG-TU, explained by (aban) la-ra-hu, CT. 14, 15, 33. another exampleof the Sumerian iri jewel, incorpo rated into a loan-word. Explainedas id-iuba 3ig=aban iub a samlu, the red agate, CT. 14, 1 5 , 33. Inany case an ornament, jeweled article, worn by women at the waist;DA G-T UD i a kabli-fa, the jarahu of her loins, IV R. 31, 54, whereit is a gloss on iibbu, girdle(?). Mu st we assum e a value r a i for TU ?DAG-&Tu, birth-stone, clearly a jeweled cloth worn by women an dsynonymous with larahu.D A G - ~ ~ - ~ - T u .DAG-?-bar.D&-SAG(?)-DU, aban bani(?), and hence synonym of id-d-tud=aban al id i.For sag-du band, see SAI. 23 1 9 and nix-d6-sag beltu banitu, C T.24. 12, 7

OBVERSELine is probably to be restored from CT . VI 12a lo aban algamii.'Line 3, (dag) kiiib -X= aba n kunuk algam iii, a seal made of t h e algamishstone. Cf . CT . Vl iz a I I .Line 4, (dig) gii-X = C T . VI iz a 12. Th e same stone without determ inativeabnu is found in a dream omen, K. 45, 16 (PSBA. 1914,PI. X III ) , whereit is said to be seen designed on a wall.'He r e the scribe employs the loan-word as a Sumerian word and ignoring the syllable

n adds once again the determinat ive. The reference K, 4349 is erroneous, for this table tcontains only lists of gods.

S e e lso HOLMA LZ. 1914, 263 .Also D jG-Sr probably refers to the gall-stone, or a jeweled band worn a t th upperwaist.H e r e h e sig n is S A L f K A B , b u t in our t en t N If K A B . On these va rious forms for alga-

mirb, see RADAU E. Series D. V 54: Historirol a n d Religious T r x f i p. 29 n and Ni. 4585 in thisvolume. M E E S S N E R ,AI. 1761 and 4069 wholly misunderstood the sign. Another form U fSALf K B is certainly identical with gii+S AL +i< AB in Hiitoricnl and Religious Tests, p. 64n. 3. T h e I S or U D X represents a species of th e nlgnmiih stone. g i i is probably the originalform. Cf. also iir-gal, Cud. St . B 6 15, erc. with gii-fir-gal, Br. 1657.


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S T E P H E N L A N GD O N -S U M E RI A N G R A M M A T I C A L T E X T S 9Line 5, (drig) al-X.Line 6 (drig) kirib-al-X, a seal of aCX stone.Line 7, (drig) e-li-li, th e el.%-stone. W rit ten also e-li-el, His toric al andReligious Texts 29, 8; BE. VI Ser. D 42. Variant of alalu.Line 8 (drig) e-li-li, a seal of elel-s tone .Line 9, ddg gii-e-li-li, the gii-elel-stone.Line 10, drig-NUN UZ, followed by whitc an d black N UN UZ -stone, as in

CT. VI iz 23The reverse Col. I speaks of the newly born (NU NU Z-b i)

an d th e nearly m ature d (amar-bi) of animals, but th e frag-ment permits no definite information. ' Col. contains a listof woolen garments.

Fragment from upper left corner of a two column tablet;con tains ab ou t half of Cols. an d IV (or Col. of reverse).By placing I 1-12 before line I of Col. IV and IV 15-24 a tth e end of Obv . I, bo th Cols. I and IV are completed. Inoth er words, obverse an d reverse of this tablet are identical.It follows on after 4599 whose las t s ign was MARUN or somecombination of that sign and begins with a similar sign sigXartu wool. T h e tablet completes th e end of K. 4342Rev. I (= I R. 38 No. I and restores the greater part ofK. 4342 Rev. 11. I t will be noted th a t 4599+4594 restoresK. 4342 Obv . 1 2 to Rev . 21, where K. 4342 probablyended. T h e Asurbanipal colophon probably completed thiscolumn. We , therefore, lack on e table t of th e Nipp ur collec-t ion to complete the duplicate of K . 4342 Obv . I and part ofObv. 11. Obviously these Nippur syllabars were uninscribedon the reverse as Ni. 4599, or inscribed with a duplicate of theobverse as Ni. 4594.

Cf G P I Z O U ~ ~ ~ ~ LA. VI 159


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20 U N I V E R S I T Y M U S E U M - B A B Y L O N I A N S E C T I O N

I . galu sa-gal. Cf. Obv. 1 3 .2 . galu K U - ~ U ~ . ~f. Obv. 14.3 . galu ie-8%-kud. Cf. Obv. I 54. galu ie-gur-gur. Cf. Obv. 16.5. galu ie-ki-kei-da. Cf. Obv. 176. ga lz ~ e-dl-il.


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ST PH N L A N G D O N - S U M E R I A N GRAMMArlCAL TEXTS 2 116. galu lag-ri-ri-ga

17. g u n18.gun-bi9. gun-bi-ne-ne20 gu n n- iag-go2 I . gu n g i i - iar22 gun-Se23. gun-Se-NI+giP24 gu n sz i- lum

16. la-kit kurbanni, he who takesaway the ri tual material ,the incantor.17. bi l tu1 8 . bilatsu1 9 . bi la t sunu

20 bilat ikl iI . [bilat ki-ri-]e22 [Bilat ie- -]im23 bi lat Samai iamni24 bi la f su lupp i

Frag men t of a syllabar; Semitic renderings broken away .Restores K. 4342 Obv. I 1 to end of Rev. 1 1 R . 38, No. I ) .Duplicates, K. 9961+ R m . 609 CT. 19, z and V R. 20, No. 2)which belong to the sam e tab let . Series ana it-ti- .

I . aburru , pond-garden, lake-park,shrubbery.$ T h e mean ing of kurbannu, kirbnnn*, if connected with Heb. knrbiin, is gift, offering,

bu t this meaning hardly suits any of the passages in Assyrian. T h e Sumei ian Iiig=ldiu, toknead, and nig- l i t -gd=l i iu , dough, 16, poultice, mixture, used in incantations. kurbannuseems to be employed for the bread a nd meal applied to p atients and washed awa y, in ASK T.71 o ldg-hi nn-ri-ri-ga=kirbnn-iu ilakkot, he shalt seize away his mixture (and spread aboutincense). H e n c e Idkit kurbanni i s the d i ipu priest who remover kuppuru) the applicationsof bread, wate r and meal Id ) af ter the tabu has passed into them, hence kurbannu tabooedmixture, defiled bread. This i s a n entirely different idea from that of the late H ebrew andNew Testament usage of Corban, a gift vowed t o Go d, and hence tabo:ed (in a goad sense). Iam unab le t o s any reference to giuing, oflaviering, in hurbannu, which often means lump, rollof clay or dough. Note t ha t R. 38, is followed by th e d i ipu which is omitte d here becausel ibit kvrbanni and d i ipu are synonyms.2 C f . Br. 5842.Var. R. 38, 12 = V R. j I ra-dul-bi. Note ia-dul= kafimtu, enclosing n et. nburriccertainly something enclosed, protected by shrubbery, latt ice work, and probably a gardenwith pond, a park wi th pond screened by a hedge.'' Also L-ial=oburru in knr h-snl=mat oburri,land of gardcn-ponds, a land hedged ab out by natura l obst ructions, ZDMC. 53, 657 28,hence a land of security, and nburrii, in security, kur k-rol-la nd-a=mdfu ia aburrii rabru,land which reposes in security, ibid. 29 Hence loan-word arollu, garden with pond enclosedby shrubbery. N o t e i ju ) u-sol -lu-u=kii tum, forest, 1 1 R . 23 50 k-ral ndri, garden withpond and canal passing through it : iummo nn ri-ral ndri ia m) iliuru naplur, if in a pond-


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22 U N I V E R S I T Y M U S E U M -B A B Y LO N I AN S E C T I O N

3 . ri-ba-naz4 e ri-ba-na5 ri-ba-na6 . iz-zi? ri-ba-na7 . n i -@l-la8. nu-nig-giil-lag. kaxkal

10. gar-ra-anI I . Rar-ra-anI 2. gar-?.a-a?z-gz~r~I j ka-girG1 4 . gzi-ud-da7 kalam-maI 5 k i -u i1 6 . ki -ui1 7 . k i -u i18 sugur19. sugur-la120 sugur-/atJ

2. bit ahurri, house in a pond-garden.j biritu, dividing wall.4 bit biriti, house with dividingwall.5 . biritu.6 . igar biriti.7. ibai i i8 , u l ba i i i9 barranu, route.lo . d i t to .

I I . urbu , road.1 2 . kanagurru, road.13 . padanu, way.14 daragguI 5. k i u i i u .1 6 . kibsu.I 7. daraggu18 k i mmat u , hair of the head.19. k ~ - [ i m m a f u l ] ~20. ~

garden of a canal an illuru-plant be seen, Bolss i~n DA. 67, 27. iuntma kulili ana l- ioblii-ri-ib-bu-u, if kulilu-flies flutter over a garden-pond, DA. 56, 12; if kuliln-flier ana %-sal-lii-m-an-ni-ku, descend upon a garden-pond, ibid. 13. kinto Tam) ?nailaka1 ina u-ral-li (Syn.ru?umlu, ma rsh), MAI ~LU. 177. A housc ilzazi-ral-li, in a garden with pond, CT. IV tb 13.See for zi-ial nhri in descriptions of land, S c ~ a ~ nAR. V urallu (index). BE. IX jo men-tions a village Hidlia, *-sal-la kiiad nhri, in the park on the hank of thc canal. H ence aburru,usalltb, a garden or park with pond surrounded by a hcd ge Feminine gender; kinla zirimilburof uiallu, Like a flat-roof the shrubberies were leveled, Deluge 135. A ritual men-tions the tllu uia lli ndri, clay of the pond-garden of the canal, KING agic, j 6. Sargonquartered his military animals in theuialluof a conquered cit y, i. e . in the city park, THUKEAU-DANGIN argow 187. ana u-ial-lim io eli nhr urofte otla'ib I marched to the park which isby the Euphrates, SCHEIL ukulti-Ninil, Obi,. 62. Senecherib took land from the uialli Mlamirl i dli, park and meadow-land of the city, for his palace, and raised a ter race with theearth of the uiallu which he took from the nzaCDI of the river.Vri. 1 1 R. 38, ( 3 probably m-dul-hi.

2Var. ri~ba -an-n o, bid. .War. i-ti.' H e r e for ni-gdl-la, or perhaps read ni-gdl-lo.W a r . K. 9961, 4fII R . 38, 27, kan-gdr.

Var. ka-gir. Here Var, inserts gir-nig-gdl-la=kibiu.'V ar omits da. He re Var. inserts ki-ui-kolnnz-ma=nnrdamu nirdnmu, way of the land.See MEISSNERAI. 6527.'Var. omits, but has an insertion rugur-gig=ko-[. I , black hair.


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ST PH N L A N G D O N - S U M E R I A N G R A M M A T I C A L T XTS 2 j

23. gzi-da-ri-a"24. gzi-ag-a42 5 . gzi-nig-&ma26. gzi-dib27. [dibl-sag828. [sag-sum-]meg29. imIo30. [ki-]bal-la3 I [ki-] al-la32. [ki-]bal-la1133. [lum-Ilum34. lam-lamll35. si-si-ill236. si-si-ig37. si-si-ig38. marun'"39. [ .]-marun

21 kimmatu kit( )-', covered withhead-hair.22 hu[-un-nu-bu],bear in abun-dance.%23. nanduru, to be angry.2 4 kitpulu, writhe, fold2 5 . sikpdtu, overthrow.626. haltikku727. ditto.28. hliiu, hasten.29.30. mat pal2, land of rebellion.3 I . mat nukurti, land of hostility.32, mat nabalkattu, land of insur-rection.33. unuubu, bear in abundance.34. uihbu, bear richly, thrive.35. Z r u , wind.36. meha, hurricane.37. Iakummatu, lapse into silence.38. rubsu, stall.39. kabu

M L I S S N E R A I . 6529, kitmunil(. A ver b kanzdmu, var iant of harnd, bind , sur r ound ,should be expected. Not e ka-ma-ma, disease, Syn. fe u and nil? kakkadi, dizziness o f t h ehead, K. 10014 in C'l . 18, 26.Employed in V Raw . ig 8 af ter Enndbu ia piriim, to th r ive of the hair , but in ZA 8 ,zoo, S C H E ~ L3, le gir ba-nn-ld-ba=ie im bu[nnubu], o f grain. CI. also ph-ge-en-mr-ir-me-ir=libnub, "May th y br igh tnes s bc abundant , " RA . 1 1 149, 34. T h e v a r i a n t K 996 has t h eor iginal form, me-ir-se-ir. 11 R. 38h has o n l y hu-un-nu-ha.

jVa r r . K, 9961. , 7 1 1 1 R. 38h z omi t aVar . gl-ni-ag-o. R m . 1 1 40 Rev. 6 , C T . 19, 37 has n-dug-go-apa-o=lika[io. I

THOMPSON Seading is correct from KING'S ollation and S A I . zo4g should be suppressed.B o ~ s s ~ ~ n ,hoix 141, 13, gloss on patdlu. Ser pents iktaplu, iklappiiu, writhe, B o l s s ~ ~ n

D A . 262, 4; PINCHES exts 120 27. okaplakim, I will d o it for t he e twice." R A . 1 1 75, 26.See also Jnsrnow, Religion 017. gl-ag-o, use t h e neck .OCi. gh-~i l i=mundahru , warrior, mutikku, slayer, hdbilu, plunderer, Voc. Hittite, Berlin7478 1 1 35-7.

S o both va r ian t s I I R 38, a n d V R . 20,35.8 Sic Var iants mg-dib.' V ar ian t s mu.'OVariants have no l ine cor r e r pond ' ng to I 29.I Here var ian t s have a sectional line.

Variants, rig-sip.a Here and in I I Raw . 38 26 he inser ted si n is g u d f g u d , but in C T . 12.26, 6 bat. See

SA I . 7741.


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24 U N I V E R S I T Y M U S E U M - B A B Y L O N I A N SECTION

A Sum erian list of cha irs, beds an d simila r articles. Brokena t t he midd le from top t o bo t t om. T h e tablet probably belongsto the per iod of Samsui luna but may be la ter , and possiblyCassite. It is pal-t of a series containing lorrg list5 of objectsm ad e of wood an d is th e original of a p ortion of th e largeAssyrian vocabulary, K. 4338a, pub lished in DELITZSCH,Assyrische Lesestucke, j d editio n, 86-90. N i. 4598 begins a t th een d of Col . of K. 4378a, and contains all of Col. I 1 (whichit restores) an d a pa rt of C ol. I l l , which can be almost whollyrestored. T h e colophon of K. 4338a s ta tes that the Assyr iansknew this series as Bar-ra=hubullu, of which K. 4338a formedthe four th table t . T h e thi rd table t has been publ ished int ranscr ipt ion by MEISSNER,MVG. 1 9 1 3 N o . z 10-30; it isentirely devoted t o names of trees. T h e sam e scholar hasrecently published another complete tablet of this series in hisAssyriologische Studien, No. I Leiden, 1 9 1 6 . It is probableth a t th e Nip pu r collection contains th e original of t he entireseries. T h e Assyrian redaction contains several changes,additions and omissions.

I . gii-gu-?a iig-ga =K . 4338a I . da-mi-ik-:urn mercy seat.21 68

2 . gii-gu-la gid-da3 = 9 2 ka-lak-ku the long seat.3 . giS sir-rap = 70 3. ku-us-si SAR-[?I wagon-seat?4 i i sa l -e -NP= I 4. ku-us-si l inniiEti seat of women.

DELITZSCHave this tablet as K. 4 78a but it is numbered 4jj8a in B.zold s Catalo gue.2T he term has p robab ly a special religious sense, referring to the seat on which the godssit in receiving worshippers, as shown so f requently on seals. Cf. Bp vos 6 s ~ i r o c ,eb. q 16

R T C . 22 Obv V I ; 222 IV 4. This term has also some unknown special significance.Var, i i rda Th e Semi tic appears to have $1,-[di-el, cf. I1 R. 23el-e-NE occurs s a verb in C u d . Cyl. A . 22 5


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S T E P H E N L A N G U O N - S U M E R I A N G R A M M A T I C A L T XTS 25

5. gii-gu-la zag-bi-ui' = 1 1 5. ku-us-si ni-[me-di], chair withfoot rest.6. gii ,, LA-LAM-TI-TUM 6. a-rat-ti-fi2chair with foot-rest.7. gii , ki3-ui 7. TAR-[. I4, cha ir for jour-neying.8. g i i ,, kaskal 8. kussi barrani, chair for the routeP9. ~ i i , nitak g . Chair for m en.lo . g i i ,, sal 10. Cha ir for women.

I I . g i i , gar-? I I . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2 . g i i ,, gar-? 1 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13. g i i ,, gii-ginar 13 . Seat for a wagon.14. gii ,, bara7 14. Chair for the holy chamber.I 5 g i i ,, ni-ma-lli 1 5 kussi pulu hti(? ), seat of adora-

tion(?).16. gij , ki-ui8 16. kusszi-iapiltum (?), sea t of hu-miliation?1 7 . g i i ,, ?eig 17. n a pa l su b tu m ( ?) , m o u r n e r ' sseat.1 8 . gii ,, iag-&l-la'O 1 8 . Se at of gladn ess of hea rt.1 9 . g i i ,, a n i u 19. Saddle(? ) for a n ass.20. gii ,, lugall' 20. Royal chair, throne.

RTC. 2 2 Obv. o and perhaps I 1 g has lag-bi-ui-ha, a seat with foot-rest made ofivory. Var. 1 1 4 has here an additional ideogram gi? gu-jajng-gzi-as-ro=kurri ,, . e . , nimedi.Cf. gii gu-la lag-hi-ui labar-ra guihin gar-ra, RTC. end.

%Res to red rom 1 1 R . 23, 4 a-raf- t i - i=hu i i i nimedi , and Var. 1 1 4 gii-gu-la arafla=o-rat-[ f i - i ] . T h e ideogram in Ni. 4598 is otherw ise unkno wn. Cf. VAB. IV 280. 17. Variant givestwo Semitic readings, the loan-word oralti and ha-[bit-lum?],seat o f honor, probably becausechairs with foot-rests were associated with kings and gods.3 estore AL.S 86 1 1 6.'Pro bab ly some word for way, route, like darnggu is intended.Restore from I 1 R. z j 6. H er e the la te varian t adds gii-gula harhal nim-mo-ki, a chairfor the route, an Elamitic chair.

Cf . RTC. 221 Obv. V 2 . Here AL.S86 11 is broken away and the lost portion is restoredfrom Ni. 45g8.RTC. 22 IV lo . gij-gu-la bnra( ) la-lx-kb iag-bn guikin gar-ra, Chair for the holychamber, made o f haluppu wood, whore to p is made of gold. hurii parnkhi, IV R. r8a 6 below.Certainly different in meaning from 1 7 . Cf I 1 R. z 3o 7 .

'Thin on of the earliest known forms of e i and may be identical with E R I N as T H U R E A U -DANCINn the bar i so f RA. 9, 77b 2 upposed. Cf. SBH. 55 Rev. 82 N o t e E R I N in C T . 1526, and 27, 6. nnpnlruhfu should refer t o a place for kneeling, a hassock or stool, not a chair.For kneeling on the mourner's stool hi-bull


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26 U N I V E R S I T Y M U S E U M - B A B Y L O N I A N S E C T I O N2 I . gii-gu- ja dun-'id-ma22 gii ,, kin-$323. gii ,, ma-gun324. gii ,, mi-ldj425 gii ,, nig-rin-nui26. gii ,, galam-ma67 gii ,, galam-ma urudu gar-ra8. gii galam-ma. gar-ra9. gi? galam-ma. gar-ra

2 I . Saddle(?) for a . zebu.22 ku[ssi kiikitti], seat of the arti-

san.23. A chair of Magan.24. A sailor's chair.25 An embellished chair(?).26. An ornamented chair .27. An ornamented chair ma de withcopper.28. An ornamented chair made with

. . . .29 An ornamented chair made with

30. gii , galam-maguikin gar-ra 30. An ornamented cha ir ma de withgold.3 I gii ,, galam-ma kui gar-ra I . An ornamented chair mad e withleather.32. gii , gii-KU7 32. A cha ir of box-wood.33. gii , gii-esi 33. A cha ir of uJzin-wood.34. gii , gii-ka-lu-ub 34. A willow(?) chair.

35. gii ,, iu-md-a egir 35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36. gii iu-sag(?)-dzi-a egir1 36.37. gii ,, tu-nigin-na 37. ku-us-si pit-bur-ti, seat of as-sembly ?)38. gii-ka-muiL2- gu-?a 38. kamui-iak-ku'The sign is D U N but the Assyrian scribe read SAg a common e r ro r . Th e Var. has d m -72-ma. The original form was probably dun-ini-ga, species o f pbu.

Vai. gii-kin-ti. xi? has bten erroneously omit ted. T h e kiikillu includes carpcntcrr, leather-workers, sailors , sculptors , s r r i b ~ r nd smiths , see N I K O L S K I ,2 Obv. I l l and RTC. 54 and 98.

J V a r . gan-na. Var. inserls also chair of Meluh ha. Th e Semitic seems to ha vema[-{on-na-fu?].

' HereAL? 86 11 has again a long break.S O r gar-rin-*a ?). Perhaps hurii eNitn.a For the s ign and meaning s Hiiloricnl axd Religious Textr, p . 4 j .urkorinnu.Loan-word, perhaps chestnut.' S e e M E I S S N E R , VAG. 913 No. 2 p. 3 1 .O If this ideogram stood in A L 3 87 52, as seems probable, then it war rendered byrrimti , which s tands apparent ly for trirnti arkoti.' IVar . AL? 87 53 turn. Hardly rnitburtu in view of th e Sum erian. T h e variant AL.*8 6 f . had several inserted words , s ince the break is much too great for the material on Ni. 4598.l lNi . 4598 has gu-fa both before and after ka-mui. RANKE E. VI 95, 6 has gii gu-lo

ka-mri nd gii-sad ka-mu? Icf. Ni. 4598 Rev. 2 8 a n d AL.' 8 6 I l l m=ir - iu k a[mu i rnk k u] , encea kind of cha i r and kind of bed, ra the r than a part of them. See S c ~ o n n AB. V, p. 284.


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S T E P H E N LANGDOPU-SUMERIAN G R A M M A T I C A L TEXTS 2739. gii-sag- gu-?a 39. pu-zi-turn,' fro nt of a c hair .40. gii-RI gu-7'7 40. HAB-tu-u41. gii-sumun gu-la 41. b ~ l z i , ~ornout chai r .42 gii-keida3 gu-?a 42. [rikis kusst] turban( ) of thechair .43 gis'-dubbin gu-?a4 43 ~upru,law of th e cha ir.

2 gii-nri gal3 gii-nri tcr4. gii-nri s'uj gis'-nri kus

I . pitnu, recl ining chair , couch,ma t t r e s s .2. (pitnu) rabzi, great couch.3 (pitnu) ~ahru,mall couch.4 . pitnu ka-ti, recl ining chair witharm res ts (?)65 . pitnu i a maiki, a leather couch.

V a r . u - t i , AL.a 87 1 1 5g. T h e v a ri a n t h a s a dif ferent order and inser ts two unknownideograms for pzih.From balzi, to b e warn o u t , p e r i sh . [gii-ru-m]un=bu-ln-u. nikru ( ru ined , broken) , andisu) labiru, old article, C T . rz 4qa 29-31. Du p l ica te K. 4408 (PI. 45) h as ru-nn fo r iumun.

K. 1042 (ibid.) Ob v . 7-9 h as th e sa me o rd er . AL.3 87 11 5 5 h as a la te inser t ion gibEN-gu-?a=EN-lum (Var . lu) , i. e., bulum (read enl in Br. 2942). AL.3 87 1 1 58 has also the inser t ion gii-; ti gu-la=amnrtum. < gii- i i=iganl, wall see ZA. 24, 387).

kkeido seems to b e th e r eadin g . I t is apparently omitted with gu-?a in AL.3 87 11 Cf.CT 8, Bu. 88-5-12, lo I 9 gii-kaida follows i r iu a n d kuira. PSBA. 191 P I . X X l X 1 gii-keida kokkadi. [Cf , a lso CT. 6, loo lo gii-keida dingir-ri-t-ne-gr]. K . 8827, 6 ri-kir kak-ka-di,Sy n. of markor knkkadi, muktl kakkadi, b an d o f th e h ead , su p p o r t o f th e h ead , an d r i k iu=nga, tu rban , V 11. 28, g. Bu t rikir kurri, rikis irii, binder o f th e chair , b inder of the bed ,can hardly mean, turban , rather head-res t and p il low.

AL.3 87 1 1 54.is clear ly wr it ten and at tes ted alro by m=pi tnu , Sm. 526, 2 5 AL.= 87 h as mis r ead

the s ign as DA Col. 58-64 which has caused great confusion. Br. entered th is false readingNo. 6652 an d ME I S S N E R ollowing M A R T I N , eltrer Neo-Rnbylonienner g5 h as also given g i iDA=pilnu. THOMPSONead gii-DA=Ii u tab let , and that is the only defensib le readingin view of da=li-e- u wise, RA. 9 77 1 1 3 , pitnu or giz-SA probably m e a n s couch, recliningchair, or p erh ap s also mattress, in view of th e word ra, i a = n e t , It is a synonym ofiriu, b ed an d nimai ir , hassock, in Assyrian inscriptions, KING,Annals j42, 123: jhq, 6 1a n d S C H E I L , u k a l t i - N i ~ i b 0, an d was e r ron eo u sly r en dered p o mmel b y ' TFIUR EAU -DAN GIN,Sorgon j j j Not e especial ly afar pil-nu iaknu la t irmb, where th c couch 'is placed not sh a l tthou ( the pest god) en ter , Sm. 5 26 , z j a n d ibid. 27 muds pit-rzi la tuie.ci.4, h im t h a t k n o wsth e co uch no t sh a l t th o u sen d away . Th e v a lu e nn-o is probably borrowed f r om qznd in Syl.0 6 : i o took over th is meaning f rom ra b y mu ta t io n of sibilants.

A L s 87 62 adds alro the barber ' s chair .


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28 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM-BABYLONIAN S E C T I O N6. giS-:&-a1 6 . l i t tu , canopy , ba ldach in(?)7 . gii-?&-a kar-?u 7 .8 . giz-Sit-a kuskal 8. littu harrani, palanquin.9. gii-izi-a pur-kul 9 l i t tu purkul l i , canopy? o f th e

sculptor.l o . giJ -3-a URUDU-NAGARZ l o . l i t tu gurgurri , canopy? o f thes m i t h y .I I . gif-izi-a SU-I I . littu gallabi, barber's cano py?1 2 . gil-izi-a i a gu-?a 1 2 . [li t tu Sa kussi] , canopy? o f a

chair.1 3 . gii-?&-a i n g61 1 3 . [littu Sa dal ti], cano py? o f a door.1 4 . gil-izi-a gii-gu-la anSu3 14. Canopy? o f a sadd le for an ass .1 5 . gif Sa gir-dnO 1 5 . kirsabbu,Voot-stool.16. gi: Sa gir-du alad 16 kir5abbi ia izd i , t h e foot-stool ofth e protecting genius.1 7 . gi3 Sa gir-du sag-esi dz? 1 7 . kirsabbu Sa r82a-Xu u?Z epiu, a

foo t-s too l whose top is madewi th ui 'C-wood.

1 8 . gil nad 1 8 . i r iu , b e d .19.gif-nad di-ilad 1 9 . dinnzitu, bed for one person.zo. gii-nad ki-nad7 2 0 . ir i i ma'ali , bed o f th e sleeping

chamber.2 I gii-nad-zi-gas 2 1 . iri i sikkani(?), a bed bowl-s tand?

u n iui , conceal, cover . 'The early f or m i n RTC. 3 1 8. Note gi-id-n=izitu, r iverhouse of cane , BM. 51070, 6. Ry metonomy perhaps "curtained bed, '' as in ma gii-id-=- a=itza bit liffi, "in the house of the baldachin," CT . 15 13 17. Z K . I I 83 1 3 renders gii-?&a=bura, cane mattre ss, perhaps also l i t ter, stretcher . lit % is p robably th e femine of id, "net,woven work," Sum. ra-a and in-a, K. 257 I


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S T E P H E N L A N G D O N - S U M E R I A N G R A M M A T I C A L T E X T S 29

22 gii-nad gzi(l)-li-ga 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 gij-nad dubbin 23 supur ir i i , claw' of a bed.24. gi3-nad dubbin gudZ 24 s upu r al pi i r k ox-hoof of a bed.25 gi3-nad-dubbin sal-la:' 25 supur ir i i Sa l i nn i i f i , woman'sbed with claw-feet.26 gii-nad (zi)-a-gzig4 26 A willow bed.27 gii-nad ka-mui 27 ir iu karnuiiakkz~528 gi i -nad kar -~u 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 giS-nad kar-ru ssig-ga SU-ag-a 29 1-a-TU-? i a puiikki.'30 gii-nad kar-7% sit at-ag-a 30. ?- a - TU( ? ) ia . . . . . .31 gii-nad uri- (ki) 3 ( 1 ) a k - [ k a - d i - i - t u ] , a nAkkadian bed.32 gii-nad ari(?) k i) lU 32 ( i r i u ) a - m u r - r i - i - t u ( ? ) , an

Am orite bed.33 gii-nad-nad 3334 gii-bar-da nad 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .5 gii-sag nad 35 k i - [ . .] top of the bedJ236 gi i -RI nad 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 g i i - s u m u n l ~ a d 37 A wornout bed.38 gi3-keida nad 38 r ik i s i r i i , pillow(?).39 gii-dubbin nad 39 ~ u p u rr i i , claw of a bed.

' T h e rupm of chairs, beds, etc. (cf. ru-pzrr s i k k an i , claw of a cauldron ), refers t o theornamented end of the legs or supports of there objects. Note for example the legs of a stoolending in lions' claws, H U N G E Ra n d L A M E R , l tor irntal i i ihc Kultur im Bilde, No . 153, alsothe silver v se of Entemena (No. 57) s tan ds on four feet in form of lions' claws. Such orn a-mented feet are frequen tly mentioned in lists of furnitu re; dubbi i~ u- la- in l , the claw of awoman's chair, RI'C. 233 d u b b in s a d , claw of a bed, DP. q r j I 1 4. Of ten a f t e r nnd REC.123 1 12 etc.z C f . R EC . I 227 j

Cf. gi i -nad t i?-KU dubbin IJA-la, A woman's bcd of urkarinsu-wood, with claw-legs,DP. 75 1 3. K A s a variant of S A L . For Kil with value i i l , see Sum. i;r aqo.Br. I 1428; for th form in the lsin period, see Ni. 4561 Rev. 11 26 and in Assyrian textsI< 5, 33. in PSBA. 19'4.

T o r r e sp o n d s t o A L 3 8 6 1 l l 22.Cf. above, 1 7. This l ine probably corresponds to AL 3 86 11 r q = ? - a - T U . . . . followed

y [gii-nad kar-I*]-lag= ., i a - e ( ? ) - ? .'AL.3 86 1 1 1 16. Hcre this text has also [gii-nod kar :lu i lg-ga SU-ng-a= ,, ia iar t i .S O m i t t e d on variant .8 C f . A L.3 8 6 1 1 1 21 and for akkodi tu , S B P . 264, 8 .Var. omits.

b a r not ma?, after R TC . 206, 7 Cf . AL.5 86 1 1 1 26 .l AL? 86, 24.S e r h a p s A L S86, z should be corrected to BAD for AS.


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30 U N I V E R S I T Y M U SEU N . - BA BY LO N I A N S E C T IO N

Fragment of the series ana itti-i u; restores 82-7-14, 864Cols. 1 1 to 1 2 (ZA. 7, 27 ff.).I . tul2. iub-ba3 bur-ta pad-daz4 . sil-ta tur-m5. ka ur-dhr4-a-ni-izi in-kar'6 zi77 . zir- bi8 . zir-bi- iu9. hr- bi- izi in- gar

I o. pa-fe-siI I . [i-bar-] ri'12 [PA ] AL8I 3. [um-1 mi- a

I . burfu,well.2 nadi (imper ative), throw.'3. ina burti ata, look in to t he well.4. ina saki iurub, cause to enterfrom t he ~ t r e e t . ~5. inapt kalbi ekim, he seized himfrom the mouth of (his) dog.6. siinu, lap, bosom.7. szin-iu, his bosom.8. ana szini-iu, upon his bosom.9. ana szini-in iikun, he placedupon his bosom.lo . iiiakku, regent.

I I iangu, high priest.12 iabrc.13. ummannu, s k i l l e d w o r k m a n ,scholar.14. pubru, assembly.I 5 minzitu, number.

'L iner I ff recall incantations, as also BM. 9 1 0 ~ 0 CT.4 1)) begins with three linesof CT. 17, 36, 88-ga=ZA. 28, 77, 48-50.

Var, ni-pad-da. Th e phrase is repeated in I I R j 2 [lul-in ni-]pad-do=inabur-ti o-tu-iu,reek fo r him in th e well. Here ni is placed before the root as the accusa tive .3 1 R 33 Z A . 7 27 has iil-to ni-kzir-ro=ina rriku iurbu. Here kur=gur isemployed as a synonym of tvr and means, cause to return.A Berlin vocabulary, variant of CT. 14 ra 1 4 giver ur-gal for ur-KU=kalba hence KU

has the va lue dhr=rabd. Note also ur-dhr-ri, A J S L . 28, 236 948.'Vars . ba-on-da-knr and I R 34, ta, from, instead of izi, against , an idea expressed by

the dat ive of disad vanta ge in Latin but a shad e of meaning difficult to render in English.6 Provisional reading; the true pronunciation is probably iiia(g).'Var . omi ts . T he iongu w s a n executive for the temple and a l i turgical office. H e h a s

apparent ly no connection with magic. In Dab. Liturgies X X I I , I read ma?, because ma?means vision, having in mind the mnimai, priest , a magician; but the ending ri shows this tobe false. W e have to d o ra ther wi th bor=pardrir, pdrir biti , executor of th e temple.

8 V a r . false, PAflD.8 Variant although fifteen hundred years later has the correct text ukkin.0 M E I S S N E R ,upplement, pl. 25 Rev, j8, ul-IU(SID ) mindturn.


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I6. i i t i m a17. sd18. sd- tarI a r gal20. sd-tar- gal21. sd-tar- eri-ki22 sd-far- lugal23. sd-tar-ne-ne24. [galu-enim-enim-]ma25 [galu enim enim ma leri ki26. [galu-enim-enim-]ma lugal27. [galu-enim-enim-]ma sd-tar28. [galu enim enim ]ma ne ne29. [galu- ab-]ba3 eri-ki30. m a i k i m3 I maik im er i -k i3 2 maik im luga l33. maikim sd- tar34. m a i k i m - ne- ne35. [?I HA? dG36. in k k r37 in kkr- e- mei38. nam-dumu-a-ni-i?i39. nam-ibila-a-ni- s

-a1 16. manzi, counted.I 7. d i m , judgment.18. dairinu, judge.19. satargal-lum, great judge.20 d ai in u2 i a b ~ u , ighty judge.21 daidnu d l i , city judge.22 dajanu iarr i , king s judge.23. dairln-iu-nu, thei r judge.24 i ibu , witness.25. iibi BZi, witness of t h e city .26. i f b i i a rr i , king s witness.2 7 TEbi dai rin i, witness of the judge.28. i lba- iunu , thei r witness.29. il bi Bli, old man of the city, citycouncilor.30. rabisu, watchman.3 I . rdbis rlli, city watchman.32. rribis iar ri , king s g uardsm an.33. r i b i s d a i i n i , watchman of t h ejudge.34. rabisa- iunu, their w atchman.35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36. i k k i P37. i k k i r u38. ana marat i - iu39. an a aplziti-iu

Two SCHOOLEXERCISES. THER E VE R S E S RE DUPLICATES.The obverse of 4600 which is only partially inscribed,

contains a short l is t of precious stones and ornaments. Line~T h e or ig inal word for man0 , minzilu, is l i iama, iit imn; n o t e t h e sign n a m e i i t imme, JRAS.goy B M . 81-4-28 Rev. 37. B n ( i ~ ~ o w ,A. 7 z followed by M ~ r s s ~ c n ,A I qzgq, read

[ul-ma-ni-e, which is impossible; a word umrinzi is unknown. Vai. iiti-me-a.BniiNNow ap p ear s to h av e th e d i t to s ig n. Uncertain. Here Var. has an insertion m-tor-

[ g a l l ] i ap i ru .I t is U I I U S U I to find ob-ba with th e d e te rmin a t iv e amelu but t he traces favo r this. See

also nmel AB-BAP io bit A l a d i m o n ~ , EITLIN,L Style Adminirtolij , p qz 8 =P1 . VI I I . nmeluA B , R TC . 112 Obv. 7 here ah-ba lugol.H e r e begins R. No. z


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3 U N I V E R S I T Y M U S E U M - B A B Y L O N I A N SECTION

restores SAI. 9127 -gid-da. Line 6 restores SAI . 9125, whereread -gid-da.

The reverse contains a phonet ic syl labar aiming to repro-duce each consonant with the three vowels u-a-i . A similartablet has been published by THUREAU-DANGINA. 9 80which also introduces biconsonantal syllables on the samevowel system, as dub-dab-dib; mur-mar-mer; bur-bar-bir;turn-tam-tum; sur-sar-sir; u r - a i r From the order inwhich the consonants are ar ranged i t i s evident tha t theSumerians had not succeeded in a scientific analysis of theelements of hu m an speech. T h us in RA. 9 80 bu-ba-bi occursin Rev. I and pu2-pa-pi in Rev. 1V. un-an-irn is separatedfrom um-am- im , a n d gu-ga-gi from ku-ka-ki . The tw o t ab le t salso follow different arrange me nts. Fo r example, Ni. 4600Rev. I has ku-ka-hi, lu-la-li and R A . 9 80 Rev. I ku-ka-k i ,u-a-i.

As far as our tablets are legible they present the followingorder : tu - ta - t i , nu-nu-n i , bu-ba-b i , lu - la - t i , su-~a-s i ,~u-da-di,d u- da -d i, ru -ra-ri, w u - w a - ~ i , ~u-ka-ki, lu-la-li, zi-a-i, mu-ma-mi,3 ~ - S a - f i , ~u-ga-gi, bu-mu- ?-ma-rni , "~-pa(r )~-p i , u r - ~ r - i r , ~,turn-tam-tim, us'-as-zs.

Dr. C H R I S T I A Nn his useful work o Die Namen der ariyrirch-hobyloniirhen Keilrchrl/t-pichen (MVAG. 1913 No. I ) p. observed the s a m e principle in certain portions of the Semiticryllabarr.Writ ten KA

'Here s ibi lants 7 r are grouped. RA. 9 80 has ru-so-ri twice, separated by um-om-im.he sign PI is repeate d thrice. In Col. IV PI appears for pi and in RA, g 8 IV for p iHence this sign represents rurd labial p and also interlabial spirant w PI has also the valuemi, an in dim-PI- ir=dimmir, BL. 195 45. Note m i with variant P I in the new variant of t h e

Codex Hommurapi, in Hiitorical and Religious Texts, p. 50. is here obviously the sonant wand not the half vowel % which is impossible with u a n d i.6 N o t e the complete separation of r an d in this tablet. ru-$0-ri occurs in Col. I 5 -io-iiin Col . I l l .We haiw here an atte mp t to distinguish certain labial sounds from th ew , m and p givenin other sections of the tablet. Th e missing sign would help u to settle this difficulty Perha psthe scribe wished to write au-aa-i.i( ).

'Wr i t ten MASon 4600 but pa on 4j9r.sAlso RA. g 8 Col. where ur is written 3r .


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STEPHEN L A N G D O N - S U M E R I A N G R A M M A T I C A L TEXTS 33

Unfortunately these two tablets do not throw any l ightupon the em phatic let ters . In AO. 5399 IV we have accordingt o T H U R E A U - D A N G I N ,ur-sar-sir a n d ~ u r - ~ a r - s i r u t the l a t t e rseries may be 7ur-zar-lir; neither k, whose existence adm it tedin Sumerian, ' nor t is men tioned . Th ey do, however, settlethe charac ter w as sonant and not surd.

Ni. 4574, pa rt of th e obverse and reverse of a single colum ntablet , is unfortunately damaged at both edges so that thelaws contained in this text remain obscure until the lines canbe completed from duplicates. Obv . 5 begins: tukundi -b igalu uru dingir-ra . . . . . If a man of th e city his(?) go d. . .And line 7, which p robably continues th e sam e law, reads:lul-it-bt-in-ddg. . . . I f he l ies . . . and line 8 may possiblybe restored: [nig- l i l i t -bCin-ddg. . . . I f he speak the t ru th. . . . Line I refers ap pa ren tly to a ma n accused of exercisingwitchcraft by means of the evil tongue ka- iu l . The laws onth e reverse frequen tly refer to Pasag. Pasa g is renderedinto Semitic by lSum who appears to have been regarded asa fire god, but his character is essentially that of an under-world deity.2 In the obscure lines of our fragm ent P asag

'See t h e Grammar 27 bis.I - i sm is most probably Semitic a n d connected with W E fire. It has been regarded

by some as Sumerian and rendered by nn du tdbibu, The revered slayer. Note that Iiurnis inflected as a Semitic word, ilw) - b a r n ilu)nin-lil a-na ilu)Samoi zilid-ma IHum whomNinlil begat for Shamash , and Pasag follows Shamash, SAK. 74 V I I I 61 63. See RA. VII zo 7.


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34 U N I V E R S I T Y M U S E U M - B A B Y L O N I A N S E C T I O Nseems to be the pest god bu t this suggestion is m ade withreserve. The reverse may be interpreted as follows:

2 [fukundi-bigalu] sag ib-jam-[jam]3. [ dpa-sag-ra li-mu-nu-tar-ri4 . sag-lam-lam-dk igi-gdl-la-ni nu-mu-nu-[5. tukundi-bi dpa-sag-ga6. [ ]?am-lam mu-nu- ab- i7 [ ] ki gil-rin-na gk-mu-un-[8 . fuku ndi-b i galu gud in-t am -la m

. [ ldpa-rag-ra li-mu-nu-far-ri10. gud-Iam-tam-dk igi-gdl-la-ni nu-mu [ jI I tukundi-hi dpa-sag-gd. [ ]I 2 [ 1-lam-ram mu-nu- ab-biI 3. [ ]thr-tal-zal-a-ni nam-mu-ni-ib-[.14. tukundi-bi galu udu in-tam -lam5. udu-tam -lam-di igi-gdl-la-ni nu-mu -nu-.16 fukundi-bi dpa-sag-gd.I 7. [ ]tam-?am-di mu-nu-ab-bi18 [ ]-amai-rin-nu-bi nam-mu-ni-ib-[.19. tukundi-bi galu dam in-tuk-tuk20

dpa-sag-ra li-w~u-nu-tar-[ri]

I . One drinking vessel KU-PAP- ta .2 Tw o drinking vessels whose canlents a r e t w o ka each,3. Nine shekels of silver, one seal of lapis lazuli whose value is fiveshekels,4. L ~ - ~ E n k ion of Eri-e-kenag2

~~ ~I d-la-a-bi=nla-iu, Its bowl.

Wri t ten EDIN-r-kmog=arda-npramu, The servant, beloved (of the god X). ForE D I N with the value eri , no te THUKEAU-DANGINnzlenfaimder Tablettei de Tello 1256 Rev 5EDIN-g o -= , servants fugi t ive, and 1044 kal- -a , in same sense. kal < kalag has a synonymousmeaning, man, employee. For E D I N in this sense see also CT X qg, rzzq5 cri- -mu,servant of the bakery. Ibid. I eri i - i im, servant of the confectionery. Cf CT I11 gCol I l l 3 5 ; i b i d 46 A , lor etc . eri has t he sense umk ma n, able-bodied employee, ratherthan slave. ee for eri, Sum. r. 213


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S T E P H E N L A N G D O N - S U M E R I A N G R A M M A T I C A L TEXTS

5. to Ur-dLugal gave.6 . Twenty sar, field of Anumma, m an of deceased,7. Ili-5u-bani son of Ha ma 2 to U r-Lugal ga ve.9. SinikiSam the sheph erd, from1 dNusk u-i-ma$ana ,2 of Isin,

I I took3 and gave to Ur-Lugal for money.12. AnibaSti the slave woman, A m a~ in t . to Ur-Lugal fo r moneygave.14 . Ahuni the s lave. . to Ur-Lugal16. until4 he shall have built this house,17. as follows, he together with Amat-i-[?I18. in th e name of th e king swore,19 . ki-ma ku-um la Fa-ga ma20. i-na i-ni-im2 I . la tu-ga-la-la-ni. 522. Ummiwakar r a t the s lave woman to Ur -d~uga lor money he gave.24. Th irt y beams for th e dividing wall6 to Ur-Lugal for m oney he gave.

1. [ I+%(?) ] far dzi-a I . I%(?) sar of land with improve-ments ;2. [fix-]ba17 f i i kei- da8 2 . Canal lock, dike,3. gii-gdl gii-sak-kulJ gub-ba 3. water-gate and bar are there.

-ti.z ' ' N ~ ~ k uhoseoracle is mighty. or this title of Nusku, see BL. p. 1 3 .il-ki-ma.di iumma. I know of no other example of this conjunction.1 fail to understand the import of thes e lines. Line 2 may be rendered, not shalt thoudespise me.ri-bo-na.We have here in all probability the same gii-bnl which occurs in rabdru ia gii-bal, CT

12 40 0 to restrain, said of a gii-bol, with which c f . rubburu a i-ki, to restrain, said ofa canal. No te also the expression for water-gate, gii-gdl=mihir la-ma-ri dike o f restraining,CT. 18.46 5 3 and cf 19 2, 1 1 . Obviously iobdru > ramdm are employed in connection withcontrolling irrigation by locks, dams and canals, bal is probably the root ( b a l l ) o pour out ,Sum. Gr. 05For mihir 1 nbri, dike, dam, see G E N ~ U I L L A C ,SA LXlX n .

g r i k k u m , bar r bolt which securer the two wings of the water-gate. Perhaps rik-lku-rulis to be restored in V R , 32 40 kn*t mih ri=r ih. . reed dike, in which case rikkuruis there employed in the same sense. M uss -A RN ~L T,exicon 5 3 2 ( fo llowed by GEN OU ILL AC,ibid.) restores rik-r[%m].


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36 U N I V E R S I T Y M U S E U M - B A B Y L O N I A N S E C T I O N4. k i b b i lag sil-dagal-la-izi5. da galu-?-gi-?u6. amar-ba-ab gina lugal-kes7 . k i amar-ba-ab-ta8 . An-da-nu-me-a-ge9 in- ji- i im :dm-til-la-bi-s ulo. 1 % I i k l u kasp imI I . in-nu- an - la112 ud kzir-iu amar-ba-ab u dumu-bi13. a-na a-nu-[(da-)nu-me-a]14 i-bi-iu enim nu-um-[mal-mal-

ne-aI 5. mu lugal-bi in-pad-dl-ei

4. Its exit is upon the carrefour.5 Beside the house of Calu-?-gizu.6. House of Amarbab, heir ofLugalkeS.7. From Amarbab,8 Andanumea19. has purchased. As its full price10 1 shekels of silverI I . he has weighed out t o him.12. In future days Amarbab and hisson3. against Anadanum ea14. for this house shall not makecomplaint.I 5 Th ey swore in the na me of the irking.

I . a-na be-li-jak i - b t- m aum-ma Marduk-ra-im-ki-[it-ti]arad- ka- m a

5 a-na di-nu-an be-12-;alu- ul- li- ikS AS-AN-NA-ge3 ki-am MUBI- IM1200 30 g (18)30 6 /s(kunari) ie (mat) hal-ma-an-

( k i )

To my lordsay:Thus ( sa i th) Mardukraimkit t iThy servant .Unto my lord himselfverily I come.As to t he wheat and spel t, so is theaccount.1239gur of wheat and 36 gur 60 kaof spelt, grain from the landHalm$n;&

' Beside nu there is none. Cf. e-ni-do-nu-mi-en=ina bali-h. Voc. Hittite, Berlin7434 c i i DEL~TZSCH ,bhandlungen der Konig. Prrurr. Akadevnir No. j , 1914 p. 7.

A etter by the same writer and commencing with a similar salutation has been publishedby RADAU, etters to Cas i i f e Kings N o . jo . Concerning the formula ann din nn b2li- ia, see ibid.P 33.8ir uu kunoiu. See SA I . 4822 and Hirtorical and Religiovr Tex l r pl. 48 I j j' A ci ty and dis t r ict east of Bagdad on th e Elamitic border, according to DELITZSCH,aradies205, modern Hulwan. olu hnl-man, BA. VI pt. I 147 1 80. mot bal-ma-on. KB. I 5 1 , 190,and see ibid, map opp. p . 217 Only here with suffixed k i which denotes a city, see formot . ( k i ) , to denote a province named after its chief city, Sum I . 58


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S T E P H E N L A NG D ON -S UM E RI AN G R A M M A l l C A L T E X T S 371800 4 /s 2/80 b)50 9 1804 gu r 260 ka of wh ea t, 59 g ur(k un ar i) pu-ru-rat-ta-ai-(ki) of spelt from Pururattash;

10 / a 8 0 mat ha-ma-na-ki2 4 gur 150 ka from the land Ham an;an-nu-u la mah- ru This has not been received.a-di-ni u l i-ka-ai-ia-da-am O ur fixed time 3 he(?) keeps not.Afte r l ines 8 a n d t h e s c r ibe inserts 17 ha a n d 175 ka whose significance fail to under-stand2 A city and district on the Elamitic border, DELITZSCHoradiei 124.For adii i n th is sense see THUREAU-DANG~NA 1 1 145 28.


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DESCRIPTION OF T BLETSDESCRJPTION

Upp er left corner of l ight brown tablet . Unba ked.School text of which th e right half or pupil 's copyi s cu t away . H . 3%; W . 2 % ; T. I%-] .Obverse is a duplicate of Ni. 15281 (=POEBEL,PBS. V I I I ) R ev . I l l 20-lV 5. C f. a ls o P ~ E B E L102 IV 1-3 a n d 104 Rev . 111 8-18 and CL A Y ,Yale Syllabary 207-19. See Ni. 7072 Rev. NO .in this volume. According to the Yale Syllabarythe sign Ja-al-pi-a is L A L - L A L ~ C I ~ G A L L A(Br. 938). But PB S. V 104 I r 7 f . bas gal-bi f o r

PL TE

IE:E: 086

z

3-4

5

this sign and jal-pa-a for L A L - L A L L I L . AlsoPBS. V 1 0 2 IV has L I L as the las t par t of the7072

I 5407

I 1007

1852

sign. Rev. is duplica te of Ni. I 5281 Rev. 22-1 9.Left half of a light brown tablet. Un bak ed.School text. H . 6 ; W. 2%; T. I%-$. Aduplicate of the obverse will be found in No. 3.Note the sign Br. 4930 with value su-ud in 7072and su-ug in 15407, values for LID-GUNU,RE C. 92. T he form of the sign means l ight,for which see AJS L. 31, 282. W e have for thissign the values sug, sud and sub, Sub all withoriginal mean ing bright. See Sum . Gr . p. 242sud 3; 243 sug 9. T h e reverse is a dup licate of15281 Rev. 11 end to l I1 15 and 1V 1-17.Rig ht lower corner of a light brown table t. Un bak ed.Reverse no t inscribed. H . 2%'; W. 2 ; T. g s .Duplicate of No. 2 .Lower half o f a thin l ight brown tablet in fourcolumns. Slightly baked. H. 3%; W . 4%;T . I-%. List of ideograms simple and com pound .Left lower quarter of a large dark brown tablet.Slightly baked. Reverse no t inscribed. H . 3%;W . 3 ; T . I -, . Syllabar A.

38)


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TEXT

6

7

8

l o

I I

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

16

PL TE

j

8-1 I

I I

12-14

I 5

15-17

18

19-20

2 I

22

2 2

S T E P H E N LA N G D O N - SU M ERI A N G R A M M A T I C A L T E X T S 9

ttz, , DESCRIPT~ON18802

4506

14166

Lower half of a da rk brown single column t ab let .Slightly baked. H. 2 % ; W. 2 ; T. I- .Sumerian ri tuals for incantations, with partialinterl inear Semitic translation.I Nearly complete tablet . Unba ked. H . 3 ;W. 2 ; T. X-K Incantations and ri tualswith a lexicon of names for parts of the head andbrea st. See pages 9-10.

Small l ight brown fragment forming the upper leftcorner of a large thick table t. Selected list offam ous rulers. Reverse is illegible.I 1394 Up per half of a larg e mole colored tabl et. Left edgedamaged. Unbaked. H. 5 ; W . 5 ; T. 1 - I .

1 4 1 4 5Syl laba r of verbs and words which concernvari ous professions. See pages 10-12.Upp er pa rt of th e left half of a school text preservingth e teacher's copy. Light brown with da rk spots .H. 3 ; W. 2 ; T. I - I . List of signs; KAwith inserted ideograms.

4502

650913267

4608

4594

4599

Dark brown tablet , nearly complete, with edgesdamaged. H. ; W. 3; T. I- . Sumerianoriginal of Syllabar B. See pages 12-15.Small l ight brown tabl et . Unba ked. H . 2 ; W . 3 ;T. 3.b- . List of ad ve rb s. See pag es 15- 16.Upper right corner of brick red table t. Pa rtlybaked. H 3 ; W. 2%; T. I- . Bilingualsyllabar. See pages 1 6 1Fragm ent from the lower edge of a large tablet . Darkbrown. Unbaked. H . 2 ; W. 3 ; T. I - .List of stones, wools, etc . See pages 17-19.Left half of a long two column tablet. Da rkbrown. Un bak ed. Scholar's gram matical exer-cise. H . 5 ; W . 1 ; T. I- . See for

duplicates, etc., pages 19-21Left half of a long two column tablet, intentionallycut lengthwise by the scholar. Dark brown.Unbaked. H. 9 ; W . 1 ; T. I . No t inscribedon th e reverse. Pa rt of th e series ana itti-s u.See pages 21-23.


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4O U N I V E R S I T Y MU S E U M- B A B Y L O N I A N S E C T I O N.

D E S C R ~ P T I O N

Left half of a long two column tablet, intentionallycu t lengthwise by th e scholar . Dark brown.Unbaked. H. 9; W . 2 ; T. I - . List of chairs,etc. See pages 25-29, Series Rar ra =hubulluLeft half of a long two column tablet . Da rkbrown. Unbaked. 13 8 ; W . 2 ; T I - .Part of a n a itti Xu. See pages 30-3 I .Complete dark table t . Unbaked. H . 6; W . 5 ;T. I - . Phon etic syllabar. See pages 31-33,See No. 1 9 .Lower half of a long single column tablet. Lightbrown . Un bak ed. Broken along both edges.H . 3 ; W. 2 ; T I- . Sumerian code oflaws. See pages 33-34.Complete baked tablet. Light brown. H . 3 ;W. 2 ; T -3.8, Business doc um ent . Seepages 34-35.4617 I Complete baked tablet. Dark brown. H. 394;W. ; T g- . Business doc um ent . Seepages 35-36.4616 Complete baked tablet. Dark brown. H . 3 ;W. 2 ; T. g- . Letter of the Cassite period.See pages 3 6 3 7 .

1521 Long fragment from the r ight edge of a dark twocolumn table t . H . 5 ; W . 2 ; T I - .Hymn to Shamash . Probably from Sippar .4597 Two fragments probably from the same tablet.Da rk brown . Unb aked. Scholar 's exercise.H . 4; W. 4 ; T. I - .

1 3 5 Fragm ent from t he middle of a slngle column tablet.Unbaked. Light brown. H . 2 ; W. 2 ;T. I . ymn to Shamash.4585 Fragm ent from th e middle of a single column tab let.

L ig ht b ro w n. U n b ak ed . I . 2 ; W . 2 ;T 3.b- .4567 Fragment from lower edge of large unbaked tablet.Dark brown. H . z W . 5 ; T. 1 . Selectionof Sumerian sentences.


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STEPHEN L A N G D O N - S U M E R I A N G R A M M A T I C A L TEXTS 4

40

41

42

424243

43

43

44

45

46

T. - . Reverse not inscribed.

M U S E U MN U M B E R--~~4573

4605

4575

461446104580

4571

4588

4581

4589

4583

4607

4602

~ ~ ~ p~~ p ~D E S C R ~ P T I O N~ ~ ~ ~

Upper part of a single column, unbaked tablet.Ligh t brow n. 1~1. 2 ; W . 2 ; T g g.Sumerian code of laws.Nea rly com plete single column tab let. Loweredge broken awa y. Weather-worn. Unbaked .Light brown. H . 4 ; W . 2 ; T. I - .Religious text.Upper half of a single column tablet. Unbaked .Light brown. H . j W , 2 ; T. 1 -g.Sumerian letter .Fragment from the middle of a single column reii-gious tex t. Reverse broken off.Circular convex oval tab let. Un baked . Scholar 'stablet. Diameter inches.Fragment from upper left corner of a single columntablet. Un baked . Light brown. H. 1 ;W . 2 ; T. I- . Religious text.Nearly complete unbaked tablet. Light brown.Reverse not inscribed. H. 3 ; W. 2 ;

T. H- .Fragm ent from up per pa rt of a single column ta blet.Light brown. Un bake d. H . I W. 3;

T. va- . Hymn to Nidaba .Fragment from the lower left corner of a singlecolumn table t . Unbaked . Light brown. H . 2 ;W . 1 ; T I - . Religious tex t.Fragment from the top of a single column tablet.Unbaked . Light brown. H . 1 ; W. 2 ;T. I - . 'l'ammuz litur gy.Nearly complete single column tablet. Unbaked.Light brown. Damaged a t top and bot tom.Weather-worn. H. 3 ; W . 2 ; T. I- .Fragment from the lef t edge of a large tablet.Unbaked. Dark brown. H. 2 ; W . 2 ;T. I- . Commenta ry on the a t t r ibu tes o fthe gods.Lal-ge unba ked scholar 's tab let. Left lower cornerbroken off. Da rk brow n. H. 6; W . 5 ;


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42T XT

43

44

45

46

47

4 8

49

5 0

51

52

53

PL TE

47

47

47

47

48

49

49

49

50-j1

52-53

54

U N I V E R S I T Y

,"%;",4590

4615

4606

4603

4586

4613

4609

4604

4576

4569

4596

54

M U S E U M - B A B Y L O N I A N SECTION

D E ~ C X ~ P T I O N

Small fragment from the middle of a single columntable t. Light brown. Unbaked. H . 2 ; W. 2 ;T . Contains part of the last three lines of areligious text.Small baked table t. Brown. Form of a Neo-Babylonian contract, with only two lines of text.H . 1 ; W . j T g- .Fragment from upper left corner of a large tablet.Unbaked . Mud colored. H . j W. 1 ;T I - . Scholar's exercise.Fragment from upper left corner of a large tablet.Unbaked . Mud colored. H . 4; W . 2 ;T 1 . cholar's exercise.Fragment from left lower edge of a single columntablet. Unbaked . Light brown. H. 2 ;W . 1 : T . I - . Religious text.Fragme nt from the m iddle of a large unbaked tablet.Dark brown. H . 3 ; W. 3 ; T I- . Religioustext. T he obverse is entirely broken away.Fragment along the left edge of a large tablet.Unbaked . Dark brown. H. 2 ; W. 2 ;T . I - . Scholar's exercise.

Frag me nt from right upper corner of a large unbak edtablet. Dark brown. H . 3 ; W. 3 ; T I - .Syllabar.Nearly complete single column tablet. Unbaked.Light brown. H 3 W. 2 ; T . I - .Religious text.Fra gm ent ; ab out two-thirds of a long double columntablet. Unbaked . Light brown. H. 4; \\ . 2 ;T I- . Religious te xt.Single column unbaked tablet. Variegated lightand dark; lower part broken. H . 3 ; W. 2 ;T I- .

5 5 ~

6061 Light brown tablet in crumbling condition. Cornersand edges broken. H. 4; W. 4 ; T I- . Anoriginal Sumerian copy of Syllabar B containingCol. 1 repeated several times with varia nts. SeeNo. I I , Ni. 4502.


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S T E P H E N L A N G D O N - S U M E R I A N G R A M M A T I C A L TEXTS 4

DESCRIPTION~~ ~ ~ p.Light brown frag m en t from lower pa rt of a largetablet . H. 5 ; W . 5 ; T I - . Th eobverse Col. 111 is a dup licate of P O E B E L BS. V

1 2 (Ni . 11001)Rev. I 1 and 4 Col. 11. Co l. Vcorresponds to I 14 Co l. 11. In Co l. IV of 1387note the value gurun for K I N thus proving thatK I N = e l d u harvest, had originally the valuegurun later reduced to f u r . This proves that thename of the twelfth month in the calendar ofNippur was read ie-gur-kud as the wri ter hasargue d in Archives of Dre hem . See also Sunze-r ian Gr ammar 19.Upper half of a da rk brown tab let. Right lowercorner broken away. On the ob ve rs ea teacher 'scopy of a list of ideograms. T he pupil's copyhas been erased. On the reverse three column sof signs with glosses. H. 4; W. 4; T I- .Rev. 11 1 I I form a du plicate of N o. 5 5 Obv. I I Iand POE BEL , BS. V I 14 1 1 and 102 Rev. 1-11.Note the sign in Rev. 111 19 L G R with valuenu-gal.

~ ~ ~


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I N D E X O F T BLETS


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UTOGR PH PL TES


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BABYL PUB UNIV MUSEUM VOL XI1

OBVERSE

REVERSE


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R V RS

FA


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BABYL PUB U N I V M U S E U M V O L X I 1 P L A T E I V

R E I l E R S E


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O VERSE


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BABYL PUB UNIV MUSEUM VOL XI


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R V RS


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PUB UNIV MUSEUM VOL XI PL

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co r Cor 4


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PUB UN l V MUSEUM VOL XI1PUB UN l V MUSEUM VOL XI1

REVERSE

COL 2 COL

i

. . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . : ::.:. . . ..

. 10

. ' . :. . . . .. . . . . . .

T

b

. . . . . . . ..

. . . . . . . . .b .l k .


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R V RS


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BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUS EUM VOL. XI1

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BABYL PUB U N I V M U S E U M V O L XI

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BABYL PUB UNIV MUSEUM V O L XI1

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cot 2


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BABYL PUB UNIV MUSEUM VOL XI1 PLATE X X l l5 6

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PLATE XXl l l

7


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OBVERSE


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O B V E R S E


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PLATE XX l X


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BABYL PUB UNIV MUSEUM VOL XI PLATE XXX

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WWq G TpWW k B Lzk V? kE

REVERSE


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5

O VERSE


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OBVERSEC O N T N U E D

. 6 & P \ q


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REVERSEc o n n u r o

COL

2

~~


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BABYL PUB UNIV MUSEUM VOL XI1 PLATE XXXVl

6

OBVERSE


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BABYL PUB. UNIV MUSEUM VOL XI1

OBVERSE

-~-~-

@3KtHl & fb r qbQ \ 3: tk VSFfl ~s u t~w -A\E k J

_ ~~ .

REVERSE


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OBVERSE

R E V E R S E;.::.. ::..


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OBVERSE

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BABYL PUB UNIV MUSEUM VOL XI1 PLATE XLI

3 1

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~.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .:. .., . . : . .;. : : , . .. . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . I. - .. . . .. , ...... >.. . . .. . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

REVERSE

. . . . . . . . .. . . .- . . . .. . . . . . . , . - .. - . . . . . .. ,.:. . . .. .

. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\. . . . . ..... . . . .


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O VERSE


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PLATE XLVll l7 REvEHSE

C_ ' .

\


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BABYL PUB UNIV M U S U M VOL XI1

OBVERSE

.

........ . ~e;:.+~.Q& &-.D,D;,. . k3.g::L\baP-R. . . . . . . . .~ . , ~..... . . . . . .

..:...:: . . . : :.:.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :


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i q~ ;;:,;b .. .:.... .e ..A ; ~ 4


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Kelvin Smith LibraryCase Western Reserve University

Cleveland, Ohio

for

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