Summarize and Synthesizing

7/29/2019 Summarize and Synthesizing

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Summarizing Summarizing involves stating a works thesis and

main ideas simply, briefly, and accurately.-Hacker, D. (2008) A Canadian Writers Reference.

It is reducing text to one-third or one quarter itsoriginal size, clearly articulating the authorsmeaning, and retaining main ideas.

-Buckley (2004) Fit to Print


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Summarizing contdPurpose:

To brief ly present the key points of a theory or work

and provides a context for an argument or thesis.


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Summarizing contd

Steps:

1. Read the work to understand the authors intent2. Decide which points are crucial to a summary of the authors

work (include keywords)3. In your own words, write the thesis and main ideas in point

form and use it to form a summary

4. Follow original organization of the passage5. Edit summary by deleting extraneous descriptors, details andexamples and group related terms or ideas under one termand avoid technical language

6. Must be objective and in the third person7. Reread the original work to ensure that you have accurately

represented the main ideas in the summary

-Krum, B. Summarizing. Retrieved from:http://www.ohiorc.org/Literacy_K5/strategy/strategy_each.aspx?id

=000002
http://e/Summarizing.3gp


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Cooper, D. , Kiger, N., Au. K. (2006). Literacy:Helping Children Construct Meaning . Boston :

Houghton Mifflin Company


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Teaching Strategies Rule-Based Strategy Summary Frames

Reciprocal Teaching

Quick Summaries (Dont Look Back, One-SentenceParaphrase (1 SP),One-Word Summary Refine andReduce)

Magnet Summaries

Journalists Questions

-Summarizing Strategies, Meade PASS Training


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Teaching Strategies Contd GIST (Generating Interaction between Schemata

and Text) Summaries

During Reading: Say SomethingAfter Reading: One Sentence/One Word

Somebody Wanted But So

During Reading: The Jigsaw

After Reading: Save the Last Word for Me

-Summarizing Strategies, Meade PASS Training


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Summarizing Strategies, Meade PASS Training


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Summarizing contdBenefits: Teaches student how to take a large text and reduce it to the

main points for more concise understanding Helps students learn to determine essential ideas and

consolidate important details Helps students to focus on key words and phrases which are

worth remembering Builds comprehension by reducing confusion Improves writing and strengthens vocabulary skills May be used as a whole class, small group or individual

activity

--Krum, B. Summarizing. Retrieved from:http://www.ohiorc.org/Literacy_K5/strategy/strategy_each.a

spx?id=000002


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Summarizing contdBenefits contd: It is useful in many types of writing (narrative and

expository) and at different points in the writing process It can be used to support an argument. Provide context for a papers thesis or main ideas (Executive

Summary) For literature or article reviews Annotating a bibliography A writer may use it to guide the writing process for getting a

better sense of which parts need elaboration

--Krum, B. Summarizing. Retrieved from:http://www.ohiorc.org/Literacy_K5/strategy/strategy_each.a

spx?id=000002


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Although the summarizing process itself may notbe subjective, it lends itself to being so in the handsof an unskilled practitioner and may give falserepresentation about the text

Summary writing is a technical skill that must betaught

Not suitable for text with detailed information

(manuals)

Drawback


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Summarizing contdWhat can be summarized?

Results of studies being reported on

Methods or approaches others have taken in an area you are

describing Various researchers/authors viewpoints on given issues

Contents of a book being reviewed

Issues peripheral but necessary for providing context forwriting

Historical events leading to the event/issue/philosophybeing discussed

--Krum, B. Summarizing. Retrieved from:http://www.ohiorc.org/Literacy_K5/strategy/strategy_each.aspx?id=000002


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Synthesizing Synthesizing is the process whereby a student merges new

information with prior knowledge to form a new idea, perspective,or opinion or to generate insight.

-Bumgarner , S.Synthesizing http://www.ohiorc.org/adlit/strategy/strategy_each.aspx?id

=000002

Synthesizing is combining elements and integrating them into anew whole. When a reader synthesizes, he or she begins with theknowledge in his or her head, and then continually adds newinformation and recombines the old and the new. The new merges

with the known and forms a new pattern.until in the end, the

reader has constructed a meaning that is greater than whatwas.either in his or her head and/ or in the text.

-Cooper, D. , Kiger, N., Au. K. (2006). Literacy: Helping Children ConstructMeaning . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company


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Teaching Strategies

Direct explanation: The teacher explains why the strategy isimportant, how it will help comprehension, and when to applyit.

Modeling: The teacher models or demonstrates how to apply thestrategy. An effective method for modeling is to use the think-aloud strategy while reading a text to the students.

Guided practice: The teacher guides and assists students as theylearn how and when to apply the strategy. The teacher may giveexplanations, introduce organizational strategies, or posequestions to provoke student thinking and to assessunderstanding. The teacher provides additional opportunitiesfor review and practice.

Application: The teacher helps students practice the strategyuntil they can apply it independently. The teacher monitors thestudents' performance by observing the students' unassistedwork

Through read-alouds and think-alouds
http://e/Synthesis%20in%20Young%20Readers.3gp


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What readers do when

they Synthesize?Skilled readers synthesize as they read. They will: Stop to collect their thoughts Identify the main idea

Put the information into their own words and respond toit Combine what they have just learned with what they

already know and then respond to it

-Allen, Janet. (2004). Tools for teaching content literacy. Portland, ME:Stenhouse.

- Harvey, Stephanie, & Goudvis, Anne. (2005). The comprehension toolkit:Strategy cluster 6Summarize & synthesize. Portsmouth, NH:

Heinemann.

.


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Cooper, D. , Kiger, N., Au. K. (2006). Literacy:

Helping Children Construct Meaning . Boston :Houghton Mifflin Company


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Synthesizing contdBenefits:

It aids reading comprehension, because it requiresstudents to put the new material into their own

words and combine it with their prior knowledge.This makes it more likely that they will rememberthe information and transfer it to new situations,which further reinforces the information

-Bumgarner , S. Synthesizing. Retrievedfrom http://www.ohiorc.org/adlit/strategy/strategy_each.aspx?id=00

0002


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The Little Red Hen
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/the%20little%20red%20hen.pdf

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Summarize and Synthesizing