Summary - Ms. Bailey's Website · 2018-09-07 · ecological succession. Primary succession occurs on bare rock surfaces where no soil exists. The first species to live in an area

---------------------------- ----------------Name Class Date _____________

Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities

Summary

4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem Organisms in ecosystems are influenced by both biological or biotic and physical or abishyotic factors Biotic factors include all the livshying things with which organisms interact Abiotic factors include temperature soil type and other nonliving factors The area where an organism lives is called its habitat A habishytat includes both biotic and abiotic factors

A niche consists of all the physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions For example a niche includes what an organism eats and how it gets its food

Organisms in communities may interact in one of three ways competition predashytion or symbiosis Competition occurs when organisms try to use the same resources or necessities of life Competition often results in one organism dying out

This is the basis of the competitive exclushysion principle This principle states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time Predation occurs when one organism (the predator) captures and eats another (the prey) Symshybiosis occurs when two species live closely together in one of three ways mutualism commensalism or parasitism In mutualshyism both species benefit from the relationshyship In commensalism one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed In parasitism one species benefits by living in or on the other and the other is harmed

As an ecosystem ages older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in The series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over Ume i_s ctll~d ecological succession Primary succession occurs on bare rock surfaces where no soil exists The first species to live in an area of primary succession are called pioneer species Secondary succession occurs when a disturbance changes a community withshyout removing the soil

4-3 Biomes A biome is a group of communities on land that covers a large area and is characterized by certain soil and climate Within a biome there may be microclimates A microclimate is the climate of a small area that differs from the climate around it Species may be found over a large or small area depending on their tolerance Tolerance is the ability to survive and reproduce under difficult conditions

There are ten major biomes tropical rain forest tropical dry forest tropical savanna desert temperate grassland temperate woodland and shrubland temperate forest northwestem coniferous forest boreal forest (or taiga) and tundra Each biome has a unique set of abiotic factors and a charactershyistic collection of organisms

copy Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall 58

Name Class Date

In tropical rain forests the tops of tall trees form a covering called the canopy Shorter trees and vines form another layer called the understory In other forests trees may be deciduous meaning they shed their leaves during a particular season each year Coniferous forests have trees called conifers that produce seed cones Temperate forests have soils rich in humus which forms from decaying leaves and makes soil fertile Tunshydra is characterized by permafrost a layer of permanently frozen subsoil Some areas such as rnountains and polar ice caps do not fall neatly into themajor biomes

4-4 AquatiC2 Ecosystems Aquatic ecoems ar te~ndril1ainlY

t

t

by tH d rih flow 1peratur~and chemshyistry o he wate n rn ny altf~~cosys-

tmgt~$afusms ca 1J1a~~ aTe- 0mmontUliltton conJls f phytOl ankshy

an~oopllnktonPhyto lanktoi a e uru ular algae tbat use nut efus in WIT- r to du ley for ce fOOd~ m t1 ease of

many Cl(luaticJ 0 websgt~op1a kton are altimalsh~eed 0 l)ytoplankt

Fresh~ter ecos~~ms include wingshywate~ ecosy emsnvefand st~eams sta99ing-wat Elcosystel~~ Oltl1ltes and ponds) and fre water we~hmds (bogs d swamps) Ino-etl ds w~t~~ther coveL the soil 0raquo1s presen at r near ~esurface for at least part of th ear p

-----shy

Estuaries are we ( ds formed where

rivers meet the a The olit~in a mixture of fresh an alt water Mos f the food ~roduc ill ~stuari~nters fo Q ~~bs as tinu1eces of0g~c matter or ge(TltuS

~cent1 marshes aeraquotempe-ate estfui~ie~ Manshygo e swampS aretroplcaIr6tuanes

middot n ~cosyste~1fe found in the ocean 1 cean CaRiJE divided into zones

f

basedon how amp light enetratesthe V~(rr The ph9- 1lt1 zone is thewel~dif upper

A - ~ bull _ ye~f wcer wheF~ photoSYI1~~SIS can occur T~ aphotic zo e is tp(pe~anent1y dark 19~1i layer of wa~Avhere orilyen chem5synth ll is can q~u 2ltThe ocean also 91n be dryided into t Jee iones~ased on d Rth and di~ ~ ncdm shore thmteli~al o~e coast bull 0cean and open o~eal Vthe mterf al z~~~ IS expo~ed to the ns~~ fall of tid bull ach day ~his m~ leadto zonation oJ (lzontal dlStrlshybutt rtof diffe~e1 tYj esf o)~anisms Coash ocean IS tJ rela tlvely S all0V borshyder of wa~er-thaSl1r~nds tllelJhn~ntg Kelp foresi~ffd coral eefs aleJJu 111

coastal oce~ r Open o~e COtlSlSts of ~he rest of t11f6c ~ ~utnen re sc~rce 111 _

open ~gean an fish ar fI e ommant am ma1s The ocean or the b thic zone Organisms that liv called benthos


-------------------------- ---------------Name Class Date ____________

Section 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem (pages90-97)

~ Key Concepts bull How do biotic and abiotic factors influence an ecosystem

bull What interactions occur within communities

bull What is ecological succession

Biotic and Abiotic Factors (page 90)

1 Complete the table about factors that influence ecosystems

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ECOSYSTEMS

Type of Factor Definition Examples

Biotic factors

Abiotic factors

2 What do the biotic and abiotic factors together determine

The Niche (pages 91-92)

3 What is a niche

4 In what ways is food part of an organisms niche

5 Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about niches

a Different species can share the same niche in the same habitat

b No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat

c Two species in the same habitat have to share a niche to survive

d Different species can occupy niches that are very similar

Community Interactions (pages 92-93)

6 When does competition occur

7 What is a resource _______________________________

8 What is often the result of direct competition in nature _____________

copy Pearson Education Inc publishing os Pearson Prentice Holi 62

---------------------------Name Class ______________ Date ___________

9 What is the competitive exclusion principle ______________________

10 What is predation _________________________________________

11 When predation occurs what is the organism called that does the killing and eating

and what is the food organism called

12 What is symbiosis ___________________________________

13 Complete the table about main classes of symbiotic relationships

MAIN CLASSES OF SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS

Class Description of Relationship

Mutualism

Commensalism

Parasitism

1-4~ The organism from which a parasite obtains nutritional needs is called a

15 Circle the letter of each sentence that is true of parasites

a They generally weaken but do not kill their host

h They obtain all or part of their nutritional needs from the host

c They neither help nor hann the host

d They are usually smaller than the host

Ecological Succession (pages 94-97)

16 What is ecological succession

17 What is primary succession

18 The first species to populate an area when primary succession begins are called

19 When a disturbance changes a community without removing the soil what follows

20 An area that was once referred to as a climax community may appear to be permanent

but what might cause it to undergo change

copy Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Prenfice Hall 63

-------------Name Class________ Date ______

Section 4-3 Biomes (pages 98-1 OS)

~ Key Concept bull What are the unique characteristics of the worlds major biomes

Introduction (page 98) 1 What is a biome __________________________

Biomes and Climate (page 98)

2 What does a climate diagram summarize

3 Complete the climate diagram by adding labels to the bottom and both sides of the graph to show what the responding variables are

Barrow Alaska 40~------------------~400

30

20 300

10 200

o

-10 100

-20

J FMAMJ JASOND

4 On a climate diagram what does the line plot and what do the vertical bars show

5 What is a microclimate ________________________


----------------Name___________________________ Date _________Class

The Major Biomes (pages 99-104)

6 Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about how each of the worlds major biomes is defined

a Each is defined by a unique set of abiotic factors

b Each has a characteristic ecological commtmity

c Each is defined by the cow1try it is in

d Each is particularly defined by climate

Use the map in Figure 4-11 on page 99 of your textbook to match the biome with its geo~Taphic distribution

Biome Geographic Distribution

______ 7 Tropical rain forest a Forest biome that occurs almost exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere _____ 8 Tundra

b Biome that occurs on or near the equator9 Boreal forest c Biome that occurs near or above 6QoN latitude

10 Complete the table about layers of a tropical rain forest

LAYERS OF A TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

Layer - - Definition

Dense covering formed by the leafy tops of tall trees

Layer of shorter trees and vines

11 In what kind of place do tropical dry forests grow

12 What is a deciduous tree _________________________

13 What is another name for tropical savaImas _________

14 Is the following sentence true or false Savannas are found in large parts of eastern Africa _________

15 Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about deserts

a They are hot day and night

b The soils are rich in minerals but poor in organic material

c Cactuses and other succulents are dominant plants

d Reptiles are the only wildlife

16 What amount of annual precipitation defines a desert biome


Name Date _______--------------------------- Class---------------shy

17 What factors maintain the characteristic plant community of temperate grasslands

18 Why is fire a constant threat in temperate woodland and shrubland

19 Communities that are dominated by shrubs are also known as _____________

20 What kinds of trees do temperate forests contain _______________________

21 What is a coniferous tree

22 What is humus _______________________________________________

23 What is the geographic distribution of the northwestern coniferous forest

- -24 Boreal forests are also called -____________

25 What are the seasons like in a boreal forest

26 Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about boreal forests

a Dominant plants include spruce and fir

b They have very high precipitation

c They have soils that are rich in humus

d Dominant wildlife includes moose and other large herbivores

27 What is permafrost

28 What happens to the ground in tundra during the summer

29 Why are tundra plants small and shmted

copy Pearson Education Inc publishing os Pearson Prenfice Holi 66

--------------------------- -----------Name Class _______________ Date

Other Land Areas (page 105)

30 When are the polar regions cold

31 What plants and algae can be found in the polar ice regions

32 In the north polar region what are the dominant animals

33 The abiotic and biotic conditions of mountain ranges vary with ______________

34 Number the sequence of conditions you would find as you moved from the base to the summit of a mountain Number the conditions at the base 1

a Stunted vegetation like that in tundra

b Grassland

c Forest of spruce and other conifers

d Open woodland of pines

2eadmiddot 9 SkiWPra~ ice _gt ~ _ _ lt+J

YovEan 9ften inqease your ungetStanCoig of what Y9llve re~o y making gt

comparisons Acompare-a~d~ontrasHable heipsect y6u to do this On ~ separates11eetf Y k t bl r 17 1 a b d 1 cmiddot

0 yaper m~e a ~ e t(-compar~~ 1e maorln lOme~you reaauout m~ctIon

)Y-3 TIe cJ)aracten~s that y~nught u~~to form t~~ b~SlS otyour co~p~nson could ll~dude apeneral desc9phon aOlohc factors do1IDl1H11 plants 90mmant Wildlife and geographic djstributprCFor moretnforrrYltion about sdmpare-andshycontfast t5J-bks see OrgarrlzingJIlformation inA7pp ndix A of YOtLttextbook

1 I I I

1

copy Peorson Educolion Inc publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall 67

Name Class Date

In tropical rain forests the tops of tall trees form a covering called the canopy Shorter trees and vines form another layer called the understory In other forests trees may be deciduous meaning they shed their leaves during a particular season each year Coniferous forests have trees called conifers that produce seed cones Temperate forests have soils rich in humus which forms from decaying leaves and makes soil fertile Tunshydra is characterized by permafrost a layer of permanently frozen subsoil Some areas such as rnountains and polar ice caps do not fall neatly into themajor biomes

4-4 AquatiC2 Ecosystems Aquatic ecoems ar te~ndril1ainlY

t

t

by tH d rih flow 1peratur~and chemshyistry o he wate n rn ny altf~~cosys-

tmgt~$afusms ca 1J1a~~ aTe- 0mmontUliltton conJls f phytOl ankshy

an~oopllnktonPhyto lanktoi a e uru ular algae tbat use nut efus in WIT- r to du ley for ce fOOd~ m t1 ease of

many Cl(luaticJ 0 websgt~op1a kton are altimalsh~eed 0 l)ytoplankt

Fresh~ter ecos~~ms include wingshywate~ ecosy emsnvefand st~eams sta99ing-wat Elcosystel~~ Oltl1ltes and ponds) and fre water we~hmds (bogs d swamps) Ino-etl ds w~t~~ther coveL the soil 0raquo1s presen at r near ~esurface for at least part of th ear p

-----shy

Estuaries are we ( ds formed where

rivers meet the a The olit~in a mixture of fresh an alt water Mos f the food ~roduc ill ~stuari~nters fo Q ~~bs as tinu1eces of0g~c matter or ge(TltuS

~cent1 marshes aeraquotempe-ate estfui~ie~ Manshygo e swampS aretroplcaIr6tuanes

middot n ~cosyste~1fe found in the ocean 1 cean CaRiJE divided into zones

f

basedon how amp light enetratesthe V~(rr The ph9- 1lt1 zone is thewel~dif upper

A - ~ bull _ ye~f wcer wheF~ photoSYI1~~SIS can occur T~ aphotic zo e is tp(pe~anent1y dark 19~1i layer of wa~Avhere orilyen chem5synth ll is can q~u 2ltThe ocean also 91n be dryided into t Jee iones~ased on d Rth and di~ ~ ncdm shore thmteli~al o~e coast bull 0cean and open o~eal Vthe mterf al z~~~ IS expo~ed to the ns~~ fall of tid bull ach day ~his m~ leadto zonation oJ (lzontal dlStrlshybutt rtof diffe~e1 tYj esf o)~anisms Coash ocean IS tJ rela tlvely S all0V borshyder of wa~er-thaSl1r~nds tllelJhn~ntg Kelp foresi~ffd coral eefs aleJJu 111

coastal oce~ r Open o~e COtlSlSts of ~he rest of t11f6c ~ ~utnen re sc~rce 111 _

open ~gean an fish ar fI e ommant am ma1s The ocean or the b thic zone Organisms that liv called benthos


-------------------------- ---------------Name Class Date ____________









Biotic factors

Abiotic factors



3 What is a niche












---------------------------Name Class ______________ Date ___________









Mutualism

Commensalism

Parasitism















-------------Name Class________ Date ______







Barrow Alaska 40~------------------~400

30

20 300

10 200

o

-10 100

-20

J FMAMJ JASOND




----------------Name___________________________ Date _________Class

































22 What is humus _______________________________________________













--------------------------- -----------Name Class _______________ Date








b Grassland








1 I I I

1


-------------------------- ---------------Name Class Date ____________









Biotic factors

Abiotic factors



3 What is a niche












---------------------------Name Class ______________ Date ___________









Mutualism

Commensalism

Parasitism















-------------Name Class________ Date ______







Barrow Alaska 40~------------------~400

30

20 300

10 200

o

-10 100

-20

J FMAMJ JASOND




----------------Name___________________________ Date _________Class

































22 What is humus _______________________________________________













--------------------------- -----------Name Class _______________ Date








b Grassland








1 I I I

1


---------------------------Name Class ______________ Date ___________









Mutualism

Commensalism

Parasitism















-------------Name Class________ Date ______







Barrow Alaska 40~------------------~400

30

20 300

10 200

o

-10 100

-20

J FMAMJ JASOND




----------------Name___________________________ Date _________Class

































22 What is humus _______________________________________________













--------------------------- -----------Name Class _______________ Date








b Grassland








1 I I I

1


-------------Name Class________ Date ______







Barrow Alaska 40~------------------~400

30

20 300

10 200

o

-10 100

-20

J FMAMJ JASOND




----------------Name___________________________ Date _________Class

































22 What is humus _______________________________________________













--------------------------- -----------Name Class _______________ Date








b Grassland








1 I I I

1


----------------Name___________________________ Date _________Class

































22 What is humus _______________________________________________













--------------------------- -----------Name Class _______________ Date








b Grassland








1 I I I

1








22 What is humus _______________________________________________













--------------------------- -----------Name Class _______________ Date








b Grassland








1 I I I

1


--------------------------- -----------Name Class _______________ Date








b Grassland








1 I I I

1


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Summary - Ms. Bailey's Website · 2018-09-07 · ecological succession. Primary succession occurs on bare rock surfaces where no soil exists. The first species to live in an area