FY2016 Study on Development of Joint Crediting Mechanism

(Capacity Building for MRV)

Report

Summary of Feasibility Study on Dissemination of

Low Carbon Technologies and Products

March 2017

Appendix

Contents

Viet Nam

Thailand

Indonesia

Chile

Kenya

Myanmar

India

DISSEMINATION OF LOW CARBON TECHNOLOGIES AND PRODUCTS IN VIET NAM 1. Market trend and business environment in Viet Nam 1.1 Viet Nam GHG inventory - The broad policy framework on environment and climate change is laid down by Environmental Protection Law 2014. - Viet Nam submitted its First National Communication (INC) to the UNFCCC in 2003 and its Second National Communication (SNC)

in 2010. In December 2014, Viet Nam submitted its Initial Biennial Updated Report (BUR1) to the UNFCCC. i

- In2010, total GHG emissions in Viet Nam without Land Use, Land Change and Forestry (LULUCF) amounted to 266,049.24 thousand tonnes of CO2e. With the inclusion of LULUCF, the total GHG emissions from Viet Nam become 246,830.65 thousand tonnes of CO2e. The main contributing sectors were energy (57.19%), followed by agriculture (35.8%), industrial process (8.57%), waste (6.22%), whereas LULUCF sector changed from emission sources to sinks (-7.78%).

1.2 Viet Nam’s Energy Balanceii - According to the International Energy Agency, Viet Nam’s total primary energy supply in 2014 was about 66,620 thousand

tonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe), with coal 19,171 (28.78%), crude oil 7,898 (11.85%), oil products 10,026 (15.05%), natural gas 8,921 (13.39%), hydro 5,035 (7.56%), geothermal/solar/etc. 7 (0.01%), biofuels/waste 15,337 (23.02%), and electricity 225 (0.34%).

- Viet Nam’s final commercial energy consumption (TFC) in 2014 was 55,520ktoe. Share of final energy consumption is divided into industry 21,269 (38.31%), transportation (19.13%), other sectors (37.59%), and non-energy use (4.97%).

- Viet Nam’s total electricity output in 2014 was 140,913GWh, with coal 34,563 GWh (24.53%), oil products 449 (0.32%), natural gas 47,211(33.5%), Hydro 58,544 (41.55%), Geothermal/solar/etc. 87 (0.06%), biofuels/waste 59 (0.04%).

1.3 Energy and environmental policies in Viet Namiii - In 2011, The National strategy on Climate Change (Decision 2139/QĐ-TTg) was issued by Prime Minister. This sets out the

framework for adaptation and mitigation, with general emphasis on the former. With respect to mitigation, it is stated in the strategy that the percentage of new and recycled energies in total primary commercial energy is increased to 5% by 2020 and 11% by 2050.iv

- In 2012, the National Strategy on Environment Protection to 2020 With Visions to 2030 and the National Green Growth Strategy (Prime Minister’s Decision No.1393/QĐTTg dated September 25th, 2012) were approved. The former sets out actions to prevent pollution, take remedial actions, conserve natural resources and biodiversity, and to nurture capacity to respond to climate change and mitigate greenhouse gas emission. A target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions per GDP by 7-8% from 2010 level by 2020 is includedv. The latter includes a strengthened target to reduce the intensity of GHG emissions by 8 to 10% by 2020 from 2010 level, and to reduce GHG emissions by at least 1.5% -2% a year from BAU level until 2030. vi

- The VGGS is driven by several national policies and Viet Nam’s awareness of, and contributions to, international efforts to respond to climate change. The Viet Nam National Climate Change Strategy, approved in December 2011, provides a foundation for formulating long-term socio-economic development plans amid climate change challenges.

- The Law on Economical and Efficient Use of Energy with 48 articles, 12 chapters is the highest legal framework governing the use of energy with efficiency. The law is enacted at the 7th Session, the XII National Assembly and takes effect from 01/01/2011. Some milestones after nearly 5 years of enactment of Law on Economical and Efficient Use of Energy: In 2014, the Prime Minister issued the Decision No. 1535 / QD-TTg to announce the list of 1725 enterprises to be identified as key energy users in 2013. By the end of 2014, 7289 products in 14 groups of targeted products were approved by Ministry of Industry and Trade to bear the Energy Label. It is estimated that by 2015, the savings minimum rate reached 7.1%. In the forecast, the electricity savings in 2015 could amount to 4.94 million toe, a benefit worth of VND 118 billion.

1.4 Priority areas and strategic field focused in INDC and NAMAvii - Viet Nam submitted its revised Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to UNFCCC in September 2015. It

identifies the GHG reduction pathway leading up to 2030. With domestic resources, the objective is to reduce GHG emissions by 8% in 2030 compared to the Business as Usual (BAU) emission of 787.4 million t-CO2. The reduction from BAU could be increased up to 25% with international support. Other objectives include reduction of emission intensity per GDP by 20% from 2010 levels, and increase in forest cover to 45%.

- Coverage sectors of INDC include energy, agriculture, land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF), and waste. - Viet Nam is currently developing and preparing for the implementation of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions

(NAMAs), as well as the registration and implementation of carbon credit projects under the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) and the Gold Standard (GS). Currently, UNFCCC NAMA registry lists two projects (biogas in pig farms, wind power development) as NAMAs seeking support for implementation.

2. Technology needs and promotion trend in Viet Nam 2.1 Low carbon technology/product needs in the countryviii - Energy-related CO2 emission in Viet Nam has increased by more than threefold during 2000 to 2014. Increase in emission

from electricity generation was especially pronounced, since electricity generation has increased fivefold during 2000 to 2014, and coal and gas generation is making inroads in the generation mix historically dominated by hydropower. Therefore, efficiency in electricity generation and electricity conservation is needed. To date, there are 255 CDM projects

registered in Viet Nam, 200 of which is hydropower. This suggests that there are still substantial potential for hydropower development, especially in the northern regions.

- Methane from energy and agriculture comprises 13% and 19% of total GHG emissions in 2010, respectively. Therefore, technologies to reduce methane emissions such as improved rice cultivation (irrigation management) and associate gas recovery and use are needed.

2.2 Potential promotion of Japanese technology/product in the country 2.2.1 Existing JCM projectix - Vie Nam is one of the countries most advanced in JCM cooperation. Currently, there are 4 projects being registered and 1

project in the process of registration. - All of the JCM projects in the pipeline to date are on Energy Efficiency; 3 of them are related to improve energy efficiency

of hotels and hospitals, one is related to introduction of amorphous high efficiency transformers in power distribution system and the last one is related to eco-driving by utilizing digital tachograph system.

2.2.2 Climate Technology Centre & Network (CTCN): Technology Needs Assessment (TNA)xxi - There are 2 active technical assistance requests to CTCN from Viet Nam; Pilot demonstration of Energy Service Company

model for GHG emission reductions in the cement sector (submission date: 8 Aug 2016) and Bio-waste minimization and valorization for low carbon production in rice sector (submission date: 1 Jul 2015). Both requests are mitigation-related. The criteria of proposal to CTCN from Viet Nam are based on the priority of Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) 2012 priority and also in accordance with the national or sector priority and policy.

- The priorities of Viet Nam TNA 2012 are in the following sectors:

Sector Technology Mitigation Sector Technology Adaptation

Agriculture Biogas Agriculture Plant Genetic / Breeding

Nutrition improvement through controlled fodder supplement

Rice to upland grain

Wet and dry irrigation in certain rice growth stages

Triple copping to double copping + shrimp/fish/poultry crop

LULUCF Sustainable forest management LULUCF Plant Science / Genetics

Afforestation and reforestation Agro-forestry

Rehabilitation of mangrove

Energy Wind power technology Coastal Zone Management

Sea-dyke

Energy-saving compact fluorescent lamps Coastal wetland Rehabilitation

Large-scale Heat and Power (Cogeneration)

Water Resources

Rooftop rainfall harvesting for household usages

Bus rapid transit Harvesting runoff water

Integrated River Basin Management

3. Potential Japanese technology/product for new JCM project in Viet Nam 3.1 Japanese technology/product introduced to existing JCM FS/Project in Viet Namxii - Japan has implemented 22 JCM projects since 2010 in Viet Nam in various sectors, mainly in energy efficiency but also on

renewable energy (PV). Energy efficiency technologies include amorphous transformers, high efficiency air conditioners

and digital tachograph for energy-efficient driving. - There have been further 74 studies conducted, including energy efficiency, renewable energy technologies such as

hydropower, windpower and biogas, as well as urban planning, mass rapid transit, ultrasupercritical coal, nuclear power and REDD+.

3.2 Potential Japanese technology/product for new JCM FS/Project The potential Japanese technologies for new JCM FS / project are as follows: - Energy sector: highly efficient power generation (e.g. advanced combined cycle), renewable energy (e.g. hydropower

including microhydropower, solar PV), energy efficient production (especially cement), advanced mass transport (e.g. BRT using hybrid buses).

- Industrial processes: Viet Nam is a major producer of cement, therefore technologies such as blended cement could help reduce Vietnam’s process-related CO2 emissions which comprise 9% of total GHG emissions as of 2010.

- Agriculture, forest and other land uses (AFOLU) sector: emission from agriculture comprises nearly one-fifth of total emission in Viet Nam. Methane emission from rice paddies and livestock are primary sources. Improved irrigation management and animal waste management technologies are called for.

3.3 Development of capacity building program in Viet Nam - To date, 163 activities (34 national, 129 regional) are listed in the UNFCCC capacity building websitexiii, encompassing both

adaptation and mitigation, as well as reduction of ozone-depleting substances.

References

i Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2014, The Initial Biennial Updated Report of Viet Nam to the

UNFCCC, page 50.

ii IEA, 2016, World Energy Balances, page II.353

iii LSE Viet Nam The 2015 Global Climate Legislation Study (http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-

content/uploads/2015/05/VIET NAM.pdf), -Industry and Trade Promotion Center Ho-chi-minh website

(http://itpc.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/investors/how_to_invest/law/Law_on_environmental_protection_2014_3/

view), Climate & Knowledge Development Network (https://cdkn.org/2013/04/feature-Viet Nams-national-

green-growth-strategy/?loclang=en_gb), National Energy Efficiency Programme - Ministry of Industry and

Trade Viet Nam website, APERC Website

(http://aperc.ieej.or.jp/file/2016/4/28/Viet_Nam_Compendium_2015_Final.pdf)

iv Viet Nam Government Portal

(http://chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English/strategies/strategiesdetails?categoryId=30&articleId=100512

83)

v Viet Nam Government Portal

(http://chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English/strategies/strategiesdetails?categoryId=30&articleId=100511

59)

vi Viet Nam National Green Growth Strategy 2012 (https://www.giz.de/de/downloads/VietNam-GreenGrowth-

Strategy.pdf)

vii Government of Viet Nam, 2015, Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Viet Nam

viii IEA, 2016, CO2 Emission from Fuel Combustion, pages II.420

ix JCM website (http://mmechanisms.org/support/adoption.html)

x CTCN Website (https://www.ctc-n.org/country/VN/assistance)

xi MONRE, 2012, Technology Needs Assessment for Climate Change Mitigation, Viet Nam, Synthesis Report

(http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/01/23/energy-planning-policy-finally-signed-by-president.html)

xii JCM website (http://mmechanisms.org/support/adoption.html)

xiii UNFCCC Capacity building website (http://unfccc.int/capacitybuilding/activities.html)

DISSEMINATION OF LOW CARBON TECHNOLOGIES AND PRODUCTS IN THAILAND 1: Market trend and business environment in Thailand 1.1 Thailand’s GHG inventory - Thailand has submitted three GHG inventories to the UNFCCC, i.e. Initial National Communication (INC) in 2000,

Second National Communication (SNC) in 2011, and First Biennial Update Report (BUR) in 2015. - According to the BUR, In 2011, total GHG emissions in Thailand without Land Use Change and Forestry (LUCF)

amounted to 305,523 Gg CO2e. With the inclusion of LULUCF, the total GHG emissions from Thailand is 234,584 Gg CO2e. The main contributing sectors were energy (73.0%), agriculture (17.3%), followd by industrial processes and product use IPPU (6.0%) and waste (3.7%).i

- Based on GHG emissions by type of gas, carbon dioxide (CO2) was the highest; accounted for 74.8% of all GHGs,

while methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), contribution for agriculture and waste sectors, accounted from

19.5% and 5.7%, respectively. Consequently, Thailand’s mitigation efforts have focused primarily on the energy

and transport sectorii.

1.2 Thailand’s Energy Balanceiii - According to the International Energy Agency, Thailand’s total primary energy supply in 2014 was about 134,

756 thousand tonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe), with coal 15,868 (11.78%), crude oil 64,150 (47.60%), oil products - 10,373(net export), natural gas 37,827 (28.07%), hydropower 476 (0.35%), geothermal/solar/etc. 146 (0.11%), biofuels/waste 25,744 (19.10%), and electricity 917 (0.60%)iv.

- Thailand’s final commercial energy consumption (TFC) in 2014 was 95,878 ktoe. Share of final energy consumption is divided into industry 29,258 (30.52%), transport 22,226 (23.18%), other sectors 21,350(22.2%), and non-energy use 23,044 (24.03%).

- Thailand’s total electricity output in 2014 was 173,631GWh, with coal 37,579 GWh (21.64%), oil products 1,721 (0.99%), natural gas 118,560 (68.28%), hydropower 5,540 (3.19%), geothermal/solar/etc. 1,691 (0.97%), biofuels/waste 8,540 (4.92%).

- From 1990 to 2014, Electricity generation and CO2 emission from energy has roughly increased threefold.

1.3 Energy and environmental policies in Thailand In Thailand’s INDCv, the following are described as key energy and climate policies in Thailand.

- The Power Development Plan (PDP), which sets a target to achieve a 20% share of power generation from

renewable sources in 2036.

- The Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP), which aims to achieve a 30% share of renewable energy in

the total final energy consumption in 2036.

- The Energy Efficiency Plan (EEP), which plans to reduce the energy intensity by 30% below the 2010 level in

2036.

- The Environmentally Sustainable Transport System Plan, which promotes road-to-rail modal shift, extensions of

mass rapid transit.

- The Waste Management Roadmap, aiming towards more efficient and sustainable waste management and

promotion of power generation from waste-to-energy technologies.

- Thailand has a variety of policies implemented to achieve GHG reduction, such as a feed in tariff system and an ESCO fund and a revolving fund for energy efficiency / renewable energy projects, funded by a levy on fossil fuels.

- In addition, Thailand has prepared the Climate Change Master Plan 2015 – 2050 which addresses both adaptation and mitigation.

1.4 Priority areas and strategic field focused in INDC and NAMA - Thailand’s INDC proposes reduce GHG emissions by 20 % from the projected business-as-usual (BAU) level by

2030. It is also stated that the reduction could increase up to 25 %, subject to access to technology development and transfer, financial resources and capacity building support.

- Currently, UNFCCC NAMA registry lists two projects; one (urban mobility) seeking support for implementation, and another (refrigeration and air conditioning) seeking support for preparationvi.

2: Technology needs and promotion trend in Thailand

2.1 Low carbon technology/product needs in the country - As mentioned above, about three-quarters of GHG emissions in Thailand is related to energy combustion.

Therefore, lowering the emission factor of energy and conserving energy are both important. As regards low-carbon energy, the AEDP envisages solar generation to increase by fivefold, windpower by 15 times, MSW by 8 times their 2014 levels by 2036. Biogas by energy crop, which has not been developed to date, will be massively introduced (680MW) by 2036vii.

- As regards energy efficiency, EEP envisages 89,627GWh of electricity savings by 2036, with 41% coming from the commercial sector, 36% from the industry sector, 15% from the residential sector, and 8% from the government sector. Major policy instruments to achieve this goal are energy labelling, enforcement of energy conservation standards, and commercial building energy codes. With respect to heat and fuel, the plan envisages 44,059ktoe of savings by 2036, 69% coming from the transport sector, 27% from industry sector, 2% from commercial and residential sectors, respectively. The transport sector measures include CO2 taxation, labelling, modal shift, management system improvement and financial incentivesviii.

2.2 Potential promotion of Japanese technology/product in the countryix

2.2.1 Existing JCM project - There are no registered JCM projects in Thailand to date.

2.2.2 Climate Technology Centre & Network (CTCN): Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) - There are 6 active technical assistance requests to CTCN from Thailand; four requests, early warning system on

flooding, high resolution regional climate model projections, technology development in the agricultural sector, and benchmarking in the metal industry are in the implementation phase, while the other two requests on green building, and energy efficient street lighting technologies and financing models for municipalities are in the design phase

- The priorities of Thailand as stated in its TNA submitted in 2012 (mitigation) states technology needs in smart grid, waste-to-power generation, second and third generation of biofuels, energy efficiency in combustion in the industrial sector, and carbon capture and storage (CCS). The TNA of Thailand is unique in its focus on cutting-edge technologies, possibly since the TNA is coordinated by the National Science Technology and Innovation Policy Office.

3: Potential Japanese technology/product for new JCM project in Thailand

3.1 Japanese technology/product introduced to existing JCM FS/Project in the countryx - Japan has implemented 21 JCM projects since 2010 in Thailand in various sectors, mainly in energy efficiency

but also on renewable energy (PV) and cogeneration. Energy efficiency technologies include advanced refrigeration technology, and waste heat recovery system.

- There have been further 42 studies conducted, mainly on energy efficiency including MRT, but there are studies on advanced fossil fuel technologies such as cogeneration, IGCC, mass rapid transport.

3.2 Potential Japanese technology/product for new JCM FS/Project and Development of capacity building program

in the country - Since most of GHG emissions in Thailand is due to fossil fuel consumption, it follows that key technologies /

products that can be promoted in Thailand concern those which contribute to reduction of energy-related GHG emission (renewable energy / energy efficiency). Considering the technologies described in Thailand’s NAMA Roadmapxi and TNA in Thailand, such technologies include high efficiency power generation, renewable energy including biofuel, smart grid technologies, rail infrastructure improvement.

3.3 Development of capacity building program in Thailand

- To date, 93 activities (23 national, 70 regional) are listed in the UNFCCC capacity building websitexii,

encompassing both adaptation and mitigation, as well as finance and technology.

References:

i Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, 2015, Thailand’s First Biennial Update Report, Page 28 ii Ibid. iii IEA, 2016, World Energy Balances, pages II.332 - 333 iv ibid. Exported petroleum products are excluded when calculating percentage. v Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, 2015, Thailand Intended Nationally Determined Contribution and Relevant Information (Thailand’s INDC), page 3. vi UNFCCC Public NAMA Website (http://www4.unfccc.int/sites/nama/SitePages/Home.aspx) vii Sathieyanon, 2015, Alternative Energy Development Plan 2015-2036 (AEDP 2015) under Power Development Plan 2015-2036 (PDP2015), (http://thailand.ahk.de/fileadmin/ahk_thailand/Projects/Biogas_Presentation/AEDP-Biogas-GT-_08-06-15.pdf) viii Pichalai, 2015, Thailand Energy Efficiency Development Plan (2015 - 2036), (http://www.renewableenergy-asia.com/Portals/0/seminar/Presentation/03-Overview%20of%20Energy%20Efficiency%20Development%20Plan%20(EEDP%202015).pdf) ix Thailand’s First Biennial Update Report: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/thabur1.pdf , Summary of Support Needs, Page 62-63 x JCM website (http://mmechanisms.org/support/adoption.html) xi Thailand’s First Biennial Update Report: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/thabur1.pdf, Page 50-51 xii UNFCCC Capacity building website (http://unfccc.int/capacitybuilding/activities.html)

DISSEMINATION OF LOW CARBON TECHNOLOGIES AND PRODUCTS IN INDONESIA 1. Market trend and business environment in Indonesia 1.1 Indonesia’s GHG inventory - Indonesia government has set Presidential Decree No 71/2011 on National GHG Inventory as the basis for the

development of national GHG inventory system. - Indonesia has submitted three GHG inventories to the UNFCCC, i.e. Initial National Communication (INC) in 1999, Second

National Communication (SNC) in 2010, and First Biennial Update Report (BUR) in 2015. - According to the BUR, In 2012, total GHG emissions in Indonesia without Land Use, Land Change and Forestry (LULUCF)

and peat fire amounted to 758,979 Gg CO2e. With the inclusion of LULUCF and peat fires, the total GHG emissions from Indonesia is 1,453,957 Gg CO2e. The main contributing sectors were LULUCF including peat fires (47.8%), followed by energy (34.9%), agriculture (7.8%), waste (6.7%), and Industrial processes and product use IPPU (2.8%)i. The importance of LUCF (mainly deforestation) and peat fire is a defining characteristic of GHG emission in Indonesia, causing about half of the nation’s GHG emissions. CO2 emission from energy is rapidly increasing, having quadrupled between 1990 and 2014. Increase in coal –fired electricity generation and transport emission are the main causes of its increase. ii

1.2 Indonesia’s Energy Balanceiii - According to Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR), Indonesia’s total primary energy supply in 2013 was

about 1.61 billion barrels of oil equivalent (BOE). The majority of Indonesia’s primary energy supply comes from fossil fuels: oil (46.08%), coal (30.90%), and gas (18.26%). The share of other renewable energy resources in the energy mix was below 5%, mostly through hydropower (3.21%), geothermal power (1.15%), and biofuel (0.40%). It is also important to note that the use of traditional biomass is prevalent for basic cooking and thermal purposes among millions of rural households in Indonesia. From 1990 to 2014, electricity generation has increased by more than fivefold, and proportion of coal power has also increased. These factors have contributed to rapid increase in CO2 emission from electricity generation, whose proportion to total CO2 emission has risen from about 15% in 1990 to more than 35% in 2014.

- Indonesia’s final commercial energy consumption in 2013 was 1.12 billion BOE. This figure has increased by nearly 40% since 2001. Share of final energy consumption is divided into industry (42.12%), households (11.56%), transportation (38.80%), commercial use (4.25%), and other sectors (3.26%).

1.3 Energy and environmental policies in Indonesia - In 2007, the government established a legal basis for national energy management with Energy Law No 30 / 2007. The law

regulates general principles for management of energy resources and laid the foundation for regulations on the development of renewable energy and energy conservation.

- The National Energy Policy NEP (Kebijakan Energi Nasional or KEN) is updated in 2014 under Government decree No 79 / 2014. It focuses on re-establishing Indonesia’s energy independence by re-directing energy resources from export to the domestic market, and aim to rebalance the energy mix towards indigenous energy supplies. The policy sets to transform the energy mix by 2025 from current fossil-dominated share as mentioned above to 30% coal, 22% oil, 23% renewable resources and 25% natural gas, as well as energy efficiency measures, thereby reducing energy elasticity of the economy to below one.

- NEP’s goals are detailed in specific policy measures in five-year plans called the National Energy General Plan (RUEN) and National Electricity General Plan (part of National Medium Term Development Plan RPJMN 2015-2019). Latest RUEN was drafted in June, 2016 and was signed by the President in January, 2017.iv

- Under the Environment Law No 32 / 2009, companies are required to conduct environmental risk analysis and implement Environmental Impact Assessment (AMDAL) for all major projects, which include environmental permits and regular environmental management and monitoring reports (known as UPL-UKL).

- National Action Plan for GHG reduction (RAN-GRK) was introduced in 2011 under Presidential decree No 61 / 2011v. It sets sectoral allocations for achieving the reduction targets and establishes the framework for all the provinces to develop provincial action plans (RAD-GRK). The sectors targeted for reduction are 1) Forestry and peatland, 2) energy and transport, 3) Waste, 4) Agriculture, and 5) Industry.

1.4 Priority areas and strategic field focused in INDC and NAMA - Indonesia submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to UNFCCC in September 2015. Indonesia

committed to unconditionally reduce 29% of GHG emissions compared to BAU scenario by 2030, and conditionally up to 41% reduction through support from international cooperation. vi

- Coverage sectors of INDC include Energy (including transport), Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), Agriculture, Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF), and Waste.

- Indonesia Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) are built upon national mitigation policy framework, including Long-Term and Medium-Term National Development Plan (RPJPN, RPJMN ), Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap (ICCSR ), National Action Plan for GHG reduction (RAN-GRK ) and its Local Action Plans for each provinces (RAD-GRK). Main group sectors for NAMA implementation are Energy, Transport, Industry, Waste, and Land-based sectors.

- In terms of financing, Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund (ICCTF ) provides NAMAs support facility for Indonesia. Currently, UNFCCC NAMA registry lists two projects (smart street lighting initiative, sustainable urban transport initiative) as NAMAs seeking support for implementationvii.

2. Technology needs and promotion trend in Indonesia 2.1 Low carbon technology/product needs in the country - As mentioned, emission from LULUCF and peat fires comprise about half of Indonesia’s GHG emissions. Therefore,

improvement in land management is crucial in reducing GHG emissions. Indonesia already recognizes this, and most of the emission reduction stated in its National Plan to reduce GHG Emissions (RAN-GRK) concerns reduction of deforestation and water management in peatlands.

- Bulk of the remainder of emission reduction concern waste and energy. For the waste sector, promotion of 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) and improvement in sewage systems are highlighted in the RAN-GRK. For the energy sector, efficient generation, renewable energy, increased energy efficiency are all listed. Of particular importance could be geothermal generation. Indonesia ranks third (after US and the Philippines) in terms of geothermal capacity (1,189MW), but this is less than 5% of its potential. viii

- Indonesia has a high dependency on the private sector for technology use, and most low-carbon technologies are adopted from foreign companies. Fuel and electricity subsidies hinder the competitiveness of renewable energy and energy efficiency measures that with unsubsidized energy prices would be economically viable.ix

2.2 Potential promotion of Japanese technology/product in the country 2.2.1 Existing JCM project - Indonesia is one of the countries most advanced in JCM cooperation. Currently, there are 7 projects registered, and further

2 projects in the process of registration. 2 projects have issued credits. - All of the JCM projects registered and in the pipeline to date concern energy efficiency; 7 of them are related to a more

efficient refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, while the other 2 are related to energy saving using regenerative burners and heat pumps.

2.2.2 Climate Technology Centre & Network (CTC-N): Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) - There are 2 active technical assistance requests to CTC-N from Indonesia; The Development of Anaerobic Digester

Technology for Palm Oil EFB Waste (implementation phase) and Hydrodynamic modelling for flood reduction and climate resilient infrastructure development pathways in Jakarta (design phase).

- The criteria of proposal to CTC-N from Indonesia are based on the priority of Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) 2012 and also in accordance with the national or sector priority and policy. The proposal should also contribute to the sustainable and low carbon development as well as support the technological independence of Indonesia.

- The priorities of Indonesia TNA 2012 are in the following sectors:x

Sector Technology Mitigation Sector Technology Adaptation

Energy Photovoltaic (PV) Food Security Crop (rice) tolerance to drought and flood

Regenerative burner combustion system (RBCS)

Mariculture development

Beef Cattle farming technology

Forestry Measurement and monitoring of carbon sequestration and emission

Water Resources

Technologies for rain water harvesting (well and infiltration pond)

Peat re-mapping Domestic water recycling

Water management Modeling for water resource potential projection

Waste Mechanical biological treatment Coastal Vulnerability

Coastal protector building technology (seawall or revetment) In-vessel composting

Low-solid anaerobic digestion Coastal reclamation technology

3. Potential Japanese technology/product for new JCM project in Indonesia 3.1 Japanese technology/product introduced to existing JCM FS/Project in Indonesiaxi - Japan has implemented 35 JCM projects since 2010 in Indonesia in various sectors, mainly in energy efficiency but also on

renewable energy (PV), cogeneration and REDD+ projects. Energy efficiency technologies include utility operational optimization in factories (both hardware and software), refrigeration technology, waste heat recovery system, regenerative burner.

- There have been further 106 studies conducted, including renewable energy technologies such as geothermal, hydropower (including small-scale), biogas and biomass power generation systems, wind power, photovoltaic (PV), hybrid system, and biodiesel.

3.2 Potential Japanese technology/product for new JCM FS/Projectxii - Potential Japanese technologies for new JCM FS / project are as follows:

o Energy sector: solar PV, Regenerative burner combustion system (RBCS), bioenergy, waste-to-energy, CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS), energy efficiency in buildings.

o Waste sector : mechanical-biological treatment (MBT), in vessel composting (IVC), low solid anaerobic digestion (LSAD)

o Agriculture, forest and other land uses (AFOLU) sector: forest-peat carbon measurement and monitoring technology, peat re-mapping technology and peat water management technology.

- To date, there are 147 CDM projects registered in Indonesia, 58 of which concerns methane avoidance from e.g. palm oil manufacture. Also, 18 hydropower and 13 geothermal projects are also registered. There are a number of high efficiency fossil fuel generation projects (e.g. cogeneration, conversion from single cycle to combined cycle), which provide opportunity.xiii

3.3 Development of capacity building program in Indonesia - To date, 115 activities (17 national, 98 regional) are listed in the UNFCCC capacity building websitexiv, encompassing both

adaptation and mitigation. - The capacity of following aspects need to be developed for successful promotion of technology in Indonesia :

1) maintenance, repair, improvement and alignment skills of engineers dealing with the technology, 2) manufacturing of spare parts of the technology, and 3) manufacturing of the technology (or part of it) in Indonesia.xv

References

i Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Republic of Indonesia, 2015, Indonesia First Biennial Update Report

under UNFCCC, Section 1.2, page iv-v

ii IEA, 2016, CO2 Emission from Fuel Combustion, page II.260

iii Pradeep Tharakan, Asian Development Bank. ADB Papers on Indonesia: Summary of Indonesia’s Energy

Sector Assessment. 2015; page 7

iv From the Jakarta Post (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/01/23/energy-planning-policy-finally-

signed-by-president.html)

v http://www.sekretariat-rangrk.org/images/documents/PERPRES%20_61_2011_English.pdf

vi Republic of Indonesia, 2015, Intended Nationally determined Contribution, pages 5 – 6.

vii UNFCCC Public NAMA Website (http://www4.unfccc.int/sites/nama/SitePages/Home.aspx)

viii See for e.g. MEMR/NCCC, Geothermal in Indonesia Low Carbon Development

(http://www.thepmr.org/system/files/documents/Geothermal+in+Indonesia+Low+Carbon+Development+R2.

pdf)

ix International Energy Agency (IEA). Indonesia 2015: Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries. 2015; page 127,

140

x Indonesia National Council on Climate Change. Indonesia’s Technology Needs Assessment for Climate Change

Mitigations. 2012

xi JCM website (http://mmechanisms.org/support/adoption.html)

xii Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Republic of Indonesia. Indonesia First Biennial Update Report under

UNFCCC. 2015; Section 1.4, page xi

xiii UNEP / DTU CDM Pipeline Analysis and Database (http://cdmpipeline.org/)

xiv UNFCCC Capacity building website (http://unfccc.int/capacitybuilding/activities.html)

xv GIZ. Low Carbon Technology Transfer in Indonesia: An exploration into actors, questions and potential

requests to the Climate Technology Centre and Network. 2015; page 35-36

DISSEMINATION OF LOW CARBON TECHNOLOGIES AND PRODUCTS IN CHILE 1. Market trend and business environment in Chile 1.1 Chile GHG inventoryi - Chile’s Ministry of the Environment (MMA) Climate Change Office (OCC) has established SNICHILE, the National

Greenhouse Gas Inventory System of Chile, with institutional, legal and procedural measures for preparation of national GHG inventory in Chile.

- Chile has submitted to the UNFCCC its First National Communication of Chile (NGHGI) in 2000, the Second National Communication of Chile (SNC) in 2011, and the Third NGHGI in 2014. Chile has submitted its first Biennial Update Report (BURs) in 2014 and the second BUR in 2016.

- In 2010, total GHG emissions in Chile excluding Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) was 91,575.9 Gg CO2eq. Including LULUCF was 41,698.5 Gg CO2eq. The main contributing sectors were energy, 68.410.0 GgCO2eq (74.7%), agriculture 13,825.6 Gg CO2eq (15.1%), Industrial Processes 5,543.2 Gg CO2eq (6.1%), waste 3,554.1 GgCO2eq (3.9%) and solvent and other product use (SOPU) 243.0 Gg CO2eq (0.3%).

1.2 Chile’s Energy Balanceii - According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), Chile’s total primary energy supply in 2014 was 36.10 million of tonnes

of oil equivalent, with coal 6.73(18.6%), crude oil 10.37(28.7%), oil products 5.85(16.2%), natural gas 3.56(9.9%), hydro 1.99(5.5%), geothermal/solar/etc. 0.18(0.5%), biofuels/waste 7.38 (20.4%) and heat 0.05(0.1%). The share of renewable energy resources in the energy mix was 26.5%, mostly through biofuels and waste 7.38(20.4%), hydropower 1.99(5.5%), geothermal and solar, etc. 0.18 (0.5%).

- Chile’s final commercial energy consumption (TFC) in 2014 was 24.85 million toe. Share of final energy consumption is divided into industry 10.39(41.8%), transport 7.90(31.8%), residential 4.08(16.4%), and commercial 1.83(7.4%).

- Chile’s electricity output in 2014 is 73.72 TWh, with coal 26.01 TWh (35.3%), oil products 4.58 (6.2%), natural gas 12.48(16.9%), hydro 23.10(31.3%), geothermal/solar/etc. 1.93(2.6%), biofuels/waste 5.33 (7.2%). Fuel mix in electricity generation have fluctuated due to availability of hydropower and imported natural gas. From 1990 to 2014, electricity generation has increased by more than threefold, and proportion of coal power has also increased. These factors have contributed to rapid increase in CO2 emission from electricity generation, whose proportion to total CO2 emission has risen from about 30% in 1990 to nearly 40% in 2014.

- 1.3 Energy and environmental policies in Chileiii

Energy policy in Chile is governed by the Ministry of Energy, whereas climate change policy is governed by the Department of Climate Change (DCC) under the Ministry of the Environment. In 2016, it has been announced that the Chilean Agency on Climate Change and Sustainable Development would be established. According to its “Energy 2050” plan, principal Energy Goals by 2035 and 2050 (in brackets) include the following:

- Interconnection with other SINEA countries (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia) and South American nations; - Electricity outages do not exceed 4hrs/y; - 100% of homes of vulnerable families have continuous access to energy services; - Chile is among the 5 lowest OECD countries in terms of electricity prices; - At least 60% of electricity comes from renewable sources (current level is about 40%); - GHG emission reduction of 30% by 2030 from 2007 levels,

Goals by 2050 include the following:

- Electricity outages do not exceed 1hr/yr; - Chile is among the 3 lowest OECD countries in terms of electricity prices; - At least 70% of electricity comes from renewable sources; - 100% of new buildings meet OECD standards for efficient construction; - 100% of major categories of appliances sold are energy-efficient

Other objectives include reforestation of 100,000hectares and updating solid waste management regulation.

1.4 Priority areas and strategic field focused in INDC and NAMAivv - Chile has stated in its INDC that communicated that it intends to reduce CO2 emissions per GDP by about 30% by 2030

from 2007 levels, from 1.02t-CO2/million CLP$ to 0.71t-CO2/million CLP$. With international monetary grants, the 2030 target can be lowered to 0.56 to 0.66 t-CO2/million CLP$.

- To achieve the target, policies such as CO2 emission tax is put into effect by January 1, 2017. Tax on initial sale of lightweight vehicles (which charge a higher tax to vehicles with inferior performance) are also in place since Dec. 28, 2014.

- Currently, UNFCCC NAMA registry lists four projects (implementation of forestry strategy, expansion of renewable energy, program for organic waste management, and transport) as NAMAs seeking support for implementation. One NAMA (Clean Production Agreements in Chile), whose estimated emission reduction is 18.4 million t-CO2, is submitted for recognitionvi.

2. Technology needs and promotion trend in Chile 2.1 Low carbon technology/product needs in the country

- Since about 70% of the country’s GHG emission is related to energy (CO2 from fuel combustion and methane release)vii, and also since long-term goal of Chile concerns electricity (high proportion of renewables, reduced outage and low prices)viii. There is a need to increase the share of renewables (especially solar and windpower), and to strengthen the grid in or der to accommodate such renewable energy. In 2016, The Atacama region located in northern Chile is a desert region with the highest level of solar radiation in the continent, and the Green Climate Fund approved funding (loan) to the first phase of a 250MW mega solar project in the region (Climate Action and Solar Energy Development Programme in the Tarapacá Region in Chile).ix

- To date, there are 102 CDM projects registered in Chile, 72 of which concern renewable energy (hydropower, solar, windpower and biomass). Further 15 concern landfill gas use, which is suitable since the country’s natural gas supply has been at times unstable.x

2.2 Potential promotion of Japanese technology/product in the country 2.2.1 Existing JCM projectxi - Currently, there are 5 feasibility studies. All of the feasibility studies are on power generation (3 renewable, 2 high

efficiency fossil).

2.2.2 Climate Technology Centre & Network (CTC-N): Technology Needs Assessment (TNA)xii - There are 2 active technical assistance requests to CTCN from Chile; biodiversity monitoring (request completed),

replacement of fluorinated gas in refrigeration, and climate technology incubation in small and medium enterprises. - The priorities of Chile as stated in its TNA submitted in 2003 states technology needs in renewable energy (wind, solar (PV),

geothermal and microhydropower), energy efficiency in all sectors, and transport, especially public transport using hybrid buses. It should be note, however, that Chile’s TNA dates back more than 10 years.

3. Potential Japanese technology/product for new JCM project in Chile 3.1 Japanese technology/product introduced to existing JCM FS/Project in Chilexiii - To date, Japan has conducted 5 feasibility studies on JCM since 2010 in Chile, all in the field of power generation (2 PV, 1

solar thermal, 1 geothermal and one high efficiency fossil) 3.2 Potential Japanese technology/product for new JCM FS/Project The potential Japanese technologies for new JCM FS / project are as follows: - Energy generation: solar PV, windpower and hydropower are main possibilities. Since fossil fuel-fired power generation is

rapidly increasing, highly efficient fossil generation projects could also be implemented. - Energy efficiency: One of the characteristics of energy consumption in Chile is the high proportion of mining industry in

terms of electricity consumption (nearly 40%)xiv. Deployment of efficient motors is important. 3.3 Development of capacity building program in Chile - To date, 60 activities (21 national, 39 regional) are listed in the UNFCCC capacity building websitexv, encompassing both

adaptation and mitigation. - It is stated in Chile’s INDC that Ministry of the Environment, in collaboration with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has

implemented south-south-north collaborative projects on national capacity-building, and that the Ministry of Education, Chile has begun to introduce the challenges and opportunities of Climate Change in school curriculums.

References

i Climate Change Office, Ministry of the Environment of Chile, 2014, Chile’s National Greenhouse Gas

Inventory (http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/chlnire.pdf) page 18

ii IEA, 2016, World Energy Balances, pages II.50-52

iii Ministry of Energy, Energy 2050: Chile’s Energy Policy (http://www.energia2050.cl/en/energy-2050/energy-

2050-chiles-energy-policy/)

iv Government of Chile, Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Chile towards the Climate Agreement

of Paris 2015

v UNFCCC NAMA Registry (http://www4.unfccc.int/sites/nama/SitePages/Home.aspx)

vi UNFCCC Public NAMA Website (http://www4.unfccc.int/sites/nama/SitePages/Home.aspx)

viiIEA, 2016, CO2 Emission from Fuel Combustion

viii Ministry of Energy, Energy 2050: Chile’s Energy Policy (http://www.energia2050.cl/en/energy-2050/energy-

2050-chiles-energy-policy/)

ix Green Climate Fund, 2016, Consideration of funding proposals – Addendum 09 Funding proposal package

for FP017 (https://www.greenclimate.fund/documents/20182/226888/GCF_B.13_16_ADD.09_-

_Funding_proposal_package_for_FP017.pdf/f9a2f016-3e70-4458-bff4-f3255204981c)

x UNEP / DTU, CDM Pipeline Analysis and Database (http://cdmpipeline.org/)

xi JCM website (http://mmechanisms.org/support/adoption.html)

xii CTCN Website (https://www.ctc-n.org/country/CL/assistance)

xiii JCM website (http://mmechanisms.org/support/adoption.html)

xiv IEA, 2016, World Energy Balances, pages II.50-52

xv UNFCCC Capacity building website (http://unfccc.int/capacitybuilding/activities.html)

DISSEMINATION OF LOW CARBON TECHNOLOGIES AND PRODUCTS IN KENYA 1. Market trend and business environment in Kenya 1.1 Kenya’s GHG inventoryi - Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR) prepared the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory of Kenya. - Kenya has submitted to the UNFCCC its First National Communication of Kenya in 2002, the Second National

Communication of Kenya in 2015. Biennial Update Reports (BURs) are yet to be submitted. - In 2010, total GHG emissions in Kenya excluding Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) was 48,421 Gg CO2eq.

Including LULUCF was 69,577 Gg CO2eq. The main contributing sectors was agriculture at 29,577 GgCO2eq (61.1%), energy 14,735 Gg CO2eq (30.4%), waste 1,898 GgCO2eq (3.9%), and industrial processes 2,210 Gg CO2eq (4.6%).

- GHG emission in 2010, of which 23,225 Gg (33.4%) is non-energy CO2, and 918 Gg (1.4%) is methane and N2O from agriculture, etc. 11,755 Gg (17%) is CO2 from fuel combustion for energy production.

1.2 Kenya’s Energy Balanceii - According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), Kenya’s total primary energy supply in 2014 was 23,630 thousand

tonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe), with coal 328ktoe (1.4%), crude oil 664ktoe (2.8%), oil products 3,061ktoe (13.0%), hydropower 285ktoe (1.2%), geothermal/solar 3,493ktoe (14.8%), biofuels/waste 15,795ktoe (66.8%), electricity 4ktoe (0.02%). The share of renewable energy resources in the energy mix was 82.8%, mostly through biofuels/waste, and geothermal/solar 3.49 (14.8%), and hydropower 0.29 (1.2%).

- Kenya’s final energy consumption (TFC) in 2014 was 14,711 thousand toe. Share of final energy consumption is divided into industry 1,221ktoe (8.3%), transport 2,168ktoe (14.7%), residential 11,049ktoe (75.1%), and commercial and other sectors 98ktoe (0.7%), agriculture/forestry 31ktoe (0.2%), non-specified 42ktoe (0.3%), and non-energy use 102ktoe (0.7%). This reflects the high prevalence of firewood use in homes.

- Kenya’s electricity output in 2014 is 9,258 GWh, with oil products 1,714GWh (18.5%), hydropower 3,310GWh (35.8%), geothermal/waste 4,098GWh (43.8%), and biofuel/waste 136GWh (1.5%), reflecting Kenya’s geothermal and hydropower resources.

- From 1990 to 2014, Electricity generation has roughly increased threefold while CO2 from fuel has increased by 2.5 times. 1.3 Energy and environmental policies in Kenyaiii - Kenya has a regulatory framework for energy, the Energy Act of 2006. Part V the Act, in particular, addresses renewable

energies, energy efficiency and conservation. - In 2013, National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-2017 was developed as Kenya’s first Action Plan on climate change

with the aim implementing the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) launched in 2010. - In July 2015, Kenya prepared its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC). Mitigation component seeks to

reduce GHG emission by 30% by 2030 relative to BAU scenario of 143 Mt CO2eq and in line. Adaptation component seeks to enhance resilience to climate change.

1.4 Priority areas and strategic field focused in INDCiv and NAMAv

The priority areas identified in the INDC of Kenya is as follows: - Priority mitigation actions

o Expansion in geothermal, solar & wind energy production, other renewables and clean energy options. o Enhancement of Energy & resource efficiency across the different sectors. o Make progress towards achieving a tree cover of at least 10% of the land area of Kenya. o Clean energy technologies to reduce overreliance on wood fuels. o Low carbon and efficient transportation systems. o Climate smart agriculture (CSA) in line with the National CSA Framework. o Sustainable waste management systems.

- Priority adaptation actions

o Energy: Increase the resilience of current and future energy systems. o Science, Technology and innovation: Support innovation and development of appropriate technologies that promote

climate resilient development. o Public sector reform: Integrate climate change adaptation into the public sector reforms. o Human Resource Development, Labour and Employment: Enhance adaptive capacity and resilience of the informal

private sector. o Infrastructure: Climate proofing of infrastructure (energy, transport, buildings, ICT). o Land Reforms: Mainstream climate change adaptation in land reforms. o Education and training: Enhance education, training, public awareness, public participation, public access to

information on climate change adaptation across public and private sectors. o Health: Strengthen integration of climate change adaptation into the health sector. o Environment: 1) Enhance climate information services, 2) Enhance the resilience of ecosystems to climate variability

and change.

o Water and irrigation: Mainstream of climate change adaptation in the water sector by implementing the National Water Master Plan (2014).

o Population, urbanisation and housing: Enhance the adaptive capacity of the population, urbanisation and housing sector.

o Gender, Vulnerable Groups and Youth: Strengthen the adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable groups and communities through social safety nets and insurance schemes.

o Tourism: Enhance the resilience of the tourism value chain. o Agriculture, livestock development and fisheries: Enhance the resilience of the agriculture, livestock and fisheries

value chains by promoting climate smart agriculture and livestock development. o Private Sector/ Trade; Manufacturing; Business Process Outsourcing, Financial services: Create enabling environment

for the resilience of private sector investment, demonstrate an operational business case. o Oil and mineral resources: Integrate climate change adaptation into the extractive sector. o Devolution: Mainstream climate change adaptation into county integrated development plans and implement the

Ending Drought Emergencies Strategy. - "NAMA for accelerated geothermal electricity development in Kenya" has been submitted to UNFCCC as NAMA seeking

support for implementation. 2. Technology needs and promotion trend in Kenya 2.1 Low carbon technology/product needs in the country - It is stated in Kenya’s INDC that Kenya’s contribution will be implemented with both domestic & international support in

the form of finance, investment, and technology development and transfer. More than USD 40 billion is required for

mitigation and adaptation actions across sectors up to 2030. INDC specifies promotion of clean energy technologies such

as geothermal, wind, and solar to reduce reliance on fuel wood.

2.2 Potential promotion of Japanese technology/product in the country 2.2.1 Existing JCM projectvi - To date, there is one JCM project submitted for public input in Kenya (micro-hydropower).

2.2.2 Climate Technology Centre & Network (CTC-N): Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) vii viii - There are two active technical assistance requests from Kenya submitted to CTC-N. "Green Cooling Africa Initiative (GCAI)"

for mitigation and "Catalysing low cost green technologies for sustainable water service delivery in northern Kenya" for adaptation. Both are in implementation phase.

- There are two Technology Needs Assessment in Kenya, the first in 2005 and the second in 2013. Priority for Kenya TNA in particular to adaptation technology are; early warning and information dissemination, supplement feed for livestock during winter and spring, genetically modified crops, conservation tillage, improved crop varieties, sprinkler and drip irrigation, water harvesting, boreholes for water supply, wastewater treatment & reuse, and rainwater harvesting. For mitigation technology; desalination, recycling, biogas, composting, landfill gas, combined heat & power, and mass transport.

3. Potential Japanese technology/product for new JCM project in Kenya 3.1 Japanese technology/product introduced to existing JCM FS/Project in Kenyaix - To date, there are 2 JCM projects implemented in Kenya (electrification of communities with micro hydropower, solar PV

system for factory) - There have been further 10 studies have been conducted, including geothermal power, hydropower, solar PV, solar

lantern, electrification of off-grid area with mini-grid, etc. 3.2 Potential Japanese technology/product for new JCM FS/Projectx - The potential Japanese technologies for new JCM FS / project are as follows:

o Renewable energy: especially those who can contribute to rural electrification, e.g. PV, wind, hydropower (both large and small scale)

o Energy efficiency: Especially street and home lighting o Transport sector: Electrification of public road and railway transport system, Hybrid vehicle o Agricultural sector: use of non-renewable biomass use for fuel. Agricultural waste treatment and utilization for fuel.

- To date, there are 20 CDM projects registered in Kenya, 5 concerns windpower, 4 geothermal, 2 hydropower, and 5 afforestation/reforestation.

3.3 Development of capacity building program in Kenyaxi - To date, 126 activities (14 national, 112 regional) are listed in the UNFCCC capacity building websitexii.

Reference

i Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2015, Kenya’s Second National Communication under the

UNFCCC, page 57-58.

ii IEA, 2016, World Energy Balances, pages II.245

iii Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2013, Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-

2017

iv Kenya’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), 2015 , pages 3 - 5.

v UNFCCC NAMA website (http://www4.unfccc.int/sites/nama/SitePages/Home.aspx)

vi JCM website (http://mmechanisms.org/support/adoption.html)

vii Technology Needs Assessment website (http://www.database.tech-

action.org/media/k2/attachments/TechnologyNeedsAssessmentReport-Adaptation_Kenya_13.pdf)

viii CTCN Website (https://www.ctc-n.org/technical-assistance/projects/green-cooling-africa-initiative-gcai)

(https://www.ctc-n.org/technical-assistance/projects/catalysing-low-cost-green-technologies-sustainable-

water-service)

ix JCM website (http://mmechanisms.org/e/support/adoption.html)

x New Mechanism Information Platform (http://www.mmechanisms.org/e/index.html)

xi UNFCCC Capacity building website (http://unfccc.int/capacitybuilding/activities.html)

xii UNEP / DTU CDM Pipeline Analysis and Database (http://cdmpipeline.org/)

DISSEMINATION OF LOW CARBON TECHNOLOGIES AND PRODUCTS IN MYANMAR 1. Market trend and business environment in Myanmar 1.1 Myanmar’s GHG inventory - The National Commission for Environmental Affairs (NCEA) prepared the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory of Myanmar. - Myanmar has submitted to the UNFCCC its First National Communication of Myanmar in 2012. Biennial Update Reports

(BURs) are yet to be submitted. - In 2000, total GHG emissions in Myanmar excluding Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) was 91,575.9 Gg

CO2eq. Including LULUCF was 33,996.4Gg CO2eq. The main contributing sectors was agriculture at 22,843.67 GgCO2eq (67.2%), energy 7,863.47 Gg CO2eq (23.1%), waste 2,825.97GgCO2eq (8.3%), and industrial processes 463.29 Gg CO2eq (1.4%). i

- IEA reports that Myanmar’s total GHG emission in 2010 was 377.3Mt-CO2, of which 243.2Mt-CO2 (64%) is non-energy CO2 (e.g. deforestation), and 79.1Mt-CO2 (21%) is methane and N2O from agriculture. Only 7.9Mt-CO2 (2%) is from CO2 from fuel combustion, though by 2014 CO2 from fuel combustion has more than doubled to 19.56Mt-CO2. ii

1.2 Myanmar’s Energy Balanceiii - According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), Myanmar’s total primary energy supply in 2014 was 19.31 million

tonnes of oil equivalent (toe), with coal 0.41 (2.1%), crude oil 1.53 (7.9%), oil products 3.54 (18.3%), natural gas 2.11 (10.9%), hydropower 0.76 (3.9%), biofuels/waste 10.96 (56.7%). The share of renewable energy resources in the energy mix was 60.7%, mostly through biofuels and waste 10.96 (56.7%), and hydropower 0.76 (3.9%).

- Myanmar’s final energy consumption (TFC) in 2014 was 16.97 million toe. Share of final energy consumption is divided into industry 2.04 (12.0%), transport 2.47 (14.5%), residential 10.92 (64.4%), and commercial and other sectors 1.28(7.6%).

- Myanmar’s electricity output in 2014 is 14.16 TWh, with coal 0.29 TWh (2.0%), oil products 0.07 (0.5%), natural gas 4.98 (35.2%), and hydropower 8.83 (62.4%).

1.3 Energy and environmental policies in Myanmar

According to its National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan drafted in July, 2016iv, priority action areas are as follows;

- Integrating climate change into developing policies and plans: - Establishing institutional arrangements to plan and implement responses to climate change; - Establishing financial mechanisms to mobilise and allocate resources for investment in climate smart initiatives; - Increasing access to technology; - Building awareness and capacity to respond to climate change; - Promoting multi-stakeholder partnerships to support investment in climate smart initiatives;

The action areas mentioned above are expected to achieve results in the following sectors;

- Agriculture, fisheries and livestock; - Environment and natural resources; - Energy, transport and industry; - Cities, towns and human settlements; - Climate hazards and health; - Education, science and technology From the viewpoint of GHG reduction, the most important area is reduction of deforestation, which comprises the bulk of GHG emissions in Myanmar. On the other hand, energy-related CO2 emissions have more than doubled since 2010 and is expected to increase. Therefore, there is an urgent need to introduce low-emission power plants and other energy – related installations. 1.4 Priority areas and strategic field focused in INDC and NAMA

The priority areas identified in the INDC of Myanmarv is as follows: - In the forestry sector, the target is to increase the percentage of forests in relation to total national land area. For

reserved forest (RF) and protected public forest (PPF), the target is 30% of total national land area. For protected area systems (PAS), the target is 10% of total national land area. Other objectives with respect to forests include reduction of deforestation, reduction of soil erosion, and increase in the resilience of mangroves and coastal communities.

- In the energy sector, the target is to increase hydropower generation capacity to 9.4GW by 2030, and to source 30% of rural electricity by renewable generation.

- As regards energy efficiency, the targets include a 20% electricity saving potential by 2030 of the total forecast electricity consumption, as well as distribution of approximately 260,000 energy-efficient cooking stoves between 2016 and 2031.

- Other objectives include reduction of GHG emissions and air pollution from road transport, sustainable urban development, and reduction of GHG emissions from combustion of agricultural residues, and reduction of methane from rice paddies.

To date, there are no NAMAs submitted from Myanmar.

Myanmar is included as one of the least developed countries (LDC), and alleviation of poverty and improvement of quality of life is one of its important goal. According to its INDC, the Government of Myanmar wants to increase the electrification rate from its current level of 31% to 45% by 2020-21, 60% by 2025-26, and 80% by 2030, while limiting emissions.

2. Technology needs and promotion trend in Myanmar 2.1 Low carbon technology/product needs in the country - It is stated in Myanmar’s INDC that the country requires significant international support with respect to capacity building,

technology and finance. Myanmar has not submitted its Technical Needs Assessment (TNA), but has submitted one request for technical assistance to the Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTC-N) on promoting data for climate change, drought and flood managementvi.

As an LDC developing rapidly, Myanmar has a wide range of technology needs, from efficient cooking stoves (as stated in its INDC), to high efficiency power generation (as the share of natural gas is increasing). 2.2 Potential promotion of Japanese technology/product in the country 2.2.1 Existing JCM project - To date, there are no JCM projects registered or submitted in Myanmar.

2.2.2 Climate Technology Centre & Network (CTC-N): Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) - To date, there are no Technology Needs Assessment of Myanmar. As mentioned above, Myanmar has submitted one

request for technical assistance to CTC-N.

3. Potential Japanese technology/product for new JCM project in Myanmar 3.1 Japanese technology/product introduced to existing JCM FS/Project in Myanmar - Japan has implemented 5 JCM projects since 2010 in Myanmarvii. The projects concern efficient refrigeration, rice husk

biomass generation, efficient boilers, efficient brewery, and waste generation. - There have been further 16 studies conducted in various sectors, 8 of which concern renewable energy (biomass, solar,

geothermal and microhydropower).

3.2 Potential Japanese technology/product for new JCM FS/Project - The potential Japanese technologies for new JCM FS / project are as follows:

o Energy sector: solar PV, microhydropower, bioenergy, waste-to-energy (biomass and biogas, using rice husk), efficient cooking stoves, efficient boilers, advanced natural gas generation (CCGT), among others.

o Waste sector: in addition to the above, use of biochar is considered. o Agriculture, forest and other land uses (AFOLU) sector: dry paddy production, use of organic fertilizer, shortening of

time of composting, and water management. o The only CDM project activity registered in Myanmar is hydropowerviii.

- Of particular importance is the link between agriculture and electricity generation. Using substantial quantity of agricultural byproducts such as rice husk for electricity generation helps reduce emissions from agriculture, which comprise about one-fifth of Myanmar’s total GHG emission, as well as help contain rapidly growing emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Since much of the household in Myanmar is in rural areas and are yet to be connected to the grid, small-scale biomass using agricultural residue such as biomass could be a win-win solution. Other possible projects could be photovoltaic generation in rural areas.

3.3 Development of capacity building program in Myanmarix - To date, 98 activities (12 national, 86 regional) are listed in the UNFCCC capacity building website. According to its INDC,

capacity building in Myanmar is focused on adaptation (e.g. establishment of a Disaster Management Technical Centre).

Reference

i Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry, 2012, Myanmar’s Initial National Communication

under the UNFCCC, page iii.

ii IEA, 2016, CO2 Emission from Fuel Combustion, page II.318-319

iii IEA, 2016, World Energy Balances, pages II.276-277

iv Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, 2016, Myanmar Climate Change Strategy

and Action Plan, page xxi – xxii.

v The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, 2015, Myanmar’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution,

pages 3 - 5.

vi CTCN Website (https://www.ctc-n.org/technical-assistance/projects/promoting-data-climate-change-

drought-and-flood-management-myanmar)

vii JCM website (http://mmechanisms.org/support/adoption.html)

viii UNEP / DTU CDM Pipeline Analysis and Database (http://cdmpipeline.org/)

ix UNFCCC Capacity building website (http://unfccc.int/capacitybuilding/activities.html)

DISSEMINATION OF LOW CARBON TECHNOLOGIES AND PRODUCTS IN INDIA 1. Market trend and business environment in India 1.1 India GHG inventory - The broad policy framework on environment and climate change is laid down by the National Environment Policy (NEP)

published in 2006i. - India has submitted the Initial National Communication in 2004 and Second National Communication in 2012, and First

Biennial Update Report (BUR) in 2015. - In 2010, Total emissions in India without Land Use, Land Change and Forestry (LULUCF) 2,136,841.24 Gg of CO2 eq.

(2,136.8 million tons of CO2eq) from Energy, IPPU (Industrial process and product use), agriculture and waste sectors. LULUCF sector was a net sink in 2010. Considering emissions and removals from LULUCF sector, net emissions for India were 1,884,309.46Gg of CO2eq (1,884.3 million tonne of CO2eq) in 2010ii.

1.2 India’s Energy Balanceiii - According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), India’s total primary energy supply in 2014 was about 824,743

thousands of tonnes of oil equivalent, with coal 377,880 (45.8%), crude oil 236,574 (28.7%), oil products -51,782 (-6.3%), natural gas 43,213 (5.2%), nuclear 9,408 (1.1%), hydro 11,321 (1.4%), geothermal/solar/etc. 4,171(0.5%), biofuels/waste 193,528 (23.5%) and electricity 431(0.1%). The share of other renewable energy resources in the energy mix was 25%, mostly through biofuels and waste (23.5%), hydropower (1.4%), geothermal and solar, etc. (0.5%).

- India’s final commercial energy consumption (TFC) in 2014 was 555,739 thousand toe. Share of final energy consumption is divided into industry 190,604(34.3 %), transport 78,358(14.1 %), residential 186,548(33.6%), and commercial 245,751 (44.2%). About 70% of residential fuel consumption was biofuel, which means that the use of traditional biomass is prevalent for basic cooking and thermal purposes among millions of rural households in India.

- India’s electricity output in 2014 is coal 966,520 GWh (75.1%), oil products 22,696 (1.8%), natural gas 62,929 (4.9%), nuclear 36,102 (2.8%), hydro 131,643 (10.2%), geothermal/solar/etc. 42,064 (3.3%), biofuels/waste 25,444 (2.0%).

1.3 Energy and environmental policies in Indiaiv - The Energy Conservation Act, 2001 was enacted with the objective of energy security through conservation and efficient

use of energy. Some of the major provisions of the Act include standard and labelling of appliances, energy conservation building codes, setting up of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), and establishment of Energy Conservation Fund. Also, Perform Achieve Trade (PAT) which utilizes market mechanisms with an aim to reduce emissions from the industry sector has been developed under the Energy Conservation Act.

- The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)v was launched in 2008 in order to address climate change concerns and to promote sustainable development. There are eight national missions, which form the core of the NAPCC, one of which is National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE) including PAT mentioned above. Another key initiative is the solar mission, which aims to enhance the capacity of solar power to 100GW by 2022.

- The Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017) emphasizes governance/ planning/technologies e.g. supercritical technology, super-efficient equipment programme (SEEP) for superefficient fans, LED bulbs and tube lightsvi.

1.4 Priority areas and strategic field focused in INDC and NAMA - India submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to UNFCCC in September 2015. Among its

quantitative objectives are the intention to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35 percent by 2030 from 2005 level, to achieve about 40 %cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030 with international help, and to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion t-CO2 through additional forest and tree cover by 2030 vii

- India has established the Expert Committee on Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (EC-NAMAs) under the national steering committee to implement climate change policy. Currently, UNFCCC NAMA registry lists no projects from India.

2. Technology needs and promotion trend in India 2.1 Low carbon technology/product needs in the country - About half (and rising share) of India’s CO2 emission is from electricity and heat, and most of it is derived from coal-fired

generation. Therefore, it is imperative to lower the emission factor of electricity (through efficiency improvement, fuel switch and renewable energies), as well as take aggressive measures to conserve electricity consumption. At the same time, about 40% of India’s total GHG emission is other than CO2 from energy, and much of it is from agriculture. This also calls for measures to reduce agricultural emissions (methane and N2O).

- With more than 1,600 CDM projects registered and more than 200Mt-CO2 of CERs issued, India is second only to China in terms of magnitude of CDM. Projects range from high efficiency power generation (e.g. combined cycle), renewable energy, industrial processes and reforestation. This implies a wide range of project opportunity and technology needs in the country.

2.2 Potential promotion of Japanese technology/product in the country 2.2.1 Existing JCM project

- Since India has not reached agreement of the JCM, there are no projects in the pipeline.

2.2.2 Climate Technology Centre & Network (CTC-N): Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) - India has not submitted a TNA, so there are no sector priorities based on official documents on technology transfer in the

climate change sector. There are also no technical assistance requests from India to CTC-N. - The Annex to the INDC (page 38) states the following technology to be developed with global collaboration. The list is

indicative of India’s technology needs and potential projects. Many of the technologies listed involve state-of-the-art technology, and are substantial in scale and mitigation potential.

Sector Technology Mitigation

Clean Coal Technologies (CCT)

Pulverized Combustion Ultra Super Critical (PC USC)

Pressurized Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion, Super Critical, Combine Cycle (PCFBC SC CC)

Integrated Gasifier Combined Cycle (IGCC)

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), Integrated Gasifier Fuel Cell (IGFC)

Underground Coal gasification (UCG)

Nuclear Power

Pressurized water reactor, Integral pressurized water reactor, Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR)

Fast breeder reactor (FBR)

Accelerated-driven systems in advanced nuclear fuel cycles

Renewable Energy

Yeast /enzyme based conversion to high quality hydrocarbon fuels

Conversion of pre-treated biomass to fuels and chemicals

Gasification technologies like fluidized bed, plasma induced etc. for power generation

Wind Energy technologies: o Development of smaller and efficient turbines o Wind turbines for low wind regime o Designs of offshore wind power plants

Solar PV technologies: o Based on p-type silicon wafers and n-type silicon wafers o Hetero junction with Thin Interfacial (HIT) Module, Back Contact Back Junction (BCBJ)

Modules o Crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells of > 24 % cell efficiency o High efficiency Concentrating PV (CPV) o Non-silicon based solar PV technologies

Composite cylinders for on-board hydrogen storage

Advanced biomass gasification technologies

Low temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) for stationary power generation and for vehicular applications

Energy storage technologies for bulk storage and Renewable Energy integration, frequency regulation, utility Transmission & Distribution applications and for community scale projects.

3. Potential Japanese technology/product for new JCM project in India 3.1 Japanese technology/product introduced to existing JCM FS/Project in Indiaviii - To date, Japan has no JCM projects implemented in India. - There have been 30 studies conducted, including energy efficiency and high efficiency power generation. There is an

emphasis on the steel sector. 3.2 Potential Japanese technology/product for new JCM FS/Project Potential Japanese technologies for new JCM FS / project are as follows: - Energy sector: cutting-edge generation technologies such as IGCC, USC and nuclear power, large-scale efficiency projects

such as coke dry quenching (CDQ) and coal moisture control (CMC) in steel, waste heat recovery in cement. Integrated energy projects consisting of renewable energy, energy storage, advanced transmission and distribution technologies can be also envisaged.

- Transport sector: Mass rapid transit, high speed rail projects. - Other sectors: dry paddy production, use of coated fertilizer in agriculture. 3.3 Development of capacity building program in India - To date, 90 activities took place in India according to the UNFCCC capacity building websiteix, though no specifics are given.

India’s INDC describes capacity building activities such as establishment of“INCCA” (Indian Network on Climate Change

Assessment), a network of 127 institutions and creation of Climate Change Centers at the state level especially in the Himalayan regionx.

Reference

i Ministry of Environment and Forests, 2006, National Environmental Policy 2006

(http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/introduction-nep2006e.pdf)

ii Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, India First Biennial Update Report to the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change, page 17.

iii IEA, 2016, World Energy Balances, page II.231

iv Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, India First Biennial Update Report to the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change, pages 18 - 19.

v Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change

(http://www.moef.nic.in/ccd-napcc)

vi Planning Commission (Government of India), 2013, Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012–2017) Volume 1,

(http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/12thplan/pdf/12fyp_vol1.pdf) page 232.

vii India’s Intended Nationally determined Contribution, page 29.

viii New Mechanisms Information Platform (http://mmechanisms.org/)

ix UNFCCC Capacity building website (http://unfccc.int/capacitybuilding/activities.html)

x India’s Intended Nationally determined Contribution, page 26.