Summary of Findings - · PDF fileSummary of Findings ... India Mark II 5 Vergnet Hydro HPV 5 ... “Montrer que la pompe Vernet est robuste et coute moins chère a l'utilistation"

RWSN 2013 Handpump Survey

S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

1

RWSN Handpump Survey

2013

Summary of Findings

This survey was funded by Skat Consulting Ltd and implemented through Skat Foundation as

part of the coordination of the “Sustainable Groundwater Development” theme for RWSN.


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

2

Photo: India Mark II in Sierra Leone, 2013 (K. Danert, Skat Foundation 2013)

Suggested citation: Furey S. G. (2013) RWSN Handpump Survey 2013, Rural Water Supply Network/Skat Foundation, St Gallen,

Switzerland

This is a non-peer reviewed RWSN publication; however a draft was circulated to the RWSN Handpump Services community on

Dgroups on 28 June 2013


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

3

Introduction

Manual pumps have been used for centuries but this simple technology remains the mainstay of rural

water supplies in many countries. The Handpump Technology Network (which later became RWSN)

was set up in 1992 to promote collaboration and standardisation so that handpumps could provide

more reliable and better quality rural water services.

This survey is aimed at practitioners in government, NGOs, private sector and development partners

who are directly involved in rural water service implementation, or who are involved in the

procurement of handpumps or spare parts (as either a buyer or seller).

We will use the information that you provide in this survey to help set the priorities of the handpump

topic of the Sustainable Groundwater Development theme. We also hope to follow-up with some of

you for more detailed conversations, and hopefully to build some lasting collaborations.

Thank you to everyone who took part, and particular thanks to Vincent Casey (WaterAid), Erik Harvey

(WaterAid), Dr Peter Harvey (UNICEF), Karl Erpf, Dr Kerstin Danert (Skat), Dr Rob Hope and Jessica

MacCarther (Oxford University), who provided fantastic advice when designing this survey. Any errors

omissions in the report are the responsibility of the author.


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

4

Key Findings

Overall, the findings of this survey reinforce what others have found and discussed when it

comes to handpump water supply sustainability. The management, post-construction

support and supply chains are probably among the biggest factors affecting the sustained

service life, however, it also appears that there also serious problems with the quality with

many pumps that are installed.

Only 41% of respondents’ organisations use both internal and external quality

control of handpumps, 26% have no procedures in place. (Q7)

66% of respondents have received complaints about the quality of the

handpumps from the users (Q8)

While on-going management is a challenge, it is made much harder by poor

installation and poor manufacturing quality, which were highlighted as common

faults (Q9)

54% of respondents have received complaints about the quality or availability of

handpump spare parts (Q13)

Quality and availability were the top two problems identified with spare parts,

by a substantial margin (Q14)

From handpump manufacturers there was no single factor hindering their

business development, however high costs and lack of access to capital appear

to be a constraint. Also challenging to demonstrate better quality/

sustainability/ life time costs compared to other products or manufacturers.

Only 38% of respondents have use the RWSN handpump standards.

Many improvements to the design of common handpumps (in particular the

India Mark II and the Afridev) were

Although VLOM is used, there is no commonly understood or referred to

definition. However, establishing such a definition was not seen as a high

priority activity for RWSN (Q6, Q31)

Updating the country handpump functionality statistic (RWSN 2009) was seen

as the highest priority for RWSN, followed by simplified Quality Control

guidance for the Afridev and India Mark II/III


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

5

Who took part

The survey was open from 24 May – 24 June 2013 and was promoted to the RWSN network

through Dgroups, LinkedIn, Twitter and affiliate networks. A French language version of the

survey was produced. 162 valid responses were received from the English Survey and 20 valid

responses from the French survey.

Organisation Types

The majority of respondents were from NGOs (46%), with good representation from

Government, Private Sector and UN organisations (all these respondents were either from

UNICEF or the World Bank/WSP). Those that registered as “Other” were mostly retired or

freelance individuals.

Locations

Respondents were based in a total of 57 countries (some were multi-country):


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

6

Countries with the most respondents were the following:

United Kingdom 13 France 10

India 12 Nigeria 7

Sierra Leone 11 Kenya 6

Uganda 11 Pakistan 6

USA 11 Rwanda 5

Buying Handpumps

5. Do you (or your organisation) buy handpumps?

Yes: 115 63%

No: 66 36%

Skipped: 3 2%

6. Do you use the concept of Village Level Operation and Maintenance (VLOM), when

specifying the type of pump you want to buy?

Yes: 63 58%

No: 43 39%

Skipped: 3 3%

7. What procedure does you organisation adhere to in order to check that the

handpumps have been manufactured to the right design and with the correct quality of


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

7

materials?

8. Have you ever had feedback or complaints from users about the handpump quality?

Yes: 61 33% (66% who answered)

No : 26 14% (28% who answered)

Don’t Know: 6 3%

Skipped: 91 49%

9. What handpump problems and faults are you are aware of?

79 responses

These responses aggregated into the following categories (some included more than one

category):

Parts breaking or wearing out 23

Inadequate maintenance 20

Manufacturing Quality 14

Bad Installation 13

Corrosion 11

Lack of tools or spares 10

Design Problem 9

Used Improperly 2

Water level drops too low 2

Theft or Vandalism 1

Turbidity 1

Lack of information on installation 1

Uncategorized 12

http://www.surveymonkey.net/MySurvey_Responses.aspx?sm=6%2b2cKIyYvWn%2b9KzalRSo8uidAVmhaZxkO77LoMiKhNk%2bUe2%2bfCjVQCYKgDox66S9


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

8

10. Do you or your organisation buy spare / replacement parts for handpumps?

Yes: 75

No: 84

Skipped : 25

Organisation Type Buy Handpumps

only Buy Spares only Buy Handpump

and Spares

Don't Buy Handpumps or

Spares

Funding Organisation 1 0 1 2

Government 6 1 8 8

NGO 25 2 32 15

Private sector 2 0 15 16

Training Organisation 0 0 2 4

UN Organisation 7 0 12 7

Other 3 1 1 13

11. Where do you buy spare parts from?


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

9

12. When do you buy spare parts?

Other :

Each pump is purchased with standard spares and tools but communities have to purchase

spares in the event of a breakdown

1. Rehabilitation of pumps in a project or emergency

when doing the O&M training

We have tried to install few spare parts depots, but and sustainability of parts stores are still

a challenge.

13. Have you ever had feedback or complaints from users on the quality or availability

of spare parts?


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

10

14. What problems and faults are you are aware of with handpump spare parts?

These responses aggregated into the following categories (some included more than one

category):

15. Do you or your organisation manufacture and/or sell handpumps?

Yes: 12

No: 50

Skipped: 102

16. What types of handpump do you sell?

Pump Type

No. of responses

India Mark II 5

Vergnet Hydro HPV 5

Afridev (including Afridev with Bottom

Support)

4

India Mark II Extra Deep Well 4

India Mark III 3

Ghana Modified India Mark II 1

Malda 1

Walami 1

Indus, Kabul, Pamir 0

Jibon 0

Maya – Yaku 0

No. 6 0

U2 / U3 / U3M 0


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

11

16. What types of handpump do you sell?

Pump Type

No. of responses

Kardia 0

Nira AF-85 0

Volanta 0

Others:

BAKER 1

Access 1.2 1

Improved India Mark II 1

Canzee pump 1

Rope Pump 1


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

12

17. How many handpumps to do typically sell per year?

18. What types of organisation do you sell to?


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

13

19. What countries have you seen the most increase in demand from in the last 5 years?

Mentioned by 2 Respondents Mentioned by 1 Respondent

Ghana Benin

Guinea Chad

Kenya Democratic Rep. of Congo

Zambia Haiti

Madagascar

Niger

Nigeria

Sudan

Tanzania

20. What are the biggest challenges you face in expanding your market for your

handpumps?

“The technology is old/out dated, hand pumps are unable to supply large qty. Of

water when needed.”

"Avoir un bon réseau de SAV” (Having a good network of service)

avoir des pièces disponibles au niveau centrales Bko et chez les revendeurs (have

parts available at central level and at retailers Bko)

“Montrer que la pompe Vernet est robuste et coute moins chère a l'utilistation"

(Showing that Vernet pump is robust and costs less during use)

“La concurrence” (Agreements)

“Logistical and security constraints”

“Availability of funds. We encourage the use of stainless steel rather than mild steel

and galvanized iron. However sometimes our clients face budget constraints that

prevent them from buying the S.S.”

“High Freight Cost, High Transit Time, Lack of Awareness about Quality Standards

especially at the Government Level and Importers.”

"Proving the quality of the pump”

“Connecting with buyers such that they place orders."

“Lack of sustainability of the sold pumps”

“Exportation”

“long-term lack of visibility by the final users”.

“Price”

“Lack of capital”


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

14

21. Have you ever used the RWSN Handpump Functionality Statistics: "Handpump

Data 2009 Selected Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa" (2009)

22. Do you or your organisation hold any data on handpump or water point

functionality?

Yes: 93

No: 49

Don’t Know: 10

Skipped: 32


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

15

23. What country/countries do you have handpump functionality data for?

Number of responses in brackets

Afghanistan (3) Algeria (1) Bangladesh (2)

Bénin (1) Bolivia (2) Burkina Faso (4)

Central African Republic (1) Central America (1) Chad/Tchad (2)

Cote Ivoire (1) Dem. Rep. of Congo (4) Eritrea (1)

Ethiopia (4) Ghana (4) Guatemala (1)

Guinea (3) Haiti (1) Honduras (2)

India (7) Kenya (3) Liberia (2)

Madagascar (3) Malawi (4) Mali (1)

Mauritania (2) Mozambique (6) Nicaragua (2)

Niger (2) Nigeria (4) Pakistan (4)

Peru (1) Philippines (1) Republic of the Congo (1)

Rwanda (2) Sénégal (1) Sierra Leone (8)

South Africa (1) South Sudan (1) Sri Lanka (2)

Sudan (3) Swaziland (1) Tanzania (6)

Togo (2) Uganda (13) Zambia (3)

Zimbabwe (1)

24. Would you or your organisation be willing to share this data?

Yes/Qui: 51

No/Non: 2

Don’t Know/

Ne sais pas : 34

Skipped : 97

25. In the country / countries where you work, what organisation is responsible for

maintaining these national standards?

Country: Standards Organisation

Afghanistan Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development

Algeria / Algérie CAPRARI

Bangladesh Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) Local

Government Institution In Rural Union Parishad and in urban

Municipalities/Pourashavas

Chad / Tchad Ministry of Water

Dem. Rep. Congo le SNHR ou Service National d'Hydraulique Rurale, Ministère du

Développement Rural

CNAEA

Ethiopia / Ethiopie “There is no, as such, standardized use of hand pump types in

Ethiopa. But generally, it is accepted that for wells (or dynamic

water levels less than 45 metres), Afridev Handpump”

“Water resources development offices at various levels”


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

16

Country: Standards Organisation

Ghana “Community Water & Sanitation Agency, Ghana Standard

Authority”

India / Indie Bureau of Indian Standards(BIS)

Kenya Kenya Bureau of Standards (KBS)

Liberia Ministry of Public Works

Madagascar SOMECA

Le ministère de l'eau

Mali Direction Nationale de l'hydraulique

Mozambique Ministrie of Public Works and Housing - National Directorate of

Water

Nepal Department of water supply and sewerage of ministry of urban

development

Niger Le Ministère de l'Hydraulique et de l'Environnement

Nigeria Federal Ministry of Water Resources

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency

Pakistan Pakistan Quality Assurance Standard

Philippines local water utilities administration

Republic of South Africa WRC and Deparment of Water and Environment

Rwanda EWSA

Sénégal

Sierra Leone Ministry of Water Resources

Water Directorate, Water Supply Division,

South Sudan Ministry of Water Cooperatives and Rural development

Sri Lanka National Water Supply and Drainage Board

Sudan Drinking Water and Sanitation Unit. Sudan

Swaziland Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy: Department of Water

Affairs, Rural Water Supply Branch

Tanzania Manufacturer of Tanira pump

A partner agreement on Rope Pump Standard termed as SHIPO

STD.

Togo Le ministre charge de l'Eau et de l'assainissement

Uganda Uganda National Bureau of Standards

Answered: 118

Skipped: 66


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

17

26. Have you ever used any of the RWSN handpump standards?

Yes: 52 (38%)

No: 86 (62%)

Skipped : 46

27. Do any of the RWSN handpump standards need updating? If so which ones and

why?

Pump Suggested changes

(General) “Continuous updating (at least once in 5 years) is necessary as technology

is evolving.”

“Need statistics for spare parts and standard tender docs also.”

“The Spec's should be reviewed every 2 years by the respective working

group.”

“Not required for the time being.”

Afridev, India

Mark II, III

“Designs have fundamental design flaws that need to be re-engineered to

avoid unnecessary failures. Cheap modern materials can be used to

improve reliability.”

“Change standard nuts so that loosening no longer causes catastrophic

hand pump failure.”

Afridev “No”

“DACAAR, other NGOs and government use different version of Afridev

handpumps (Kabul, Indus, and Pamir)”

India Mark II “reflect some changes such as the modifications to the pedestal of the IM2

to allow water level monitoring, use of PVC rising mains”

“provide more detailed guidance on materials to use in situations when GI

is not appropriate.”

“To make suitable for shallow wells”

“IM-II ,&IM-III extra deep HP tool section needs up-dating as some tools

drawing given not work properly in field example bearing pressing tool ,

connecting rod vice it not suitable at all also same drawing is given afridev

(resting tool) with this help we can unscrew the rods but we can not hold

rods at any point , IM-II hand pump with upvc pipe and afridev pvc pipe

no tool is suitable hold pipe or lift pipe there should two set pipe clamp of

same radius of pipe to lift pipe once we lift with one other clamp can

tightened also IM-II HP instead gunmetal parts some nylon or may some

other suitable plastic

Canzee “I have now made my CANZEE pump public domain. As soon as we have

completed the manufacturing documentation we will offer it to you.”

Others “Yes. Include the Rope pump, EMAS pump Canzee, Mark 5”

U2/U3/U3M “Not very sure but may be for the U3M and U2 pumps I saw in my cases

study. Some pumps break down too often”

Answered: 67

Skipped : 117


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

18

28. What do you think should be improved on handpump design? (specify pump type)

See Annex 3 for answers. Generally the responses were detailed and varied – from specific

design changes to wider issues about handpump hardware.

29. Are you involved in a handpump design work, and if so what are you working on?

See Annex 4

30. Please list anyone that you know who is working on handpump improvements:

See Annex 5

31. Please rank the following by order of importance (1= most important, 5 = least

important)

32. Any other comments:

See Annex 6


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

19

Annexes

Annex 1 : Question 6 – VLOM References

If yes, what document(s) do you refer to (if any)

Answer Organisation

Type

Country

The Indian VLOM manual has been translated into Laos since 1995 UN

Organisation

Laos

VLOM manual by UNICEF Nigeria

We have been exposed to a number of documents published by IRC, SKAT,

WHO and many others but we now have our O&M Manual

Swaziland

Zimbabwe Type B Hand pump Manual, Peter Morgan Zimbabwe

“In principle pumps should be maintainable by the local community but in

practice this is not always the case. There is no document that WaterAid adheres

to with a clear definition of VLOM.

NGO UK Uganda

manuals Sudan

“We do prefer the Afridev for ease of maintenance, but we use Mark II where

they are the dominant pump for reasons of spare parts.

USA

“the manuals Uganda

*as a procurement agency, our clients typically already have determined which

type of pumps to buy. I do not know whether or not any of them use VLOM

concept

Private Sector USA

Hand pump Training and operation manual Uganda

Repairing of Hand Pump and its manual India

UNICEF Manual Nigeria

We do but not always we closely follow interesting new developments like the

blue pump

Global

rope pump maintenance sheet Tanzania

Operation and Maintenance

3 Tier maintenance system

Referring to documents related to Hand pump manufacturing specifications and

designs aimed for easy operation and maintenance at village level like the

standard specifications of SKAT.

the department has evolved its specifications based on UNICEF(mainly) and

National Rural Drinking Water Program

Government India

specifications given by India Mark 11 pump hand book. Government Uganda

DACAAR and other NGOs are using Community-based maintenance system NGO Afghanistan

We work for concept of EVERYONE FOREVER , which aims to address the water

and sanitation poverty having universal coverage and establish a community

based operation and maintenance system so that the coverage sustain forever.

Our effort therefore focus on establishing a service delivery mechanism which

can meet the every kind of water and sanitation need (remaining and new) of

every family, every school and every clinics. the service delivery approach is a

approach which is deterrent than traditional way of service delivery. everyone

forever approach aims about that service delivery mechanism where the service

authority monitor the service, provide support for the new communality / new

water system, monitor the operation and maintenance community and

coverage over times and bring in private sector service provider etc

NGO India

Complete Training manual with the support of imparting training to the NGO Pakistan


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

20

Answer Organisation

Type

Country

operators at village level.”

village Sanitation committee were evolved NGO Pakistan

O&M Manual NGO Nepal

Documents developed while i was working in India and used the same to set up

Community based management

UN

Organisation

Somalia

Village mapping and site selection document using Governance principles, like

feedback, participation, accountability and Transparency

NGO Sierra Leone

Zambian government requires the use of India Mark II pumps NGO USA

Community Water and Sanitation Agency approved handpumps and

specifications”

Private Sector Ghana

Yes, in the sense that we focus on non-proprietary pumps that were designed at

some level for VLOM - Afridev and India Mark II

NGO USA

We have developed own manual "PIWASH - Participatory improvement of

water sanitation and hygiene" for working with water committees based on the

pHAST approach

NGO Germany

national rural water supply and sanitation program NGO Zambia

SKAT standards NGO USA

Wells and Latrines Technical Guidelines published by the WASH Committee led

by the Ministry of Public Works

Government Liberia

National guideline NGO Uganda

India II or III Vergnet pumps Funding

Organisation

West Africa

None at this time NGO USA

VLOM VERGNET Private Sector Mali

On se refere à la brochure de la pompe Private Sector Niger

On se base sur les fiches techniques des pompes NGO Madagascar

La startegie en matiere d'EAPA a[en milieu rural et semi urbain UN

Organisation

Togo

Annex 2 : Question 8 Feedback on handpumps

If yes, please give details/si la réponse est oui, merci de donner des détails:

Answer Organisation

Type

Country

A handpump socket to join T-handle and raising main PVC pipe is broken after

2-3 years use

yes some of the raisers are of poor quality.

The leather cap got chopped up easily Government Nigeria

SHODDY CONSTRUCTION

Complaints have been about the shortage of water which we have noted occurs

during dry seasons and aquifer water levels that drop below the depth of the

Afridev

Government Swaziland

Parts or spares from different supplier are sometimes are not compatible

I have been aware of users and implementing partners complaining about

'brown water' or high iron content in some boreholes in Uganda. Partners are

currently investigating the origin of this high iron as it may emanate from pump

materials used in boreholes as well as 'iron bacteria'

NGO UK / Uganda


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

21

Answer Organisation

Type

Country

That was during my work with UNICEF 1995-2004 in Sudan

Frequent complaints from end-users that parts such as chain, bucket washer,

connecting rods, riser pipes give way.”

Private Sector India

India breaks down after a few months Vergnet OK UPM all down NGO Chad

Poor water colour due to corrosion effect on GI pipes and rods -Breaking of

the pedestal stands Low water discharge especially from U3M pumps

Government Uganda

Short working time before failure NGO Australia

O ring, and foot valve Government Nigeria

number of complaints from corrosion NGO Global

short life span of the washer rope NGO Tanzania

Rusting of the rods

I have encountered complaints from communities and district level technicians

regarding the poor quality of pump rods that are easily corroded (rusted) and

easily broken specially at the joints. Complaints of poor quality of pump parts

are also common. Most of the complaints refer to poor manufacturing of the

pump in general including easy breakage of the pump unit and fast moving

parts. Spare parts are always an issue of hand pump related problems as it is

difficult to have the parts whenever they are required and closer to the

community

They always appreciate the quality of parts from Indian Mark 11 Government Uganda

1. Pump Rod (Hook or Eye) breakage when depth is greater than 50m 2. Handle

(fulcrum) breakage 3. Less lifespan of washers

NGO Afghanistan

spareparts are usually not available because the origin of the pumps are not

known”

Wearing and tearing of some parts faster than specified NGO Pakistan

“Feedback on quality details. Its always good to keep contact with our clients

and get feedback. It allows us to improve quality of our product (Canzee pump,

etc)”

Break down constructed away from community lack of spare parts NGO Uganda

Preventative maintenance and repair teams have noted issues with pvc riser

pipes on India Mark II pumps

NGO Central

African Rep.

Rare, but from one supplier we had complaints of the pumps from him, so we

changed suppliers.”

NGO Nicaragua

Sometimes the pump itself with a strange sound when pumping water NGO Sierra Leone

Regarding user friendliness, Discharge, Sustainability Government India

Some pump parts looked really not genuine and others are so susceptible to

corrosion due to the presence of iron in the ground water

NGO Uganda

The frequency of breakdown of some internal parts especially under pressure of

usage of some Afridev pumps compared to that of the India Mark II

To my knowledge, the use of galvanized rising main in aggressive water in

Central America has brought complaints with iron-laden water and iron bacteria

NGO

USA

Commonly complaints are on the U-Seal and O-Ring regarding easy wears Government Liberia

a variety of problems mostly minor and readily repairable

Local Pumps with constant breakdown Government Switzerland

When the children misuse it. Technical repairs and maintenance.” NGO Kenya

Riser load collapse every time Government Rwanda

Some users complained about taste of water due to galvanished iron raiser pipe

corrosion

NGO Uganda

When I was in South Sudan in 2012 as well as in Eritrea in 2004, communities

prefer India mark ll and lll respectively over other manufacturers mainly because

NGO Pakistan


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

22

Answer Organisation

Type

Country

of local spare availability and durability.”

If so, we seek to understand the issue and if any, we work with our design office

to solve the problem and fix the equipment asap. In many cases, dysfunctioning

on our pumps are not due to poor quality but to poor maintenance by final

users

Problems with Vergnet Hand and footpumps Funding

Organisation

West Africa

Les pompes a grande profondeur sont difficiles a pedalet 1 Mali

Les pompes India MARK II n'ont pas des pièces de rechange et ils ont des

durées de vie courte

1 Niger

Mauvaise qualité de certains éléments à faible durée de vie 1 France

Les responsables du village nous informent de leur probleme 1 France

La difficulté dans le pompage, surtout avec les pompes de type "NAFA" Other Burkina Faso

qualité de l'eau 3 Senegal

Pour les India mark II, les segments s'usent trop vite, surtout pour les

profondeurs allant au délà de 27 mètres

4 Dem. Rep.

Congo

Annex 3: Question 28 – relevant answers. What do you think should be improved on

handpump design?

Answer Organisation

Type

Country

“Afridev: improve robustness for deep wells” Funding

Organisation

Mozambique

“Ease of pumping, ease of access to spare parts” Funding

Organisation

Uganda

the handle (India Mark II) Government Nigeria

“I think that the AFRIDEV and India Mark II handpumps are suitable for most of

our work if installed at the proper depth”

Government Swaziland

“The stand” Government Nigeria

“Quality of GI pipes” Government Uganda

“Stronger material, Parts which do not wear out quickly” Government Switzerland

“India Mark II - foot valve and cylinder to make it more durable to prevent

leakage, increase size of tank”

NGO Ghana

“Like any technology also handpumps should be updated every? 5 years based

on experiences. For the AFRIDEV pump an alternative could be the Blue pump,

(less maintenance)”

NGO Netherlands

“Nira Tanira pump should be developed and rope pump” NGO Tanzania

“In Uganda, the India Mark II is the standard pump used. Communities and

local implementers report that the bearings wear out too quickly. Pump

handles also break frequently due to high usage and improper use at times.

Possibly these can be made more durable.”

NGO Uganda

“1. Internal and external quality control should be improved as many fake

hundpumps are sold in the market. 2. stronger hook and eye”

NGO

Afghanistan

“India Mk II, III, Afridev - improved bearings, nyloc (or similar) nuts, engineering

plastic parts in cylinder, improved gusseting of flanges, standard use of stainless

steel rods and pipes, Permafunnel to reduce water wastage.”

NGO Australia

“Longer cylinder seal life for the India Mark II. I have had problems with riser NGO Sierra Leone


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

23

Answer Organisation

Type

Country

pipe cracks or breaks so I would like to manufacture our own riser pipes with

Acme threads like”

“Durability to prevent failure. We have a partner developing a pcp style pump

that will last much longer.”

NGO Central

African

Republic

“In Southern Chad, India pumps break down quickly and the quality of water is

bad, due to bacterial contamination on galvanized steel (OK with stainless

steel)”

NGO Chad

“It can be made more user friendly by reducing Handle size, total weight of the

pump”

NGO Pakistan

“Borehole Canzee pump” NGO Uganda

“Rope pump continues to evolve but it in fairly good Shape as it is now. We had

a discussion with WaterAid last year and many of the enhancements over the

years that have caught on here have independently come about over in Africa

as well.”

NGO Nicaragua

“I have seen resistance to Afridev in South Sudan, but had no long experience

with it. Directorate of Rural departments even removed some installed and their

stores contained Afridev pumps supplied by UNICEF. I remember government

refusing certain humanitarian Organisation from using Afridev pumps in Yei

County (South Sudan). I have seen boreholes that were installed with Afridev

pumps in Moyo (Uganda) were replaced with Indian Mark II. So I am yet to

understand, much as alot of good experience for Afridev exist elsewhere, it is

not popular in this region. Regarding Indian Mark II, we need to find cheaper

options to avoid pipe corrosion (stainless pipes are quite expensive). Tara

pumps are good besides the limited depth and spare supply chain (I used in

Uganda and South Sudan, but spare supply chain is one of the constraints).”

NGO Uganda

“Technology that last specially for water of deeper depths.” NGO “Global”

“inspection cover for checking static water levels” NGO South Sudan

“Consider putting handle on same side as water outlet to allow people to pump

and drink, or pump and wash hands alone. Afridev”

NGO UK

“India Mark II - The issue of corrosion of GI risers has to some extent been

resolved by the production of these components in uPVC or stainless steel. The

issue is that these materials are not always available to districts, implementers

and HPMs because demand for them is not strong enough and there are

perceived cost issues.”

NGO UK/Uganda

“Suction system, and filter design”

“Afripump- a new “spare parts free” handpump, a real breakthrough in

handpump design. The Afripump received a price for best cost-effective

technological innovation.”

NGO Kenya

“Ideally - at least for the Tara handpump - the piston and check-valve body

should be identical to simply the spares' inventory. We proposed that the same

piston/check valve as used by the India Mk II should also be used by the Tara in

Mozambique in 1992/93. However, price seems to have ruled this proposal out

at the time, but I believe it might be worth reviewing the proposal.”

Private Sector UK

“IM-II family cylinder and GI replace with suitable upvc pipe also 12 mm ms rod

with M12 threads should be replaced by 10.8 mm rod with rolled M12 as rolled

threads are much strong compare to die threads cut 12 mm rods in this one top

rod should be supplied of length 1 meter i can supply drg if you want”


“(1) A single standard mounting flange to allow retro-fitting of alternative

pumps. (2) More use of plastics and (within limits of cost) stainless steel to

address corrosion issues. (3) A complete review of the IM2 and Afridev to make

Private Sector UK


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

24

Answer Organisation

Type

Country

better use of modern materials and design know-how. (4) A good robust public

domain shallow well design suitable for community use.”

“lots of aspects, especially maintainability, repairability, and spares availability.

Plus there needs to be a handpump designed specifically for very deep wells,

rather than modified versions of existing designs.”

Private Sector UK

“VLOM and non-corrosion materials are mandatory.” Private Sector France

“OVER ALL QUALITY NEEDS TO BE UPGRADED.” Private Sector USA

“Afridev: The Connecting Rods are still used in two versions (Eye & Hook and

Threaded type). It would be better if one design is eliminated. The Risers in India

Mark II and Mark III fail frequently when GI pipes are used. We need to use light

weight PVC or thin walled SS.”


“a alternative should be implemented to supplement most of the handpumps

currently used. I.e. solar pumps with storage tanks. We have installed plenty of

them in the Kwazulu Natal (South Africa) region with great success Allowing the

community's small children to fill up their containers with ease coupled with the

advantage that small gardens to provide much needed food to the locals and

cattle troughs.”

Private Sector Mozambique

“Rising mains in non corrosive materials are not suffuiciently documented and

tested. Maybe standard tests should be proposed.”

Private Sector Denmark

“Solidity, affordability” Private Sector Madagascar

“l'ergonomie et la capacité pour les grandes profondeur » (ergonomics and

capacity for large depth)

Private Sector France

“ La question de la qualité (résistance à la corrosion) des colonnes de pompage

métaliques. D'auytre part la problématique du démontage relevage de la

collone d'exhaure sur ce type de pompe. Il serait interessant de dévvelopper des

colonne d'exhaure en PE (comme la pompe Vergnet) » (The issue of quality

(corrosion resistance) columns of metallic pump. On the other hand the

problem of dismantling lifting the dewatering column of this type of pump. It

would be interesting to develop dewatering column PE (like Vergnet pump)


“The pump buckets and piston seals? major cause of malfunctioning in my case

study”

Training

Organisation

Uganda

“The rods not to rust The foot valve to reduce wear” Training

Organisation

Kenya

“Handpump should consider also, that disable people are carrying water in

rural areas and girls”

UN

Organisation

Mozambique

“Afridev needs to be more robust overall. In a country with weak o&m they do

not last.”

UN

Organisation

Liberia South

Sudan

“Performance Depth of the AFRIDEV Pump” UN

Organisation

Mozambique

“Unfortunately, no single agency is responsible or coordination developments in

hand pumps and updating standards as it was done by RWSG before.”

UN

Organisation

India

“IM II HP: If the cylinder can be made lighter that can be fitted with PVC riser pip

in place of GI pipe ; it would help a lot in maintenance by the users and VLOM

can be truly operationalized.”

UN

Organisation

Somalia

“Plastic riser pipes and the pump unit for IM-II pumps. Any possibility of

changing the up and down pushing and pulling of the pump handle to a pulley

system or any mechanical advantage to make it easier/suitable for vulnerable

people including people with disabilities.”

UN

Organisation

Ethiopia

“AFRIDEV : Cylinder and pipes” UN

Organisation

Chad

“The key to sustained use of thepumps is controlled use. It is therefore

important that a provision for locking is made for all models. Also, pump theft

UN

Organisation

Sierra Leone


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

25

Answer Organisation

Type

Country

is becoming a common problem in Sierra Leone, could we think of designing an

antitheft device to prevent theft? Sierra Leone worked on one (locally fabricated)

and is has proved to be very effective.”

“For TARA: to use better material quality for the screw socket to join T-hadle

and raising pipe. May be made of metal or other materials”

UN

Organisation

Laos

“Reduction on the cost of the pump” UN

Organisation

Zimbabawe

“Tringle et les tuyaux d'exhaure (in french) related to INDIA MARK II must be

stanless steel not galvanised in order to prevent corrosion”

UN

Organisation

DRC

“Disaster risk reduction features” UN

Organisation

Sri Lanka

“We need pumps that can be used for deeper well than can be serviced by India

mark II, the Blue pump is a good example it can draw water at 120m. with

lowering water tables these are becoming popular”

UN

Organisation

Swaziland

“Not related to a specific pump, but there could be greater attention paid to

handpump design when used in the context of multiple use services - as the

requirements and standards would likely need to be different.”

Other USA

“There should be a systematic R&D effort that has a proper protocol for testing

innovations. But it might be impossible to find funding for something like that”

Other Ireland

“Depth of water abstraction capacity as the water level is being affected by

much drilling activities”

Other Nigeria

“Tara in low water table areas” Other Bangladesh

“Handpumps have matured long ago and design innovations have not been

forthcoming, mainly because it is no longer fashionable, attractive to donors fro

financial support/. The hardware era is OVER.”

Other India

“Afridev the intake section or suction” Other Ghana

“change the rope of the Afridev Pump, because is not resistent to the chlorine” Other Nicaragua

“pas le design des pompes, mais les infrastructures en beton, pour eviter la

pollution des nappes et le gaspillage de l'eau » (not the design of the pumps,

but the infrastructure of concrete, to avoid the pollution of water and waste

water)

Other Italy

“Technologies à coût d'investissement et entretien abordable » (Technology

investment cost and affordable maintenance)

Other France

Annex 4: Question 29. Are you involved in a handpump design work, and if so what are

you working on?

Answer Organisation

Type

Country

“yes, we make inexpensive pumps from locally available hardware store

supplies”

NGO Bolivia

“Yes. Involved in technical improvements of the ropepump both pump and

installation. Also involved in development of other ropepump models powered

by pedals engine horse and wind.

NGO Netherlands

“No, MRRD is satisfied about the Afridev (but many inferior types are on the

market). DACAAR did weigh pumps and 3 kg difference was noted.”

NGO Afghanistan

“Yes, All of Q 29.” NGO Australia

“Yes. I am working on building a plunger pump cylinder that can mate on the

India Mark II or other surface assemblies.”

NGO Sierra Leone

“Piloting new pump prototype in CAR” NGO Central


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

26

Answer Organisation

Type

Country

African

Republic

“Observation and improvement of different rope pump models for self supply” NGO Tanzania

“Metering of the hand-pump” NGO Uganda

“We are not directly involved, although our staff occasionally suggest small

changes to the supplier.”

NGO Nicaragua

“Rods cylinder seals” NGO USA

“Repairs broken hand pump to be sustained by the communities.” NGO Kenya

“yes, designing of suction pipe depth, type selection” NGO Nepal

“Not directly although I have been looking at the origin of high iron

concentrations in water from U2/India Mark II pumps in Uganda.”

NGO UK/Uganda

“where people have sustainable access to safe water, with modern and light to

use equipment without breakdowns, that can be maintained at very low costs”

NGO Kenya

“yes some what as we make new pumps for company as on skat or BIS indian

standard ,our company some done development work for tara”


“I was involved in the past in the development of the bottom support system

and the hybrid India/Afridev for deep boreholes. More recently I was involved

with trying to introduce the rope pump to Timor Leste”

Private Sector Australia

Yes, we are working on deep and ultra-deep handpumps, together with

WaterAid. These are new designs, not adaptations of existing designs.

Private sector UK

yes. Vergnet development aims today to : - alleviate difficulty of pumping for

extra deep levels - qualification of a water meter suitable to our pumps -

permanent improvements on reliability


Design of innovative suction pump, innovation in Indian Mark-2 Private Sector Pakistan

Yes, improving pump performances Private Sector France

Canzee improvement and development of new model Private Sector Madagascar

Yes I am interested to improve and change according to country requirement. Training

Organisation

USA

A prototype model Training

Organisation

Kenya

Core team member of HTN and RWSG, based in Delhi. UN

Organisation

India

N/A personally -- but I managed USAID contracts that were promoting

innovations in rope pump design/manufacture that were promising.

Other USA

The Canzee Pump, and formerly versions of the Rower Pump Other UK

While working with SDC-WPP I was involved in designing of Jibon HP Other Bangladesh

Oui. Nous commercialisons avec une pompe multipiston sans cylindre ni

baudruche


Projet d'amelioration des pompes a corde avec le fabricant Private Sector France

j'ai travaillé sur des pompes eoliennes au Mali Other Italy

Annex 5: Question 29 – Please list anyone that you know who is working on handpump

improvements:

Answer

NGOs and NGO networks in Uganda

Victoria pumps U Ltd

Janamise Enterprise (Bolgatanga, Ghana) - working on Rope pump

Wolfgang Buchner; Emas pump Terry Waller; Baptist Pump Richard Cansdale; Canzee pump Paul van Beers;


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

27

Answer

Blue pump Practia foundation Gert Jan Bom; Multi piston pump

SHIPO at Iringa Tanzania

DACAAR was doing this in the past since 2004 all been handed over to private sector.

Some folk mentioned on RWSN forums

Henk Holtslag- Rope pumps.

KLR

Indus hand pumps, Swabi Hand pumps (Previously DACAAR)

Miguel Matamoros +505-8447-2727 Nelson (last name escapes me) from Somoto +505-8665-6136 - he says he

has a patent on his version of the rope pump

Rogers Pennell

Blue pump (paul van Beers)

Equip International. Lifewater International, Water for all.

ICDI / Design Outreach World Vision / Messiah College

It was recognized that probably only with the Afripump the millennium goals will be feasible and that Africa

countries should introduce this new technology as soon as possible. More and more, governments and the

international donor community start to realize that the Millennium goals (to increase coverage and bridge the gap

with 50 % by the year 2015) will never be achieved in this way and a new approach is urgently needed A

maintenance free pumping system (BPS) in a stainless steel cylinder that has no rubber washers; the BluePump

therefore does NOT need a supply of spare parts to function; breakdowns are minimized by using vey strong

materials and self lubricating heavy duty bearings; the BluePump can lift water from 1 to 100 m deep; the

average yield at 40m. is 1,2 m3/hour, so a bucket of 20 litres is filled within 1 minute, which makes people happy,

day after day! pumping is light due to the counterweight in the handle, even a child can still pump water form 60

m deep, see picture below; the cap is secured with a special key and cannot be openened by others; the cap has

space for advertising messages from donors or local companies; pumping direct from the casing is possible in

case of a new borehole; this reduces installation time, costs and logistics. No need for an expensive borehole

casings anymore

It seems to me it is a very ad hoc bunch - odd students and techies, with no concerted and coordinated approach.

Surely it's time for another push such as took place with World Bank/UNDP/DFID funding in the 1980s?

Living Water International/RWANDA

vergnet company

DAVIS AND SHITLIFF

The Ministry of Water and Environment in Uganda has a technology centre. Mr. Kimmitt Sayers (Dundalk Institute

of Technology, Ireland) and Micheal Lubwama (his PhD student). Contact him on [email protected] if you

wish to.

Kenya water institute

Agro Alfa - Mozambique

With fast development, hand pump use is quite reduced in countries like India. Although it is still used in many

developing countries, it will not be used when the countries grows as communities are looking for better facilities

and hence we should keep this in mind.

In India, there are number of manufacturing companies that could be contacted if they are interested. Not in

touch at the moment.

A government research and development organization in Ethiopia who is working on hand pumps technology

improvements.

Peter Morgan

Winrock International (with their MUS work).

Karl Erpf, Peter Morgan, Paul van Beer, Vergnet, and many more. There are always people who invent new pumps.

It is rather difficult to assess whether a new design is worth pursuing.

IDE, UNICEF,DPHE,SKAT,NGO-Forum

Vergnet hydre France

Christophe Leger Vergnet France

Sewa Da SILVEIRA: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

28

Annex 6: Question 32 – other comments

Answer Organisation

Type

Country

“Value chain for the spare parts , hand pump etc in order to close the loop” Funding

Organisation

Uganda

“Just to emphasise an earlier comment I made: my response on data on

handpump functionality is only limited to three districts in Ghana and we don't

have a national data”

NGO Ghana

“With the limited sources I think it is important to do more research on

sustainability of rural water supply. In which countries, with what conditions,

which technologies, which approaches is rural water suply most

succesfull/sustainable/cost effective. and maybe also where it is least

sustainable.”

NGO Netherlands

“Most of rural pump are stolen and there is low clear database to show kind of

pump that have been stolen

NGO Tanzania

“There seem to be many sources of functionality statistics and these figures

sometimes vary. There may be greater potential in seeking ways to improve

real situations with improved technology, skills and available parts to improve

upon the known failures in functionality.”

NGO Canada

“Funding stream made available for serious and coordinated improvement of

hand pump designs would help to ensure that best practices and designs are

developed and implemented.”

NGO Australia

“This survey is good initiative” NGO Pakistan

“The survey is educative.” NGO Sierra Leone

“Drilling component has been omitted in the survey” NGO Uganda

“We have always pruchased from local suppliers. Afridev in Liberia, Malawi and

Mozambique. Mark II in Sierra Leone and Zambia. We have constructed 760

boreholes since 2005 in these countries, but now operate only in Sierra Leone

and Mozambique. We have found that if the community values the water,

they generally find a way to keep it functioning albeit our pumps are not that

old yet. We encourage local well committees to charge a fee for pump

maintenance which many do. However, the amount collected is insufficient for

a major repair or replacement. People are guarding their pumps from theft.”

NGO USA

“is there a list of governmental approved hand pumps by country? we

appreciate all of your good work.”

NGO USA

“Testing of wood rods is needed” NGO USA

“would be better to ask if any of remarks can be used at the end of the survey.” NGO Global

“In Q17 I felt that these were all things which could be done, but which don't

necessarily represent the best use of limited resources. I wondered where the

five options came from. Has there been an assessment of priority needs in

relation to handpump work? If not, I would suggest that should be the priority

- what about starting with either an e-conference or physical workshop to

thrash out the top 5 priorities, then rank those, or rather decide how much

time and money to spend on each?”

Private Sector UK

“We all know the problems, but I am not sure any of the above really help to

provide solutions on their own. The fundamentals (in our view) are (1)

properly trained and equipped teams should do the installations, and (2) the

pumps should be easy to maintain and repair. If existing pump designs cannot

achieve objective (2), then new designs must be considered. Ideally such new

designs should be repairable using truly local materials, to avoid the well

known problems of spare parts supply. We realise this is not easy, but it

should nevertheless be the objective.”

Private Sector UK

“If it the sincere purpose of the different donor organisations to provide Private Sector UK


S G Furey, Skat

FINAL 18/12/2013

29

Answer Organisation

Type

Country

sustainable and quality water to the poor it must also rank as a priority to

make the water easily accessible to the small children and older people in the

communities who are almost always responsible for pumping the water.

Children as young as 4 years and slightly older must pump their own water

from the wells and carry it to their homes. Lets make it easier on these

youngsters and old folks by installing solar pumps and storage tanks as well.

Imagine the smiles of happiness on the faces of these children.”

“Thanks for your work” Private Sector Madagascar

“Poor hand pump functionality was a major problem in my study, but mainly

due to repairs and repair fees that women especially cant afford. Keep up the

good work and I look forward to collaborating with you in future”

Training

Organisation

Uganda

“Highest priority should be given to 1) to ensure continuous functioning of

existing hand pumps, and 2) provision of new hand pumps in places where

people walk for several kms.”

UN

Organisation

India

“A rope pump was locally manufactured in Lao PDR in 1999. However, it is not

sustainable due to noisy, difficult to find good quality rope, only use with

shallow wells etc.”

UN

Organisation

Laos PDR

“Handpumps will continue to form the back bone of water supply for rural

Africa and ways to improve the pumps for better sustainability is most

welcome”

UN

Organisation

Swaziland

“I think the increased sustainability of handpumps will require shifting away

from a strictly VLOM model to something more systemic that goes well

beyond the village level (so the issue wouldn't be a better definition of VLOM,

but rather a revised institutional and financial approach to viewing O&M.

(Apropos of which, it would be important to include better and more

consistent life cycle cost information related to hand pumps as part of the

increased/improved information developed for their use.)”

Other USA

“Be careful! There are not simplified QC or installation procedures. These

things have to be done properly.”

Other Ireland

“Localise Hand pump manufacturing to provide jobs and train mechanics on

it's maintenance”

Other Nigeria

“It is necessary to realise that the choice of a handpump/s for a country, by a

donor/NGO has little to do with a rational basis for making a choice. It has

more to with spending money, so-called project management, producing

hard-to-verify but impressive statistics from thin air. In actual practice, it is the

drilling contractor who make the decisions, and that is dependent on the price

he has quoted, and how much he cam skim off the top. Most NGOs these days

hardly know the difference between a bore-hole and an ...hole. What of

handpumps?”

Other India

“ Un inventaire de toutes les pompes existentes, de leur fonctionnalité,

avantage inconvénients. » (An inventory of all available pumps, functionality,

advantages disadvantages. ")


" J'ai vu plusieurs pompes abandonnées au Sahel. Le retour à la puisette est du

au manque de moyens et d'entretien des pompes, et aussi au détournement

des caisses pour l'eau. » (I saw several abandoned Sahel pumps. Return to the

dipper is the lack of resources and maintenance of pumps, as well as the

diversion of funds for water.)

Other Italy

« Et les autres marques? Et le développement de la fabrication des pompes

dans les pays l'utilisant principalement? » (And other brands? Development

and manufacture of pumps in the country primarily using?)

Other France