Upload
jokosuntoro
View
21
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Research of literature science
Citation preview
Retail Futures
Retail Futures
Drivers of Rapid Change – Stock take of Literature and
Research on Australian Retail
New Technology
The existing research is increasingly aware that new technology is driving an unprecedented
period of innovation in the retail industry, Australia and worldwide. The recognition of the effects
of the explosion of smartphones and third-party mobile applications, improved
telecommunications infrastructure and the proliferation of social networks on the retail industry
is growing. This is particularly the case in the context of Australia’s high technology adoption
rates, as seen by mobile internet access growth of 45% since 2010.1 There are numerous reports
from the industry that the globalisation of the market through online channels is exposing the
industry to unprecedented levels of competition. 2 This is expected to continue, with Australian
online sales projected to grow by between 10 to 15% per annum over the next three years.3
New technology has introduced a multitude of options, including: platforms for buying and
ordering online, researching and comparing products and prices, product customisation, delivery
methods, collective buying, marketing, pure play niche sites, buying directly from the
manufacturer and for using mobile devices to do all of the above. As the technology becomes
more sophisticated the options will multiply.
A recent IBM report Capitalising on the Smarter Consumer notes that consumers are using
technology to ‘dip in and out of the [buying] process’ rather than browsing through several shops,
finding something and buying it in a continuous sequence.4 Through technology, the retail
experience is becoming a ‘series of moments’ meaning that the retailer’s window of opportunity
to influence consumer decisions is more important than ever.
Interestingly, given the pace of technology advances it is worthwhile noting that the literature
often finds itself out-of-date by the time it reaches the publisher. We also note that the literature
is beginning to broaden its view of the technology drivers of change. Earlier literature (2007-
2009) often equated “new technology” with “online retailing.” More recent research has begun to
address the wider gamut of mobile commerce, social media, tablet computers, virtual shopping
walls and self-service kiosks.
Over the past five years, a considerable amount of the research has focussed on the emerging
business models that make use of these technology innovations. The literature is now becoming
aware of the emergence of pure-play and multi- or omni-channel firms, analysing the successful
strategies of the likes of Amazon.com, ASOS and Kogan. The emerging trend of “mass-
customisation”, made possible through online stores and in-store kiosks, is also being observed
in some of the market research.5
1 eBay, Online Business Index – Survey of Australian Ecommerce Business, (March 2012), p. 12.
2 Australian National Retailers Association, Submission to the Productivity Commission (2011), p.12.
3 Productivity Commission, ‘Economic Structure and Performance of the Australian Retail Industry,’
Productivity Commission Inquiry Report, no. 56, (4 November 2011), p. 73. 4 IBM, Capitalizing on the Smarter Consumer (executive report), 2011, p. 4.
5 Australian Centre for Retail Studies, Australian Consumer Trends: ACRS Secondary Research Report 2010,
(Monash University, 2010), p. 87.
Retail Futures
Retail Futures
eBay’s annual Online Business Index: Australia and PayPal’s Secure Insight: The Future of
Shopping, released in March 2012, are the two most recent reports that examine the impact of
new technology on the Australian retail industry. The PayPal report argues that “the challenge
facing Australian retailers is to fully integrate new and old retail channels”6 and that “retailers not
innovating online will likely lose market share”.7 It should be recognised that the authors of these
two reports stand to gain from encouraging the shift online, and therefore focus on presenting
the rationale for change. For example, the report highlights the growing attention that multi-
channel retailers are receiving from equity firms.8 However, from SSA’s perspective, there is
value from strengthening discussions on the development of the workforce, such as the planning
for the skills required to adapt to this transformation, and training retail staff. This was
recognised in the Productivity Commission’s report, which acknowledged the ramifications for the
workforce in relation to the changes within the retail industry. Interestingly, the eBay report found
that only 20% considered “training availability for online businesses” to be a factor impacting
their growth, yet did not explore the ramifications of this.
Globalisation
Industry reports the recent introduction of large foreign retailers to Australia has been an
additional factor of destabilisation. This is reflected in eBay’s report, which found that 68% of
respondents cited increasing competition from international businesses as a barrier to growth.9
While foreign owned firms currently account for only 5% of market-share,10 there is evidence of
growing global interest in the Australian market in light of the introduction of some large
international retailers (eg, Zara, ALDI, IKEA). The Productivity Commission’s inquiry into the retail
industry also noted this trend and quoted CB Richard Ellis’ submission, which explained that the
“transparency of the Australian market, population growth prospects and relatively strong
economic fundamentals”11 are attributable to this growing interest.
A major reason why consumers are spending a smaller share of their incomes on retail goods
(Figure 3.11) is because these goods have become cheaper. China’s economic reforms the
1980s—establishing special economic zones (SEZs) in many of its coastal cities—fundamentally
reshaped global retail supply-chains. A large number of Western firms took advantage of cheap
Chinese labour and SEZs favourable tax regimes, exporting their manufacturing processes
overseas. The steady global supply of inexpensive manufactured goods from China exerted
downward pressure on the wholesale price of manufactured goods.12 While these global
developments have benefitted consumers, manufacturers (rather than retailers) have kept the
lion’s share of associated savings from reduced labour costs.
6 PayPal, Secure Insight: The Future of Shopping (March 2012), pp. 7.
7 PayPal, Secure Insight: The Future of Shopping (March 2012), p. 14.
8 Apostolou, N., ‘Australia’s Retail Revolution’, Charter, vol. 82, no. 5 (Sydney 2011), p. 5
9 eBay, Online Business Index – Survey of Australian Ecommerce Business, (March 2012), p. 4.
10 Ibid.
11 Productivity Commission, ‘Economic Structure and Performance of the Australian Retail Industry,’
Productivity Commission Inquiry Report, no. 56, (4 November 2011), p.18 12
Productivity Commission, ‘Economic Structure and Performance of the Australian Retail Industry,’ Productivity Commission Inquiry Report, no. 56, (4 November 2011), p.54.
Retail Futures
Retail Futures
SOURCE: Productivity Commission 'Economic Structure and Performance of the Australian Retail Industry’.
New and Changing Spending Patterns
Consumer habits have changed. The baby boomer generation has become notable for its
uniquely acquisitive spending habits during the boom times of the 1950s to the early 2000s.
However, it is reported that the 2008 global financial crisis has dramatically reduced retirement
savings and altered the consumer psychology. This is evident in 2009’s significant peak in the
household savings ratio after two decades of decline13, as well as below-average levels of
consumer confidence14. The literature has attributed this trend as the cause of the recent
expansion in private-label offerings.15
Purchase preferences have also changed. It is increasingly reported that this decline in
consumption has particularly affected the purchasing of traditional retail goods, compared to
services. 16 The ABS household expenditure survey shows that there is greater discretionary
spending on travel, investment, internet services and communication technology, as compared to
fashion and homewares. The volume of sales at department stores and clothing and footwear
13
Lowe, P. (Assistant Governor, Reserve Bank of Australia), 2011, ‘Changing Patterns in Household Saving and Spending’, presentation at Australian Economic Forum 2011, 22 September 2011, transcript available at <http://www.rba.gov.au/speeches/2011/sp-ag-220911.html> 14
Reserve Bank of Australia, ‘Chart Pack: Household Sector – Consumer Sentiment’, http://www.rba.gov.au/chart-pack/household-sector.html. 15
Ibid., p. 15; Nenycz-Thiel, Magda, ‘Case Study: Private Labels in Australia: A Case Where Retailer Concentration Does Not Predicate Private Labels Share,’ Journal of Brand Management, vol. 18, no. 8 (February 2011), pp. 624-633; Productivity Commission, ‘Economic Structure and Performance of the Australian Retail Industry,’ Productivity Commission Inquiry Report, no. 56, (4 November 2011), p.16 16
NAB, Online Retail Sales Index Indepth Report: January 2012—Janurary 2012 (2012), p. 1; Lowe, P. (Assistant Governor, Reserve Bank of Australia), 2011, ‘Changing Patterns in Household Saving and Spending’, presentation at Australian Economic Forum 2011, 22 September 2011, transcript available at <http://www.rba.gov.au/speeches/2011/sp-ag-220911.html>
Retail Futures
Retail Futures
retailers has declined by about 6% since early 2009.17 This has led some commentators to
speculate that consumers increasingly favour buying for experience and connectivity, rather than
for enhancing personal image and status.
The changing seller-buyer relationship
Increasing options for purchasing afforded by recent innovations has altered the dynamic
between the seller and the buyer. Customers have more power with greater access to
information, global outlets, self service, and customisation. There are also more avenues for
education and protection of consumer rights.
The literature predominantly documents the ways in which this relationship change has occurred,
with greater price transparency and product information as a result of online research and in-
store research on mobile devices. The increasingly informed consumer is analysed in the
literature as Research Online Purchase Offline (ROPO) consumers.18 The literature confirms that
this trend is the case with the Nielsen’s 2010-2011 Online Consumer Report showing that 73%
of Australians fall into this category.19
The effect of this trend on the retailer has not been explored in the literature; however SSA has
noted in its Environmental Scan 2012 that industry reports an emerging redefinition of the role of
the sales assistant. An aspect of the role of the sales assistant has always incorporated
imparting product knowledge; however this role is increasingly becoming redundant as it
becomes displaced by online research and in-store kiosks or devices. Industry feedback has
suggested that the role of the sales assistant has subsequently focused on the experience of the
purchase and more sophisticated service provision. The IBM report characterises these
changing customer expectations of retailers as “serve me, don’t sell to me”, “listen to me”, “know
me” and “empower me”. Combined, these create what IBM terms ‘smarter retailing’ which
requires a different mindset from retailers. Firms need to:
Recognise that customers are not passive recipients, they are active participants in the
shopping process. Give them facilities they need to participate in that process, and make
it feel likeit is your pleasure to serve them.20
The Australian Retail Workforce
The retail industry employed 1,237,000 people as at August 201121. This places the retail
industry as Australia’s second largest employing industry, after the health care and social
assistance industry.
17
Philip Lowe, ‘The Changing Structure of the Australian Economy and Monetary Policy’ Address to the Australian Industry Group 12th Annual Economic Forum (7 March 2012, Sydney). 18
Productivity Commission, ‘Economic Structure and Performance of the Australian Retail Industry,’ Productivity Commission Inquiry Report, no. 56, (4 November 2011), p.94 19
Nielsen, Nielsen’s State of the Online Market: Evolution or Revolution?, Media Release, (Sydney, 9 March 2011). 20
IBM, Capitalizing on the Smarter Consumer (executive report), 2011, p. 7. 21
ABS, 2011, Cat No. 6291.0.55.003, Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, Quarterly, Aug 2011.
Retail Futures
Retail Futures
Employment within retail is skewed towards younger and female workers. In 2011, 55.8 percent
of employment in retail trade was comprised of female employees and 24.7 percent of retail
employees were aged between 15 and 2422. Furthermore, there is a high level of part-time and
casual work, as well as high levels of turnover. In 2010, 40.3 percent of employees in retail were
classified as casual as opposed to permanent23. Additionally, 53.9 percent of workers were
employed part-time as opposed to full time24. There are also a significant proportion of
employees who are employed in retail alongside further study. The Household, Income and
Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey (HILDA) indicated that 44 percent of part-time retail
employees gave ‘going to school, college or university’ as the major reason for part-time
employment, which compares to 24.1 percent of part-time employment across all employees.
These characteristics of the workforce contribute to higher levels of turnover within the industry,
compared to other industries. In 2010, 23.8 percent of the industry had been with their employer
for less than one year, compared to 18 percent across all industries25. While employers in retail
report difficulties in retaining employees in their workplace, it is also believed that many of the
students working in retail tend to leave the industry altogether upon completion of their studies.
However, industry feedback suggests that the remainder of the retail workforce tends to remain
within the industry.
As at February 2011, employment across the retail sub-sectors was concentrated in
supermarkets and grocery stores; followed by pharmaceutical and other store-based retail; and
clothing footwear and accessory retail. This is indicated in Figure 1 below.
Figure 1. Level of Employment by Retail Sub-sector (2011)
Source: SkillsInfo, ABS Labour Force Survey, Cat. No. 6291.0.55.003
22
ABS, February 2010 to February 2011, Cat No. 6291.0.55.003, Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, Quarterly. 23
ABS, 2011, Cat. No. 6359.0, Forms of Employment, Nov 2010. N.B. This statistic excludes owner managers. 24
Ibid. 25
ABS, 2010, Cat. No. 6209.0, Labour Mobility, Australia, February 2010.
289.8
166.2
144.3
108.7
82.1
81.0
73.1
69.6
62.9
41.5
36.2
26.9
15.8
0.1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Supermarket, Grocery Stores
Pharmaceutical, Other Store-Based Retail
Clothing, Footwear, Accessory Retail
Specialised Food Retail
Department Stores
Hardware, Building, Garden Supplies Retail
Recreational Goods Retail
Electrical, Electronic Goods Retail
Motor Vehicle Retail
Furniture, Floor Coverings, Houseware, Textile Retail
Fuel Retail
Motor Vehicle Parts, Tyre Retail
Non-Store Retail
Retail Commission-Based Buying, Selling
Retail Trade - Employment Level - Feb 2011 ('000s)
Retail Futures
Retail Futures
Projected and recent growth in employment varies across the retail sector. Employment in
department stores has decreased by 18,800 in the five years to 201126. Furthermore, it is
expected to decrease by an additional 8,100 individuals to 2015–1627. Meanwhile,
supermarkets and grocery stores have added 28,300 employees in the five years to 2011.
Further growth of 41,000 people is expected in the next five years to 2015–1628. Similarly,
positive employment trends are likely to continue for clothing, footwear and accessory retail and
specialised food retail. Overall, retail employment is expected to grow at an average rate of 1.8
percent per annum over the years to 2014–1529. However, Monash University’s Centre for the
Economics of Education and Training (CEET) forecasts employment in the main retail
occupations, sales assistant and retail manager, to decrease by 0.6% and 0.8% over 2009-15.
The National Retail Association (NRA) also predict the loss of between 53,000 and 105,000 jobs
in the industry over the next five years based on the loss of establishments to offshore online
retailers and the stagnation of domestic online sales. The higher estimate for employment loss is
based on a much higher online penetration rate of 12 per cent by 2015 while the lower estimate
is based on an online penetration rate of 8 per cent.30
Figure 2. Projected Employment Growth by Retail Sub-Sector (2010)
Source: SkillsInfo, ABS Labour Force Survey, Cat. No. 6291.0.55.003, DEEWR Trend data
26
ABS, 2011, Cat No. 6291.0.55.003, Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, Quarterly, Feb 2011. 27
Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, 2011, Industry Employment Projections: 2011, retrieved 12 December, 2011, from http://www.skillsinfo.gov.au/skills/IndustryReportsCharts/ 28
Ibid. 29
Ibid. 30
Productivity Commission, ‘Economic Structure and Performance of the Australian Retail Industry,’ Productivity Commission Inquiry Report, no. 56, (4 November 2011), p. 387
41.0
21.0
20.2
13.2
8.9
7.5
3.7
1.7
0.0
-2.6
-3.2
-7.4
-8.1
-10.1
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Supermarket, Grocery Stores
Pharmaceutical, Other Store-Based Retail
Clothing, Footwear, Accessory Retail
Specialised Food Retail
Hardware, Building, Garden Supplies Retail
Motor Vehicle Parts, Tyre Retail
Non-Store Retail
Electrical, Electronic Goods Retail
Retail Commission-Based Buying, Selling
Fuel Retail
Furniture, Floor Coverings, Houseware, Textile Retail
Recreational Goods Retail
Department Stores
Motor Vehicle Retail
Retail Trade - Future Emp Growth (000s) to 2015-16
Retail Futures
Retail Futures
The Productivity Commission’s 2011 report also makes the following observations of the retail
workforce:
— Retail employers appear to invest less in training — one quarter of persons employed in
retail in 2009 had undertaken work-related training in the previous 12 months compared
with just over one third of persons employed in all industries.
— Part of the reason for the perception of poor service standards in the industry could be
due to retail jobs often being temporary stepping stones to employment in other
occupations and industries for young retail workers combining study with part time work
in the industry. Compounding this situation is the existence of high labour turnover rates
in the industry. This provides less incentive for employers to develop training strategies
which will contribute to improved employee productivity performance and perhaps
explains some of the attitudinal problems of some workers.
— The retail sector in the future will require a more highly skilled workforce including
employees with good IT skills who have knowledge of website interface technology to
support the move into online retailing.
International Retail Practice – Broad Picture:
There are a range of publications outside of Australia that focus on developments within the
global retail industry. This literature often deals with the same issues affecting Australia:
technology, globalisation, changing consumption patterns, albeit within a local context.
Of particular note is the work of international associations and consortia.
National Retail Federation (U.S)
The reference group highlight the work undertaken by the NRF in particular their Retail means
Jobs campaign which centres around the reality that “1 in 4 American Jobs” comes through the
retail sector. The key communications tool is the NRF website -
http://www.retailmeansjobs.com/. The Retail means Job campaign was positioned around the
US Election and covers the following agenda items:
Encouraging Global Trade
Tax reform
Improvements in visa access for tourism
Modernising aging infrastructure
Flexibility in labour and workplace relations
Innovation and consumer protection through self regulation
Consumer data protection
Increasing consumer value through maximisation of supply chain effectiveness,
combating organised crime and reducing transaction fees
The NRF also has a Research & Education arm – the NRFFoundation. The NRFFoundation
produces two key annual reports. Retail Horizons which looks at customer insights, eCommerce,
human capital, IT, marketing, supply chain management in the U.S. retail industry as well as
identifying key trends affecting the sector in any given year. The group also publishes Retail
Industry Indicators, a comprehensive statistical resource which collates demographic data from
across the industry. These documents are available to purchase for $495 and $100 respectively.
Retail Futures
Retail Futures
It is worth pausing to note that the NRFFoundation offers a service to U.S. retailers known as
“Retail Skills Centers.” Working with shopping mall developers, local, state, and government
agencies, schools and colleges, community groups, and local retailers, NRF Foundation
established multiple Retail Skills Centers (RSC) around the country. The Retail Skills Centers
partners bring their expertise and resources to address the opportunities and challenges of the
ever-growing retail industry and help to network and match retailers with qualified and trained
candidates. The role of the RSCs is similar to Australian Industry Skills Council-led workforce
development programs.
British Retail Consortium - http://www.brc.org.uk/brc_home.asp
The BRC runs a comprehensive agenda including one on employment and skills that covers
wages, diversity, EU Employment issues and the position of Retail in society. With regard to skills,
the Consortium’s policy is one of simplicity and industry driven saying that:
The retail sector has an excellent record on training and upskilling its workforce. In 2008,
5,000 retail apprenticeships were completed and 63% of all individuals in the sector
were given training equivalent to 14 working days. The sector also provides employees
with transferable skills which help them progress either within retail or other business
sectors.
Although the BRC welcomes initiatives to address skills shortages, it is important that
proposals do not become unduly burdensome for business and deliver outcomes which
are genuinely useful. The skills landscape should also be made as simple as possible -
this will help large and small retailers alike but is particularly important for smaller
businesses, which have fewer resources and less understanding of the tools and support
available to them. Most importantly, it is vital that the retail sector is not overlooked by
Government as being a vital economic driver of growth and jobs within the UK.
http://www.brc.org.uk/brc_policy_content.asp?iCat=42&iSubCat=625&spolicy=Employment&sS
ubPolicy=Skills
Skillsmart Retail - http://www.skillsmartretail.com/sr/default.aspx
Skillsmart Retail (the UK Sector Skills Council for Retail) is another key producer of retail sector
research. The industry-led group’s mission is to:
Make a compelling case for the recognition of retail skills.
Unite retailers to simplify and improve access to the UK skills system.
Improve the quality of recruits to the retail sector.
Workforce Development – by raising the skill levels of the existing workforce in retail
operations
Much of the organisation’s research focuses on customer service, retail sector productivity,
online retail, UK workforce demographics, perceptions of retail, current and future trends, local
skill needs and retailers’ skill needs. Skillsmart Retail has created profiles of the retail sector and
its workforce in all nine of the English regions as well as data from all four UK nations. This
regional approach informs their workforce development strategies. By focusing on collecting
Retail Futures
Retail Futures
up-to-date demographic data about the UK retail sector and the wider workforce the organisation
is able to ensure that its workforce planning is well informed and relevant.
In December 2012, Skillsmart Retail commissioned Oxford’s University’s Institute of Retail
Management to develop a report on Productivity and Skills in Retailing. The report identifies
many of the ‘drivers of rapid change’ discussed in this literature summary: new technology,
globalisation, changing spending patterns, etc. The report notes that in the context of changing
customer needs, UK retail businesses need to pay increased attention to service skills as a core
differentiator.31 The report notes a ‘productivity gap’ between the UK and the US, an issue that
the Productivity Commission also identified in the Australian context. Interestingly, the report
notes that the term “skills shortage” can be misleading and subjective, and that it is better to
think about workforce development strategies in terms of “skills alignment” in the context of
available labour:
It is often better to talk about a poor alignment between the demand for particular kinds
of skills and their immediate availability; which for example amongst young applicants
might include poor work ethic, verbal communication and customer handling skills. And
the demands of ever more productive businesses may work to increase this...poor
alignment may be addressed not just through recruitment.
The report emphasises that retailers should make use of new technology to remove the need for
routinised tasks, allowing employees to focus more on customer service, and that a more
systematic approach is needed to identify and share best practice in social and service related
skills.
31
Skillsmart Retail, Productivity and Skills in Retailing (December 2010) – report developed by Oxford Institute of Retail Management.
Retail Futures
Retail Futures
Bibliography:
Access Economics, Household E-commerce Activity and Trends in Australia, prepared for the
Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (November 2010).
Apostolou, N., ‘Australia’s Retail Revolution’, Charter, vol. 82, no. 5 (Sydney 2011), pp. 1-8.
Australian Centre for Retail Studies, Australian Consumer Trends: ACRS Secondary Research
Report 2010, (Monash University, 2010).
Australian Centre for Retail Studies, Retail Insights, no. 154 (February 2012).
Australian Centre for Retail Studies, Retail Trends: ABS Retail Trade Data for January 2012
(Monash University, 2012).
Australian Communications and Media Authority, Australia in the Digital Economy: Consumer
Engagement in E-Commerce (November 2010).
Australian Communications and Media Authority, Australia in the Digital Economy: the Shift to the
Online Environment (November 2010).
Australian Sporting Goods Association, Research Paper on the Low Value Importation Threshold,
November 2010, www.fairimportsalliance.org.au/Portals/0/ASGA%20Research%20Paper.pdf
Centre for Research on Education Systems, Destinations Survey for the Service Industries:
Literature Review (2011), prepared for Service Skills Australia.
Centre for the Economics of Education and Training, Labour Skills Forecasting for the Service
Industries: Productivity in the Service Industries (2010), prepared for Service Skills Australia.
Citi Investment and Research, 2011, What’s in Store? Issue 42: FY11 Retail Results: Trying to
Protect Margins (6 October 2011).
Deloitte, Leaving Home: Global Powers of Retailing 2011, (2011)
www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-
Australia/Local%20Assets/Documents/Industries/Consumer%20business/Deloitte_Global_Pow
ers_of_Retail.pdf
Deloitte Access Economics, The Connected Continent: How the Internet is Transforming the
Australian Economy (August 2011).
Dods, K., ‘Smartphone Growth Fuels mCommerce Adoption – Australian Retail Goes Mobile’,
Australian Retailers Association
(2011),http://www.retail.org.au/index.php/news/Smartphone_growth
_fuels_mCommerce_adoption _-_Australian_retail_goes_mobile
eBay, Online Business Index – Survey of Australian Ecommerce Business, (March 2011).
eBay, Online Business Index – Survey of Australian Ecommerce Business, (March 2012).
Forrester Research 2011, Australian Online Retail Forecast, 2010 to 2015, (January 2011).
Retail Futures
Retail Futures
Garrick, Barbara, ‘The Crisis Discourse of a Wicked Policy Problem: Vocational Skills Training in
Australia,’ The Australian Association for Research in Education, no. 38 (2011), pp. 401-416.
Hall, Richard and Van Den Broek, Diane, ‘Aestheticising Retail Workers: Orientations of Aesthetic
Labour in Australian Fashion Retail,’ Economic and Industrial Democracy, vol. 33, no. 1 (2012),
pp. 85- 102.
Higon, D., Bozkurt, O., Clegg, J., Grugulis, I., Salis, S., Vasilakos, N. and Williams, A., ‘The
Determinants of Retail Productivity: A Critical Review of the Evidence’, International Journal of
Management Reviews, vol. 12, no. 2 (2010) pp. 201-217.
IBM, Capitalizing on the Smarter Consumer (executive report), 2011.
Irvine, B., Richardson, D., Fear, J and Denniss, R., The Rise and Rise of Online Retail, Technical
Brief No. 8, The Australia Institute, (Canberra, 2011).
Kierath, T. and Wang, C., Australia Retail: Internet Retailing Boom 2.0, Morgan Stanley Research
Asia/Pacific (June 2011).
Lowe, Philip. ‘The Changing Structure of the Australian Economy and Monetary Policy’ Address to
the Australian Industry Group 12th Annual Economic Forum (7 March 2012, Sydney).
MacGowan, I., Online Shopping in Australia, IBISWorld Industry Report X0004, (May 2011).
MacGowan, I., Consumer Goods Retail in Australia, IBISWorld Industry Report G5000 (February
2012).
NAB, Online Retail Sales Index Indepth Report: January 2012—Janurary 2012 (2012), p. 1.
National Retailers Association, Reducing Skills Needs in the Retail industry Project (2009).
Nenycz-Thiel, Magda, ‘Case Study: Private Labels in Australia: A Case Where Retailer
Concentration Does Not Predicate Private Labels Share,’ Journal of Brand Management, vol. 18,
no. 8 (February 2011), pp. 624-633.
Nickson, Dennis and Hurrell, Scott A. and Warhurst, Chris and Commander, Johanna and Cullen,
Anne Marie, ‘Soft Skills and Employability: Evidence from UK Retail,’ Economic and Industry
Democracy, vol. 33, no. 1 (2012), pp. 65-84.
Nielsen, Nielsen’s State of the Online Market: Evolution or Revolution?, Media release, (Sydney,
9 March 2011).
Nielsen, The Ride of the Value-Conscious Shopper: A Nielson Global Private Label Report (March
2011).
NRF Foundation, Retail Horizons: Benchmarks 2011 and Forecasts 2012, produced in
partnership with KPMG (2011).
NRF Foundation, Retail Industry Indicators 2009, (2009).
PayPal, Secure Insight: The Future of Shopping (March 2012).
PriceWaterhouseCoopers, Digital Media Research 2011: Australian and New Zealand Online
Shopping Insights - An Executive Overview (August 2011).
Retail Futures
Retail Futures
Productivity Commission, ‘Economic Structure and Performance of the Australian Retail Industry,’
Productivity Commission Inquiry Report, no. 56, (4 November 2011), available at SSRN:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2006225.
Schivardi, F. and Viviano, E., ‘Entry Barriers in Retail Trade’, The Economic Journal, vol. 121
(March 2011), pp. 145-170.
Sensis 2010, The Online Experience of Small and Medium Enterprises, Sensis e-Business
Report, (September 2010).
Service Skills Australia, Retail, Wholesale and Floristry 2012 Environmental Scan (2012).
Skillsmart Retail, Productivity and Skills in Retailing (December 2010) – report developed by
Oxford Institute of Retail Management.
Skillsmart Retail, Understanding the Impact of Online Trading on UK Retail (2010) – report
developed by IFF Research
Skillsmart Retail, Skillsmart Retail Analysis: The Age of Retail, (2010).