Summary of Marine Subsistence Uses

Barrow & wainwright, alaska

summary of marine suBsistence uses

OctOber 2012

© M

ilo b

urcham

Summary of marine SubSiStence uSeS: barrow & wainwright, alaSka

october 2012

Prepared for Pew environment group

Stephen R. Braund & Associates

P.o. box 1480

anchorage, alaska 99510

(907) 276-8222

5

October 2012

TABle of ConTenTS

6 liSt of maPS

7 liSt of acronymS

8 introduction

9 SPecieS harveSted and reSource imPortance

10 SeaSonal round

11 SubSiStence uSe areaS

11 barrow

11 beluga whales

11 bowhead whales

12 Polar bears

12 Seals

13 walrus

14 wainwright

14 beluga whales

14 bowhead whales

15 Polar bears

15 Seals

15 walrus

16 Summary

17 referenceS

19 maPS

© 2012 Pew envirOnMent GrOuP6

SuMMary Of Marine SubSiStence uSeS: barrOw & wainwriGht, alaSka

liST of MApS

19 map 1: barrow Subsistence use areas, all marine resources

20 map 2: barrow Subsistence use areas, beluga whales

21 map 3: barrow Subsistence use areas, bowhead whales

22 map 4: barrow Subsistence use areas, Polar bear

23 map 5: barrow Subsistence use areas, Seal

24 map 6: barrow Subsistence use areas, walrus

25 map 7: wainwright Subsistence use areas, all marine resources

26 map 8: wainwright Subsistence use areas, marine mammals

27 map 9: wainwright Subsistence use areas, beluga whales

28 map 10: wainwright Subsistence use areas, bowhead whales

29 map 11: wainwright Subsistence use areas, Polar bears

30 map 12: wainwright Subsistence use areas, Seals

31 map 13: wainwright Subsistence use areas, walrus

7

October 2012

liST of ACRonyMS

ADf&G alaska department of fish and game

BoeMRe bureau of ocean energy management, regulation, and enforcement

GpS global Positioning System

iSeR institute of Social and economic research

nSB north Slope borough

SRB&A Stephen r. braund & associates

TnC the nature conservancy

WTC wainwright traditional council



inTRoDuCTion

interest in offshore oil and gas exploration in

the chukchi Sea has risen in recent years and

therefore the documentation of subsistence

uses in the chukchi Sea is of interest to

stakeholders, industry, and government

agencies. Several coastal communities on the

north Slope, including barrow, wainwright,

Point lay, and Point hope, use the marine

waters of the chukchi Sea for the purposes of

subsistence hunting and harvesting. this report

discusses marine subsistence uses, with a focus

on spatial extent, for barrow and wainwright,

two primarily iñupiat communities located on

the north Slope of alaska.

9

October 2012

SpeCieS HARveSTeD AnD ReSouRCe iMpoRTAnCethe communities of barrow and wainwright rely on subsistence harvests of both marine and

terrestrial resources; however, resources from the marine environment, including bowhead

whales, seals, and walrus, generally provide a majority of their yearly subsistence harvests as

measured in edible pounds. during all available harvest study

years in barrow and wainwright, harvests of marine mammals

alone have accounted for at least 50 percent of the total annual

harvest (in terms of edible pounds). in some years, marine

mammal harvests accounted for up to 70 percent of the total

subsistence harvest in wainwright, and up to 73 percent of

the total subsistence harvest in barrow (Stephen r. braund &

associates [Srb&a] 2010a; adf&g 2011). in addition, harvests

of resources such as fish, marine invertebrates, and waterfowl (particularly eiders) occur in

marine waters. Species harvested by barrow and wainwright residents in the chukchi Sea

include bowhead whales; beluga whales; bearded, ringed, and spotted seals; walrus; polar

bears; king and common eiders; and fish such as arctic cisco, bering cisco, rainbow smelt,

dolly varden, broad whitefish, and salmon. according to available adf&g data, annual

harvests of marine mammals have provided between 105 and 253 pounds of edible food per

capita in barrow, and between 224 and 356 pounds per capita in wainwright (adf&g 2011).

Subsistence uses and activities are key to the culture and cultural identity of the iñupiat

of the north Slope. Particularly important to coastal iñupiat communities is the bowhead

whale, which is central to iñupiat cultural identity. iñupiat

people have been hunting bowhead whales for centuries and

continue to participate yearly in bowhead whale hunts and

associated rituals, preparations, and festivals. the activities

associated with bowhead whale hunting, including preparing,

hunting, harvesting, distributing, and celebrating a successful

harvest, require the efforts of the entire community and help

strengthen social ties and community and individual cultural

identity. various subsistence harvests also help support the

bowhead whale hunt: eiders and seals are harvested in the spring to help feed whaling

crews; bearded seals are harvested for their meat and for their skin, which is used to build

Subsistence uses are key to the culture of the iñupiat of the north Slope.

bowhead hunting requires the entire community, helping strengthen social ties and community.



traditional umiat (skin boats) for whale hunting; and whaling crews hunt geese in preparation

for the community-wide celebration at the end of the whaling season known as Nalukataq.

the ability to continue these activities and harvest healthy, high quality marine resources

in adequate quantities is key to the economic, nutritional, social, and cultural well-being of

coastal iñupiat communities.

SeASonAl RounDuse of the offshore environment by residents of barrow and wainwright occurs year-round,

but primarily during the open lead and open water seasons (april through october). barrow

residents begin the spring season (april and may) by hunting bowhead whales (as well as

eiders and seals as available) in open leads along the chukchi Sea, then travel inland to

harvest waterfowl. the summer and fall months are occupied by hunting marine mammals

(bearded and ringed seals, walrus) in the open ocean, concluding with the fall bowhead

whale hunt in october. also during the summer and fall months, barrow residents set nets

for various species of fish at coastal locations and harvest clams.

during the late fall and winter months, residents target ringed

seals on the ice as well as polar bears closer to shore (Srb&a

2010a, 2010b).

the wainwright seasonal round for the offshore environment is

similar to that of barrow. bowhead whale hunting occurs during

the spring (april and may into June) and fall (october), although

wainwright harvesters have had limited success in the fall due to

bowhead whales migrating farther offshore once they start their

southward migration in the chukchi Sea. beluga whale hunting

generally occurs during or after the bowhead whale season, in

July and august. ringed seals are hunted throughout the winter close to shore, and also

from april through July in open leads or in the open ocean. bearded seal hunting occurs

almost solely during the months of June, July, and august; walrus hunting also occurs in July

and august. residents hunt eiders during the spring whaling season and extending into the

summer. nearshore subsistence activities include coastal fishing for salmon, dolly varden,

bering cisco, and sculpins during the summer months (Srb&a 2010a, 2010b).

use of the offshore environment occurs year-round, but primarily during the open lead and open water seasons (april through October).

11

October 2012

SuBSiSTenCe uSe AReAS

Barrowbarrow subsistence use area data related to the marine environment are available for lifetime

to 1979 (Pedersen 1979), 1979-1983 (braund and burnham 1984), 1987-1989 (Srb&a and

institute of Social and economic research [iSer] 1993a), and 1997-2006 (Srb&a 2010b) and

are shown on maps 1 through 6. these maps include use areas for beluga whale, bowhead

whale, polar bear, seal, and walrus. use areas for resources harvested in the nearshore

environment, such as fish, waterfowl, and marine invertebrates, are not included in this report

but are provided in Srb&a (2010a). barrow offshore use areas for all resources, depicted on

map 1, show marine uses extending nearly 90 miles offshore to the north of Point barrow

and up to approximately 60 miles offshore from the chukchi and beaufort sea coasts. the

majority of reported use areas do not extend beyond 60 miles from shore.

Beluga whalesbarrow beluga use areas reported for the lifetime to 1979 time period (map 2) show beluga

hunting activities occurring in the chukchi Sea as far south as Peard bay and east past Point

barrow almost as far as Smith bay. residents reported traveling offshore up to approximately

20 miles in the chukchi Sea and 25 miles in the beaufort Sea. for a shorter time period

(1979-1983), hunting activities did not extend as far south but occurred up to approximately

15 miles from shore (map 2). beluga harvests by barrow residents are less common than

for other chukchi Sea communities such as wainwright and Point lay (bacon et al. 2009,

adf&g 2011). according to braund and burnham (1984), beluga hunting in barrow generally

occurred during the spring bowhead whale hunt or during the summer at elson lagoon or

Peard bay when the belugas feed on anadromous fish. north Slope borough data show that

during five study years between 1995 and 2003, barrow beluga harvests occurred during only

one of these years (bacon et al. 2009). no current (post-1980s) data on barrow subsistence

use areas for beluga whales are available.

Bowhead whalesbarrow bowhead whale use areas reported for various time periods (lifetime to 1979, 1979-

1983, 1987-1989, and 1997-2006) show barrow bowhead whale hunting activities occurring

in the chukchi Sea from Point barrow south to Peard bay and (in one case, where a barrow

respondent reported hunting on a wainwright bowhead whaling crew) as far as wainwright

(map 3). beaufort Sea hunting activities have been reported beyond Smith bay in the east,



although for the majority of time periods, use areas extend approximately as far as cape

Simpson. barrow whaling crews hunt bowhead whales in the chukchi Sea both in the spring

and fall; beaufort Sea hunting activities occur primarily during the fall, although spring

whaling camps are sometimes set near or east of Point barrow.

residents have reported traveling as far as 60 miles offshore in

search of bowhead whales in the beaufort Sea, and nearly 40

miles offshore in the chukchi Sea. hunting areas generally extend

farther from shore during the fall season due to hunters traveling

in open water using motorized boats, rather than being limited

to the location of leads in the ice as they are in the spring. the

locations of bowhead whale hunting are highly variable and

depend on environmental factors such as ice, wind, and current

conditions; local hunters have also cited industrial activities as

factors affecting bowhead whale harvest locations during certain years (e.g., in 1989 when

fall harvests occurred as far east as Smith bay) (mbc applied environmental Sciences 1997).

the available use area data indicate that while the general area where barrow harvesters hunt

bowhead whales has remained similar over time (e.g., south of Point barrow to the Peard bay

area and east of Point barrow toward cape Simpson), more recent hunting activities (e.g.,

since the late 1980s) have occurred farther offshore. for example, the lifetime to 1979 and

1979-1983 data show chukchi Sea bowhead whale use areas extending less than 20 miles

offshore, whereas 1997-2006 chukchi Sea use areas extend over 30 miles offshore.

Polar BearsSubsistence use area data for polar bears is limited to the lifetime to 1979 data set (Pedersen

1979) and shows polar bear hunting occurring in an offshore area south of Point barrow to

Peard bay and east of Point barrow into harrison bay (map 4). Polar bear hunting areas did

not extend farther than 20 miles offshore. Polar bear hunting is primarily a wintertime activity

(from october/november until may); these marine mammals are harvested when available

near the coast after they move in from the ice pack in november (Pedersen, libbey, and

Schneider 1979).

sealsSeals are the second most commonly harvested marine mammal in barrow (after bowhead

whales) in terms of edible pounds harvested and are used both for their meat and oil and, in

the case of bearded seals, for the production of umiat (skin boats) used in bowhead whaling.

Subsistence use areas for seal (including bearded seal and ringed seal) are shown on map

Data indicate that more recent bowhead whale hunting activities have occurred farther offshore.

13

October 2012

5 for the lifetime to 1979, 1979-1983, 1987-1989, and 1997-2006 time periods. this map

shows seal hunting occurring in an offshore area south of Point barrow to wainwright and

east of Point barrow in an apparent hunting route as far as Prudhoe bay. most documented

subsistence use areas do not extend past Peard bay in the south and Smith bay in the east

(map 5). Seal hunting occurs both close to shore on the ice during the winter and spring

months (primarily for ringed seal), and in the open ocean during the summer months of June

through august (for ringed seal and bearded seal) (Srb&a 2010b). during interviews in 2006,

barrow respondents reported the highest numbers of seal use areas for the month of July

(Srb&a 2010b). the most recently documented subsistence use

areas for seal (for the 1997-2006 time period) show residents

traveling much farther offshore than in previous years, up

to 60 miles offshore compared with a maximum of 30 miles

during previous study years (from the 1970s and 1980s). during

interviews in barrow in 2006, a number of harvester respondents

noted that in recent years they had been traveling farther in

search of marine mammals such as walrus and seal because of

changes in ice conditions, which had resulted in the ice pack

(and marine mammals, which follow the ice pack) being farther from shore (Srb&a 2010b).

the distance traveled offshore in search of seals generally varies from year to year, based on

factors such as ice conditions and weather; however, recent data show a marked change in

the extent that hunters will travel in search of seals.

walrusmap 6 shows walrus use areas for the lifetime to 1979, 1979-1983, 1987-1989, and 1997-

2006 time periods. these data show walrus hunters traveling south of Point barrow as far as

(and beyond) wainwright and east of Point barrow as far as Smith bay, although the majority

of reported walrus use areas do not extend this far east and are generally concentrated

west and south of Point barrow (Srb&a 2010b, braund and burnham 1984). walrus hunting

occurs primarily during the summer months of July and august, and often coincides with the

bearded seal hunt (Srb&a 2010b). Similar to seal, more recent subsistence use area data

(1997-2006) for walrus show barrow harvesters traveling farther offshore than in previous

years, particularly in the area north, northwest, and northeast of Point barrow. Subsistence

use areas for 1997-2006 extend nearly as far as 90 miles from shore, although residents

more commonly reported traveling no farther than 40 or 50 miles. during interviews in

2006, respondents provided similar observations regarding changes in the ice pack and the

resulting expansion of subsistence use areas (see discussion above, under “Seals”).

recent data show a marked change in the extent that hunters will travel in search of seals.



wainwrightwainwright subsistence use area data related to the marine environment are available for

lifetime to 1979 (Pedersen 1979), unknown (prior to 1981) (nelson 1981), 1988-1989 (Srb&a

and iSer 1993b), and 1998-2007 (wainwright traditional council [wtc] and tnc [the nature

conservancy] 2008), and are shown on maps 7 through 13. these maps include use areas for

marine mammals (in general), beluga whale, bowhead whale, polar bear, seal, and walrus.

use areas for nearshore subsistence uses such as fish, waterfowl, and marine invertebrates are

not included in this report but are provided in Srb&a (2010a). wainwright offshore use areas

for all resources, depicted on map 7, show marine use areas extending up to approximately

50 miles offshore; this extent is also indicated on map 8, which shows 1998-2007 use areas

for marine mammals. there is limited current subsistence use area information available for

wainwright (the 1998-2007 data are limited to “marine mammals” and do not provide data

for individual species), although a bureau of ocean energy management, regulation and

enforcement (boemre)-funded global Positioning System (gPS) study monitoring offshore

hunting activities in Point lay and wainwright is ongoing (Srb&a and applied Sociocultural

research [aSr] forthcoming).

Beluga whalesmap 9 shows wainwright beluga whale use areas for the lifetime to 1979, unknown (prior

to 1981), and 1988-1989 time periods. the lifetime to 1979 use areas extend beyond Point

lay in the south, as far as Peard bay in the north and offshore up to 20 miles. use areas from

the 1980s depict residents hunting beluga whales closer to shore. north Slope borough

(nSb) harvest data for 2002-2003 show nearly all beluga whale harvests occurring in July and

august, although earlier seasonal round data show hunting of this resource to occur as early

as april, during the bowhead whale hunt (bacon et al. 2009, ivie and Schneider 1979).

Bowhead whalesbowhead whale use areas for the time periods lifetime to 1979, unknown (prior to 1981), and

1988-1989 are depicted on map 10. according to the lifetime data, wainwright harvesters

reported searching for bowhead whales as far south as Point lay and beyond, and as far

north as Peard bay. the 1988-1989 use area data show bowhead whale use areas extending

to icy cape in the south and offshore from Peard bay in the north. during both time periods

(lifetime to 1979 and 1988-1989), hunters reported traveling no farther than 20 miles

offshore. the use area data on map 10 generally focus on spring bowhead whale hunting

efforts. recent research in wainwright indicates that a number of whaling crews currently

hunt during the fall and Srb&a and aSr (forthcoming) will document gPS hunting tracks for

bowhead whales.

15

October 2012

Polar Bearswainwright polar bear use areas for the lifetime to 1979 and 1988-1989 time periods are

shown on map 11. Polar bear hunting areas occur relatively close to shore and extend

south as far as icy cape or Point lay and north to the Peard bay area; the reported use

areas generally occurred within 10 miles of shore. according to ivie and Schneider (1979),

while polar bear hunting occurred year-round, hunting efforts intensified during the late fall

through early spring months and were located close to shore. recent nSb data for the 2002-

2003 study year show wainwright polar bear harvests (of six polar bears) occurring in august,

december, march, and may (bacon et al. 2009).

seals Seal use areas are shown on map 12 for the lifetime to 1979, unknown (prior to 1981), and

1988-1989 time periods. wainwright use areas for seals show hunters traveling offshore

over 40 miles (during the 1988-1989 time period) and traveling south as far as cape Sabine

(lifetime use areas) and north as far as Peard bay. as with barrow, the distance traveled in

search of seals depends on the availability of the seals and the

location of the ice pack. residents travel farther offshore during

the summer months (July and august) when their primary

target is bearded seal; 100 percent of 2002-2003 bearded seal

harvests occurred from June through august and 85.7 percent

occurred in July (bacon et al. 2009). winter hunting is closer

to shore and is primarily limited to ringed seal. approximately

75 percent of 2002-2003 ringed seal harvests occurred from

december through may (bacon et al. 2009). map 12 shows

the more recent use area data (1988-1989) extending farther

offshore than the earlier (1979 and 1981) data.

walruswainwright walrus use areas are available for the lifetime to 1979, unknown (prior to 1981),

and 1988-1989 time periods and are shown on map 13. these data show walrus hunting

activities occurring in the chukchi Sea south from wainwright to Point lay (lifetime data) and

north to the Skull cliff/nulavik area. walrus hunting efforts during the 1988-1989 time period

extended offshore over 40 miles from wainwright, farther than the lifetime to 1979 and 1981

data, which extended no more than 20 miles offshore. as with bearded seal, the majority

of walrus hunting occurs in July and august; 79.8 percent of 2002-2003 walrus harvests

occurred during the month of July (bacon et al. 2009).

the distance traveled in search of seals depends on the availability of the seals and the location of the ice pack.



SuMMARy

available subsistence use area data for barrow and

wainwright show residents traveling offshore in the beaufort

and chukchi seas at varying distances for a number of

subsistence resources. barrow subsistence use areas extend

a maximum of nearly 90 miles offshore (although most use

areas were reported within 50 or 60 miles offshore) and

wainwright subsistence use areas extend a maximum of

approximately 50 miles offshore (Maps 1 and 7). current

resource-specific data for wainwright are limited and

therefore the extent of wainwright offshore subsistence

activities could be greater than depicted in existing data.

residents of both communities generally reported traveling

greater distances offshore during the summer seal and

walrus hunt, which occurs primarily during the months of

July and august. barrow hunters also travel substantial

distances offshore during the fall bowhead whale hunt in

October. in a number of cases, more recent subsistence

use area data showed residents traveling greater distances

offshore than in the past. north Slope residents have

reported changes in recent years related to ice conditions

and the availability of marine mammals and have observed

that these changes have resulted in some hunters traveling

farther to harvest subsistence resources (Srb&a 2009,

Srb&a 2010b).

17

October 2012

RefeRenCeSalaska department of fish and game, division of Subsistence (adf&g). 2011. community Subsistence

information System: cSiS. Public review draft. http://www.subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us/cSiS/ (accessed

march 9, 2010).

bacon, J.J., t. r. hepa, h. k. brower, Jr., m. Pederson, t. P. olemaun, J. c. george, and b. g. corrigan.

2009. estimates of Subsistence harvest for villages on the north Slope of alaska, 1994-2003. north

Slope borough, department of wildlife management. barrow, alaska.

braund, Stephen r. & associates (Srb&a) and applied Sociocultural research (aSr). forthcoming.

comida: impact monitoring for offshore Subsistence hunting. 2010 annual report. Prepared for

united States department of the interior, bureau of ocean energy management, regulation, and

enforcement, alaska ocS region, environmental Studies Program. contract no. m09Pc00001.

braund, Stephen r. & associates (Srb&a). 2010a. literature review of north Slope marine traditional

knowledge. Prepared for tetra tech and u.S. environmental Protection agency. anchorage, alaska.

_____2010b. Subsistence mapping of nuiqsut, kaktovik, and barrow. u.S. department of the interior,

minerals management Service. alaska ocS region, environmental Studies Program. mmS ocS Study

number 2009-003. anchorage, alaska.

_____2009. impacts and benefits of oil and gas development to barrow, nuiqsut, wainwright, and

atqasuk harvesters. Prepared for the north Slope borough, department of wildlife management.

barrow, alaska.

_____unpublished. north Slope borough key informant Subsistence mapping Project, barrow

and wainwright. barrow use area data depict 1987-1989 use areas reported during 59 interviews.

wainwright use area data depict 1988-1989 use areas reported during 19 interviews.

braund, S., and d. burnham. 1984. Subsistence economics and marine resource use Patterns. In

barrow arch environment and Possible consequences of Planned offshore oil and gas development. .

Prepared by lgl ecological research associates, inc. Prepared for u.S. department of interior, minerals

management Service and department of commerce, noaa. anchorage, alaska.

braund, Stephen r. & associates and institute of Social and economic research (Srb&a and iSer).

1993a. north Slope Subsistence Study - barrow, 1987, 1988 and 1989. Prepared by: S.r. braund, k.

brewster, l. moorehood, t.P. holmes, J.a. kruse, S. Stoker, m. glen, e. witten, d.c. burnham, and w.e.

Simeone. u.S. department of interior, minerals management Service, alaska ocS region Social and

economic Studies technical report no. 149. (mmS 91-0086). anchorage, alaska.

_____1993b. north Slope Subsistence Study - wainwright, 1988 and 1989. Prepared by: S.r. braund,

e. loring, l. moorehead, d.c. burnham, J.a. kruse, S. Stoker, m. glen, e. witten, and t.P. holmes.

u.S. department of interior, minerals management Service, alaska ocS regional Social and economic

Studies technical report no. 147. (mmS 91-0073)



ivie, P., and w. Schneider. 1979. wainwright Synopsis. In native livelihood and dependence: a Study of

land use values through time. Pp. 75-87. u.S. department of the interior, national Petroleum reserve

in alaska, 105(c) land use Study. anchorage, alaska.

mbc applied environmental Sciences. 1997. arctic Seismic Synthesis and mitigating measures

workshop - Proceedings. march 5 and 6, 1997. barrow, alaska. Prepared for the u.S. department of the

interior, minerals management Service, alaska ocS region. ocS Study mmS 97-0014. contract no.

14-35-01-96-rc-30801.

nelson, r. 1981. harvest of the Sea: coastal Subsistence in modern wainwright. north Slope borough.

Pedersen, S. 1979. regional Subsistence land use, north Slope borough, alaska. occasional Paper

no. 21 anthropology and historic Preservation, cooperative Park Studies unit, university of alaska,

fairbanks, alaska and conservation and environmental Protection, north Slope borough, barrow,

alaska.

Pedersen, S., d. libbey, and w. Schneider. 1979. barrow-atqasuk (atkasook) Synopsis. In native

livelihood and dependence: a Study of land use values through time. with translation assistance from

cathy dementieff. Pp. 49-74. u.S. department of the interior, national Petroleum reserve in alaska,

105(c) land use Study. anchorage, alaska.

wainwright traditional council (wtc) and the nature conservancy (tnc). 2008. wainwright traditional

use area conservation Plan map book.

19

October 2012

MApS

map 1: Barrow subsistence use areas, all marine resources

10 mi

30 mi

20 mi

40 mi

70 mi

60 mi

80 mi

90 mi90 mi

80 mi

70 mi

60 mi

50 mi

40 mi

30 mi

20 mi

10 mi

0 10 20 30 40Miles

C H U K C H I

S E A

A R C T I C O C E A N

Stephen R. Braund & AssociatesP.O. Box 1480

Anchorage, Alaska 99510(907) 276-8222 [email protected]

Barrow

B E A U F O R T

S E A

Map 1: Barrow Subsistence Use Areas, All Marine Resources

Pt.Franklin

TeshekpukLake

Walakpa Bay

CapeSimpson

1979-1983Source: Braund and Burnham 1984

Lifetime Use, pre 1979Source: Pedersen 1979

Atqasuk

Nuiqsut

Kuk

R

iver

HARRISON BAY

Col

ville

Riv

er

Dal

ton

Hw

y.

PrudhoeBay

PrudhoeBay

Saga

vani

rkto

kRi

ver

1987-1989Source: SRB&A, ISER 1993a

1987-1989Source: SRB&A Unpublished

High

Low

571 use areas72 respondents

Source: SRB&A 2010bOverlapping Use Areas 1997-2006

including beluga, bowhead, fish, marine invertebrates, polar bear, seal, walrus and waterfowl

DeaseInlet SMITH

BAY

ELSONLAGOON

PEARDBAYWainwright



map 2: Barrow subsistence use areas, Beluga whales

Atqasuk

Wainwright

Barrow

Nuiqsut

B E A U F O R T S E AC H U K C H I S E A

SmithBay

TeshekpukLake

10 mi

20 mi

10 mi

20 mi

20 mi

Map 2 Barrow Subsistence Use Areas, Beluga Whales

Subsistence Use Areas Stephen R. Braund & AssociatesP.O. Box 1480

Anchorage, Alaska 99510907-276-8222 907-276-6117 (fax) [email protected]

0 10 205 Miles

0 10 205 Kilometers

Lifetime to 1979 (Whale) (Pedersen 1979)

1979-1983 (Braund and Burnham 1984)

21

October 2012

map 3: Barrow subsistence use areas, Bowhead whales

Atqasuk

Wainwright

Barrow

Nuiqsut


SmithBay

TeshekpukLake

10 mi

20 mi

30 mi

10 mi

30 mi

40 mi

40 mi

50 mi

60 mi

Map 3 Barrow Subsistence Use Areas, Bowhead Whales

Subsistence Use Areas Overlapping Use Areas Stephen R. Braund & AssociatesP.O. Box 1480


0 10 205 Miles

0 10 205 Kilometers

1987-1989 (SRB&A, ISER 1993a)

Lifetime to 1979 (Pedersen 1979)

1979-1983 (Braund and Burnham 1984)1997-2006(SRB&A 2010 b) 114 use areas reported by64 respondents

1987-1989 (SRB&A Unpublished)

High

Low



map 4: Barrow subsistence use areas, Polar Bear

Atqasuk

Barrow


SmithBay

TeshekpukLake

10 mi

20 mi

10 mi

Map 4 Barrow Subsistence Use Areas, Polar Bear



0 10 205 Miles

0 20 4010 Kilometers


23

October 2012

map 5: Barrow subsistence use areas, seal

E A

Atqasuk

Wainwright

Barrow

Nuiqsut

Prudhoe Bay

Deadhorse


10 mi

20 mi

30 mi

40 mi

50 mi

60 mi50 mi

60 mi

40 mi30 mi

20 mi

10 mi

Map 5 Barrow Subsistence Use Areas, Seal



0 10 205 Miles

0 20 4010 Kilometers

1987-1989 (Bearded Seal and Ringed Seal)(SRB&A, ISER 1993a)


1979-1983 (Braund and Burnham 1984)

1997-2006(Bearded Seal andRinged Seal)(SRB&A 2010b) 142 use areas reported by64 respondents1987-1989 (Bearded Seal and Ringed Seal)

(SRB&A Unpublished)

High

Low



map 6: Barrow subsistence use areas, walrus

Lay

Icy Cape

Atqasuk

Wainwright

Barrow

Nuiqsut


SmithBay

TeshekpukLake

10 mi

20 mi

30 mi

40 mi50 mi

60 mi60 mi

40 mi

30 mi

20 mi

10 mi

70 mi

70 mi

80 mi

80 mi

90 mi

Map 6 Barrow Subsistence Use Areas, Walrus



0 25 5012.5 Miles

0 25 5012.5 Kilometers

1987-1989 (SRB&A, ISER 1993a)


1979-1983 (Braund and Burnham 1984)1997-2006(SRB&A 2010b) 53 use areas reported by50 respondents

1987-1989 (SRB&A Unpublished)

High

Low

25

October 2012

map 7: wainwright subsistence use areas, all marine resources

Atqasuk

Barrow

Wainwright

Kuk

R

ive r

Skull Cliff

Meade River

10 mi

20 mi

30 mi20 mi

40 mi

S E A

C H U K C H I

PointLay

Utukok River

Kokoli k River

KukpowrukR

iverCapeLisburne

Cape Sabine

CorwinBluff

Icy CapePass

Utukok Pass

Akunik PassEleven-Mile

River


Anchorage, Alaska 99510(907) 276-8222 [email protected]

Map 7: Wainwright Marine Subsistence Use Areas, All Marine Resources

0 6 12 18 24Miles

1998-2007

including beluga, bowhead, fish, marine invertebrates, polar bear, seal, walrus and waterfowl

time period unknownSource: Nelson 1981

Lifetime Use, pre 1979Source: Pedersen 1979

1988-1989Source: SRB&A, ISER 1993b

1988-1989Source: SRB&A Unpublished

Source: WTC and TNC 2008



map 8: wainwright subsistence use areas, marine mammals

Point Lay

C H U K C H I S E A

Icy Cape Wainwright

10 mi

20 mi

20 mi

10 mi

30 mi

40 mi

50 mi

Map 8 Wainwright Subsistence Use Areas, Marine Mammals



0 105 Miles

0 105 Kilometers

1998-2007 (Bearded Seal, Beluga,Bowhead, Gray Whale, Polar Bear,Ringed Seal, Spotted Seal,and Walrus) (WTC and TNC 2008)

27

October 2012

map 9: wainwright subsistence use areas, Beluga whales

Point Lay

C H U K C H I S E A

Icy Cape

Atqasu

Wainwright

20 mi

10 mi

Map 9 Wainwright Subsistence Use Areas, Beluga Whales

Subsistence Use Areas

0 105 Miles

0 105 Kilometers

Lifetime to 1979 (whale)(Pedersen 1979)

Unknown Time Period(Nelson 1981)

1988-1989(SRB&A Unpublished)

1988-1989(SRB&A, ISER 1993b)





map 10: wainwright subsistence use areas, Bowhead whales

Point Lay

C H U K C H I S E A

Icy Cape

abine

Atqasuk

Wainwright

20 mi

10 mi

Map 10 Wainwright Subsistence Use Areas, Bowhead Whales


0 105 Miles

0 105 Kilometers

Lifetime to 1979 (Whale)(Pedersen 1979)

Unknown Time Period(Nelson 1981)


1988-1989(SRB&A, ISER 1993b)



29

October 2012

Point Lay

C H U K C H I S E A

Icy Cape Wainwright

20 mi

10 mi

10 mi

Map 11 Wainwright Subsistence Use Areas, Polar Bear


0 105 Miles

0 105 Kilometers

Lifetime to 1979(Pedersen 1979b)


1988-1989(SRB&A, ISER 1993b)



map 11: wainwright subsistence use areas, Polar Bears



Point Lay

C H U K C H I S E A

Icy Cape

Cape SabineLisburne

Atqasuk

Wainwright

Barrow

20 mi

10 mi

30 mi40 mi

30 mi

20 mi

10 mi

Map 12 Wainwright Subsistence Use Areas, Seal


0 105 Miles

0 105 Kilometers

Lifetime to 1979(Pedersen 1979)

Time Period Unknown(bearded seal)(Nelson 1981)


1988-1989(SRB&A, ISER 1993b)



map 12: wainwright subsistence use areas, seals

31

October 2012

Point Lay

C H U K C H I S E A

Icy Cape

ape Sabine

Atqasuk

Wainwright

Barrow

20 mi

10 mi

30 mi40 mi

30 mi

20 mi

10 mi

Map 13 Wainwright Subsistence Use Areas, Walrus


0 105 Miles

0 105 Kilometers

Lifetime to 1979(Pedersen 1979)

Time Period Unknown(Nelson 1981)


1988-1989(SRB&A, ISER 1993b)



map 13: wainwright subsistence use areas, walrus

u.s. arctic Program

1904 thirD avenue, Suite 305 Seattle, wa 98101

www.pewenvironment.org www.oceansnorth.us

Documents

Summary of Marine Subsistence Uses