SUMMER 1964

HIGHLIGHTSOF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

_ _ W V:

VOLUME 11

NUMBER 2

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, AUBURN UNIVERSITY

HIGHLIGHTS ofAgricultural Research

A Quarterly Report of ResearchServing All of Alabama

VOLUME 11, NO. 2 SUMMER 1964

REGAL - NEW LADINO WHITE CLOVER - Combines Sum-mer Persistence with Other Ladino Advantages 3

PLANT SHORTENERS - Make Possible Tailor-Made Plantsby Applications of Chemicals 4

EARLY WEANING MAY BOOST PIG PERFORMANCE - SowsHandled Increased 33 Per Cent 5

PEANUT HULLS REPLACE HAY IN FATTENING RATIONS -

Valuable Ingredient in Livestock Feeds 6

CHANGES IN FLUID MILK CONSUMPTION - Consumer isBecoming Low Fat Conscious 7

FARM MACHINERY CUSTOM RATES- Report is Based onState-Wide Survey Made in 1963 8

MECHANIZED PRODUCTION OF IRRIGATED COTTON - In-crease in Yield and Management Problems 9

DETERMINING PECAN FERTILIZERS THROUGH LEAVES -

Leaf Analysis Shows Deficiencies- 10

SUMMER ANNUAL GRASSES FOR LATE SUMMER FORAGE -

Fill Need During Critical Period 11

FERTILIZING YOUNG PINE PLANTATIONS - Has Little Effecton the Growth of Pines 12

THE GRANULATE CUTWORM IN PEANUTS AND CONTROL -

This is a Damaging Pest in Wiregrass 13

Low SOIL POTASSIUM SETS UP COASTAL FOR LEAFSPOT -

Disease Develops When Potassium Depleted 14

PEACH PACKING COSTS IN ALABAMA - Important Expenseto State Producers 15

CONTROL OF AQUATIC WEEDS WITH FISH-ResearchPoints Up Another Method for Combating Pest ...... 16

Ot C6e COVM Alabama's lagging interest in white clover pas-tures may be rekindled because of a new ladino variety, namedRegal, that was developed by Auburn University Agricultural Ex-periment Station. The new clover overcomes the usual weakness ofother white clovers - failure to last through the summer. Regal wasfound to have good summer persistence in tests made before its 1962release. This plot of the new ladino, at the Station's Plant BreedingUnit at Tallassee, was photographed in late March 1964.

E. V. SMITH

COYT WILSON ....

CHAS. F. SIMMONS

KENNETH B. ROYE. L. McGRAW ....R. E. STEVENSON_

DirectorAssociate DirectorAssistant Director

Editor--Associate Editor--Associate Editor

Editorial Advisory Committee: COYTWILSON; R. R. HARRIS, Associate Profes-ser of Animal Science; H. T. ROGERS,

Agronomy and Soils Department Head;J. H. BLACKSTONE, Professor of Agricul-

ew aad 7ely

PUBLICATIONS

Listed here are timely and new publicationsreporting research by the Agricultural Ex-periment Station.

Bul. 347. Coastal Bermuda Pastures Com-pared with Other Forages for Dairy Cowsreports how this popular forage performedunder different management conditions.Cir. 136. Nitrogen for Dallisgrass Pasturesin the Black Belt points up value of apply-

ing nitrogen to dallisgrass.Cir. 138. Soybeans for Oil in Alabama sum-marizes results of studies on productionpractices for this important crop.Leaf. 63. Cooler Homes from Attic Venti-lation reveals how homes can be more com-fortable during summer by use of attic fansand ceiling insulation.Leaf. 68. Biology and Control of SpiderMites on Cotton in Alabama gives detailedinformation on this pest's life history andreviews effective control measures.Prog. Rept. 79. Controlling Chinch Bugs onSt. Augustine Grass Lawns tells how damagefrom this pest can be avoided.Prog. Rept. 87. Summer Annual Grasses isa report of performance of the new sor-ghum-sudan hybrids that are now available.

Free copies may be obtained from our

University Agricultural Experiment Station,Auburn, Alabama.

Published by

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT

STATION of

AUBURN UNIVERSITY

Auburn, Alabama

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NATIONWIDE, Mr. and Mrs.Consumerare becoming more low fat conscious.

Demand for dairy products rich inmilk-fat is declining, while market de-mand for low-fat milk products is in-creasing. Although consumption in Ala-bama has not changed much, increaseduse of low-fat dairy products could bringabout more income to its industry.

Changes in kinds and quantities ofdairy products used by U.S. consumershave resulted in different trends in theuse of milk-fat and nonfat milk solids.Per capita consumption of whole milkproducts declined 8% since 1956 andcream consumption dropped 21% since1950, while use of skim and low-fat prod-ucts increased 78%, Table 1.

Skim and low-fat milk products in-clude plain skim milk, fortified skim milk,flavored milk drinks, low-fat items (usu-ally 2% fat), and buttermilk. Most ofthese have a higher proportion of non-fat milk solids than whole milk products.

Whole Milk Sales Drop

The sharp drop in whole milk salesand fat solids since 1956 has been at-

TABLE 1. PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OFFLUID MILK PRODUCTS, UNITED

STATES, 1950-62'

Whole SkimYear milk milk and CreamYear umilk low-fat productsproducts -rdut

productsPounds Pounds Pounds

19501951195219531954-19551956195719581959

1960-1961219622

277281284283286292295294288284279271270

14.716.517.518.318.419.319.820.420.621.823.125.126.0

11.211.210.610.39.99.89.99.79.49.39.39.08.8

1 Data are on a product weight basis.2 Includes Alaska and Hawaii.Source: Dairy Situation, USDA, ERS, June

1963.

Changes inFLUID MILKCONSUMPTION

LOWELL E. WILSON, Dept. of Agricultural Economics

tributed to a number of factors. Intro-duction of fortified skim and low-fat milkproducts in many markets is an impor-tant factor. These products were heavily

promoted by processors and sell for sev-eral cents a quart below whole milk.Skim and low-fat milk sales increased

from 5.2% of fluid sales in Federal OrderMilk Markets in 1956 to 6.6% in 1962.In some markets as much as 10% of fluidmilk sales were in these items. Increaseduse of nonfat dry milk for drinking andcooking purposes probably affectedwhole milk consumption. Also, declin-ing whole milk consumption has been

associated with health issues, increaseduse of semi-prepared foods, and com-

peting beverages.

Variation Among Markets

The proportion of milk sold as wholemilk varies little among markets, Table

2. Although skim and low-fat productsaccount for a sizeable share of fluid milksales in the United States, a large vari-

ation exists in consumption of specificproducts in this group among marketareas. In Alabama and adjoining South-ern States, much of the milk used in

these products is consumed as butter-milk. Traditionally, buttermilk sales havebeen high in the South. In markets in

other areas, buttermilk sales are oftenless than 1% of fluid milk sales.

A survey conducted in 1958 of dairyproducts use by urban homemakers inAlabama showed that buttermilk was

TABLE 2. PERCENTAGE OF FLUID MILK PRODUCTS SOLD AS WHOLE MILK AND Low-FATMILK PRODUCTS IN SELECTED MARKET AREAS, 1962

Whole Low-fat items TotalMarket milk and Butter- Skim and fluid

cream milk other items

Per cent Per cent Per cent Per centAlabama markets1 -- 86.0 11.0 3.0 100.0Tennessee Federal Order Markets ........................ 86.6 8.7 4.7 100.0Mississippi Federal Order Markets 89.8 7.4 2.8 100.067 Federal Order Markets 91.3 2.1 6.6 100.0

1 Partially estimated.Source: Alabama data from Alabama Milk Control Board. Federal Order data from Fed-eral Milk Order Statistics, USDA, AMS, Stat. Bul. 335, 1963.

used by 58% of the survey families andaccounted for more than 20% of fluidmilk consumption. Skim and flavoredmilk products were used by only 8% ofthe families and was under 4% of fluidmilk consumption.

Opportunity to Increase Sales

Per capita consumption of fluid milk,including other dairy products, in Ala-

bama is less than the amount recom-mended by nutritionists. The dairy in-dustry is interested in increasing milk

consumption. Both producer and distrib-utor organizations actively participate ineducational and promotional programsaimed at this goal. Such products asfortified skim milk and low-fat milk of-fer opportunities to expand milk con-sumption in Alabama.

Increases in milk consumption arelikely to occur slowly. However, con-sumer research by Auburn UniversityAgricultural Experiment Station indi-cates that milk product consumption canbe increased through educational andpromotional programs. For these pro-grams to be effective in expanding milkconsumption, they must be directed atindividual groups of people. Promo-tional programs introducing new dairyproducts that are aimed at consumersin general are likely to change milk con-sumption patterns instead of increasingthe total amount of milk products used.

Consumer studies show that lack of in-come restricts dairy product purchasesof many families. However, a lack ofknowledge of the nutritional value andrelative cost of dairy products as com-pared with other foods and beveragesmay be a more important factor.

Most families purchase some wholemilk; therefore, expanded consumptionshould be encouraged by present userfamilies. Such products as skim milk,flavored and low-fat milk, dried milk,and cottage cheese are used by less thanone-third of all families in Alabama. In-creased sales may be made by gettingadditional users of low-fat products.

Farm MachineryCUSTOM RATESTOM D. NOLENDept. of Agricultural Economics

C USO WORK~ x hh or !itCltitIC hirie irtasV mtake letter usc' iof hutl-itc'd capitalI oit inuat iA labamtta faitus.

Axv(rage itx (stitti' t in) f,1 rio iiiac1 iti c atnd eqipmentii(t pie'firio has risett ftritnt $1,.841 inl 19.50 tit $4,591 ill 196:3.1 Man\iifarl](rs xWitht stoal I failii g oplerationl s calo 111t ('('1111)111ical lxjustifv oxx ti sb ip of c'e'rtaini f arm niatcli ii ('. Ii x istinict t illiither e'ssenitials for cec'on~omic prodtc'tiitl, suichitas fecrtilizc'r,scecd, itr feecd, cutuldf yield at higher rettirnt.

Iii 1961, a USIDA sutrx'c'y sltiixxed that c'tttoin serxvices acc'outed' for athout 20% o it t acreage c'otve'red iiall ll] arxvest-inig operatiolts, atid that 6 to 7/( it ] tilfeld xxioik xxas clis-toim Ili ed .2 Ili Alaharra. tht xc't('nlt itf mtach iote Itir' appearsto lbe intc're'asintg, ats shoxwni bx the fitlloiix nlg daitit ilitituttlitspent lbv fatrmers: 19.51), $9,--384,069, 19.54, 88,50:3,284: aindi

With irapid dclit te iltlt niIber o f fa rmts fro t 1tttI9501 to 19.59.the tlitiintt spetnt pe'r faiti11 fur iliaci itc hire iincreatsedgTreatl x. The tretidls totxwardl Iar-ger at td b etter euquiipped'( t raetotrs, tore self-propc'lled initilics, attld fec\er flartit wxottke'rsmaty result iii fuirther (lep('ltilcc oi ciistiti xxoirk by fariers. Alsit, iwnex ti m'xit iacinell(' it]ax dli custiom itxxiik ti jt 1st ifitt Wtitte d' ittersb ip.

Rates and Comparisons

Ii) thei fall ot' 196:3, -374 fattors, somiei ilt all coittttics iofAlahama, supplied itfot mtatiiti fitr i stuldy iof clisttilt raite'spatid oir chiargerd. Based otil tiis iifutrn iaitiomt thei tilost coliioi itate antd tlte usual rillge itt vi tes Fur thte Statie i 196:3 xxetcdete'rinedt'(. (Sc table.)

The t m'oast (ottmoniil rate w'xas thet~ ion repio'teId motist I lcquicutlx . The itsual ranitge ill rattes xxas deteriined ixv thei

FTi' Bao ie' S/til otif Agriuiltti ii' 196:3. ift trtt. Bid. 281,Etou. Iles. Ser., 1. SIA.

2Farmiliu M citti: At S ticcy otf ( )titirs/il anoud (Fis to t Wto(irk.\gr-. Stalt. Bttl. 279. USDA.. M961.

'citis tof A X:'ictlturi', Alabamatii 19.50, 1 9.51 1.959. .S 0-. (slis Bitteaum,

8

high andc lost rtets re(piorted pridd i lli1101e titti oite filincero1 ct istoilm oper ator repo)rted su ch rates.

Ctistolo operiators itii tallY c'largc' rates to 'ox cc costs ofdIepreciat in, inteirest, repa irs, taxes, sutpp lies fon ishe d, an dlab ot. Al so, the opi jerator gel il l IN expects it reasotnalie pr ofit.III stiltie cases, th e ('1150)111 operator is prim ar1 x iitercsted illvoluime ofi wxork or inucreased 1ho)urs of mnach joe u se to i edt ice

his~ per hotur or peri acre co sts.To the farmer \\-]to) hires cu stonm xwork pe rformt]ed, tit( emttajor

It tto Iia v lbe ill ax oiditig owntership costs of at certinIloachitie bitt still hav e the serv ices of the mtchitic. The capi-ti] noiit tied i1 )in it a iijit e of litmited t ise maxil he spentt forother things. lIn solittc cases, cuistomn bite mtayt be1 iay otV f tdi-taitii ig skil1led machit te lahor for the jolt. Labtlor oiltile I at itinit ot intty tiot he reduiced.

D)isadvasnotages canntit tbe ox ciiot ik ed. Ut isti tnt serv ices in avtlot he ax ailalile sxl(I heilmost ticecdl. Someitimeis qtialitv ofcustiim worik maxi libe belows statidard. Or, costs of Itiritigcitsti wxo rk may lie hiigher than in ad title itxx I tersllop co sts.It i sotmte cases, a farti et hirinitg ci stoi mworiik max oi t he ableto re(lease labor or tho use protfitably full-time hired lahor. At)-oth er d isadxvatntage is polss ibl e spreaid oif toixiouis we eds tittipfit ilt dliseases.

Changes in Rates

Ciustiomt rates apparleti' are slowv to change. The first stir-vcv oif' custitm rates iii Alahamai xx as iii 1951. The mnost colt]Itlon raite charged for breatking lanl iii 19.51 witas repititedh as$4 per acre. Ini 1958 it wxas $:3, and iii 1963 the 10(1st clii-ton ratte wxax $4. The most coimmion rate for comnbininigsmall grailt ill 1951 xxias $I10 pe'r acre, xxhlereas ill 1958 toid196:3 it was $6 per acre. Other rates repoirted, genel ally,shtowxeid little eltaiip'.

The 1 963 siirx'e it V etdld illcllc t est ion o il expecte'd rat(es titIhe~ chta rge'd or paid ill 1 964. Otte ot tif fiv of itthotse reporIt-iog exp(cted( ciustiin tates tot inicrease. Almiost 80% reportedthat they expected rates tit be aboutit the samie. Less than 1%iiidicatecl aii expe'cted rdeclinie iit) rates itt 1964.

IDecis ions abot t wnx tershtip .111( use (of farmii mach ittes arc'atl ti mpo rtanIt part itf iait agci (ict. Alterntatixc's, inicluid in gct stomy hite and etistim xwirk, itiost bec carefuchlly xveightedfrotti ant econiomics standcpint.

Cesiitxt lixE it ID Oii i Ciixtti i 1i, StLGE i FARMt 1 sxOtt. IA i Hiss, At ii xxi x, 1963

rate itt rai's

Per acme t' $ 4.01) $2.00$.600Per hour 4.0)1 2.1)0) 6.0))

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])(c'm acre' 15.0)0Pir potuntd

lint .0)6

1.5)) .3. 5)).3.0))- (6.1))I.5)) :3.1)))1.1))) :3.00)

.1.5- .3))

.20- A0)

.1))- .2.5

.1.5- .2.52.1)1-1)1.1)11/6- 1/2

2.1))) 5.00)201.00-215.0)1

.106 .1)7

.5)) 2.0))

IRRIGATION will increase your cotton yield - likewise yourmanagement problems.

For best results from irrigation, attention must be givenall management practices. Machinery problems associatedwith furrow-irrigated cotton were studied at the TennesseeValley Substation of the Auburn University Agricultural Ex-periment Station. The effects of variety and spacing on pickerperformance were reported in last winter's issue of HIGH-LIGHTS, Vol. 10, No. 4. Other practices studied includingtillage, planting, insecticide and defoliant application, top-ping, and harvesting are reported here.

Tillage and Planting

After land shaping for furrow irrigation, all subsequentseedbed preparations were done without changing the gradedsurface. A two-way plow was used to prevent dead furrows,back furrow, and elevated field borders. Plowing was fol-lowed by harrowing and land planing.

Planting flat and cultivating to form a furrow was as goodas planting on a preformed bed and cultivating to form afurrow. After the post-emergence oiling operation, all sweepcultivations threw soil to the row to form a furrow about 5in. deep at layby time. Fruiting height of the flat-plantedcotton was about 1 in. below that of bed-planted cotton.This, however, did not affect efficiency of picker in this test.

Application of Insecticides and Defoliants

Irrigation was started about mid-July with applications at7-day intervals unless there was rain. Water was applied at1- and 2-in. rates per irrigation, averaging four applicationsper year. At times the high-clearance sprayer could not movethrough the wet middles. Also, as the cotton foliage becamedense, it was difficult to follow the rows. It became necessary

TABLE 1. YIELD, BOLL ROT Loss, PICKER PERFORMANCEFOLLOWING BOTTOM DEFOLIATION TREATMENTS, 1961

Yield Boll rotTreatment Date lint/acre lossint/acre

Lb. Lb.Bot. def.Bot. def.Bot. def.Check

Aug. 22Aug. 28Sept. 6

790786870

1,011

56444940

Harvesting Trashefficiency content

Pct. Pct.

97.3 3.596.8 4.096.5 4.096.5 4.0

TABLE 2. PLANT CHARACTERISTICS AND MACHINE PERFORMANCEDATA FOR Two VARIETIES AT THREE IRRIGATION LEVELS,

TENNESSEE VALLEY SUBSTATION, 1962-63 AVERAGE

Variety andirrigation

leveP

EmpireIoI,

Auburn 56

12

Harvestedlint

per acre

Harvestingefficiency

2 Earlinessrating'

Lb. Per cent

8041,1041,110

7961,1121.034

93.096.696.5

94.095.195.2

877676

776564

Trashcontent

Per cent

3.33.84.3

3.34.14.2

to use an airplane for about half of the insecticide applicationsand for defoliation. Excellent defoliation was obtained withone application of liquid or dust each year except 1959. Inthat year two applications of dust 10 days apart were neededto obtain good defoliation of dense foliage.

Bottom Defoliation

In an attempt to reduce boll rot and aid harvesting, a high-clearance spray rig with a bottom defoliating boom was usedto apply defoliants to lower part of the plants. Good leafdrop was obtained. A defoliant applied to the bottom 24 in.of 57-in. plants August 20, 1959, reduced yield and did not

Mechanized ProductionofIrrigated CottonT. E. CORLEY*, Agricultural Engin. Dept.

J. K. BOSECK, Tennessee Valley Substation

affect boll rot or picker efficiency. Based on boll count, theboll rot loss was equal to 275 lb. of lint per acre.

Bottom defoliation of 43-in. plants on August 31, 1960,did not affect yield, picker efficiency, or boll rot loss. The bollrot loss amounted to 250 lb. of lint per acre; considerableboll rot had occurred at the time of defoliant application.

In 1961 a defoliant was applied to the lower 19 in. of39-in. plants on three different dates. The plants were smallbut there was a dense canopy of leaves and conditions werefavorable for boll rot. Although all bolls in the botton 19 in.of the plant appeared to be mature at time of first treatment,the results in Table 1 show that all defoliation treatments re-duced yield. Picker efficiency and boll rot loss were not af-fected. These data show that bottom defoliation often re-duced yields.

Topping at Two Heights

Although the cotton in this test received high rates offertilizer and water, the plants did not grow very tall andthere was little plant lodging. In two tests, topping at 42 and48 in. did not improve picker efficiency or affect yield and bollrot. Topping was done with a 4-row rotary topper mountedon a high clearance spray rig when average plant height was6 in. greater than topping height. Average height at ma-turity was 56 in.

Harvesting with Picker

Irrigation presented no problems from standpoint of har-vesting. Two harvestings were made each year with a high-drum picker. The picker efficiency of the irrigated cottonwas slightly better than that of the nonirrigated cotton, Table

2. Irrigation increased harvested yield and trash content.There was no difference in picker efficiency, yield, trash con-tent, or maturing date between the two irrigation levels.

1 Cooperative USDA, ARS, AERD.

1 _No irrigation; I1-1 in. per application; 2-2 in. per ap-plication.

2 1962 only.' The percentage of total yield harvested at first picking.

Determining PECAN FERTILIZER NEEDSthrough LEAF ANALYSIS

HARRY AMLING and J. L. TURNERDepartment of Horticulture

coists i)V lisil i ( iaf all iliixscs toi (let(,r

Iiiteosix c reseairch xx as begunl at Auiburn Unkex rsitv Agricl tiurai Expceriminlt

Staltiil Iill 19(66 tol gathecr dti to ti kc

bllisd pecaii gi oxx'ci Mal N gdI \ v)5crs ilaxc

aireatdy iised results of tiiis cesearcii tii

ail atixan tage.

Basis for Leaf Analysis

Leaif alili Vsis is aj tItilIS iif (IjigiIilsiliglilti iti(101i status of Perenniiiiailx oiidx

piants. This iiiiaix sis is biascd oii tiiePrinctip]lc that fi)r ca ch iii itriei t eic lit

cocertic i n rii l~lg it' ll cii tei beitii 10or

abioxe xx 11ich niutieint disoirter~s tail beIt

expeted.'t Also that the itieai conitcentra-tion o it ouiitriciit clemesnt ill Icas cs of'simlair ilgc xxiii lbt tile sInt rciiarllliss,

of Soii type or tuiturill Practitce. I to~v-cxver, undter d iff erci t cturtoiai priact iccso~r stoil ty ptes. (ifleltnt rates ilf I crtiliicixiii ibe rtuiiretd to obitain thec sam sc it's

aibite nitrien t tillst'cotratilo ill the c Iti.

Sampling Conducted

N utrici t cicmnciits fluctuate as iaxcsb~ecome oildier. '1 ilci ciore. iniitiai rtesearchcolnsistted o~f st'asoia samsplinig (If Stuart

p(t'(l leaxvcs Iilioiitiiix tililril ( thte (41 ux

scicctiti froim tiiis stolti \\itas tie ilistxx cc iilax M iii tiiogii thet fiirst 2 xx tiks

Deficiencies Found

tii bet tchiciilt dliii lixx Ical lcx cis of

This pecan orchard may not show nutri-tional deficiencies to the casual observer butleaf analyses told a different story.

Iel foun(11 d to be assotciatetd %ith higihidpplicittioil rates of phosphorus. Potls-sinnsl prolemts hiv axeen cd prim arily as-sociateti 55ith e'xcess leve'ls iiiticiiiginagncsiuro dcficiei cv. Toxic lceveis of

a iilgint'sc adlt p is il x N aluim 0(110 x crcflii t to dcclui

1 atc iltu rally ill pcci111lia gc. 13 spon ses obi tai ned frilm in ai iitainiig at soil pH (If 6.5 max bec tihiat ofci Itil tiactii g thet nIatuiral mao gilcsc aii dillinjiminn acciiinulatioii.

One i of til ciiiost sever t'V t' iti t jl d is-ordcers fiiui d throu1 ghiout tihc State isina gi sili in tic ico cx Siiice correct ionof, inagiiesiiim deficicoicy genierally tak<csat ceast :3 x cars, carly detectioni of "blid-titi i" sliortaigcs by Icaf analyses xx iii en-able gi o\5crs to Ilse corrcctiVC Mclstilres

1bIfoire sever crctolinmit' loisses iiccii i Tbisis al si truc for oither "hiddteni"' elemen tshor11tages or ecesses ats \vcii. It is easierto ill en cxi it deficicien t oi excess iiiutricnt

cli cii oilititili thall to co1rrcct olic.

Fertilization Recommendation

The b asis foir msilkinig fc iilizcr ret'

miitint I)al statu s iof peccain orchartis atsdi agil0 scd byI IIcaf aniiaixysis is fron i grox'cr-cooiperatixve fertilizer expei imciits cur-rci itly iii pirogress diid friomn accumunlatediki (1ictigc obltainedcll tbc proctess (Ifc'il i ctilig pecanl iutricilt clemnt (lisol -dci 5.

11111orma~tioiIllpro icedu~ires for takiinigMidt hanl inig pccaii leaf samplcs aind costof' rninii the diialvsis can be obtaincedily xx'iting Or. IlarrN Amrlin g. Depart-liscit of' H-oiticuiitiiie, Atiburn I Tix truitvAgi iciiiturai Expcrinicit Statiili , Auburn,Alaaixio.

Llim AcNAxiISis lAxA FH\ Snx Eli, illE PitA GlIE' ixIN SoLt iiiiSTiIN Ai,,AnxxcxI

DIN \\'I ('I

:378:379):80):'j8:34[32

13 t4:38

442NorIi ii

con iei trato

p4.p111

48'37

105-4675

81459

2.5.2965

2. 71) .14

2.90) .31)

.7(1 51)

I1.5) 99

/14..

11287

1511 12

879)18:372

90847*'3

/1./i. i.

6455555524875965,311_1601-17(0441)221428

1t00 :350)

2.51) 1,0)0)0

('lt's itbo151 olr ilciilxx w icht

ZII Fc Mll

' Normal rimgc rulcis to mitriciit clcmcnt concentrittion illmitricut disorders cim bc c\pcctcd.

HE I IAN I ITE (V I\% 1051 lilts l)t'('llI

ipest ill 1 )tilit fieldsi of the \\ii'egi assareaCi of \ilixona.

Appearance and Seasonal History

tilt' scolost illlt tt ] il lsi ail 't itil

hvlg eI Oille t hictl Il~liliti larv is aou

'2i11, i flit I-ili h l 1 10\11 il o)XX X ti

ThI jods otl ies s i ll1) t I 5 l w ill l~ilt ltis t

fIlate soil ',ac late Iiflis It1( clote Atigtdt

lid lt' pi l oflat t'thisx Oilin i k c iitt

(ile r oiltXX'oid I0, fet'lsi Oda1ysi. ~il'o'f( plIi~tsha 1 ilit ileis 5 egetitions

olgti3iofthem cropIt('ts ii plclil t its.

Piodst of~r ae (iif the soil ciillit 'itiis

arc1( leeds, (iic tfli e ,lt d iit Aliut.

it 11 ('Ai atS il' lt ('10vlaIllgt liii ptiliot

oher ctXX I II fell o)'iil fit \id X('It au'o I)Iil t', pai ual Sosttilb it Itt'

cit l lli s Crops It c'ra s ll slalpill

(Sttsll)t iac 'tltl of fli s i s n libs at'

(Oitid Icstoil tie fiti t filt 'Igt eoldi

I Sil o Nt plil ll (cX iis X.

EximentI s oil I cntrl 'o th i)XX IN

This is the larva stage of the granulate cut- iworm. It is this stage that does the damageto peanut plants.

The GRANULATE CUTWORMin PEANUTS and its CONTROL

W. G. EDEN, Department of Zoology-Entomology

C. A. BROGDEN, Superintendent, Wiregrass Substation

MAX SCONYERS, Asst. Superintendent, Wii-eyross Substation

1I5 1SE It 1111

Tri lilllit

'Sltitifc N-2790, 2 lb./lAupplied 6/ 12Applieti 6/ 12 loid 7 /9Applicd 6/ 12, 71/9.and( 7/.1

DI )iioii, 2 hil. iApplietd 6/ 12Appidi' 6/ 12 ltiti l 9AIppli'd 6/ 12, 7 /9,lid7/31

Cu~t

5X llls,

1) cr 6 f .

No.

6.7

.3. 1

2.1

1.3

2.01

Iiit, 201 tI

pi'i

.875

1,1 5

I stN

lill-vile. Screellills! of Soil saillples loldthe lise of ply\vood boards lot- IlIr\lIc to

hidc Illider lililcd to trive consistentcounts ill tit(, fichl tests. This probleillof, detclinfiling populatiolls of' lill-Nitc \\asfillillk solved I)N7 InAill(T collots ill flicfield bct\\ccII inidni'dit illid dil\v?).

Experfinents \vith oniltipIc applica-tiolls of, illsecticides ill 1962 itild 196 ')sllo\ promising restilts for colltrol. 'I'llisis illustrated by dittil prescowd ill 'I'llble1. Trelitioelits begill) ill Illid-jolle loldcolitililled 1111til flic ]list of .1111 v \\ creIllorc cffccti\( thill) thosc be(Tilli ill Illid-julle alid stoppcd bclorc the ]list ol, 1(11\1111diciltions \vcrc thilt lilt lidditiolml ti-cilt-meiit ill mid-August \vould ha\c fortlicrreduced the lillinbel. of, (.Ilt\\olllls. 'I'llerc\\( I-e Iii(YI11N, simlificitilt lic(ratkc corrcla-tiolis beWecil to, illiodwrs of (,Ilt\\ol.lllsilild 1)('llillit vields. T/Ic rcadcr is call-liolicd flielt Mc Iwo inscOicidal com-poloids "il-cli ill Tablc I bavc nol YCIbccn approl-I'd for 11m, oil pcaloll.s aflci

tillu'.

DDT, 2.i t Slplle Iltl of lXic llt\(' N~

p s i1

it Xlt 'I 'iI I2I Inf't i i to t55isi

ta l '551'at IhIt ciffi I i ll 1111bs-

Tr( z It I m I I t

I it I*( -it t( I t-I I( ckCa 1.1 )i I I.vI I b./ itD IY F. i I b./ it .To\avl wl 1( , 2 11 lt

Ct

1)i' 61ft

No.

1.2

9511,1.361,1761,077:1

JIIsN 8, 22 \igtit 2, id 12..scaiso intl Inll fr Iont J uniu 20 to Altiiist

26.

p hut ' 1i 2 i ~ t

Low Soil Potassium

Sets Up

Coastal for

Leafspot Disease

EM. EVANS anid R D ROUSEDept .,' Agro,ii -~pd SotI

R. T. CUDAUSKAS, Dept. fBolawiy and pt01, Pfuhotoqy

l illi Ft lilt(' l iii ll P i i I

h iiitP tip iii i lii 'ipiiF\ ill liplilitcii

Sup() F1o 111) ip i ii t il , hoI. p Fld ii

ip I I. I I i It F p tp F i tiF t i t i (I I i i 4 li

F Iii Ii~ ti\ I~~ il IP Iii I h i I I

p li i it' pit( tI Ipi ti Ii td I I L I Ii' t I .,I I

)i h Ii Jii )h. 1

FI' I i I t pf II(1 I l I I I t~ Lp IF Si.

i Ito tit Ii.I Illip I I iiii it I AI I 11 1

tii~~ hp p it iii I lititi I iF F. i i NIiiPi ii ii

1 i I ki ht l i i i Ii tl ii i i i h t

F ( f i tii j i F I ii F. i k I tl~ i 1 i i

Foun ini ThreAea

iii1111 itdhh l i h i c 111) l l Iu I."( I IpI

ppi 1 \i i t I 'i i h i P;t 5 hiP i iii I i i pi d i

Ft iIIi l i Iu o il at t1 ( 1hi(l ~ t,1 i

it

liii iii

Ii Iii1- d I () I II I ii.i i ii t I )(-IIt S I tII

t I l I I I oi

\ IKII

tK\2 'tM K

liii iii

I iF1 t)i\ \i it 1

\ W (~ itl Ii I

I ji.5

Ii

I S II5 .1"p 'p

iiSP) vlSI.

fip 'ppil t-1 11 ip 1

( l i\pp I F

I o . I I t I

I I Si I I I I I I S I t

Two Fungi Involved

Fillip \ i Atiip F( I, iI\\ )' 1 (,t (i d 11111(Fii i p1

I w I F1 1 F 1 t of I IP It I Pi F It

F ti I

IF t FI I I F I Ii I F I Ii I. I IF F I. I

I I t o IiIiF I~P I~'' F I P h Ii Ii I tF I I

I ci[i 'p i \\ I' I tI IF I Ii F lx (t F

I1. I~ F do i ( F IIt IF Fi I t ( .I IF t i lt

S x pp 'p Iiii F ) . ( F.t 1 1 1h P ( ti , 1 I I ,Iti i i p

111 itc h ill mwiP~ 1ii )iit FixiFc

Its.

F tt.

F IF P Ii i i I \ F IF FIltI I I

IS I I ti it txi I I I I Ii it I 'i t

iF t it Ii I Ii I i t Ip lI I I F I Ii t F IIi t I pIt Iii 1* it IP lIii I [ I I F I I, i F .

How leafspot affectsCoastol bermudlograssis shown by this con-trast. The plot at leftgot only phosphorusand lime, wherepas thehealthy grass at rightreceived 50 lb. peracre of K 0 annuallyin addition to limeand phosphorus.

\L lj()l d k c i',(' illjlll% \\it, to

MORRIS WHITEDept. of Agricultural Economics

Peach PackingCOSTS

P EbACHE Il CA1N BEi CHOW N illi all M.iclS Of

Alabamia, hot t large-scale commrial pro-)11

diictiiiii is coinied to ( liiltoiii d 131(11it

counlties. Ili these counllties peallcs aie

Lill 1101)01talut so)urce of ilietllli( to il lx

filarniers.

D~amage fr01m froist, inisects, and dis-cases are 1)1 dntiio probihlems I acinipeachl groxwers. Miajor inark-etil g prob-IQInls iii Alaama are limiitedI vo1lumel, sea-

soIlial ity ill prlOdllctiol) aliri lab)o1 reire-l

01(21 its, andl Clompetltln frill iother pro-

(I Lctiol areas. Voin1 m gro(wn I ill thle

State exceeds that wh Iich canl he soldfrs oi' l )11ocal III ark L4s, bl1It thereI is llo t

yet a dc1)e ilal (phlitity lg 1clio101ghto suplp)y peache's to prOcessilig fIrmls.Suc cess of' the pack ioIg1 opc I atioo is not11oldx of vallic to 1)1 5121it peach gro\ssl ,bult call lie a priloarv factor (illitI illiltil 14tii expanisionl of' the ilidll1str x

Packing Costs Create Problem

C'ost of packaging peachies -a highlyperishabil e commodity that h as mial~ sub-1

stitutes -is a major prolemll tol success-

fill mark-etil ig of the product. This is filr-ther ciomplicatedl by the desirec of col-

siners for products inl attractive pack-ages. These factors comnled make costsof' preparin ig peacheis forl market a P rimei

factor ill decisions to produ1ce Peaches as

a major farmn enterprise.

Ilesults of a 1962 stuldy of pack ing

peachecs ill Ch~iltoni Counlty s1howe d thatrieelle5 were Polcked ill txso txpc andl~

Laboiir was.1 g(111r111 flii .seiilild highi

terl jug labori ciists wxas flii 5 aiatill i li

PCrCeithlc iof Nil. I peaches ili a gfs ciilit. Fi'llctilatilig labori (cists 55 cri I (slill-

costs.

couted till0111 iipoxllilti iN i1 1 iuil prop l

tillis oft tiital cists.

Container Size, Type Important

(111n1 )n isiliis load , " oiilii hilsis of' size

il55111 sszs od I.vp so oltilr

(liaialc iz/i 1l//it'

I I 1) il. ci Ill

I tbi. II atc

2 li. cIrati

I tbil tiskct ---

Tital1.1sf 1)11.

1:39.098.71

141.5(

Four Factors Affect Cast

D~ata ti'loll (1hitll ('oinilt packilig

shiedls rex cah d 11111r m0ajor tfactiors th iattitribtiitd tol packilig coists:

" I')a l dt1A slilpevs i1li ali ( coi-ori(iltiiiiai xx work crewxxs xxithin thle stiedcai se d operllat ionial (delays alld Ireduced

illutput til ilall 11(111.

(2) \ an atil 11 i percen tage of cliIlls

Molllg 111(111 idiial lots iif pea:ches resiilted

ili high lahbor cists fil packing pearics.

.)Phxsical facilities lIscil in pack-

ing pccis '\(1 e ill uise a limited per iiidot tillie. 'Itiis caulsed high fixed coistspci, lillit ot 111tp)ht. Pzickilig shecd ownxeris

Ila hltIillited oppor11tillnities foll llakil g adt

jilachis deilivee (I(( tik toi packin g shedsItlddc to the probillelm ot obttaililig andih

O~ppoirtunities till Ireducinig peI uiit

paickii 1 cuists aippearl liuiiiterl ftll the 5111

1111' ic 155\ ai iiro\ 15 I.

Control of

Aquatic weed controlresearch includes useof such fish as WLtilopia and (R) Israelicorp.

AQUATIC WEEDSwI th FISH

E.' W. SHELLDept. of Zoology-Entomotogy

T HE IFAR P.(5 OND OWX\NER Still I iICC('

To) COml t XX e~tis iifl p111( the ('oXX 1Ii

hals at chioje oif usinig chemiicails (herbi1)cides ), cuitting mechaliil. eotltrolliiiglby fertiiation, ori comblin ing thcsc melth-

ills. [lOX' cX C, tl CIC li ir itl X ,iit ~lgi'associatetd \X ith allv oli it'f) thi ('I.

III recenlt X'eals utst' of lci~rlo is fislipond \veti ct'ers ) haes lCc ii added1 as

toliX Ctiliu weeds~l inito fish fleslh, i)tiil

productin is hiighier thli of fish thai t I('t'loil XX tter ailima] lift'. Also, t'ffcctivvl'ii'55

olav last lon ger thanl ithe r io ftrol ont i-otds. Fu rtherl morC, probilemCs rtiilt iiifromn uise' o toxic col~ill llds alt- oitt co-co1unteredl.

St ittitists il ii ari p nit] iestarli i at.Atilburii UitiClsiX , v Agricuilturial E xpcri-

inct'i Statioin lilX C t ( conduc (ed epCeritttfs

oil use of fish for aijiiatit XXec (Col itif ilsilice 19.57. Since fthen seXvCral spce

of lhriXviools fish hiaXe C eCli stock(,(] oin

anl C p CrimlOt ta basis ini abnout 290(poodits throughout Alabama andit atiiiin-inig states. I

Although seXveral of oiur I ititX C fish irknoXX ii to ealt at Certain ,lloiiiitit of platmiiaterials, fCXw of them in istiie tiii i

to make them effcctiX t s ciii trols of

ale fish inl other pairts of' the XXII Ild thatuse plan t mlaterials als the majoi itemi oiftheir tliets. SeX ei a of these XXr ('t rlioiughtito Auburln for ust' in this i esealreli pro-)

gram. Ilie Israeli stralii of the eiioiiin

mirror cairp anid filet' spt'ues of tricialtilapia fromn JaXva, Ii U i iesia, (:infi ilColngo Valley, and Nile V alley hia\ ' bee

usetd if) t'\Jerillclts.

All sp)ecites oif fish tested( art illitt iX C

Suppoirtedl ill part b\ rescalc ill al

Itu Xithli piilafiiiiie spelaies. tIle elf Itfvi e s'toc' ed i fill ll ci l ll tzill s1 stXii ii

fishe p ilti ol o'fi ii I lot it iii ith a ss

iiili blicuils am1 liltels. h dlo CXI, tiilec\ita eoiil he stiiekeil il p illistleci

,it bucst of tii .iii It'iigt l Si,ihi fish i ii'm

ThsleN fscin 1carp i fi ctc the coil-U

01 tlii' tlirei' tilpia o stits listed t1he((:lio itll' itic \istd ptilistttt4. 1 )oketI'

t a tvw okdateii1)1( t 1 fis pito 5ii0

t le s isS l l. X ill ti it t fh an i til tl fish .iuii,iiit Xi'X f'i i asI l il t alltt XX il ls ' lt

Nilt' tilaipii stoc'kedi at thc saiiie pc aii

lit'bst I esilts biithi thie ('iuigo anit Niletililpias nullst bei stocedpI lv ei. i l N v.

\lhloiiglh tlt' tss i spcitits of, tilalpias

lpilt lh. t t XXl prtise ill ii l~~ltrl XX it

fcr titlipetatm i's iii Alabaimia plotits. PriiteIlivs toi1st be iliX isd, IIX sliijplii'ts loiiliolilii thiist' fisltin 511 siligs. artt'sianlXXeill uiX rflti\S , lr\it -att' r XX l lltllv iithei'

bl XX .5(W F. if thetst' fisht are to siirX Xl'

Ati milthid ali ilfae ohtaineih ft Io il seolf fish Itip ctii fnolliuig X Nveils tat) bie Incas1lired'l by till XX eight these fish aidd tii the'

si/I' utf'25 to 0 11). aifti'r '3 ori 4 s eais iii

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