Honors World History

Summer Assignment ReviewWhat do you know?

September 2015

Part I. Know your terminology! Old and New – Getting Started….

DEFINITION

This branch of study focuses on a wide variety of subjects, introduced in elementary school and continuing into high school; includes various aspects of “the human experience” – how humans interact with each other & their world; history and geography are examples.

AND THE ANSWER IS…

The

Social

Studies

History

This branch of knowledge deals with past events. It studies significant events (wars, etc.) that have affected a nation or institution usually including an explanation of their causes.

Geography

This science dealing with the earth’s surface and such elements as climate, elevation, soil, vegetation, population, land use, industries, or states; how humankind interacts with the physical world – how humanity impacts the environment & how the environment impacts humanity

Political Science

This discipline studies how people govern themselves & is especially interested in how people attain ruling positions in their society, how many maintain those positions, and the consequences of their actions on those they govern. It answers the questions: how do people get power and how do they keep it?

A major focus is government.

Archaeology

The scientific study of historic or prehistoric peoples and their cultures by analysis of their artifacts, inscriptions, monuments, and other such remains, especially those that have been excavated.

Economics

This science deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, or the material welfare of mankind. The study of the choices people make in an effort to satisify their wants and needs. (Hint: focuses on money, jobs, resources, consumers, and producers.)

Criminology

The study of criminals and the methods of correcting and or treating such behavior.

SociologyThe study of the development, organization, functioning, and classification of human societies; the study of human relationships – emphasis on marriage and the family.

Psychology

The science of behavior and mental processes – studies the brain – the mind, mental states, and processes.

Democracy

Government of the people; A form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them

Republic

Government where people elect others to represent them

The United States has this form of government and NOT a true democracy

Culture

All the things that make up a people’s entire way of life

Examples include language, arts and literature, government, religion, customs and traditions.

Terrorism

The use of violence and threats - intimidation and fear – to apply political pressure and achieve one’s goal

Example: The attacks on September 11, 2001 against the United States

Fundamentalism

Strict adherence to any set  of basic ideas or principles

At times, includes a deep rooted conservative belief system that is extreme and can be dangerous

League of Nations

An international organization to promote world peace and cooperation that was created by the Treaty of Versailles (ending WW I)

NO longer exists Was replaced by

the United Nations

Segregation

The act of setting apart one group of people from the main body or group; to isolate; to separate and discriminate against

In the United States, leaders, such as Dr. Martin Luther King, protested against this practice in the American South.

Trade deficit

The condition that exists when the value of what a country imports exceeds the value of what it exportsaka an unfavorable balance of trade

Urbanization

-Movement of people from rural areas to cities-The growth of cities-Taking on characteristics of a city

Westernization

Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture (Western Europe, United States)

Dictator

A person who has (takes) absolute power

A ruler who has total, unrestricted control of a government without hereditary succession

NOT a king Examples:

Germany’s Adolf Hitler, Italy’s Benito Mussolini

Civil Disobedience

-The refusal to obey unjust laws-The refusal to obey certain laws in order to influence the government-May be associated with such techniques as boycotting, picketing, and nonpayment of taxes

Genocide

The deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or ethnic group

Example: Holocaust

Cambodia – 1970s

Outsourcing

The practice of obtaining  goods or  services  from an  outside source.

Example: To save money, many U.S. companies closed their American factories to open ones in China due to cheaper labor costs.

Conspicuous Consumption Public enjoyment

of possessions that are known to be costly so that one’s ability to pay for such things is flaunted

(showing off, “Look what I got!”)

Censorship

Restriction to access ideas and information

Can be done to all forms of info – books, plays, news reports, movies, TV programs, songs, etc. for the purpose of suppressing parts deemed objectionable on moral, political, or military grounds.

Censorship

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

 Founded in 1960/1961 by nations that export large amounts of petroleum: formed to establish oil-exporting policies and set prices.

Members are Algeria, Angola, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. Ecuador and Gabon were members but withdrew in 1992 and 1995 respectively

Cultural Relativism

Studying another culture using that culture’s standards in order to better understand it;

The belief that cultural ideas vary among societies as moral and ethical standards are unique to each group based on what each group believes to be good/bad/right/wrong;

No group is better than another – just different

Ethnocentrism

=>Judging other cultures/ people by the standards of your own culture believing yours is best/ superior;=>Belief in the natural superiority of the nation, culture, or group to which one belongs, often accompanied by feelings of dislike for “others”

Communism

Form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx;

According to Marx, class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole;

Called for worldwide revolution

Supporters included Vladimir Lenin (Russia) and Mao Zedong (China)

This is Karl Marx pictured above.

Socialism

System in which people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses

Suffrage

The right to vote

Women rally for the right to vote!

Oligarchy

Form of government in which all power is vested in a few persons or in a dominant class or clique;

Government by the few.

Domestic Policy

Issues (laws, government programs, and administrative decisions) that relate to a particular nation’s problems and interests – within that nation’s borders

Does NOT involves other countries

Is NOT foreign policy

“issues

here at

home”

Constitution

A framework for government

A document that identifies what a government can and cannot do, how it is structured, etc.

Bureaucracy

government by many bureaus, administrators, and petty officials.

the body of officials and administrators, especially of a government or government department.

excessive multiplication of, and concentration of power in, administrative bureaus or administrators.

characterized by excessive red tape and routine.

Civil Service

those branches of public  service concerned with all governmental administra-tive functions outside the  armed services.

those employed in these branches.

a system or method of  appointing government  employees on the basis of competitive  exams, rather than by  political patronage (by what you know and not who you know…)

Foreign Policy

a policy pursued by a  nation in its dealings  with other nations, designed to achieve  national objectives.

a policy governing  international relations

A cartoonist’s depiction…

Anarchy

state of society  without government or law 

Synonyms: chaos,  disruption,turbulence

Deforestation

The process/ practice of clearing trees

Global warming

an increase in the  earth's average  atmospheric  temperature that causes corresponding  changes in climate and that may result from  the greenhouse effect.

United Nations

An international organization established after WW II with the goal of maintaining peace and cooperation in the international community;

Still exists today

Self-determination

the choosing of a  people regarding what  form of government they will have, without reference to the wishes of any other nation, especially by people of a territory or former colony

Trade Surplus

Situation in which a country exports more than it imports;

aka a favorable balance of trade

World Trade Organization

an international  organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade

Laissez - faire

Policy allowing business(es ) to operate with little or no governmental interference;

The practice of noninterference in the affairs of others;

“hands off”

Monarch

a hereditary sovereign, as a king, queen, or  emperor.

NATO

A military alliance between several North Atlantic states to safeguard them from the presumed threat of the Soviet Union’s communist bloc (basically, the United States and our non-communist allies);

Countries from several other regions later joined this alliance

Still exists North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Capitalism

Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit.

Globalization

extending to  other or  all  parts of the world

Socialization

a continuing process  whereby an individual acquires a personal identify  and learns the norms, values, and behavior (dos and don’ts), basically the culture of the group in which he resides.

Propaganda

Spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause;

Any persuasive communication designed to influence people’s beliefs, opinions, emotions, or actions.

Part II. Consider the Source!

What is the difference between

primary and secondary

sources?

Define in your own words…

PRIMARY SOURCES:

A first hand account An eye-witness’

description Information from

the time period being studied

SECONDARY SOURCES:

AN ACCOUNT FROM SOMEONE NOT LIVING DURING THE TIME PERIOD

MAY USE PRIMARY SOURCES TO HELP REACH CONCLUSIONS AND INCORPORATE INTO THE COMMENTARY

SOMEONE FROM THE OUTSIDE LOOKING IN

SOMEONE COMMENTS ON THE PAST

Is it primary or secondary?Dr. Martin Luther King’s “I Have A Dream” speech

Primary Source

Is it primary or secondary?Vietnam War soldiers’ letters home

Primary Sources

Is it primary or secondary?The Diary of Anne Frank

Primary

Primary or Secondary?YOUR history textbook…

Secondary

Primary or Secondary?An encyclopedia

Secondary

Primary or Secondary?The Gandhi Movie starring Ben Kingsley

Secondary

Part III. Historical Eras

See if you can identify the following eras based on the descriptions provided….

Enlightenment

By the early 1700s, European thinkers felt that nothing was beyond the reach of the human mind. Through the use of reason, insisted these thinkers, people and government could solve every social, political, and economic problem. In essence, these writers, scholars, and philosophers felt they could change the world. For example, John Locke talked about all people having “natural rights” and that governments need to respect their citizens’ natural rights. Not all agreed with Locke. For example, Thomas Hobbes had different views which further contributed to this age.

American Revolution

Beginning in 1776 with Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence and ending in 1781 with the British surrender at Yorktown, this conflict was inspired by Enlightenment thinkers. Its success gave hope to freedom fighters around the world.

French Revolution

With the rally cry of “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity,” the masses challenged their country’s absolute monarch. It officially started on July 14, 1789, also known as Bastille Day. Participants were inspired by the Americans and their fight for independence.

Age of Absolutism

From 1550 – 1800, a number of powerful kings and queens ruled Europe. They exercised tremendous influence and control over the people they ruled. Examples include Louis XIV of France, King Philip II of Spain, and King Charles I of England.

Louis XIV

Renaissance

From 1300 – 1650, exciting changes, which originated in Italy, spread throughout western Europe. This era, whose name means “rebirth,” marked the transition from medieval times to the early modern world. It was the age of such greats as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Donatello, and Raphael. da Vinci’s Mona

Lisa

Industrial Revolution

From 1800 – 1914, this time period saw a shift in how things were made. Human and animal labor was first replaced by steam power and then electricity. Factories dotted the landscape. Production soared. Started in Great Britain but the United States became a production leader by the 20th century.

Cold War

From 1945 – 1991, a state of tension and hostility between nations aligned with the United States on one side (non-communist) and the Soviet Union (communist) on the other that rarely led to direct armed conflict. The Korea and Vietnam Wars occurred during this time. This era was also known for its nuclear arms race.

World War I

From 1914-1919, the Great War, as it was called back then, was the largest conflict in history up to that time. The French mobilized almost 8.5 million men, the British nearly 9 million, the Russians 12 million, and the Germans 11 million. This conflict ended with the Treaty of Versailles.

World War II

From 1939 – 1945, this was the deadliest war in human history. It began with Hitler’s invasion of Poland, engulfed Europe and Asia, and eventually involved the United States after Pearl Harbor was attacked in 1941. The United States forced a Japanese surrender by dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. “The Big Three”

Interwar Era

From 1919 to 1939, this is the age when such dangerous dictators as Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, and Adolf Hitler came to power.

Age of New Imperialism

From 1800 – 1914, Europe had gained considerable power. Encouraged by their new economic and military strength, Europeans embarked on a path of aggressive expansion that is this age. In just a few decades, beginning in the 1870s, Europeans brought much of the world under its influence and control.

The Modern World

The 20th-21st centuries Noted for such genocides as those in

Armenia, Ukraine, the Holocaust, Cambodia, Bosnia, and Rwanda

Has seen tremendous medical and technological improvements

Often referred to as “the information age” Can YOU identify AND explain the

importance of these tragedies and triumphs?

Looking forward to a GREAT year of historical study together…

Be sure to bring a pencil for the test!