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Summer Management of Beef Calves
Mark F. Spire, DVM, MS, DACT
Schering-Plough Animal Health
Technical Services Manager
Manhattan, KS
Summer Management
• 28 days of age until weaning
• 25% of pre-weaning losses
• 75% of weaning weight gain
• Calf gain – Cows - >2.25 ADG
Heifers - > 2.00 ADG
Cost Effective Management Practices
• vaccination• growth promoting implants• processing – castration and dehorning• parasite control – internal and external• pinkeye• creep feeding• mineral supplementation• early weaning
Vaccinations
• Will you receive a return on money paid for labor and products?
• Will vaccines work, if they are given as early as 2-3 months of age?
Vaccination Cost Returns
• Difficult to put a cost return on prevention• When sold – Sale results - $0.77-$2.65/cwt
more for calves vaccinated, castrated and dehorned before weaning (Superior Livestock)
Effectiveness of Vaccinationat Branding
New Mexico Study
1) Calves vaccinated at branding and weaning
2) Calves vaccinated at and following weaning
Results
1) Maternal antibodies ranged from 35%-98% for common viral pathogens
2) 81% of branding and 63% of weaning calves showed a positive response to vaccination
Branding Vaccinations
• Booster – before or shortly after weaning
• Product route – Avoid IM route with reactive vaccines – particularly in rounds
Colorado Study
IM injections into the rounds had tissue trim of 7.5 oz. – Lesion extended 2 in. from center
Growth-Promotant Implants
• NAHMS report – 14.3% of operations on 33% of cattle received implants prior to weaning – varies by ranch size
• Majority – 98% use only one implant
• Branding or about 2 months of age in steers
• Heifers – single implant over 2 months of age
• Tool to reach beyond genetic potential
Implant Advantages
• 19-trial summary of implants on suckling calves – 18.9 lb. advantage over non-implanted calves
• Little or no carry-over into feedlot phase
• Positive response after weaning to re-implanting
• Ralgro® implants lessen the effect of high-endophyte fungus infested fescue – improve weight gain (10%) and decreases affect of stress
Implant Disadvantages
• Buyer resistance
• Most have adequate nutrition – poor milking cows and mid- to late-summer
(rule of thumb: don’t use implants, if expected gain is less than 1.25 lbs.)
• Decreased future reproductive performance with multiple implants
Castration and Dehorning
• 64% of bull calves castrated prior to sale (NAHMS) – average age around 70 days
• 30% of operations don’t castrate
• < 50% of calves are dehorned – 28% less than 90 days – average age around 130 days
• Pricing discounts – 400-500 lb. calf - $3.60/cwt and $0.50/cwt for bulls and horns, respectively
Castration and Dehorning
• Earlier is better- 5-7 month old calves – 7.5 – 11 lb. loss over unprocessed calves
• No difference in performance between pre-weaning bull calves and implanted steers
• Post-weaning performance better in processed and vaccinated calves
• Early castration doesn’t impact feedlot performance
• Dehorning increases animal welfare
Parasite Control
• 73% of producers use some form of parasite control practices
• Makes up largest percentage of annual total veterinary costs/cow
Internal Parasite Control
• Cows contaminate pastures – before calving and in early lactation
• Reduced performance in calves delayed until after peak lactation – 60-90 days of age
• Treatments vary by region of U.S.
Internal Parasite Control• Treatment of cows – increases milk production and
weaning weights• Treatment of 2-3 month-old calves increased
weaning weights 19-50 lbs.• Mid-late summer treatment of calves increases
weaning weights 10 lbs.• Parasite infections can suppress immune system• Parasite resistance
External Parasite Control
• The Big Three - Horn flies, Stable flies and Face flies
• Female Horn fly feeds up to 35 times/day and may fly as far as 10 miles
• Impact milk production, weight gain and feeding behavior
• Face flies are principal vector for pinkeye organism
• Most control programs return at 2:1 to 8:1
External Parasite Control
• Horn Flies – target cows and bulls
Late spring - >200 flies/animal
tag, pour-on or spray
Early summer – let fly numbers build
pour-on, spray
Late summer - >200 flies
pull tags, pour-on or spray with different class of chemical
Fall – pull all tags, if not done earlier
Pinkeye
• Around 11% of operations report Pinkeye
• Seasonal - incidence increases with age of calf
• Reduces weight gains – up to 40 lbs.
• Blemishes – discounted at markets – averaged $8.35/cwt in a Kansas survey
Pinkeye• Face fly is a mechanical vector• Dust bags and ear best control – 50 – 70%
effective• Vaccination – cows and calves (over 4 weeks) –
given 3-6 weeks prior to pinkeye season – revaccinate cows annually
• Medicated minerals* – 500mg/head/day CTC –
reduced pinkeye incidence >77%, increased weight gain
*use on advice and consul of your veterinarian
Summer Management Tools• Trace mineral programs – add to late-
season native grasses and cool season grasses all summer
• Creep feeding – late season grass, drought, high-endophyte fungus fescue, or poor milking females (heifers, old cows) – full-feed or limit-fed
• Early weaning – late season grass, young cows, thin cows – look feed resources, labor and market options
Summer Management Opportunities• improve weaning weights – reaching
genetic potential• enhance immunity• provide strategic deworming and fly control• improve calf uniformity and marketability• increase disease incidence• enhance cow performance – milk,
reproduction, decrease costs• excellent return on investment