Superconducting Fault Current Limiters · SuperconductingFault Current Limiters Howto design a resistive fault current limiter? Nominal voltage 24 kV Nominal current 1005 A AC withstand

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Superconducting Fault Current LimitersProf. Dr.-Ing. Mathias Noe, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyInstitute for Technical PhysicsEUCAS Short Course Power Applications, , September 17th 2017, Geneva

KIT-Zentrum Energie2 M. Noe, EUCAS Short Course, Power Applications – Fault Current Limiters

Table of Contents

MotivationBasic PrinciplesDesign ExampleState-of-the-ArtSummary

Your questions are welcome any time


It is impossible to avoid short-cicuit currents


Conventional Measures to limit short-circuitcurrents

• Splitting into sub grids

• Introducing ahigher voltage range

• Splitting of bus bars

• (Sequential tripping)

• High impedancetransformers

• Current limitingair core reactors

Novel Concepts

• Superconductors

• Semiconductorse.g. FACTS

• Hybrid systems

Topologicalmeasures

Apparatusmeasures

PassiveIncrease of impedance at

nominal and fault conditions

ActiveSmall impedance at nominal loadfast increase of impedance at fault

• High voltage fuses(< 1 kA, < 36 kV)

• IS-limiter, CLiP(< 4 kA, < 36 kV)

• FCL circuit breakers


Short-Circuit Currents

Grid Transformer Transfer Line Load

Peak short-circuit current Kp Ii 22

j XQ j XT j XL

Stationary Electrical Circuit (Three phase short-circuit)

3nUc

RLRTRQ

LTQK ZZZZ

kI

k

b

n

K

n

nb

k

nk Z

ZcIIgetwe

IUZwith

ZUcI

33

c=1.1 for high SC currents

c=1 for low SC currents


Table of Contents




Ideal Fault Current Limiter Fast short-circuit limitation No or small impedance at normal operation Fast and automatic recovery Fail safe Applicable at high voltages Cost effective

Recovery

limited

SCFCL

Normal Operation Short-Circuit

Time

unlimited

Cur

rent


Superconducting Fault Current LimitersDifferent types

and many more…


Table of Contents




Superconducting Fault Current LimitersHow to design a resistive fault current limiter?

1.4 Ohm


Superconducting Fault Current LimitersHow to design a resistive fault current limiter?

Nominal voltage 24 kVNominal current 1005 AAC withstand voltage 50 kVLightning impulse 125 kVMax. prospective current (peak) 10.8 kALimitation time 120 msMax. short‐circuit current cont. (RMS) 4 kARecovery time < 30 s

1.4 Ohm


Superconducting fault current limitersHow much superconducting wire is needed?

16.5275

1005414.12

AA

IIn

c

rp

How many tapes in parallel?

Assumption 2011 for 10mm wide YBCO tape at 77K, sf

What is the total tape length?1) What is the total voltage along the tape during limiation?

kVkAkVU RMS 25.84.143

24lim,

2) Do not overheat the tape during limitation?

For a electrical field of 0,43 V/cm the temperature during limitation time of 120 ms can bekept below 360 K.

mmlSC 342036190


Superconducting fault current limitersWhich configuration for the HTS?

BBifilar straight

AStraight line

DBifilar coil

CMonofilar coil


Superconducting fault current limitersHow to calculate the total loss?

Current lead loss?

45 W/kA for uncooled and optimized copper current lead from 300 K to 77 K

45 W/kA * 1 kA *6=270 W at nominal current



Loss of the cyrostat?

P=120 W

Three LN2 vessels in onevacuum vessel.



AC loss of the superconductor?

Clem 2008 PRB 77 134506

P f0I c2 2a2 a x

c

a

tanh1sinh2 x

D sinh2 c

Dsinh2 a

D sinh2 c

D

dx d12a

1 ca 8 3a

tan1sinh2 a

D sinh2 c

Dsinh2 c

D sinh2 x

D

0

c

dx

2a

D



Summary of total loss


Superconducting fault current limitersWhich cooling option?

A B C D


Table of Contents




Superconducting fault current limitersMajor projects on resistive type SFCL

Lead Company Year/Country 1) Data 2) Phase SuperconductorACCEL/NexansSC D / ´04 12 kV, 600 A 3‐ph. Bi 2212 bulkCESI RICERCA Italy / ´05 3.2 kV, 220 A 3‐ph. Bi 2223 tapeSiemens / AMSC D / USA / ´07 7.5 kV, 300 A 1‐ph. YBCO tapeLSIS Korea /’07 24 kV, 630A 3‐ph. YBCO tapeHyundai / AMSC Korea / ´07 13.2 kV, 630 A 1‐ph. YBCO tapeKEPRI Korea / ´07 22.9 kV, 630 A 3‐ph. Bi 2212 bulkToshiba J / 2008 6.6 kV, 72 A 3‐ph. YBCO tapeNexans SC D / 2009 12 kV, 100 A 3‐ph. Bi 2212 bulkNexans SC D / 2009 12 kV, 800 A 3‐ph. Bi 2212 bulkRSE I / 2011 9 kV, 250 A 3‐ph. Bi 2223 tapeRSE I / 2012 9 kV, 1 kA 3‐ph. YBCO tapeKEPRI Korea / 2011 22.9 kV, 3 kA 3‐ph. YBCO tapeNexans SC D / 2011 12 kV, 800 A 3‐ph. YBCO tapeAMSC / Siemens USA / D / 2012 115 kV, 1.2 kA 3‐ph. YBCO tapeRolls Royce UK / ‐ 11.5 kV, 400 A 3‐ph. MgB2 wireNexans SC D/2013 10 kV, 2.4 kA 3‐ph. YBCO tapeNexans SC EU 2013 24 kV, 1 kA 3‐ph. YBCO tapeApplied Materiaks US /2013 15 kV / 1kA 3‐ph. YBCO tapeNexans SC UK/2015 12 kV/1.6 kA 3‐ph. YBCO tapeApplied Materials US / 2016 115 kV 3‐ph. YBCO tapePlus more Projects in Russia, China, India


Superconducting Fault Current LimitersState‐of‐the‐Art


Superconducting fault current limitersRecent installation12 kV, 1600 A resistive FCL installed in busbar at Western Power Distribution, Chester Street, Birmingham, since End 2015


Superconducting fault current limitersRecent developmentChina


Superconducting fault current limitersApplications


Superconducting Air Core Fault Current LimitersR&D Example


Superconducting Air Core Fault Current LimitersR&D ExampleElectrical Equivalent Circuit


Superconducting Air Core Fault Current LimitersR&D ExampleMagnetic field distribution in case of (A) the air core reactor and (B) the AC‐SFCL during normal operation


Superconducting Air Core Fault Current LimitersR&D Example60 kVA Laboratory Demonstrator


Superconducting Air Core Fault Current LimitersR&D ExampleSimulation of expected progression of peak limited short‐circuit current |Îlim| with peak prospective current |Ip|


Superconducting Air Core Fault Current LimitersR&D ExampleMeasurement of expected progression of peak limited short‐circuit current |Îlim| with peak prospective current |Ip|


Superconducting Air Core Fault Current LimitersR&D Example

ObjectivesBuilt and test a single phase 10 kV, 600 A air coil SFCLProject partnersSiemens, KIT


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Superconducting Fault Current LimitersResearch Directions Develop compact and inexpensive medium voltage SCFCLs Develop high voltage SCFCL prototypes and first field installations Demonstrate and improve reliability with long term tests Develop tests standards

IEEE test guide for FCLs available Show value proposition and „educate costumer“

Some manufacturers offer commercial applications.


o Successful field installations up to 220 kV for different types.

o A few companies started to offer first products.

o An IEEE test guide has been published.

Status of Superconducting Fault Current Limiters

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Superconducting Fault Current Limiters · SuperconductingFault Current Limiters Howto design a resistive fault current limiter? Nominal voltage 24 kV Nominal current 1005 A AC withstand