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T S Datta
Inter- University Accelerator CentreNew Delhi. India
ASIAN ACCELERATOR SCHOOL AT BEIJING IN Dec. 1999
Organised by KEK, JSPS , IHEP & CAS
Many Students ( 12 countries) from that School are contributing today on
Accelerator Development programme in Asia
2ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Outline of my Talk
1. Basics on Cryogenics & Superconductivity
2. Role of Superconductivity ( SC) for
Accelerator
3. Asian programme Present & Future
4. Conclusion
Realization of High Power Accelerator ( LHC. ILC)
is possible because of Superconductivity
1. Compact Size
2. Low Power Consumption
3ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
1908 : Heike Kamerling Onnes
Succeeded in Liquefying Helium2008 : Centenary Year for Liquid helium
2011 : Centenary Year of Discovery of
Superconductivity
The physics laboratory in Leiden became the "coldest place on earth”
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853-1926)
LH2
LN2
LHe
Cascade Helium
Liquefier
FAMOUS R-T PLOT
4ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Future: ILC ( Asia/Japan)
PAST : AT FERMI LAB PRESENT : LHC @ Switzerland
4.25 km
Total Length : 31 km.
7 TeV
500 GeV
1 TeV
Su
pe
rco
nd
ucti
ng
Mag
net
Superconducting Cavity
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY FOR ACCELERATOR
USA
EUROPE
5ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Cryogenics + Nuclear Science
Breakthroughs.
1. ULT through nuclear adiabatic demagnetisation.
2. Polarised targets for nuclear experiments. ( Bubble
Chamber)
3. High field magnets for Particle Accelerators.
4. Cryogenic detectors for high precision spectroscopy.
5. Superconducting Cavities for Particle Accelerators.
6. Cryopumping for better vacuum in Beam line pipe
6ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
1908 - Kamerlingh Onnes Liquefied Helium (4.2 K)
1911 - Superconductivity is Born !! 1960 _ Bubble Chamber with Liquid hydrogen
1980 - Tevatron , First Accelerator Using SC Magnet ( 70 Yrs) !!!!
1986 - High Temp Superconductors ( > 77 K )
1988 - Tristan, Japan Accelerator with SC Cavity
2005- 2017 : ECR and Spectrometer HTS Magnet with Cryocooler
2011 - Commissioning of LHC ( Largest Cryogenics) 2025 – 30 - International Linear Collider (ILC)/ CepC
7ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
MAIN COMPONENTS OF A CIRCULAR ACCELERATOR
1. CAVITIES : ENERGY
2. MAGNETS : GUIDES
& FOCUSS THE BEAM
3. DETECTOR : DETECTS
NEW PARTICLE
Cavities are the Engine and Magnets are the Steering
8ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Bubble Chamber Filled with Liquid Hydrogen ( 1956- 1985)
( First Application of Cryogenics in Major Accelerator programmer)
Bubble chamber : Tracks of charged particles by means of a visible string
of bubbles that are left by the particles as they fly through a Liquid
Hydrogen ( Purest Target) at a temperature 24 to 29 K with pressure from
40 Psig to 70 Psig)
BEBC project ( 1966) giant cryogenic bubble
chamber surrounded by a 3.5 T superconducting
solenoid magnet that operated at CERN Super
Proton Synchrotron (SPS) until 1984
developments in electronics
and new wire chamber
detectors, brought an end to
the bubble-chamber
Remains of the BEBC at
CERN Science Museum
9ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
High Energy Physics are the biggest promoter of Superconducting Magnet
through Powerful Accelerator ( Next to MRI)
High Energy ( E) means (High Velocity (v) )
Needs high Magnetic Field (B) to bend the ion beam
B is proportional to Ampere Turns ( nI)
I ( Current) is limited in normal Conductor ( Cu, Al)
because of Joule Heating ( I2R) Power Loss. To compensate
we can Increase no of layers ( Size !! )
or we can have efficient cooling system/ very high heat
Transfer coefficient and surface Area ( LN2 Cooling ????)
( Possible for High Field Pulsed Magnet)
Superconductor (R=0) : No Joule
Heating ( Except at Joint and
Current lead)
10ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Superconductivity - Thephenomenon of losingresistivity whensufficiently cooled to avery low temperature(below a certain criticaltemperature).
➢
Re
sis
tan
ce
4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4
Temperature (K)
0.15
Ω0.10
0.0Tc
TC
Hg: TC= 4.2 K
R=0
Superconductivity Destroyed If any Parameter
Exceeds its critical value: And they are Interlinked
T> Tc, I >IC, H>Hc
IC increases from 110 A to 450 A if
Temperature Decreases from 77 to 50K
SC Zone
2
( ) (0) 1c c
c
TH T H
T
12ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Another Property of Superconductor
( Meissner Effect) : Perfect Diamagnetism
Expulsion of Magnetic Flux
Magnetic Levitation Train
T > TC T < TC
We all are waiting for Superconducting Maglev train Between
Tokyo & Nagoya ( 2027) 600 Km/hr.
Longest Network of Superconductivity & Cryogenics after
LHC ( CERN) Project
Tokyo- Nagoya : 300 Km
Travel time : 40 MinutesShanghai Mag Lev Train : 434 km/hr
13ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
HISTORY ON SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
LIQUID NITROGEN
LIQUID HELIUM
YBaCuOBiSr CaCuO
MgB2
MRI With Cryo Cooler
Power Application
1911 & 1986
14ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Practical Superconductor Today
Material Tc ( K) Hc ( T Application
Pb 7.2 .08T Cavity
Nb 9.2 0.2 Cavity
Nb-Ti 10 15(T) Magnet
Nb3Sn 18 24.3 Magnet
Nb3Ge 23 38 Magnet
YBCO 93 >100 Magnet & power
application
BSSCO 110 >100 Magnet & power
application
MgB2 39 Promising for
MRI
Type 2
Typ
e 1
Pure Metal , Clean surface,
Easy fabricationNot high HC
High Hc, Tc
Ductile
High Tc, Jc,
High Cost,Brittle
Now based on Tc, we need different cooling medium that is the criteria
To distinguish LTS and HTS
VERY GOOD ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTORS ARE NOT
SUPERCONDUCTOR
(Cu, Ag, Au)
15ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
SUPER CONDUCTING MATERIALS
Common Materials
Tc ( K) Application
Hg 4.2
Pb 7.2 Accelerator
Nb 9.2 Accelerator
NbTi 10 K Magnet
Nb3Sn 18K Magnet
High Temp Superconductor
MgB2 39K Promising
YBCO 90 Power
BSSCO 110 K Power
LTS NEEDLIQUID HELIUM
LIQUID NITROGEN
CRYO COOLER
VERY GOOD ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTORS ARE NOT
SUPERCONDUCTOR
(Cu, Ag, Au)
16ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
APPLICATION OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
CRYOGEN
Superconductor
SC MAGNETSC Wire
Accelerator
MRIMag Levitation
Train
Power Transmission
Current Lead
SC CAVITY
Liquid Nitrogen ( 77 K)
Liquid Helium 4.2 K ( 2 K)
Used to cool the SC below Critical Temperature
Present Focus
in this School
17ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Sun6000K
SO2 -liquid
Ice
Room Temp
Water Boils
NH3- liquid
373K
300K
263K
273K
240K
4.2K
111K
90K
77K
20K
LN2 -liquid Nitrogen
LOX -liquid Oxygen
CH4 –liquid ( LNG)
LH2 -liquid Hydrogen
LHe -liquid Helium
0 K - Absolute Zero
Cryogenic Temperature
range
120K Cryogenicsboundary
Temperature Scale
Why?
Superfluid Helium2.1K
18ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
T(boil) T(critical) P(critical)
SO2 263K 432K 79 Bar
NH3 240K 405K 115 Bar
H2 ( LH2) 20K 33K 13Bar
N2 (LN2) 78K 126K 34Bar
O2(LOX) 90K 155K 50 Bar
He(LHe) 4.2K 5.2K 2.2 Bar
Tc [SO2/CO2] > 300K (room temp)gas
liquid
Pressure
Tc [N2/He] < 300K (room temp)
gas
Whatever
Pressure ?
No liquid
Hence they are called
Ar, N2, O2, Air, Ne, H2 and He
LNG
&
LPG ??
CH4 112 191K 46 Bar
Why 120 K ??
19ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
To Transfer Heat from Source to Sink if Source Temp
is less than Sink
PUMP
Sink (Th)
Source (Tc)
REFRIGERATOR
Qc
W
Qc + W
Refrigerator is analogues to
Water Pump to transfer Heat
( Water) from Lower Temp (
Lower level) to Higher Temp
( Higher Level)
Power required or pump
size depends on water
capacity ( Ref. Load in Watt )
and the difference of level (
Diff on Temp)
Transfer Amount of Heat energy is different between Source and Sink unlike pump. That embodies the concept the “ Quality” of Thermal energy
W
m
m
20ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
TC=200 K , W = 0.5 W
LN2 : Tc = 78 K , W = 1.68 W
LHe : Tc = 4.2 K, W = 70 W
Tc = 0.01 W= 30k W0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 4K K 80 k
These are Theoretical Power. We have to multiply first with efficiency of the Cycle and
then multiply with mechanical efficiency of all Components ( Compressor, Heat
Exchanger, Expander of refrigerator
Actual work = Wc/( ηCycle * ηComp)
Required Plug Power for 1 W
refrigeration at 4. 2 K = 500- 225 W
21ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Total efficiency may be 10 to 30 % at 4.2 K
STANDARD HELIUM LIQUEFIER/ REFRIGERATOR
CYCLE
Major Components : 1. Compressor 2. Heat Exchanger 3. Expander 4. JT Valve
Standard 1 kW at 4.3 K Helium Refrigerator
needs a Compressor with capacity 100g/s and
discharge pressure at 13 bar (g)
Isothermal Operation : Work required
2 1ln 148W mRT p p kW
Actual Plug Power ; 300 kW
Compressor Efficiency : 49%
Inverse COP = 300 W/ W
22ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Ref : B. Ziegler, Ring, “ Advances in Cryogenic Engineering,
Losses from Helium Refrigerator through its
components
Present ( Maximum) : 225 W/ 1 W Ref at 4.2 K
Compressor Efficiency has to be improved !!!!!
23ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Strobridge Survey (Efficiency) 1974
GM Cryocooler ; 6kW for 1.5W ( 4kW
for 1W) refrigeration at 4.2 K
Laboratory Scale Helium Refrigerator
( ~ 100 W) : 700 W for 1 W
Medium Range 1kW Class ( 300 W for
1W Range)
Large Helium Refrigerator ( 18 kW for
CERN : 225 W for 1 W
Whether we have reached peak value of 225 W ??
24ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Liquefaction Vs. Refrigeration
Same Thermo dynamical Cycle as Liquefaction Cycle. Difference in way of operation
HOW?
300K
4.2K
Cold Box
LHe Load
Cold Box
L O A D
Load may be the
S.C. magnets
& Cavities
Cold
vapourCold
vapour
warm
gas
Refrigerator ModeLiquefaction Mode
Warm Gas
Thumb Rule: 1L/hr ~ 3-4 W
100 L/hr = 3.33 g/sec = 3.33 x 20j/g = 66.6 W<< 300W
Why ???
1. Cold Enthalpy
4.2- 300 K is
used
2. JT Temp will
be lower and
hence yield
25ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
78 K
4.2 K
2 K
Must for Present
& Future High
Power
Accelerator
Super-fluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid
with zero viscosity which therefore flows without loss of
kinetic energy ( no Pressure drop)
Transition from He I to He II ( Superfluid)
26ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Liquid He I
GA
S
Superfluid
He II
SOLID
1. Super-fluid Helium can easily flow through SC strand /Cable
2. Small temperature rise with a heat input ( specific heat )
3. Large Conductivity maintain equal temperature. SC Magnet is stable
TRANSITION TO A SUPER-FLUID PHASE BELOW THE λ-point (2.17K)
1. Low Viscosity
2. High Conductivity
3. High Specific Heat
Advantages
27ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
4.5 2 4.5 603 0.1K K KQ Q Q Q
NEW 2K REF
OLD
R
EF.
CO
NV
ER
TED
Small capacity 2 K system High Capacity 2 K system
2 K Helium Refrigerator
28ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
An Efficient Heat Exchanger ( 4.2 -2K) improves the yield from 62% to 89 %
Example : 100 l/hr He I liquefier ( 400W at 4. 2 K)
can have
1 . 50- 55 L/hr ( 38 W) He II without HX
2. 80-82 L/hr ( 56 W) He II with HX
Simple 2 K System
29ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Superconducting
Elements
Cryomodule CRYO LINE
Helium Refrigerator 2K System
RF Generator/ High Current Power Supply
Drive Coupler / Current Lead
4.2/ 2 K
Components for Superconducting Accelerator
30ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
MAIN COMPONENTS OF A CIRCULAR ACCELERATOR
1. CAVITIES : ENERGY
2. MAGNETS : GUIDES
& FOCUSS THE BEAM
3. DETECTOR : DETECTS
NEW PARTICLE
Cavities are the Engine and Magnets are the Steering
31ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Comparison for CERN LHC
ENERGY : 7 TeV
DESCRIPTION SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNET
NORMAL MAGNET
Field 8.3 Tesla 2.1 Tesla
Total Length 27 km 108 km
No of Magnets 1500 6000
Ref. Power 144 kW @ 4.2 K
Power at Room Temperature
144 x 225
33MW3300 MW
0.3beam dipoleE B R
32ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Accelerator Energy Field Length Year(TeV) ( Tesla) (Km.)
Tevatron 0.9 4 6.3 1984( USA. P P-)
HERA 0.92 5.3 6.3 1989( Germany, P e)
SSC 20 6.8 87 cancel(USA P P)
LHC 7 8.3 27 2011( Switzerland) P P
33ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Momentum Resolution ( Sagitta) ~ 2 / 8s qBL p
Resolution better with high field ( B) and longer length (L)
Before Collision, we need strong focusing ( Achieved by Quadrupole
magnet High Field gradient ( T/ M) h to have higher Luminosity
Detector with Superconducting magnet
ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS) is Particle Detector at LHC, CERN
The magnet system on the ATLAS detector
includes eight huge SC magnets
arranged in a torus and a central SC
Solenoid around the LHC beam pipe
46 m long, 25 m high and 25 m wide, the
7000-tonne detector is the largest volume
particle detector ever constructed.
34ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
CAVITY
RF POWER FEED TO THE CAVITY ( LC CIRCUIT), ELECTRIC FIELD ( MV/m)
GENERATES ( Max at IRIS where Beam Passes)
SURFACE CURRENT ON CONDUCTOR,
HEAT ( Loss) ON WALL BECAUSE OF SURFACE RESISTANCE : COOLING
BY WATER / LIQUID HELIUM
HIGHER SURFACE RESISTANCEMORE HEAT : MORE LOSS
35ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Why Superconducting Cavity?
Unlike DC superconductor, there are resistive power loss in RF superconductor because of Surface Resistance
Resonant cavities have Quality factors, Q, whose value depend on resistive losses.
High Q , Low Loss
Q is inversely Proportional to Surface Resistance.
0
s
GQ
R
2
0
0
accd
U EP
Q
Surface Resistance
(Rs) Copper/ Rs (Noibium) = 105
36ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
2 3 4 50.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
RBCS
BC
S R
esis
tan
ce (
no
hm
)
Temperature ( K)
97 MHz
1.3 GHz)
R res
RBCS RBCS= 400 nohm
10 100 1000
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
BC
S S
urf
ac
e r
es
ista
nc
e (
na
no
Oh
m)
Frequency ( MHz)
4.2 K
1.8 K
Rres
SURFACE RESISTANCE WITH TEMPERATURE (T) & RF FREQUENCY ( f)
Nb
: T
c=
9.2
KFor High Frequency Cavity:
2 K is Choice
For High Field Magnet :
NbTi at 2 K or Nb3Sn at 4.2 K
2 17.67/4
92 10
1.5 10
T
BCS
f eR x
x T
37ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Power Comparison in Cavity
Description Normal ( Cu) Cavity
Superconducting( Niobium)
Eacc ( MV/m) 1 1
G, f 17, 97 MHz 17, 97 MHz
Rs 3 milli-ohm 10 nano- ohm
Q0= G/Rs 6.5 x 103 2.1 x 10 9
Power Loss 9000 W @ 300K 0.5 W at 4.2 K
Plug Power 9000 W 150-200 W
Estimated Refrigeration Load for ILC: 210 KWTotal AC Power Consumption : 50MW : Cu Cavity : 500- 1000 MW
Saving
2 Standard Nuclear Power Plant : 235 MW
38ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Lab year f Active Gradient(MHz) Length
KEK 1988 508 48m 4.5 MV/mDESY 1991 500 20 2CEBAF 1996 1497 169 5
CERN 1997 352 462m 6
ILC Future 1300 22 km 31.5
TESLA COLLABORATION : Field Improved to 20 MV/m ( 2000 – 2008)
AND NOW : 30 – 40 MV/m
39ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Parallel there is also improvement on
efficiency of Helium Refrigerator
Power consumption reduced from 600 W
to 225 W to take care of 1 W loss at 4.2 K
( Higher Capacity : Efficiency High)
Realization of ILC : Less Power Consumption by Refrigerator
and Improvement of field gradient ( > 30 MV/m) : Power and Size
ILC : KITAKAMI, Japan
TARGET FOR ILC
ACHIEVED
2012 : 60%, 2013 :75%
40ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
MAJOR ACCELERATOR PROGRAMME(with cryogenics and superconductivity)
1. Superconducting Cyclotron : RIKEN ( JAPAN) , VECC ( INDIA),
JINR ( Russia) : Nuclotron : SC Magnet
2. Synchrotron Radiation : SSRF ( China), NSRRC ( Taiwan),
PAL (Korea) : SC Cavity
3. Superconducting Heavy ion Booster : JAERI ( Japan),
IBS ( RAON, Korea), IUAC, TIFR ( INDIA),, : SC Cavity
4. Proton Accelerator / ADS Programme : J- PARC (Japan)
IHEP, IMP ( China), KOMAC ( Korea), RRCAT/ BARC/VECC ( India) : Cavity
5. Collider : ( TRISTON, KEK-B, Super KEK B) Japan , BEPC II ( China),
Future Big Programme : ILC at Japan and CEPC at China
6. Other Important Programmes : ILC- STF ( Japan), ERL ( Japan),
BOOSTER for RIB at VECC ( India), FEL @ PKU ( China) : Cavity41ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Superconducting Cyclotron
18 m Dia, 9 m Height, K= 2500, Weight ; 8000Tons
WORLD’S LARGEST SC CYCLOTRON IN RIKEN. JAPAN ( 2006- 2007)
2
2
2
eK Br
m
The K value of Cyclotron indirectly tells about the energy of
the proton beam. Higher K value means higher Energy and
that can be achieved either by increasing field ( B) or by
increasing diameter (2r)
World First Superconducting Cyclotron ( K -500 ) at NSCL, MSU. USA in 1981
Beam energy : 440 MeV/ nucleon for Carbon
SC magnet : Main Coil : 6 Nos
SC Material : Nb- TiType : Ratherford
Max Sector Field : 3.8 T at 5 kA
Operating Temperature : 4.5 K Jacket Material : Aluminum alloy
Stored Energy : 235 MJ
42ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
The Super KEK-B project: a electron-positron collider
To achieve 40 times higher Luminosity ( 2.1 x1034 to 8 x 10 35) by upgrading
KEK-B Accelerator & Belle Detector
QCS-L&R Cryostat with 4 SC Quadrupole, I SC Solenoid and
20 SC Corrector Magnets after testing Installed in the Beam line
QCS-L
JAPAN
1. Super KEK-B 2. STF ( ILC) 3. J- PARC ( Proton Accelerator
Quadrupole MagnetSC Solenoid
Courtesy : Prof. Hirotaka Nakai 43ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
STF is a project at KEK to build and
operate a test linac with high-gradient
superconducting cavities, as a prototype
of the main linac systems for ILC.
STF was built within an existing
building on KEK Tsukuba campus.
which had been used by the J-PARC
JAPAN :
Courtsey : Prof. Akira Yamamoto S.C. Magnet Refrigerator
Neutrino Superconducting Beam
Line
SC Spectrometer
The J-PARC complex consists of
3 accelerators
Special Combined SC magnet for
Neutrino beam line
Japan Proton Accelerator :
44ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Helium Gas Pumping System/Gas Bag
3000 L Liquefied HeliumStorage Vessel
Helium Liquefier/RefrigeratorCold Box
Connection Box
End Box
Multi-channelTransfer Line
2K RefirigeratorCold Box
Main Linac Cryomodule
Injector Linac Cryomodule
HeliumPurifier
2K RefirigeratorCold Box
Radiation Shield Concrete Blocks
Scale (m)
0 10 20 30 40
End Box
C – ERL Completed in 2014 ( 30 MeV) and are in operation
Cryogenics : 80 W at 2 K (500 W @4.2 K
Injector Cryomodule
( 2 -cell x 3 cavity)
Achieved :14.5 & 13.5 MV each cavity
Main Linac Module
2 x 9- Cell cavity
Planning to Add
Another Refrigerator
45ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
LEBT MEBT1RFQ
162.5MHzECR
SC-HWR
SC-CH
162.5MHz
LEBT MEBT1RFQ
325.0MHzECR
Spoke
325MHz
Spoke021
325MHz
28 cavities
Spoke040
325MHz
72 cavities
Elliptical 063
650MHz
28 cavities
Elliptical 082
650 MHz
85 cavities
Injector II
Injector I
MEBT2 10MeV
34 MeV 178 MeV 367 MeV 1500 MeV
2.1 MeV
3.2 MeV
35 keV
35 keV
TargetHEBT
Chinese ADS proton linear has two 0~10MeV injectors and one 10~1500MeV SC linac.
CHINA ADS PROGRAMME
IHEP
IMP
Present Focus
CHINA
Courtesy : Prof. Shaopeng Li
Required 2 kW @20 K By Helium Refrigerator & He- H2 Heat exchanger
Target Commissioning : 2018 Dongguan, Guangdong
46ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Both Cryomodule ( 7 Cavities + 7 Solenoid) Installed &Tested at 2 K
Achieved 10.7 mA Pulsed Proton beam at 10.7 MeV energy.( July 2016) 2.7 mA / 10 MeV with CW Proton Beam ( January 2017)
CHINA ADS Programme ( INJECTOR)
Courtsy : Prof. Shaopeng Li
IMP
IHEP
By End 2016, with two cryomodules ( Each 6 HWR)Achieved beam current (CW) : 1. mA at 10.06 MeV
Target : July 2017 : 10 mA at 25 MeV with 4 cryomodules
47ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
IHEP ( China) - ILC Cavity Collaboration with KEK
GROWTH IS SIGNIFICANT IN CHINA ALONG WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF LOCAL
lINDUSTRIES
2011- 2013
Courtsey : Prof. Gao Jie, IHEP. China
48ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
RAON SCL is designed to accelerate
high intensity heavy ion beams
Optimized geometric beta of SC
cavities (0.047, 0.12, 0.30, 0.51).
Prototyping of SC cavities and cryomodules
is under way at present.
QWR
81 MHz
HWR
162
SR
325
Daejeon
Courtesy : Dr Dong-o Jean, IBS
Required Refrigeration Capacity : 18 kW ;
( May be the largest in Asia)
49ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
RAON Accelerator Prototyping
QWR Cavity & Cryomodule
28GHz ECR ion source
High Tc SC magnet
SSR Cavity & CryomoduleHWR Cavity & Cryomodule
Courtesy :
: Dr Jongwon Kim,
Hyong Jin Kim
With 7 Cryo cooler)
50
ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
1. SRF TEST Facility Completed;
2. Prototype HWR Tested
3. Cryomodules Delivered
4. Helium Refrigerator Capacity
( 4.2 + 12 kW)
51
CVB4
TL5: 26.9-m
CVB3 TL4: 25.4-m
TL2: 30.3-m
DVB
CVB2
TL3: 27.1-mCVB1
SRF cavity 2Spare
SRF cavity 1
Spare
7000-L main Dewar
New Helium Cryogenic
System
TL7: 6.9-m
TL6: 7.4-mCommissioned with two SRF module
and LHe Distribution Line
Courtesy : Dr Feng – Zone Hsia 51ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta),
11.12.2017
TPS WITH TWO SRF MODULES COMMISSIONED
Congratulation
• Technology transfer from KEK; Cryostat Manufactured by MHI;
• Surface treatments and high-power RF test, vertical test at KEK;
• Final clean room assembly at NSRRC;
• System integration and high-power (horizontal) test at TPS storage ring.
52ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
INDIA
1. Superconducting LINAC at IUAC : Completed
2. SC Dipole and Quadrupole Magnet for FARE Project at VECC. Kolkata ;
3. ADS Programme and FERMI Lab Collaboration
4. RIB LINAC AT VECC
Proton LINAC Based Spallation Neutron Source
Cavity Surface Preparation Lab and Testing Facility Completed at RRCAT
1 kW Class Helium Refrigerator is Commissioned
5- Cell cavity Developed and Tested
Courtesy : S C . Joshi, 53ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Single Cell LB 650 Cavity Developed at
VECC/ IUAC and Tested at Fermi Lab
Max E acc ~ 34.5 MV/m at 2 K
Two Spoke Cavities developed at IUAC for PIP
project ,Tested and Performance is as good as
Fermi lab Spoke cavity
VECC Injector Cryomodule with one 9 Cell cavity
Installed in the beam line of TRIUMF and Tested in
2016. Achieved Energy : 10 MeV
INDIA
RIB LINAC AT VECC
Courtesy : Dr. Som, Dr Prakash & Dr V Naik54ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
SC MAGNET
Approx. 2000 Corrector
Magnets Developed at RRCAT
and Supplied to CERN : Indian
Industry
1930 mm
11
68
ID 1473 mm
Largest SC Solenoid Magnet was Developed
at VECC and is operating for more than 5 Years
FIRST HTSC MAGNET at IUAC FOR ECR SOURCE
JOINTLY DEVELOPED WITH PAN-TECHNIQUE,France (2006)
Large Number Super Ferric Dipole and Quadrupole Magnets
For FAIR Project : Under Development at VECC. Kolkata
Largest & Most Complicated SC Magnet at IPR
2011
55ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
FUTURE
56ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
LARGE HADRON COLLIDER ( LHC) AT CERN
1. Worlds Largest Particle Accelerator2. 27 km Circumference at Swiss- France
Border. 3. Proton - proton Collider with collision
energy 14 TeV
4. Largest Cryogenics and SC network
as on Today5. Total 6000 Superconducting Nb-Ti
Magnets ( 1200 Dipole + 400 Quadrupole magnet+ Rest Corrector Magnets
6. Total Refrigeration Capacity 144 (
18x8) kW at 4.2 K
Nb- Ti SC magnet generates a field
8.3 Tesla and operates at 1.9 K
LHC HL-LHC VLHC
First Collision at 3.5 TeV Beam Energy in 2010
Collision at Design Beam Energy (7 TeV) in 2015
57ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
LHC HL-LHC VLHC
High luminosity 5 x 1034 cm-2s-1
100 High Field Nb3 Sn Magnet
( 12 T ) in 100 magnets before
and After ATLAS/ CMS
Detector
Operating Temp : 4.5 K
Using of Superconducting Crab
Cavity
Total length Replacement ~ 1
km????????
16 Tesla magnets for 100 TeV pp
in 100 km
58ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Max. Center-of-mass energy 500 GeV
Peak Luminosity ~2x1034 1/cm2s
Beam Current 9.0 mA
Average accelerating gradient 31.5 MV/m
Beam pulse length 0.95 ms
Total Site Length 31 km
Total AC Power Consumption ~230 MW
INTERNATIONAL LINEAR COLLIDER ( ILC)
Electron – Positron Collider :
Proposed Site at KITAKAMI, Japan
59ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
ILC Superconducting Cavity
10MW
L band
klystron
9 cell cavity,~ 1m long
ILC needs : 16000 9- cell
cavities and more than 1000
Cryomodules with each length of
approx 12 m)
Total Estimated Refrigeration Capacity at 4.2
K ~ 210 kW ( Remember CERN 144 kW)
Test : > 35 MV/m, Q = 0.8 x 10 10, With Beam > 31.5 MV/m
60ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
The Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) circumference of
50 – 70 km at Quinghuada, China ( 2021-27)
Estimated Project Cost ~ $6 billion
Booster ring: 256, 1.3 GHz 9-cell SC cavities
Collider ring: 480, 650 MHz 2-cell SC cavities
61ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Required Refrigeration Capacity for CepC
96 kW at 4.5 K ( 8 Plants)
Required Electrical power : 22 MW
Cryogenics and SC Cavity for CepC
62ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Foreign India Total
Total 218 329 547
A. Participants Details
Country China France Germany Japan Korea Switzer USA Nether Others
No 31 24 29 18 9 29 32 8 38
C. Papers Presented
Foreign
India Total
Total 168 171 339
B: Foreign Participants Distribution
Important Here : There about 120
papers from Accelerator Lab ( CERN,
KEK, IHEP, Fermi, Jefferson, ESS,
TRIUMF, DESY, RRCAT VECC, IUAC)
63ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Technical Challenges in this Subject
1. Superconducting Magnet : High Field (15 – 20 Tesla)
2. Superconducting Cavity : Gradient 30 MV/m :
1. 2 K/4 K Cryomodule with low heat leak : Coupler /
Current lead thermal Interception
2. 2K System : Modification of old Refrigerator (4.5 K)
with 2K system
3. High Performance Multichannel Liquid Helium
Transfer Line ( KEK DESIGN)
4. Cryogenic System : Improvement of COP ( Plug
power vs. Refrigeration Load)
5. With advancement of 2G HTS wire , Feasibility of
Beam line HTS Magnet ( LN2 Cooled/ CryoCooler)
64ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Challenges/ Comments
1. Shortage of Helium Gas supply : Price rise ( doubled from 2011)
Federal Helium Programme, USA ; Supplies Crude Helium 50 %
( They can stop any time : Earlier Deadline was Oct, 2013 Extended by Senate)
Total requirement : 200 MM3
Helium Recovery from Users has to be improved : Loss to
be minimized
2 . COP ( plug power for 1 W refrigeration) of Helium Refrigerator
During 1980 it was 400-500 (Tevatron) , 1998 ( LHC) improved ; 225 ( 30 % of
Carnot) : No further improvement . ( Hope for ITER System) : 170 ( 40%)
Refrigeration capacity for ILC : 210 kW. Power Saving : 10 MW
3. Limited Niobium Supplier : Demand growth in current five years will be high
4. Limited Man Power in ASIA
65ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
Acknowledgements
1. Dr. Philippe Lebrun, CERN2. Prof. Akira Yamamoto, ILC3. Prof Hosoyama & Prof Hirotaka Nakai , KEK4. Prof Gao Jie and Dr Shaopeng Li from IHEP, China5. Dr Jongwon Kim from RISP, Korea6. Colleagues from Accelerator Lab of India ( RRCAT,
VECC, IUAC)
66ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
IUAC SC LINAC
SC
CA
VIT
Y
67ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
➢Japan : Super KEK- B, ILC STF, JPARC➢Korea : RAON project, PLS-II, KOMAC, SSRC➢CHINA : ADS PROGRAMME (IHEP/ IMP), CEPC ,ILC – China➢Taiwan : TPS ( Commissioned) ➢India : ADS by DAE , RIB Linac, IUAC Linac
Major on- going ASIAN Accelerator Programme with
Cryogenics & Superconductivity
68ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017
So for very High Field ( above 8T) magnet and for High Eacc and high
frequency ( GHz) Cavity : 2.0 K is better Choice than 4.2 K
4.5 2 4.5 603 0.1K K KQ Q Q Q
NEW 2K REF
OLD
R
EF.
CO
NV
ER
TED
69ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017