SKEPTICAL INQUIRER Ju ly / August 2007 35

Spasibo. It means thank you. I really know only a few words of the Russian language, but

what little I do know I learned about twenty years ago. I was taught by a man named Piotr Rasputin. I didn’t know him very well, and never asked if he was related to the czar’s infamous “Mad Monk,” but I do remember that he had the curi-ous ability to turn his flesh into a sort of impervious living steel. Very cool, really.

One of my earliest geology les-sons came when I was about ten years old. Like my smattering of Russian, it wasn’t a full, formal lesson. But I did learn some inter-esting and scientifically sound facts, including that because limestone in the earth is partially water-soluble it often creates caves and sinkholes. I overheard a young duck without pants discussing this.

I don’t recall if it was Huey, Dewey, or Louie, but, in any event, they were searching a cave for hidden treasure on behalf of their avaricious great uncle, Scrooge McDuck. (In the same comic I also learned that Scots are tight with a penny, but perhaps that was a stereotype I shouldn’t have picked up.)

I learned scads of (mostly accurate) factoids from my youthful reading, following the adventures and exploits of Encyclopedia Brown, Tintin, Tom Swift, Doc Savage (and his band of

scientists in cluding a chemist and an electrical engineer), and, of course, com-ic-book superheroes.

The world of comics is not just for kids anymore, with complex storylines and very adult graphic novels. Comic- book heroes have jumped from colored splash panels to the big screen in block-buster films such as Batman, Superman, X-Men, and, of course, the Spider-Man franchise (Spider-Man 3 was recently released in theaters on May 4).

It’s easy to forget that many of the superheroes who have repeatedly (albeit fictionally) saved the world are scien-

tists: Spider-Man (Peter Parker) is an accomplished science student; the Incredible Hulk (in his human form, Bruce Banner) is a nuclear physicist; Mr. Fantastic (Reed Richards) holds doctorates in phys-ics and electrical engineering; and so on. Most Marvel Comics super-heroes have some strong link with science or technology (for exam-ple, Peter Parker invented his own web-slinging mechanism, and engi-neer Tony Stark created his own Iron Man exoskeleton). (For an in-depth look at science and super-heroes, see The Science of Super-heroes, by Lois Gresh and Robert Weinberg.)

Marvel Comics founder Stan Lee had created dozens of superhe-roes to populate his comic books, each with amazing and wondrous powers. He had heroes who could

do amazing things rarely if ever seen in the real world. They could fly, walk through walls, teleport, turn invisible, and so on. But Lee had a problem: com-ing up with the powers was the easy part; coming up with a reason why they had those powers was tricky. So Lee—whose grasp of science is admittedly shaky—used science to ground and lend a sense of validity to the characters. Thus, many

Superhero ScienceBENJAMIN RADFORD

Benjamin Radford is an avid supporter of science centers, even if he doesn’t always understand all the principles he sees.

SPECIALREPORT

THE SCIENCE BEHIND THE FICTION

An Iceman exhibit at the Ontario Science Centre teaches visitors about heat transfer. Photos by Benjamin Radford.

heroes gained their powers through sci-entific, naturalistic (if not wholly realis-tic) processes. The Fantastic Four were exposed to cosmic rays; Peter Parker was bitten by a radioactive spider; and so on.

This worked for a while, but, finally, Lee just got lazy. Once he read about the process of genetic mutation, that opened up a whole new world where mutations could be used as a blanket cause of myr-iad abilities ranging from psychic pow-ers to teleportation to weather control. Thus, the X-Men were born.

Of course, the veneer of science only goes so deep; children wishing to climb walls and have superhuman Spider-Man

strength can stop taunting their radio-active spiders. (And where do you get radioactive spiders, anyway?)

Part of the reason the comics had an educational element was that Stan Lee did not believe in talking down to his audience. He wrote his scripts and dialogue at a college level, unafraid of making his readers reach for a dictionary now and then.

Recently, Marvel Comics launched an educational science exhibit using many of its most popular comic-book superhero characters. The goal was to educate children and the public about scientific principles in a fun and

interesting way. The exhibit intro-duces the public to many scientific topics and principles, including mag-netism, engineering and hydraulics, acoustics and the physics of sound waves, chemistry, genetics and evo-lution, visual perception, and arach-nology. Instead of dry display panels, the thirty action stations are geared toward hands-on demonstrations and learning. Among them:

• Doctor Octopus, a veteran Spider-Man foe who has four robotic tenta-cle-arms, serves to introduce a fascinating discussion of prosthetic limbs. Photos and artifacts illustrate the evolution of pros-thetics from rudimentary hook hands to modern mechanical limbs.

• The Spider-Man display explains that the tensile strength of spider’s silk is higher than any artificial material, and allows people to hang from hair-thin fibers, eight times stronger than steel.

• A station featuring Professor X, who trains his band of mutants to become crime-fighting X-Men, explores how mutations come about. Visitors are given three examples of living organ-isms, and then asked to guess the per-centage of DNA that the three share.

• Daredevil, a blind superhero, is used as an example of how blind crea-tures can navigate using echolocation and acoustics.

Other superheroes who took time off from ridding the world of evildoers in order to educate kids for the exhibit include the Hulk, Iceman, Wolverine, the Human Torch, Storm, Banshee, and Iron Man. While some of the exhibits and displays are a bit silly (does matching the Hulk’s angry facial expres-sions help us understand the physiology of anger?), overall, the exhibit is very well-designed, fun, and informative. Any exhibit that educates as it entertains is well worth a visit, and this is one of the best. Excelsior!

The Marvel Superheroes Science Exhibition premiered at the Ontario Science Centre in Toronto, Canada, and will be at the St. Louis (Missouri) Science Center from April 28, 2007, until September 4, 2007. For more infor-mation on the exhibit and tour schedule, see www.marvelscienceexhibition.com.

36 Volume 31, Issue 4 SKEPTICAL INQUIRER

The X-Men exhibit discusses the science behind evolution and mutation.

Visitors to the Spider-Man swing can hang by a super-strong thread.

A couple watch themselves through a thermal imag-ing camera.