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• Federalist

• John Adams

• Supported by rank and file Federalists of the Northeast

• Alexander Hamilton subverts the election

• Adams gets 65 electoral votes

• Democrat -Republican

• Thomas Jefferson

• Support from south and

west (universal manhood

suffrage)

• Gets boost from Aaron

Burr – New York

• Wins election but ties

with Burr

Solving the Deadlock

• Jefferson and Burr with equal votes in the electoral college =73

• Election to be decided by the House

• 35 ballots – undecided and Burr will not withdraw (he had always been running as VP)

• On the 36th – Burr lost the support of one Federalist (probably at the urging of Hamilton) and Jefferson finally won the election.

Twelfth Amendment

• Ratified in 1804• Started after the election of

1796 • In that Election Adams was

elected President (Federalist) and Jefferson (a Democrat-Republican) had the second highest votes and was Vice-President

• The electoral college now casts separate ballots for the President and Vice-President

“The Revolution of 1800”

• Orderly transition of power• Jefferson “we are all

Republicans, we are all Federalists”

• Washington DC – Designed by Pierre L’Enfant – Paris of the US

• Jefferson will submit messages to Congress – not much of public speaker

JEFFERSON

• Believes that America’s future is to be a society of sturdy Independent Farmers and:

• The Republicans are the guardians of agrarian purity, liberty and states’ rights

• He favors public education

• Promotes the concept of the “Republican Mother”

Jefferson’s Cabinet

Yazoo Land Fraud

• I have deleted the info. on this slide. • Yazoo Land Fraud has to do with the

court case Fletcher v. Peck• Fletcher v. Peck is talked about in

chapter 12.• So you are just going to have to wait

for it.• I’m sure the suspense is killing you.

Yazoo Land Fraud

Background of Marbury v.

Madison

Marbury v Madison

• So…• Judiciary Act of 1801-

– John Adams & Federalist congress leaving office

– Established 16 new federal judgeships

– Adams can pack the Judicial branch with Federalist who are appointed for life.

This is an edited

portion of the PP—it’s

not on your handout.

Marbury v Madison

• These are known as the “midnight appointments”

• Not all were delivered on time, including– William Marbury’s

appointment as Federal Judge of District of Columbia

This is an edited



Marbury v Madison

• James Madison—Jefferson’s Secretary of State—does not choose to deliver these appointments

(Why would he want to place Federalist judges?”

• Marbury chooses to sue Madison for the commission.

This is an edited



Marbury v Madison

• Marbury v. Madison case goes to the Supreme Court.

• John Marshall dismisses the case, because…

• Marbury was using the Judiciary Act of 1789 to make his plea.

This is an edited



Marbury v Madison

• Sounds like a victory for the Jeffersonian republicans, right?

• NOPE.• In the process,

Marshall declares the Judiciary Act of 1789 “unconstitutional”

• The court never had that power before.

This is an edited



Marbury v Madison

• Thus establishing the principle of Judicial Review

• Therefore: the Supreme Court may declare an act of Congress unconstitutional

Marbury v Madison

The Judiciary (Continued)

• John Pickering • District judge• Accused of being

drunk (guilty) while on duty

• Also accused of making unlawful rulings

• Impeached by the House

• Found guilty by Senate and removed from office

• Samuel Chase (Supreme Court Justice)

• Cutting down Jefferson from the Bench

• After his success with Pickering, Jefferson tries to get him removed

• Impeached by the House

• Senate could not get 2/3 majority

The Judiciary (Continued)

• Samuel Chase stays on the Supreme Court

• Sets an important precedent –impeachment not to be used as a political weapon

• This precedent is honored by every President until FDR (court-packing scheme)

• The Supreme Court accordingly has been more non-partisan

Barbary Pirates (not “Pirates

of the Caribbean”)

• Barbary States (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia & Tripoli) blackmail and plunder ships that try to trade in the lucrative Mediterranean

• Even Britain pays $ by the barrel

• The pasha of Tripoli cuts down the flag pole at the American Embassy – his way of declaring of war

Barbary Pirates (not “Pirates

of the Caribbean”)

• Jefferson sends in troops without a declaration of war from Congress

• Stephen Decatur (1804) Hero – leads raid to burn the Philadelphia a US ship soon to be converted into a pirate ship

Louisiana Purchase

• Napoleon regains Louisiana from Spain

• Spain had not been a US threat but France is

• “Right of Deposit” threatened

• Jefferson had sent James Monroe to France (Robert Livingston was already there) and authorized them to buy any Part of New Orleans for up to $10 Million

Louisiana Purchase (Cont’d)

• Jefferson had written Livingston: France a natural friend, "One single spot” on earth the possessor was “our natural and habitual” enemy. If France controls New Orleans, we shall marry ourselves to the British if necessary

• Livingston and Monroe begin to negotiate

Louisiana Purchase

(Continued) Napoleon

• Santo Domingo• Sugar-rich colony• Louisiana to become

bread-basket• Toussaint L’Ouverture

leads a rebellion • Brother-in-law killed• Yellow Fever –Kills

French

• Napoleon gives up• Willing to sell entire

Louisiana Purchase area for $15 Million

• Plans another war with England

• Not willing to see them get it – post war

• Did not want us to become allies with Britain

A Map of Lewis and Clark's Track Across the Western Portion of North America,

drawing by W. Clark

Drawn by Meriwether Lewis's traveling mate on the famous expedition and combining

Clark's own observations with those of Indians and explorers, this 1814 map gave

Americans their first view of the vast territory purchased in 1803. Clark's depiction of

the Rockies was substantially accurate, his description of the Southwest less so.

(Library of Congress Geography & Map division)

A Map of Lewis and Clark's Track Across the Western Portion of North America,

drawing by W. Clark

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Lewis and Clark 1804-1806

• Meriwether Lewis• Personal Secretary to

Jefferson• William Clark• Military Officer and

brother to George Rogers Clark

• Corps of Discovery-viability of overland trail

• Sacajawea – minor but valuable role as guide and interpreter (own tribe)

• Left from St. Louis and traveled up the Missouri

• Sent to study the Indian tribes, botany, geology, Western terrain and wildlife in the region

• Wintered on the Pacific Coast Near Astoria, OR

• Invaluable 1. US to area claim 2. mapping of the area – fur trappers and traders

Zebulon Pike

• Explored the Southern portion of the Louisiana Purchase

• Got close enough to Pike’s Peak to name it

• Was captured by Spanish authorities for trespassing on Spanish soil (Napoleon had stated that the US should get as much territory as possible out of the deal)

Aaron Burr Conspiracy

• Aaron Burr – whom Jefferson dropped from his ticket in 1804 (Jefferson easily won that election against C.C. Pinckney 162 EV to 14)

• Joined with a group of Federalist Extremists – Essex Junto (Junto means a secret club) in a plot for New England to succeed from the Union (Burr would have been NY Governor of course!)

Aaron Burr Conspiracy

• Hamilton foiled the ill-advised coup.

• This is what precipitates the Hamilton – Burr Duel

Hamilton-Burr Duel

• Alexander Hamilton• Head of Federalist

Party• Commander of NY

Militia• Hates dueling but

felt his honor was at stake

• Decides not to fire his pistol

• Aaron Burr• Responsible for

Jefferson’s victory in 1800 – he delivered NY state.

• Challenges Hamilton to duel after losing (he took 4th) the bid for Governor of NY

Precarious Neutrality

• While England and France are at war –AGAIN – the U.S. (neutral) is making a huge profit

• U. S. merchant marine second only to Britain

• Orders in Council –(1806) Britain: no ships could sail to France

• Berlin and Milandecrees (Napoleon) seize ships going to British ports

Chesapeake Encounter with the Leopard

A painting of the British frigate Leopard firing its guns into the U.S.S.

Chesapeake when the U.S. ship refused to be searched for British deserters.

The British boarded the subdued Chesapeake and seized four deserters,

three of them American citizens. Americans were humiliated and angered by

the British violation of American rights. (Courtesy of William Gilkerson)

Chesapeake Encounter with the Leopard


Chesapeake - Leopard Affair

• British Navy had been “impressing’ sailors from American merchant marine – Britain is short-handed and many sailors have jumped ship – usually while in America

• While a US naval ship the Chesapeake the Leopard fires a warning shot and demands 4 deserters – Capt. James Baron refuses –

• The British open fire, (kill 3) and take the 4 men off the ship – hanging one on the masthead of the Chesapeake (the ultimate insult)

Peaceable Coercion

• U.S. demands war• A war right now

with Britain (or any other country for that matter) would ruin us

• France is also seizing men and ships

• Jefferson tries diplomacy

• Jefferson is a pacifist

• He had reduced the size of the Army and Navy

• He reasons that if we stop trading with Britain and France their economy will be hurt

EMBARGO of 1807

• To force British and French to stop impressments and seizing American ships through economic pressure

• No U.S. ships to any foreign ports –even stops coastal trade

• Worst economic depression in U.S

• Federalist revived –Essex Junto – again

• Will finally effect France and Britain – but the US cannot hold on long enough

EMBARGO of 1807 cont.

• Non-Intercourse Act 1809

• Opens trade with the world except Britain & France (who just happen to be the most important)

• Macon’s Bill # 2 (Macon’s bill #1 dealt with western lands-yes everybody who is anybody asks!)

• If either France or Britain drop their restrictions, we will trade with them

• Napoleon says he will –doesn't

President James Madison

• Former Secretary of State

• Elected in 1808 • Federalists run Charles

Pinckney• Dolly Madison – From

NC, gracious, energetic and popular – becomes America’s First true First Lady

War Hawks

• New Congress of 1811• Henry Clay (speaker of

House) yields considerable influence

• John C. Calhoun – South Carolina

• Felix Grundy – Tennessee – 3 Brothers killed by Indians

• Hated “Impressment”, the related issue with “freedom of the seas, the Indian problem, and western lands –wipe out English base in Canada

Indian Problems

• 1794 “Mad” Anthony Wayne Battle of Fallen Timbers –Treaty of Grenville – Indians ousted from Ohio

• English inciting the Indians against the US on the frontier – paying for scalps, providing arms etc.

• William Henry Harrison – uses trickery to obtain treaties –Defeats Tecumseh’s coalition forces at The Battle of Tippecanoe – destroys the Indian Confederation put together by Tecumseh

Tecumseh and the Prophet

• Tecumseh – secular leader, wants Indians to join in a united action against white encroachment – do not cede land without universal consent

• Tenskwatawa (The Prophet) religious leader – able to mobilize the Indians against Harrison but is killed and Indians lose the conflict

Tecumseh and the Prophet

• Shawnee Chief Tecumseh:• "No tribe has the right to sell, even to each other, much less to

strangers.... Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Didn't the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children? The way, the only way to stop this evil is for the red man to unite in claiming a common and equal right in the land, as it was first, and should be now, for it was never divided." We gave them forest-clad mountains and valleys full of game, and in return what did they give our warriors and our women? Rum, trinkets, and a grave. Brothers -- My people wish for peace; the red men all wish for peace; but where the white people are, there is no peace for them, except it be on the bosom of our mother. Where today are the Pequot? Where today are the Narragansett, the Mohican, the Pakanoket, and many other once powerful tribes of our people? They have vanished before the avarice and the oppression of the White Man, as snow before a summer sun."

Florida

• Slaves escape to Florida

• Indians and escaped slaves raid border towns (US side) and then return to Florida

• Spain is too weak to patrol the border or stop attacks on US towns

• West Florida acquired in 1810 part of Mississippi and Louisiana

• Baton rouge seized by American settlers

• There is a desire to gain all of Florida –Spain an ally with Britain – a victory might achieve this

War Declared

• Madison, convinced that war is inevitable, asks congress to declare war June 1, 1812

• Close vote, supported by South and West and Republicans in Pennsylvania & Virginia

• New England Federalist were against the war

• Pro-British – anti-French Napoleon “butcher

• Opposed the acquiring of Canada – more Republican land

• Loaned money to Great Britain, sent food to Canada

Dolly Madison by Gilbert Stuart,

1804

As the attractive young wife of

Secretary of State James Madison,

Dolley Madison acted virtually as the

nation's First Lady during the

administration of Jefferson, a

widower. Friendly, tactful, and

blessed with an unfailing memory for

names and events, she added to her

reputation as an elegant hostess

after her husband became president.

(© White House Historical

Association)


Manning the Navy, English engraving showing the impressment of

American sailors

The impressment of sailors into the British navy from American ships was

one of the more prominent causes of the War of 1812. This 1790 engraving

shows an American sailor being seized at gunpoint while those who might try

to assist him are elbowed aside. (Library of Congress)


New Orleans Under My Wings

The French and Spanish developed this port city during the eighteenth

century. By century's end many in the United States saw New Orleans as a

key to the new nation's future expansion and prosperity. (Chicago Historical

Society)


The Shawnee chief Tecumseh

Tecumseh and his brother, Prophet,

led a revival of traditional Shawnee

culture and preached Native

American federation against white

encroachment. In the War of 1812

they allied themselves with the

British, but Tecumseh's death at the

Battle of the Tames (1813) and

British indifference thereafter caused

Native Americans' resistance and

unity to collapse. (Tecumseh: Field

Museum of Natural History, Chicago,

FMNH Neg. #A93851)


Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt

Peale, 1805

This portrait of President Thomas

Jefferson was painted by Rembrandt

Peale in 1805. Charles Willson Peale

(Rembrandt's father) and his five

sons helped establish the reputation

of American art in the new nation.

Rembrandt Peale achieved fame for

his presidential portraits; here he has

captured Jefferson in a noble pose

without the usual symbols of office or

power, befitting the Republican age.

((c) Collection of The New-York

Historical Society)


Thomas Jefferson's Polygraph, 1806

Jefferson judged this "polygraph" to be the finest invention of his age. He

used it to make copies of his letters from 1806 until his death.

(Monticello/Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, Inc.)


Toussaint L'Ouverture by William

Edouard Scott

With backing from the French,

François Dominique Toussaint

L'Ouverture (center) led his fellow

slaves in a revolt against their

French and Spanish masters, driving

the Europeans from the West Indian

island of Santo Domingo in 1791.

Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte

double-crossed L'Ouverture in 1802,

sending a French army to seize the

island. Although L'Ouverture was

captured, his army defeated the

French, creating the republic of Haiti

in 1804. (Amistad Research Center,

New Orleans, AFAC Collection)

Documents

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