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Michael Gu + Skyler Kanegi + William Luu + Linda Ye

Roden Scholars Case Competition | March 3, 2012

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Sustain

Save LIVES

Overview Opportunity Support Sustain Save Implementation Considerations 2

This is Bapugaon:


The five most pressing problems in rural India are:

Problem Summary

1. Vitamin deficiency India has one of the highest levels of vitamin deficiency in the

world.

2. Contagious diseases India has high levels of preventable contagious diseases.

3. Land erosion Aggressive agriculture and flooding have resulted in increased

levels of erosion.

4. Unclean water Water is unclean and often transmits toxic bacteria.

5. Lack of education People in rural India are not aware of clean practices to avoid

disease.


Overview of objectives and criteria:

Objectives

• Address as many problems as possible

• Easily transported

• Cost-effective

• Sustainable: economically, environmentally, socially

Criteria

• Improve quality of life

• Increase individual productivity

• Develop infrastructure for long-term sustainability

Overview Opportunity Support Sustain Save Implementation Considerations

Basidiomycota fungi, or mushrooms, consist of many

beneficial components.

5

MUSHROOM contains nutrients and antibiotic properties

SPORES

MYCELIUM prevents erosion by holding soil together

and fertilizes soil


Horizon Consulting recommends selecting Ganoderma

lucidum due to its appealing characteristics.

6

Ganoderma lucidum

Source: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn

Characteristics

• rot-resistant

• grows 0.3 to 0.6 meters per year

• thick mycelium

• converts cellulose into edible mushrooms

• full of vitamins, anti-toxins, anti-pathogens

• decomposes plant waste into fertilizer

• softens soil while preventing soil erosion

• does not look like any known poisonous

species

• indigenous to southern Asia


This project will improve village infrastructure, economy,

and quality of life.

7

SUPPORT SUSTAIN SAVE

Grow G. lucidum

underneath fields to

reduce erosion and

provide nutrients to crops.

Mushrooms that grow from

plant waste provide

needed vitamins.

Village infrastructure

+36,699 US$

+26,130 DALY*

Mushrooms also act as

natural antibiotics.

* DALY = disease-adjusted life years


Current agricultural practices in rural India are not

environmental and are damaging to villagers’ lungs.

8

APRIL JUNE OCTOBER NOVEMBER FEBRUARY MARCH

SOW

RICE

MONSOON SEASON

RICE GROWS BURN

FIELDS

SOW

RICE


SOW

COTTON

DRY SEASON

COTTON GROWS BURN

FIELDS

Kharif crop cycle

Rabi crop cycle


Inoculating the field with spores the first year will prevent

the need to burn fields periodically.

9


SOW

RICE

MONSOON SEASON

RICE GROWS

SOW

RICE


SOW

RICE

MONSOON SEASON

RICE GROWS

SOW

RICE

First year

Every year after

MYCELIUM

FERTILIZES SOIL

MYCELIUM

FERTILIZES SOIL


G. lucidum will grow quickly to soften and strengthen soil

within two months.

10

1 DAY 2 WEEKS 1 MONTH 2 MONTHS


Reduced erosion will lead to US$241,949 higher GDP over

five years.

11

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

Noerosion

Witherosion

Withproject

Indexed agricultural output with: Year Increase in productivity*

2013E US$66,707

2014E US$55,948

2015E US$46,925

2016E US$39,358

2017E US$33,011

* discounted by 31.73%


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

India East Asia Africa

Prevalence of vitamin deficiency

Currently, rural India does not have access to enough

vitamin supplements, and vitamin deficiency is high.

12

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

India East Asia Africa

Vitamin supplement coverage


G. lucidum mushrooms will include many needed vitamins

such as vitamins A, B2, D, and minerals such as calcium.

13

VITAMIN D

VITAMIN A POTASSIUM

PHOSPHORUS

MAGNESIUM

CALCIUM

IRON

VITAMIN A

VITAMIN B2 SODIUM

MANGANESE

SELENIUM

NIACIN

ZINC


When a villager receives adequate vitamins, he or she is

expected to live three months longer after five years.

14

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Beforeproject

After project

People receiving adequate vitamins: Year Increase in life years

2013E 267 DALY* 0.58 months per person

2014E 270 DALY 0.59 months per person






0

50

100

150

200

250

DALY* lost per year from:

Preventable diseases cause a loss of 483 DALY in

Bapugaon each year.

15

0.00%

0.01%

0.02%

0.03%

0.04%

0.05%

0.06%

0.07%

0.08%

% of villagers with disease of:



G. lucidum is highly active against a diverse range of

pathogens, including viruses and bacteria.

16

Pathogen G. Lucidum Commercial Pharmaceuticals

Influenza A Virus Yield Selectivity Index

>220 >160

Influenza B Virus Yield Selectivity Index

>384 >190

E. coli Bacteria Yield Selectivity Index

>1700 >384

Streptococcus Bacteria Yield Selectivity Index

>23 >12

Herpes simplex virus 1 Virus Yield Selectivity Index

>33 >35

* Selectivity Index >10 is highly active


When a villager receives medicine, he or she is expected to

live four months longer after five years.

17

0.00%

0.02%

0.04%

0.06%

0.08%

0.10%

0.12%

0.14%

0.16%

Beforeproject

After project

% of people with preventable disease:

Year Increase in life years








G. lucidum can be easily transported in 1000 syringes and

used to inoculate the fields.

18

1000

syringes


When each field is inoculated in the center, mycelia will

grow quadratically throughout the field.

19

2

3

4

2

3

4

2

3

4

Month Total area (ft2)

1 151

2 603

3 1357

4 2413

RICE RICE

COTTON RICE


Villagers will be educated about G. lucidum and provided

with skills to preserve their health in the long run.

20

Application process The application is opened to all college graduates. Preference is placed on

applicants who speak Hindi.

Training Chosen interns begin training consisting of a series of programs teaching the

growth process and benefits of G. lucidum.

Educational program

Classes Hold classes to

teach the benefits of

G. lucidum.

Flyers Handout brochures

and flyers as a

physical reference.

Interaction Villagers get hands-

on instruction on

utilizing G. Lucidum.


This project will be implemented over one year, with

checkups occurring regularly thereafter.

21

2012 2013


Impact is positive, qualitatively and quantitatively.

22

There will be an addition of 26,130 healthy years to villagers’ lives.

Every 5 years, each villager’s life expectancy increases by 0.6 years.

Also, there is an NPV of US$36,699.


A sensitivity analysis shows that each villager will get enough

mushrooms, regardless of environmental conditions.

23

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Serv

ing

s p

er

day

Month

Optimistic

Expected

Pessimistic


Risks are easily mitigated.

24

Risk Mitigation

Mushrooms compete with

crops for nutrients.

• G. lucidum will actually provide more nutrients to crops.

• The G. lucidum mushrooms only feeds on diseased plants.

Dangerous hybrids result

from cross pollination.

• Only one species of fungi is used.

• The ability to sporulate has been removed.

Ecological damage due to

introduction of new species.

• G. lucidum is indigenous to Asia.

• Wild strains coexist with local wildlife.

The villagers will not want to

adopt the solution. • The educational program will convince them to adopt.


Many growth opportunities exist.

25

Opportunity Technology Application

Fuel source Fungal sugars can be combusted as a fuel source.

Pesticide Genetically engineer mushrooms to release enzymes that

naturally kill insects and other pests.

Insulation A combination of water, starch, hydrogen peroxide, and perlite

can be infused with mushroom spores to naturally grow

insulation that is fire-retardant.

Decompose industrial

waste

Mycelium naturally absorbs toxins and heavy metals and can

break down other industrial wastes.


This project will improve village infrastructure, economy,

and quality of life.

26

SUPPORT SUSTAIN SAVE

Grow G. lucidum

underneath fields to

reduce erosion and

provide nutrients to crops.

Mushrooms that grow from

plant waste provide

needed vitamins.

Village infrastructure

Village economy

Quality of life

Mushrooms also act as

natural antibiotics.



Support

Sustain

Save LIVES

…with shrooms.



Supplements

Supplementary slide

Fungi Research

• The mushrooms are sustainable in rural India

• The many applications for mycelium

• Benefits of G. lucidum

• Serving size of mushrooms

• Growth and weight of mushrooms

• Genetically engineered G. lucidum

• Mycelium is immortal.

Water Filtration Research

• Mycelium and water filtration

• Mycelia breaks down metals and wastes

• Sources of water contamination

• What can be done about water contamination

Agricultural Research

• The fertility of land within India is poor

• Farmers in India routinely burn rice straw after harvest

• Rice is a low-value crop that does NOT have a lot of value

• Mycelium can be utilized to decrease erosion

• The mushrooms are sustainable in rural India

• The evolution of rice

• The origin of rice

• Based on mutation prevalence, rice evolves quickly

• The region of Bapugaon alternates crops in-between rice

Medicine Research

• Preventable diseases still a big problem in rural India.

• Top causes of death are coughs, diseases of the circulato...

• Breakdown of causes of death

• Deaths per 10,000 for Maharashtra

• The potential medicinal purposes of mushrooms

• Targeted therapeutic effects of mushrooms

• Mycelia extract works as

nasal antiviral

• The different medicinal effects of mushrooms

• Mushrooms can cure e. coli and strep

• Selective index for G. lucidum

Vitamins Research

• Mushrooms add nutritional value

• The vitamin content of a mushroom

• Vitamin A exists only in the rice husks and stalks

• Mortality rates due to Vitamin A deficiency

• The origin of rice

• The evolution of rice

• The different species of rice

• Nutrients of edible raw mushrooms

• Global prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency (map)

• Prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency divided by countries

• Vitamin A Supplementation Coverage Data

Index

29

Supplementary slide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillaria_gallica

The mushrooms are sustainable in rural India

30

• Considered a secondary parasite—typically

initiating infection only after the host's defenses

have been weakened by insect defoliation, drought,

or infection by another fungus

• The growth rate of A. gallica rhizomorphs is

between 0.3 and 0.6 m (1.0 and 2.0 ft) per year.


Supplementary slide

http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-between-mycelia-and-hyphae/

The many applications for mycelium

31

• The mycelium, in the process called mycofiltration,

acts as an organic filter for soil and water.

Applications of this process are usually to prevent

soil erosion caused by water runoff and into

abandoned logging roads.

• Mycomediation is another process, which is used to

filter contaminants from polluted environments or to

prevent further damage of contaminants to water or

soil.










Supplementary slide

http://www.motherearthnews.com/Natural-Health/Mushrooms-Health-Benefits.aspx?page=2

Mycelium and water filtration

32

Mycelium can be grown on woodchips and

placed into burlap sacks to filter water run-off,

which can contain petroleum products, heavy

metals and toxic bacteria.








Supplementary slide

http://www.realitysandwich.com/intelligence_mushrooms_environmental_restoration

Mycelia breaks down metals and wastes

33

• Fungi mycelium is actively breaking down toxins and transforming polluted

ecosystems into healthy ones.

• One year later, the pile that was not treated with mycelium has maintained its

high toxicity in which the crude could still be seen and smelled and had an

oily feel. The soil treated with the mycelium, on the other hand, neutralized

the toxins, inviting a plethora of insects and worms to make it their home, and

had no evidence of crude remaining.

• Mushroom mycelium can be considered immortal if it always has enough

food.

• "Tapping into the exponential power of mycelial growth, we are able to

provide a cost-effective solution to remedy some of the problems that oil

extraction has inflicted on this landscape."

http://www.realitysandwich.com/intelligence_mushrooms_environmental_restoration

Supplementary slide

http://mycology.cornell.edu/

“Mushroom mycelium can be

considered immortal if it has

enough food.” - Paul Stamets, mycologist

Mycelium is immortal.

34

http://mycology.cornell.edu/

Supplementary slide

http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/drinking_water.pdf

Sources of water contamination

35

• Bacterial contamination of water continues to be a widespread problem

across the country and is a major cause of illness and deaths with 37.7

million affected by waterborne diseases annually. The major pathogenic

organisms responsible for water borne diseases in India are bacteria (E Coli,

Shigella, V cholera), viruses (Hepatitis A, Polio Virus, Rota Virus) and

parasites (E histolytica, Giardia, Hook worm).

• Another major cause for concern is the pollution of ground and surface water

from increased fertiliser and pesticide use in agriculture and from industrial

sources.

• An emerging threat to water quality is due to the use of persistent organic

pollutants (POPs). These are chemicals that degrade very slowly and remain

in the environment for years.


Supplementary slide


What can be done about water contamination

36

Interventions for providing safe drinking water can become ineffective in

the absence of improved sanitation. In order to provide access to

sufficient quantities of safe water, the provision of facilities for a sanitary

disposal of excreta, and introducing sound hygiene behaviour are of

utmost importance. The ways and means by which water is collected

also has an impact on its quality. It is essential to have a clean

surrounding around the source to prevent contamination. Open drains

and disposal of solid waste near sources of water may lead to presence

of ammonia and coliform bacteria in the drinking water source. Thus

prevention of water contamination at source is necessary to ensure the

potability of supplied water.


Supplementary slide

http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=39333

The fertility of land within India is poor

37

• In a 1 to 8 classification of land quality, 78.3 percent of the area was

considered as class 6, 7or 8 and not suited for agriculture. The study

also found that about 53.8% area of the state is affected by water

erosion.

• Landslide and erosion are increasing due to nature and man-made

reasons, disturbing the delicate ecology and environment, he said.

About 78 percent of the population in the state sustains on agriculture

or horticulture.

• Impact on 34 per cent soil is so immense that it is on the verge of

losing its fertility. Last year rains alone damaged Rs 2000 crore worth

of farmland and infrastructure, said Dhumal.

http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=39333

Supplementary slide

http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98nov21/agro.htm

Farmers in India routinely burn rice straw after harvest

38

• The intensive agricultural systems based on nutrient mining and fertility-

depleting practices accentuate depletion of soil organic carbon

• Restoration of such degraded soils by enhancing soil quality is important to

increase productivity, through its role in supplying nutrients, nutrient

recycling, improving soil/plant available water resources, increasing soil

buffer capacity and stabilising soil structure.

• At present three-fourth of the crop residue amounting to 70 to 80 million

tonnes of rice is disposed of by burning.

• Farmers opt for burning as it is a quick and easy approach for disposal of

residue and enables farmers to plant next wheat crop well in time.

http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98nov21/agro.htm

Supplementary slide

http://www.carrb.com/84rpt/StrawUses.htm

Rice is a low-value crop that does NOT have a lot of value

39

• The Rice Research Board funded several research projects from 1979 until

1983 to find economic uses for rice straw. The principal objective of these

projects was to reduce or eliminate rice straw burning as the means for

disposal.

• All of these projects proved to be technically feasible, but unfortunately, none

are economically promising. With present costs of better quality livestock

feeds and of other raw products for pulp and energy generation, rice straw is

not competitive.

• Results show that rice straw must be supplemented with other feeds, even if

used as a maintenance ration for livestock. It is too low in digestible energy,

crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus to be used alone.

http://www.carrb.com/84rpt/StrawUses.htm

Supplementary slide

http://www.fungi.com/mycotech/roadrestoration.html

Mycelium can be utilized to decrease erosion

40

The novelty of mycofiltration is the purposeful introduction of fungi, saprophytic

and mycorrhizal, to the wood chip buffers, enhancing effectiveness by

accelerating decomposition. Spores infused into chain-saw bar oil or into the

lubricating oil for chippers expose the wood immediately upon cutting to fungi

that can begin the decomposition sequence.

After several years, a mantle of

mycelium forms at the wood chip/gravel

interface. This sheath of mycelium

overlays and hold the gravel together,

furthering adding structural resilience to

the road's subsurface.

http://www.fungi.com/mycotech/roadrestoration.html

Supplementary slide

http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-third-world-medicine/volume-2-number-2/burden-of-disease-in-rural-india-an-analysis-through-cause-of-death.html

• Even after more than five decades of self-governance…health

achievements are not withstanding. The burden of disease is still high due

to large-scale poverty, developmental disparities between states, gender

discrimination, growing aged population and failure of government policies

• Mortality and disability in [India] is twice that of China and nearly three times

higher than in developed countries. Looking at the disease adjusted life

years (DALY), losses (268,953,000) of burden second only to that observed

in Africa (325,198,000)

• A sizeable proportion of this burden is due to communicable diseases (50%)

followed by Non-communicable diseases (33%) and injuries. Health

inequalities were observed widely across the country.

Preventable diseases still a big problem in rural India.

41










































Supplementary slide


Top causes of death are coughs, diseases of the circulatory

system, and senility.

42











































Supplementary slide


Breakdown of causes of death

43










































Supplementary slide


Deaths per 10,000 for Maharashtra

44










































Supplementary slide


The potential medicinal purposes of mushrooms

45

• mushrooms show antibacterial as well as antiviral

properties because to treat some diseases you need

both. For instance, many if not most of the victims from

the flu pandemic of 1918, died from bacterial

pneumonia subsequent to the viral scarring of their

lungs.

• mushrooms have immuno-modulating and anti-

inflammatory properties that can help the immune

system respond without going haywire.

• Mushrooms proffer a composite menu of benefits

helping you stave off diseases.








Supplementary slide

http://www.fungi.com/pdf/pdfs/articles/HerbalGram.pdf

Targeted therapeutic effects of mushrooms

46

http://www.fungi.com/pdf/pdfs/articles/HerbalGram.pdf

Supplementary slide

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmv.21670/pdf

Mycelia extract works as nasal antiviral

47

• Virus specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses were also induced by

administration of the vaccine with extract of mycelia, resulting in protection

against lethal lung infection with influenza virus A/PR8.

• In addition, intranasal administration of NIBRG14 vaccine derived from the

influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1) virus strain administered in

conjunction with mycelial extracts from Phellinus linteus conferred

crossprotection against heterologous influenza A/ Indonesia/6/2005 virus

challenge in the nasal infection model.

• In addition, mycelial extracts induced proinflammatory cytokines and CD40

expression in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. These results suggest

that mycelial extract-adjuvanted vaccines can confer crossprotection against

variant H5N1 influenza viruses.

• The use of extracts of mycelia derived from edible mushrooms is proposed

as a new safe and effective mucosal adjuvant for use for nasal vaccination

against influenza virus infection.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmv.21670/pdf

Supplementary slide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurotus_pulmonarius#Medical_Research

The different medicinal effects of mushrooms

48

• A 2010 study concluded that extracts of P. pulmonarius may slow the proliferation

of cancer cells with high galectin-3 levels, while at the same

time downregulate tumour cell adherence - which is directly related to the

progression and spread of cancer. Extracts of P. pulmonarius added to the diet of

mice delayed carcinogenesis, suggesting that these extracts may be useful as

an adjuvant to cancer therapies.

• An orally administered hot water extract of P. pulmonarius had a

significant antihyperglycemic effect, halted the progression of diabetes, and

reduced the mortality of alloxan induced diabetic mice by approximately 50%. It

showed a synergistic effect with the antidiabetic drug glibenclamide, supporting

the possibility of effective combination therapy of glibenclamide and P.

pulmonarius for diabetes.

• P. pulmonarius may be effective in the treatment of hay fever by inhibiting the

release of histamine. Powdered P. pulmonarius mushrooms caused a significant

reduction in sneezing and nasal rubbing when fed in water to sensitized mice,

although the effect gradually builds up over a matter of weeks.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurotus_pulmonarius

Supplementary slide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piptoporus_betulinus

Mushrooms can cure e. coli and strep

49

• Piptoporus betulinus has anti-

inflammatory compounds and anti-bacterial properties.

• Oils found in the fruit of the fungus are poisonous to the

parasitic whipworm Trichuris trichura.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piptoporus_betulinus

Supplementary slide


Many beneficial, nutritional and immune enhancing properties are

gained through the eating of cooked mushrooms. In Mycelium Running,

I outline methods of growing mushroom species in your backyard,

customized to the health needs of your family.

Mushrooms add nutritional value

50








Supplementary slide

http://www.healthalternatives2000.com/vegetables-nutrition-chart.html

The vitamin content of a mushroom

51






Supplementary slide

http://www.goldenrice.org/

• Unfortunately, there are no natural provitamin A-containing rice varieties.

• Rice plants produce β-carotene (provitamin A) in green tissues but not in the

endosperm (the edible part of the seed). The outer coat of the dehusked

grains—the so-called aleurone layer—contains a number of valuable

nutrients, e.g. vitamin B and nutritious fats, but no provitamin A.

• Provitamin A nutrients are lost with the bran fraction in the process of milling

and polishing. While it would be desirable to keep those nutrients, the fatty

component is affected by oxidative processes that make the grain turn

rancid. Thus, unprocessed rice—also known as brown rice—is not apt for

long-term storage.

Vitamin A exists only in the rice husks and stalks

52

http://www.goldenrice.org/

Supplementary slide

http://www.goldenrice.org/PDFs/Daily_Mail_Letter_Feb_2009.pdf

• Vitamin A deficiency kills 1-2 million people a year. Put in

perspective, that is equivalent to two 9-11 attacks a day, or the same

as the losses from the tragic December 2004 Tsunami every month.

• Since the development of Golden Rice (2004), deaths from Vitamin

A deficiency have amounted to over 15 million a number that

exceeds the dimensions of the Holocaust.

• The staggering impact of Vitamin A deficiency has occurred in spite

of massive vitamin supplementation programs –programs that are

necessary and that have no doubt helped but they have for many

reasons been unable to stem the tide of Vitamin A deficiency.

Mortality rates due to Vitamin A deficiency

53

http://www.goldenrice.org/PDFs/Daily_Mail_Letter_Feb_2009.pdf

Supplementary slide

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2241587/figure/F4/

Based on mutation prevalence, rice evolves quickly

54

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2241587/figure/F4/

Supplementary slide

http://www.cambridge.org/us/books/kiple/rice.htm

• There are differing opinions on the origin of rice because of the pantropical

but disjunct distribution of the 20 wild species across four continents, the

variations in characterizing and naming plant specimens, and the traditional

feud concerning the relative antiquity of rice in India versus China.

• Chinese scholars maintained that rice cultivation was practiced in north

China during the mythological Sheng Nung period (c. 2700 B.C.) and thatO.

sativa of China evolved from wild rices (Ting 1961).

• A large number of scholars had argued that Asian rice originated in the

Indian subcontinent (South Asia), although A. de Candolle (1884), while

conceding that India was more likely the original home, considered China to

have had an earlier history of rice cultivation

The origin of rice

55


Supplementary slide


• The parallel evolutionary pathway of O. glaberrima in Africa and of O. sativa in Asia was from perennial wild — Æ annual wild — Æ annual cultigen, a pattern common to other grasses and many crop plants. The parallel pathways are:

• Africa: O. longistaminata — Æ O. barthii — Æ O. glaberrima.

• Asia: O. rufipogon — Æ O. nivara — Æ O. sativa.

• Cultivation of the wild prototypes preceded domestication. Rice grains were initially gathered and consumed by prehistoric people of the humid regions where the perennial plants grew on poorly drained sites.

• The widely scattered findings are insufficient to provide a coherent picture of agricultural development in the region, but rice cultivation in mainland Southeast Asia undoubtedly preceded that in insular Southeast Asia (Chang 1988).

• it appears plausible to place the beginning of rice cultivation in India, China, and other tropical Asian countries at nearly 10,000 years ago or even earlier.

The evolution of rice

56


Supplementary slide


• Rice is a member of the grass family (Gramineae) and belongs to the

genusOryza under tribe Oryzeae. The genus Oryza includes 20 wild

species and 2 cultivated species (cultigens).

• The wild species are widely distributed in the humid tropics and subtropics

of Africa, Asia, Central and South America, and Australia (Chang 1985).

• Of the two cultivated species, African rice (O. glaberrima Steud.) is confined

to West Africa, whereas common or Asian rice (O. sativa L.) is now

commercially grown in 112 countries, covering all continents (Bertin et al.

1971).

The different species of rice

57


Supplementary slide


• Considered a secondary parasite—typically initiating

infection only after the host's defenses have been

weakened by insect defoliation, drought, or infection by

another fungus

• The growth rate of A. gallica rhizomorphs is between

0.3 and 0.6 m (1.0 and 2.0 ft) per year.

The mushrooms are sustainable in rural India

58



Supplementary slide

http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Vitamin_A_Supplementation.pdf

Vitamin A Supplemenation Coverage Data

59

http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Vitamin_A_Supplementation.pdf

Supplementary slide

http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598019_eng.pdf

Prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency divided by countires

60

http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598019_eng.pdf

Supplementary slide

http://www.childinfo.org/vitamina.html

Global prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency (map)

61

http://www.childinfo.org/vitamina.html

Supplementary slide

http://mushroominfo.com/growing-mushrooms/six-steps-to-mushroom-farming/

• For this work a mushroom grower can expect anywhere

from 0 to 4 lbs. per square foot

• The national average for 1980 was 3.12 lbs. per square

foot.

Growth and weight of mushrooms

62












Supplementary slide

http://oneserving.com/oneserving/sliced-button-mushrooms/

Serving size of mushrooms

63






Supplementary slide

http://www.hhtip.com/the-nutritional-value-of-ganoderma-lucidum/

Benefits of Ganoderma lucidum

64

The effect of Ganoderma lucidum:

• Treatment of Chronic bronchitis

• Treatment of Bronchial Asthma

• Treating leukopenia

• Treatment of coronary heart

disease

• Treatment of arrhythmia

• In the treatment of acute viral

hepatitis

• Anti-nervous breakdown

• In the treatment of diabetes

Role of Ganoderma lucidum:

• anti-tumor effect

• liver detoxification

• On the cardiovascular

system

• anti-aging effects

• the role of anti-neurasthenic

• treatment of hypertension

• treatment of diabetes

• anti-allergic effects

• chronic bronchitis

• bronchial asthma

• beauty role












Supplementary slide

http://www.livestrong.com/article/530818-nutrition-in-edible-raw-mushrooms/#ixzz1ntVBg1YP

Nutrients of edible raw mushrooms

65

Vitamin D

White button and shiitake mushrooms contain small amounts vitamin D. One serving of

cooked shiitake mushrooms has 13 percent of your daily requirement for vitamin D

Other Vitamins

Many edible mushrooms contain significant amounts of B-complex vitamins, although

the amounts vary between varieties and even between farms.

Minerals

Most mushrooms contain considerable amounts of minerals, especially copper. Also,

mushrooms contain selenium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc and

magnesium, although not in quantities as high as copper.

Fiber

Mushrooms contain both soluble and insoluble fiber. With fiber content at 8 to 10 percent

per dry weight of mushrooms, they are a good source of dietary fiber Containing only

100 calories per ounce, mushrooms become a healthy addition to your diet.

Protein

According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, most mushrooms contain 2 to 3 g of

protein per ounce, whether they are cooked or uncooked.

http://www.livestrong.com/article/530818-nutrition-in-edible-raw-mushrooms/











Supplementary slide

http://www.krishiworld.com/html/crop_pattern3.html

The region of Bapugaon alternates crops in-between rice

66

On the all-India basis, about 17 major cropping patterns have been

identified. In them the base crops is kharif jowar. Most of the

alternative crops are also of the type which can be grown under

medium rainfall.

In Maharashtra cotton, pulses, groundnut and small millets are sown

as alternative crops. In the adjacent states of Madhya Pradesh,

besides the above alternative crops, wheat and fodder are sown. In

Rajasthan wheat, cotton, bajra and maize are grown in the kharif-jowar

tract, whereas in Andhra Pradesh, groundnuts, cotton, oilseeds and

pulses form the main alternative crops.

http://www.krishiworld.com/html/crop_pattern3.html

Supplementary slide

Selective index for G. lucidum

67

http://partnec.com/rd/rdgl/2/Antiherpetic%20activities%20of%20various%20protein%20bound%20polysaccharides%20isolated%20from%20Ganoderma%20lucidum.pdf

http://partnec.com/rd/rdgl/2/Antiherpetic activities of various protein bound polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma lucidum.pdf

http://partnec.com/rd/rdgl/2/Antiherpetic activities of various protein bound polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma lucidum.pdf

Supplementary slide

Genetically engineered G. lucidum

68

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/8/411

“G. lucidum has been used for long time to modulate immune system and to

prevent or treat various human diseases [36]. The biologically active

compounds originally isolated and purified from G. lucidum were identified as

polysaccharides, and the main fraction was designated as F3 [11]. Although

the anti-tumor activity of G. lucidum associated with polysaccharides was well-

established in vitro and in vivo, detailed mechanisms of how they work still

await to be elucidated [36]. Understanding how polysaccharides (F3) stimulate

anti-tumor effects in THP-1 cells is quite important. From gene expression to

the construction of gene network, our results contribute to the understanding of

the molecular mechanisms of F3 exertion on THP-1 cells. Two molecular

mechanisms of F3-induced immunomodulation activities, including TLR4 and

TLR2 signal pathways, have been studied [9,10]. In this study, we explored the

gene expression and gene network induced by F3 in leukemia THP-1 cells,

and aimed to reveal pathways critical in F3-induced anti-cancer activity”




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