1

Supporting International Collaborations for U.S. researchers at the

National Science FoundationSouth Carolina Universities Workshop,

Clemson UniversityApril 20, 2007

Wayne PattersonProgram Manager for Developing Countries

Office of International Science and EngineeringNational Science Foundation

2

OutlineOutline

Introduction to NSFInternational Collaboration at NSFSupport for FacultyPrograms for Postdoctoral researchersPrograms for students

3

OutlineOutline

Introduction to NSFInternational Collaboration at NSFSupport for FacultyPrograms for Postdoctoral researchersPrograms for students

4

NSF in a NutshellNSF in a NutshellIndependent USG Agency

Funds basic research & education

Uses peer-reviewed grant mechanism

Low overhead; highly automated grant management processes

Discipline-based structure

Bottom-up proposal driven

Cross-disciplinary mechanisms

Use of Rotators/IPAs

National Science Board

5

NSF Role in Research and NSF Role in Research and DevelopmentDevelopment

Fiscal Year 2004Fiscal Year 2004Total U.S. National R&D - $312B

Industry64%

Other6%

Federal30%

Total Federal R&D Obligations$101B

NSF4%

Total Federal Basic Research $27B

NSF13%

Total Federal Academic Basic Research - $14B

NSF21%Other

79%

Latest complete data currently available

Other87%

Other96%

6

NSF NSF FundingFundingFY06 Budget: 95% awards, 5% administrationEach year NSF receives over 41,000 proposals and about 10,000 new awards are made (23% funding rate)The average annual research grant is 3 years at $140,000/year.Awards are made to over 2,000 US colleges, universities and other research institutions.

7

Other Sciences

Mathematics & ComputerSciences

Environmental Sciences

Engineering

Physical Sciences

Social Sciences &Psychology

All Life Sciences 4.7%

27.7%

35.5%

44.5%

50.3%

76.0%

39.1%

NSF Support for Basic Research at Academic NSF Support for Basic Research at Academic InstitutionsInstitutions

Share of Total Federal Support - FY 2004 Share of Total Federal Support - FY 2004 PreliminaryPreliminary

8

NSF funding for South NSF funding for South Carolina UniversitiesCarolina Universities

Survey of South Carolina NSF-funded universities 17 universities, 4 technical colleges, 10

other awardees Total of 320 active NSF awardsTotal value of these: $217,679,62644 (13.8%) involving international collaborationOnly 6 (1.9%) in the Office of International Science and Engineering

9

Numbers of Awards in SCNumbers of Awards in SCInstitution Total # of

Awards# of Int’l Awards

# of OISE Awards

University of South Carolina

139 23 2

Clemson 100 15 2College of Charleston

22 3 0

Coastal Carolina U

6 1 1

Furman 6 0 0MUSC 6 1 0Florence-Darlington Tech

4 0 0

Tetramer 4 0 0

10

Value of Awards in SCValue of Awards in SCInstitution Total $ Value

of Awards$ Value of Int’l Awards

$ Value of OISE Awards

Clemson $56,282,940 $2,395,052 $59,342University of South Carolina

$38,747,305 $6,350,317 $50,722

South Carolina State

$5,141,595 - -

College of Charleston

$4,050,035 $574,622 -

Florence-Darlington Tech

$3,623,525 - -

Claflin $2,708,225 - -MUSC $2,024,214 $539,046 -Morris $1,630,305 - -Allen $1,545,162 - -Coastal Carolina

$1,097,180 $85,000 $85,000

11

Where in the World is South Where in the World is South Carolina?Carolina?

AntarticaArgentinaArmeniaBelarusBelgiumBrazilBulgariaCentral AmericaChinaColombiaDomenicaEast Asia and PacificEcuadorFranceGermanyHungary

IndiaItalyJapanKoreaKyrgyzstanMexicoMongoliaNepalPeruRussiaSouth Africa SpainSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited Kingdom Venezuela

12

Or …Or …

13

What happens to your What happens to your proposal when it arrives at proposal when it arrives at NSF…?NSF…?

14

Proposal Review Criterion Proposal Review Criterion Intellectual MeritIntellectual Merit

Potential to advance knowledge within and across fieldsQualifications of investigatorsCreativity and originalityConceptualization and organizationAccess to resources

15

Proposal Review Proposal Review CriterionCriterion Broader ImpactsBroader Impacts

Promoting of teaching, training and learningParticipation of underrepresented groups (race, gender, geographic distribution, type

of institution …) Enhancement of infrastructure for research and education Dissemination of results Benefits to societyInternational collaboration

16

GrantsmanshipGrantsmanshipKnow yourself: Know your area of expertise, what are your strengths and what are your weaknesses; PUT YOUR BEST FOOT FORWARD; LITERATURE RESEARCHKnow the program from which you seek support.Read the program announcement: specific goals and specific requirements

17

Grantsmanship (cont)Grantsmanship (cont)Formulate an appropriate research objective - a methodical process of building upon previous knowledge to derive or discover new knowledgeDevelop a viable research plan doable within a reasonable budget and in a reasonable time State your research objective clearly in your proposalFrame your project around the work of others Grammar and spelling check

18

Grantsmanship (cont)Grantsmanship (cont)Format and brevity are important; page limit Know the review process: Proposals - by panels must be written to a broader audience Proofread your proposal before it is sent: Many proposals are sent out with idiotic mistakes, omissions, and errors of all sorts. Submit your proposal on time – DON’T WAIT UNTIL THE LAST MINUTESend proposals to other sources; build your teamVolunteer to be a panelist

19

References for grant References for grant writingwriting

www.nsf.gov – study programs, active awards, initiatives, etc

TWELVE STEPS TO A WINNING RESEARCH PROPOSAL, George A. Hazelrigg, NSF – see: http://xsrv.mm.cs.sunysb.edu/300/lectures/proposal.pdf

20

OutlineOutline

Introduction to NSFInternational Collaboration at NSFSupport for FacultyPrograms for Postdoctoral researchersPrograms for students

21

International CollaborationInternational CollaborationInternational collaboration is commonplaceAbout 20% of the world’s scientific and technical articles in 2003 had authors from two or more countries, compared with 8% in 1988One-quarter of articles with U.S. authors have one or more international coauthors, which is similar to the percentages for Japan, China, and the Asia-8.

22

Discovery is a global enterprise. For the U.S. to remain in the forefront of world science and technology, it needs scientists and engineers from all disciplines who can operate and lead international teams and track international discoveries in some of the most challenging research areas.

Arden L. Bement,

Jr. NSF Director

2004

23

“Domestic and international collaborations are expanding in response to the complexities of new scientific fields, the growing scale and scope of scientific initiatives, new capabilities provided by advances in information and communications technologies, professional ties established during study or work abroad, and explicit government policies and incentives.”

Source: National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators-2004

24

NSF International NSF International Objectives…Objectives…

A MEANS for advancing FRONTIER RESEARCHProvide ACCESS to sites, facilities, people, ideasPrepare a GLOBALLY ENGAGED U.S. S&E workforceBuild and strengthen effective collaborations and institutional partnerships to address problems of a global/regional scale[NSF does NOT have a foreign affairs or foreign assistance mission]

25

OutlineOutline

Introduction to NSFInternational Collaboration at NSFSupport for FacultyPrograms for Postdoctoral researchersPrograms for students

26

Support for International Support for International ActivitiesActivities

Supplements to existing NSF grantsPart of new proposals to NSF disciplinary programsNew proposals to Office of International Science and Engineering

27

International activities International activities embedded in disciplinary embedded in disciplinary grantsgrantsFacility Improvements and New Equipment for the Archbold Tropical

Research and Education Center (ATREC), Dominica, Lesser AntillesIckes, Kalan, Clemson UniversityATREC, located on the island of Dominica, the only non-marine field research station in the Lesser Antilles, and is composed of almost 20,000 ft2 of building space and 92 hectares of secondary forest. Wide variety of habitat types: lowland and montane rain forest, elfin forest, tropical dry forest, littoral forest, volcanic fumaroles and their associated highly specialized vegetation, beaches with nesting sea turtles, two freshwater lakes, one boiling lake, over a hundred rivers, and coral reefs. The Morne Trois Pitons National Park, a United Nations World Heritage site, is within walking distance.Field courses from seven U.S. universities have been based at ATREC, most returning year after year. Funds provided will address renovating the plumbing and roofing for the entire field station, creating a secure collections facility and wet lab within existing the existing

structures, and updating existing classrooms and kitchen.

The island of Dominica is one of the poorest countries in the Caribbean, but has unparalleled biological resources. ATREC provides tremendous opportunities for collaboration with the Dominica branch of the University of the West Indies and Dominica State College.

28

International activities International activities embedded in disciplinary embedded in disciplinary grantsgrants

Materials World Network: Design of Responsive Materials via Mixed Polymer Brush ApproachLuzinov, Igor, Clemson UniversityThe focus of this work is on chemical design and characterization of novel responsive nanostructured materials, namely ultrathin films made of mixed polymer brushes, with controlled and variable hydrophilic/hydrophobic/ steric/inonic interactions. To accomplish the objectives of the project a US-German team of specialists possessing complementary expertise in the area has been assembled. The team includes: I. Luzinov (Clemson University, synthesis of (mixed) polymer brushes); S. Minko (Clarkson University, properties/applications of mixed polymer brushes); M. Stamm (Dresden Technical University and Leibniz-Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, protein adsorption onto the mixed polymer brushes); M. Mller (University of Gttingen, theoretical modeling of the mixed brushes); K. Hinrichs/N. Esser and K.-J. Eichhorn (Institute for Analytical Sciences in Berlin, study of the brushes with spectroscopic ellipsometry).

29

International activities International activities embedded in disciplinary embedded in disciplinary grantsgrants

Collaborative Research: Iron and Light Effects on Phaeocystis antarctica Isolates from the Ross SeaDiTullio, Giacomo, College of Charleston“The colonial prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis antarctica is a major bloom-forming alga in Antarctic shelf waters; where, alongside diatoms, it is considered a keystone species in its impact on regional biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem structure. Iron levels in these waters fall to values as low as ~0.1 nM during the mid to late summer, concentrations that are likely to limit the growth of phytoplankton, including P. antarctica. “In this project, P. antarctica will be collected from the southern Ross Sea and grown in semi-continuous batch cultures for use in experiments at the University of Charleston to investigate the effects of iron availability and irradiance on the growth rate, cellular iron quota, buoyancy, biogenic sulfur production, pigment content, redox-protein expression, and photosynthetic efficiency of P. antarctica. “This species may have also played a central role in the inferred basin- scale changes in biogeochemical cycles linked to glacial-interglacial climatic change.”

30

Office of International Office of International ScienceScienceand Engineering and Engineering (OISE)(OISE)

31

Proposals to OISEProposals to OISE

Planning Visits ($20,000 max)Workshops ($25-60,000)PASI ($65-100,000)Partnerships for International Research and Education ($2.5 million)

http://www.nsf.gov/oise/

32

Planning VisitsPlanning VisitsShort trips by US researchers in promising new areasFully assess foreign expertise, facilities, equipment, data, experimental protocols, etc.Detailed preparation for collaborative research Used more often for countries where access is harder

33

Example of Planning visit – Example of Planning visit – Lawrence Pratt, FiskLawrence Pratt, Fisk

This award supports a planning visit to enable Professor Lawrence Pratt of Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee to meet with Professor Bui Manh Nhi at Ho Chi Minh City University of Pedagogy in Vietnam. The visit will include workshops consisting of lectures and laboratory exercises on computational chemistry applied to organolithium compounds that will train investigators and students in Vietnam. This will then lead to collaborative research projects between the Vietnamese, the PI and his graduate students at Fisk University in which the students will have the opportunity to visit the Ho Chi Minh City University. In turn some of the Vietnamese students may enroll in Fisk University for graduate work to further their collaborative research projects. The study of organolithium compounds is a field of major importance in the development of new synthetic methods, and computational methods are a major tool to study these compounds. Although Vietnam is a developing country without extensive laboratory facilities for research, the University of Pedagogy does have a computational chemistry laboratory that is sufficiently equipped for moderate research projects, or more extensive research projects in collaboration with other institutions.

34

WorkshopsWorkshopsCo-organized by U.S. & foreign investigatorNSF supports U.S. participantsIdentify areas of joint research; purpose is to develop new, targeted collaborationsOutcome should be a proposal to one of the disciplinary offices within NSFPriorities vary by region

35

ExamplesExamplesPatterson and Jan Persens, University of the Western Cape, South Africa “The Mathematics of Computer Security”,

Tunis, Tunisia, August 2004

Patterson and Ricardo Baeza-Yates, University of Chile “Computational Methods for Security in a

Web Environment”, Arica, Chile, July 2006

36

Example – Chaden Djalili, USCExample – Chaden Djalili, USC

US-Peru Workshop in Nuclear Physics and Its Applications, June 11-16, 2007, Cusco, PeruDjalali, Chanden, University of South Carolina This Americas Program award will support a workshop on nuclear physics and applications to be held in conjunction with the Seventh Latin American Symposium on Nuclear Physics and Applications in Cusco, Peru, June 11-16, 2007. The workshop is being organized by Dr. Chanden Djalali of University of South Carolina, and Dr. Philip Cole of Idaho State University in collaboration with Dr. Fernando Umeres Sanchez of the Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Peru. This workshop will discuss topics presented at the symposium such as nuclear matter at high densities, nuclear astrophysics, neutrino physics, exotic nuclei, as well as photo- and electron-nuclear physics with the attendant applications of nuclear physics.

37

Pan-American Advanced Pan-American Advanced Studies Institutes (PASI)Studies Institutes (PASI)

Short courses of two to four weeks duration, at the advanced graduate and post-doctoral level.Courses should involve distinguished lecturers and active researchers in the field, preferably from the Americas.PASIs aim to disseminate advanced scientific knowledge and stimulate training and cooperation among researchers of the Americas in the mathematical, physical, and biological sciences, and in engineering fields

38

Recently Funded PASI’sRecently Funded PASI’sModern challenges in statistical mechanics - ArgentinaStudy of surfaces, interfaces and catalysis - VenezuelaPhysics at the nanometer scale - ArgentinaGreen chemistry - UruguayQuantum information - BrazilMaterials for energy conversion and environmental protection – BrazilProcess Systems Engineering - Argentina

39

Partnerships for Partnerships for International Research and International Research and Education (PIRE)Education (PIRE)

Cutting Edge scientific researchStrong international partnersInnovative models Involvement of students & junior researchers Institutional resources (IT, language/culture, curriculum, study abroad, other)14-17, 5-year awards of up to $2.5M eachEligibility: Ph.D. granting in U.S. (20 in 2 years)Prelim proposal deadline: October 30, 2006 (limit 3 per institution)

40

PIREPIRE

U.S.-Japan Cooperative Research and Education: Ultrafast and Nonlinear Optics in 6.1-Angstrom Semiconductors – PI: Junichiro Kono, Rice University

41

PIREPIRE

Remote Sensing for Hazard Mitigation and Resource Protection in Pacific Latin America – PI: Gregg Bluth, Michigan Tech University

42

PIRE – examples of FY05 PIRE – examples of FY05 projectsprojects

UCSB and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics: “Electron Chemistry and Catalysis at Interfaces.” 14 professors, extended research visits, jointly mentored grad students, summer schools, language training, tech transfer. PI Alex Wodtke.Penn State, NC A&T, U. Witwatersrand, as well as other U.S. institutions and scientists in 9 African countries: “PIRE-AfricaArray Project.” Geophysics focus, semester at university in Africa, e- and field courses, language training, HBCU involvement. PI Andy Nyblade.

43

OutlineOutline

Introduction to NSFInternational Collaboration at NSFSupport for FacultyPrograms for Postdoctoral researchersPrograms for students

44

Postdoctoral Postdoctoral ResearchersResearchers

Participation in NSF disciplinary awardsDisciplinary Postdoctoral FellowshipsInternational Research Fellowships

45

International Research International Research FellowshipsFellowships

Designed to introduce young scientists to international research opportunitiesProvides support to carry out research at science and engineering establishments in foreign countriesResearch experiences range from tenures of 9 to 24 monthsApplications from women and minorities, and for work in developing countries are especially encouraged.

46

International Research International Research Fellowships – Eligibility Fellowships – Eligibility RequirementsRequirements

U.S. citizenship or permanent residencyApplicants must have a Ph.D. by the time IRFP tenure beginsApplicants cannot have had their Ph.D. longer than two years at the time of applicationDeadline: October 3, 2006. Next year, Second Tuesday In September!

47

“I look back and recognize how much my involvement [in Iceland] has shaped and opened up new opportunities. I am still actively working with my colleagues in Iceland…and my work there has enabled me to apply for positions (and receive job offers!) for which I would have otherwise been unqualified.”

From the Participants...From the Participants...

48

“Overall the fellowship seems to have had an extremely positive effect on my career…I was interviewed for four of the six tenure-track jobs for which I applied; I was given tenure-track job offers at two universities; and I have accepted my dream job at a four year research university.”

From the Participants...From the Participants...

49

OutlineOutline

Introduction to NSFInternational Collaboration at NSFSupport for FacultyPrograms for Postdoctoral researchersPrograms for students

50

Support for Support for StudentsStudents

Participation in NSF disciplinary awardsIntegrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT) Program Graduate Research FellowshipsParticipation in OISE planning visits or workshops Dissertation Enhancement Awards East Asia and Pacific Summer Institutes (EAPSI)International Research Experiences for StudentsInternational REU’s

51

Dissertation Enhancement Dissertation Enhancement ResearchResearch

Supports doctoral student research in a foreign countryMust be collaborative, with evidence of intellectual involvement of foreign institutionU.S. faculty mentor is PI on proposalUp to $15,000 per award for up to 2 yearsApply to NSF disciplinary program or OISE Deadlines: 9/15 and 2/15 annually for OISE; may vary for disciplinary programs

52

Example of a Dissertation Example of a Dissertation Enhancement AwardEnhancement Award

Continuity Hypotheses Revisited: English L2 Acquisition of Bulgarian Nominal DomainDubinsky, Stanley, University South Carolina With NSF support and under the direction of Stanley Dubinsky and Hyeson Park. Ms. Mila Tasseva-Kurktchieva will investigate the second language (L2) acquisition of the Bulgarian noun phrase by adult native speakers of English. The goals of this research are: (i) to test a new variant of the dynamic approach to the L2 acquisition of Bulgarian nominal structure, including the timing and order of acquisition of gender and number agreement, possessives, and definite determiners. The study will use a unique pool of subjects-US Peace Corps volunteers exposed to the target language through both immersion and classroom instruction. This research will be among a few studies to focus on the very early stages of L2 acquisition-three to four weeks after subjects' first exposure to the target language.

53

East Asia and Pacific Summer East Asia and Pacific Summer Institutes for U.S. Graduate Institutes for U.S. Graduate

Students (EAPSI)Students (EAPSI)www.nsf.gov/eapsiwww.nsf.gov/eapsi

Become an internationally experienced researcher. Spend eight weeks conducting research and

experiencing life in:Australia, China, Japan, Korea, New Zealand or

Taiwan

54

EAPSI Applicant EAPSI Applicant EligibilityEligibility

U.S. citizen or permanent residentEnrolled at U.S. institution in a research oriented master’s, M.D. or Ph.D. degree programFields of science or engineering supported by NSF and represented among host institutionsDecember 12, 2006--Application deadline

55

     Unprecedented Number of Howard Students Selected by NSF for International Research

April 25, 2006

In the Summer of 2006, Howard University will send its largest number of students ever to study and do research in Asia as a result of successful applications to the National Science Foundation by four Howard graduate students in Computer Science and Electrical Engineering. Three of the four students, Ebonie Loftin, Ngizambote Mavana, and James Tolbert II, all master's students in Computer Science, were selected for the NSF's East Asia and Pacific Summer Institutes to do research in South Korea. With three students selected for South Korea, Howard University led all universities in the United States in students selected for that country. The fourth student, Kenneth Bird, a third-year doctoral student in Electrical Engineering, was selected to do research in China.

56

International Research International Research Experiences for Experiences for Students Students

Can include graduate and undergraduate studentsSupports small groups of students in a focused fieldAwards of up to $50,000 per year for up to 3 yearsDeadlines: 9/15 and 2/15

57

IRES in SenegalIRES in SenegalWhen their DC-8 flew into a tropical storm off the coast of West Africa, Aaron Pratt and Tamara Battle realized their lifelong dream--to study storms and weather systems at their source. During that flight, lightning struck their plane. The resulting storm turned into a tropical depression and ultimately became known as Hurricane Helene, one of the strongest Atlantic hurricanes in 2006. “African dust is very critical for hurricane formation. One of our flights allowed us to see the dust kicked up in the Sahara Desert,” said Pratt, who is pursuing a doctorate in atmospheric science from Howard University in Washington, D.C., as is Battle. “I had never done research overseas before and didn’t know what to expect. Working with scientists in both Senegal and Cape Verde helped put our research in the proper perspective.”

Graduate students study African storms onboard a DC-8 airplane to understand links to U.S. storms.

58

IRES in Senegal (2)IRES in Senegal (2)Dr. Gregory Jenkins of Howard University received an International Research Experiences for Students (IRES) award in 2006 to allow eighteen U. S. graduate students to conduct research with U. S. and Senegalese scientists in studying the effects of African weather systems on the United States. The award supports American students’ work with a large multinational team of scientists on a project called the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA). Scientists and students from around the world are involved with the project, which is also funded by nations in Africa, Europe and Asia.

59

IRES in Armenia: Coastal IRES in Armenia: Coastal CarolinaCarolinaUndergraduates in Armenia Investigating the Chemistry of Heterogeneous

CatalystsGoodwin, John, Coastal Carolina UniversityThis US-Armenian project provides US undergraduate students opportunities for training and research in Yerevan, Armenia. The research activities revolve around porphyrin synthesis and isolation, heterogeneous catalysis, and molecular modeling. The principal investigators are John Goodwin from Coastal Carolina University and Tigran Kurtikyan from the Molecular Structure Research Center in Armenia. The US students spend eight-weeks in the Armenian laboratory where they benefit from the complementary expertise and instrumentation of the Armenian researchers. The subject research area has practical implications in the development of suitable catalysts for activation of atmospheric oxygen for a number of purposes. Development of robust heterogeneous catalysts for activation of molecular oxygen is important for a wide range of applications including environmentally-benign synthesis, water purification, fuel-cell technology, and on-site chemical nerve-agent decomposition. This project fulfills the program objectives of providing US students with a global perspective and opportunities for professional growth through international cooperative research training, networking and mentoring.

60

REU International Site in REU International Site in GhanaGhanaCan the seeds of a pepper plant in West Africa be used as a crop insecticide here in the U. S.? Will the Ghanaian Mangrove oyster become one of our next delicacies? What is the necessary environment for the survival and propagation of a stingless bee?

These and other questions are being explored by U. S. undergraduate students under the direction of Daniel Wubah, Professor of Biology at James Madison University.

Sharonda Johnson taking extractions from a plant with her Ghanaian mentor, Dr. Yaw Opoku-Boahene

61

REU International Site in REU International Site in GhanaGhana

According to one student, Akhil Rastogi, participating in this program was key to his admission into several professional and graduate schools because the first question at every interview was “tell us about the research that you did in Ghana.”

The answers from the above? Dzifa Gbewonyor found that an extract from the Ashanti

pepper plant seeds has an effect as an insecticide on cowpea plants.

Alexandra Sutton discovered that harvesting the oysters has high potential, but further study on the oyster’s ability to filter salt content is necessary.

And Nicholas Davenport demonstrated that deforestation has a negative effect on the survival of the stingless bee.

62

REU International Site: Japan REU International Site: Japan (USC)(USC)Chemical Engineering Research in Japan

Amiridis, Michael, University of South Carolina This award supports the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of South Carolina (USC) for the establishment of a three-year Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) Site in Japan. Students will be assigned an individual research project to work in the Fall Semester with faculty research mentors at Osaka University, Sophia University (Tokyo), and Kyoto University in collaboration with USC faculty. In addition, two USC U.S. graduate (Ph.D.) students will also travel to Japan together with the REU group and serve as mentors to the students while also doing research in Japan. Research projects will be on topics such as the catalytic role of supercritical water in organic reactions; molecular simulations of gas permeation through organic membranes; shock tube studies of the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons; the synthesis of molecular composites; emission control during the pyrolosis of coal; and synthesis of nanoporous materials using copolymer gel templates.

63

Looking Beyond the Looking Beyond the Borders: Borders: A Project Director’s A Project Director’s Handbook Handbook of Best Practices for of Best Practices for International REU’sInternational REU’swww.nsf.gov/pubs/2006/nsf06204/index.hwww.nsf.gov/pubs/2006/nsf06204/index.htmltml

64

www.nsf.gov/oisewww.nsf.gov/oisewpatters@nsf.gov703-292-8189703-292-8189