SUPPORTING TEACHERS AND TRAINERS FOR SUCCESSFUL REFORMS AND QUALITY OF VET

THEMATIC PERSPECTIVES

Mapping their professional development in the EU

SPAIN

Please cite this publication as:

Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal (2016). Supporting teachers and trainers for successful reforms and quality of vocational education and training: mapping their professional development in the EU – Spain. Cedefop ReferNet thematic perspectives series.

http://libserver.cedefop.europa.eu/vetelib/2016/ReferNet_ES_TT.pdf

Authors: Catalina Cantero Talavera and Begoña Arranz Sebastián

Contributors: Inés Sancha Gonzalo and María del Mar González García

Under the supervision of Cedefop

© Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal-SEPE (Cedefop ReferNet Spain 2012-15), 2016

Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged.

The thematic perspectives series complements the general information on vocational education and training (VET) systems provided in ‘VET in Europe’ reports. The themes presented in the series feature high on the European agenda.

Thematic perspectives provide national overviews of specific themes in a common format and offer comparative dimension across the EU Member States, Iceland and Norway. They are available at: http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/events-and-projects/networks/refernet/thematic-perspectives

This thematic perspective was prepared based on data/information from 2015. The opinions expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of Cedefop. Thematic perspectives are co-financed by the European Union and ReferNet national partners.

ReferNet is a network of institutions across Europe representing the 28 Member States, plus Iceland and Norway. The network provides Cedefop with information and analysis on national vocational education and training (VET). ReferNet also disseminates information on European VET and Cedefop’s work to stakeholders in the EU Member States, Iceland and Norway.

http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/events-and-projects/networks/refernet

/cedefop @cedefop refernet

Table of contents

1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 5

2. Profile of and requirements to teachers and trainers ............................................ 6

3. Practical training with companies: trainers or tutors for the apprentices or instructors at the workplace ........................................................ 10

4. Teachers and trainers’ CPD: needs and gains ................................................... 12

5. National projects financed by the EU to support VET teachers and trainers professional development ............................................................... 12

6. Conclusions........................................................................................................ 14

References ............................................................................................................. 14

Web Links ............................................................................................................... 15

ANNEX 1. Information based on the OECD survey TALIS 2013 ....................... 16

ANNEX 2. Network for national reference centres ............................................. 20

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1. Introduction

Teachers and trainers play an essential role in the innovation and implementation of VET system reforms in Spain. In recent years, several actions and instruments, platforms, common tools and original training materials were implemented to promote their retraining and continuous training and support their professional activities.

Different types of professionals work and teach in vocational training (FPI):

(a) secondary school teachers, (b) technical vocational teachers, (c) experts in different professional sectors, (d) trainers/tutors involved in the practical Training Module at workplaces.

In the initiatives developed in vocational training for employment (FPE), the following are involved:

(a) trainers/instructors who teach theoretical technical content; (b) technical teachers who provide vocational technical and practical content in

situations closer to the reality of work; (c) company trainers/tutors who may deliver training or care for apprentices practical

learning.

An important challenge for the promotion of VET in Spain is the implementation of the dual system and e-learning or online VET. Regardless of how the VET qualifications are acquired, teachers and trainers, in addition to their traditional role of trainer and learning motivator for students, play a role of assessors of the learning outcomes that should meet standards of quality and guarantee consistency in qualifications.

Several national institutions, the National Institute of Educational Technologies and Teacher Training (INTEF) (1) and the National Center for Educational Research and Innovation (CNIIE) (2), combine resources and training to support teachers and trainers with resources and projects (see Section 5). At the autonomous community level, the centres for teacher training and continuous training annually plan training activities in various fields. A network of National Reference Centres has been conceived of vocational training centres in different professional families or sectoral branches at the service of the national system of professional qualifications (see Cedefop ReferNet Spain, 2014, p. 26 for more information and Annex II of this article for the network map). Its aim is to plan and carry out innovative, experimental and training activities on

(1) Instituto Nacional de Tecnologías Educativas y de Formación del Profesorado.

(2) Centro Nacional de Innovación e Investigación Educativa.

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professional training issues, which will become a reference for development of the entire vocational training system and help harmonise the provision of VET.

2. Profile of and requirements to teachers and trainers From the data available on active teachers, a large increase has been observed in recent years, although it does not differentiate between the education levels. There is no separate data on VET teachers. As shown on Figure 1, the increase was especially due to the increase of the number of female teachers (58.8%), although feminine participation in the rest of nearby countries is higher (OECD average 66.6%). Annex I provides some more data on the teaching professionals in Spain based on the TALIS study (OECD, 2014).

Figure 1. Number of teachers (all education stages)

Source: Unesco-OECD-Eurostat (UOE) data collection on education statistics, compiled on the basis of national

administrative sources, reported by Ministries of Education or National Statistical Offices. Data extracted on 29 September 2015.

The requirements to the initial training to become a teacher of non-university programmes are the same throughout the entire State (Royal Decree 1834/2008): a university degree, although the type of degree and number of qualifications, one or two, depend on the educational level taught. Thus, for secondary level teachers, both general and VET, two qualifications are required:

(a) a university degree (ISCED 6); (b) a master degree (university master in teacher training for secondary education,

higher secondary education, VET and languages, which was previously a teaching certificate).

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A period of internship training at an education centre is compulsory, but its duration differs depending on the level that will be taught. Practical training for new teachers is increasingly gaining importance in alignment with the practices of our European neighbours and it is promoted among the teaching faculty through salary benefits expressed as recognition of credits required every six year-period of salary revision (FETE-UGT, 2013) (3).

Initial teacher training is in the last stage of the transformation process following the gradual adaptation of the Spanish university system to the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) with some previous programmes still running, though practically extinct.

Figure 2. Highest level of education completed by teachers (2012)

Source: OECD, 2014.

Initial and continuous training requirements and the conditions for acknowledgement, support and evaluation of the VET teachers in public centres were established in the 2006 Organic Law on Education (LOE), modified by the 2013 Organic Law for Improvement of Education Quality (LOMCE), which was implemented in the 2014/15 school year (4). The regional education authorities regularly hold public competition

(3) A six-year period is a complementary payment that is given to civil servant teaching personnel, since October 1992, when two conditions are met: six years of teaching service and enough training credits. It was created in 1991 by agreement between the State Administration and the teaching unions.

(4) Eurypedia: http://www.mecd.gob.es/educacion-mecd/mc/redie-eurydice/sistemas-educativos/profesorado.html

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exams to hire the necessary personnel pursuant to their academic offer and the VET programmes they provide. There are different specialities of upper secondary and technical teaching faculty, pursuant to the professional fields and families, and there are even placements for specialist teachers to cover certain needs when there is no civil servant teaching staff (see Section 1 for the types of teachers).

In the case of trainers in the VET programmes of the training for employment system, they can access through direct open hiring procedures by employers in private training centres which are approved by the labour authorities. These centres guarantee fulfilment of the teaching faculty requirements and, specifically, regarding the selection of trainers, in some regions (especially, the islands), there are certain difficulties in finding professionals that meet all the requirements established in some training programmes. In the case of trainers in programmes leading to professional certificates (formal qualification from the labour authorities), they must meet the requirements specified by the labour regulations in each training module, both in terms of professional competence and teaching competence. The professional competence refers to both, academic certification (see Figure 3) and professional experience (see Figure 4) within the scope of the competence while the teaching competence refers to competence to train and evaluate the learning results of the programme.

Figure 3. Highest level of education completed by trainers of the training system for employment (2012)

Source: State Public Employment Service (SEPE).

These trainers are not usually permanent staff; rather they are hired pursuant to the offer and planned training needs within the training for employment system and pursuant to the needs of companies in the case of training for demands pertaining to professional certificates. Certain Autonomous Communities have pools of approved trainers because, although no important inefficiencies are shown pertaining to the

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search, selection and qualification of trainers, these pools or files containing approved trainers offer better guarantees to the training centres regarding the suitability of the staff hired and simplify the processes for monitoring the Public Employment Services in charge of overseeing these training activities (5).

Figure 4. Professional and teaching experience of trainers in the training for employment system (2012)

Source: State Public Employment Service (SEPE).

There are also the so-called integrated centres, VET providers that are part of the public network of training providers which can offer any VET options regarding the National Catalogue of Professional Qualifications leading to VET diplomas and professional certificates in the professional families or branch they are authorised for. They may also offer other training options, for entering and re-entering the labour market, and responding to the demands of people and of the sectorial economic agents. In these integrated centres, the profile of the teachers and trainers is the same as previously stated for the public education system. All formal qualifications of the national system of professional qualifications require completing an internship period at a workplace, which must assign a trainer/tutor. This is the case also of the dual system formally implemented in 2012 (Royal Decree, 1529/2012). These trainers/tutors should not only guide the learning process for the student/apprentice, but they should also

(5) As contained in the implementation report published in 2014 on the Annual Plan for evaluation of the quality, impact, efficacy and efficiency of the training system for employment 2011, the training activities for which took place throughout 2012 (the time lapse is because this evaluation could only begin after the training activities that began in 2012 were completed). https://www.sistemanacionalempleo.es/pdf/Resumen_Ejecutivo_eval_FPE_2011.VSEP2014.pdf

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monitor the apprentices during the training period within the company (further information in Section 3).

Likewise, regarding the online VET, in addition to the necessary accreditation of online platforms and User Service Centres with 24-hour help for students in the case of the labour administration platforms for professional certificates learning programmes, an online tutor profile is foreseen. They will encourage and motivate online students during their ’learning journey’. The tutorial system is based on virtual tutoring sessions and, if applicable, face-to-face sessions. Tutoring in the online VET modality is compulsory and is to be carried out during the training activity because, although the e-learning process is more flexible it requires ongoing monitoring and assessment of the student learning outcomes, to guarantee the scope and quality of the learning acquired by the student. Professional certificates trainers in addition to the general requirements of accreditation and professional experience must have proof of digital competence or teaching experience in this type of training mode (Spanish Ministry of Employment and Social Security, 2013). In any case, the assessment of the learning outcomes is done face-to-face at the accredited professional training centre before providing the qualification and the practical Training Module at workplaces can never been approved as an online or distance training.

3. Practical training with companies: trainers or tutors for the apprentices or instructors at the workplace

As stated above, all programmes leading to VET qualifications require completing an internship training period at a workplace, which may imply teachers/trainers from the VET centre and trainers/tutors from the company. The company's trainer/tutor role is to guide the students/apprentices' learning process and to monitor and assess them while in the company. This training period is programmed in collaboration with the company in the same way as the other modules. The learning outcomes and activities to be carried out by the student/apprentice are planned with the company. In fact, one of the aims of the in-company training is to acquire the professional competences that can only be achieved at the workplace. Assessment in those aspects cannot be verified in the school or VET centres. However, the student's final marks and evaluation are given by the tutor/teacher of the VET training Centre, based on the information given by the tutor within the company or with their collaboration.

Training centres and VET providers are responsible for selecting the companies and signing the learning agreement or the training and apprenticeship contract. In this apprenticeship agreement the conditions of the apprenticeship linked both to the VET Degrees and to the Professional Certifications are specified. In a dual system a training and apprenticeship contract may be signed and labour conditions of the worker are defined in accordance with labour conditions. Learning Agreements formalised through

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collaboration agreements signed by the interested VET centres and companies are, once signed, sent to the regional government administration (Education, Employment or Education and Employment Councils). In some cases, the regional government administration provides the model form for the agreement to be signed between the parties (6), as well as a protocol for communicating the entire process.

However, this procedure varies depending on the competent administration that carries it out. In Extremadura (7), for example, regarding the Professional Certificates, the centres are responsible for sending a list of proposed companies to the RPES (regional Public Employment Service), which signs the corresponding agreements with the companies. In the Balearic Islands, the RPES with the main unions offers to training centres a list of potential companies available so that the training centres can choose the ones for apprenticeship. The only case where the government is entirely responsible for developing the process for apprenticeship is in Aragon, where the centres and entities have no participation. The Aragon Employment Institute (PRES) has signed with the main social agents in the region an agreement for seeking and selecting the companies. In any case, at the national level there is a common framework with the Higher Council of the Chambers of Commerce to mediate between the VET centres and companies, to find and carry out the training period with companies of their organization (8). Apprenticeship Planning and learning agreement is, in any case, the responsibility of the training centre and of the companies.

The Chambers of Commerce (9) specifically participated in promoting the dual VET system of the education system in the school year 2013/2014 (Cedefop Refernet Spain, 2014, chapter 4).

The company tutors are professionals with extensive experience backed by years of work, experts in their field. They do not need to have teaching qualifications though they may have had the opportunity to work with students in practice on other occasions.

(6) The Ministry for Education, Culture and Sports website, www.todofp.es, offers forms for drafting the agreement but this is the responsibility of the autonomous communities: http://www.todofp.es/todofp/sobre-fp/formacion-en-centros-de-trabajo.html.

(7) Extremadura is an autonomous community of western Spain whose capital city is Mérida.

(8) http://www.todofp.es/todofp/empleadores/formacion-centros-trabajo.html

(9) More information at: http://www.camara.es/es/formacion-y-empleo/formacion-dual

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4. Teachers and trainers’ CPD: needs and gains Continuing professional development (CPD) of teachers and trainers is a central issue for the European Union strategies to improve education quality. The level of teachers’ participation in training and professional development activities in Spain in 2013 was high, comprising 83.7%, although lower than the OECD average (87.3%) (OECD, 2014).

According to the TALIS data, over 97% of teachers feel that they are well-prepared for teaching work, whereas the average percentage in the OECD countries is lower (90%). As regards their needs for CPD, Spanish teachers feel prepared in the subjects that they teach, but consider they need further training on teaching methods, especially to work with students with special education needs and increasingly multicultural or multilingual differences, result of the demographic changes undergone by Spanish society in the last 10 years (Cedefop Refernet Spain, 2014, chapter 1). Over 50% of teachers respond they have moderate to high training needs in such aspects as teaching special needs students, ICT skills for teaching and new technologies at the workplace, followed by focus on individualised learning, teaching transversal curricular skills and academic and professional guidance and counselling for students. ICT skills for teaching are one of the few subjects where the offer matches the training needs match and has improved since 2008.

Knowing the teachers' characteristic features and improving their profile in the VET system for employment is among the aims for guaranteeing the quality of the CDP activities within the scope of the Public Employment Services. Thus, from the data obtained from the Annual Plan for evaluation of quality of the training for employment system, 66% of the trainers in 2012 stated having received continuing training (CVT) in the last two years, and CDP in the field of the professional certificate that they were teaching. Likewise, according to the European survey of Spanish trainers carried out by the Network of Trainers (García Molina, 2012), 95% updated their knowledge and skills at their own initiative and 23% due to employer requirements. The declared benefits of their CVT are, in this order: personal development (84%), improvement as a trainer (79%) and career opportunities (42%).

5. National projects financed by the EU to support VET teachers and trainers professional development

Several national education administration entities that support teachers and trainers: the National Institute of Educational Technologies and Teacher Training (INTEF) and the National Center for Educational Research and Innovation (CNIIE). The Ministry of Education through the INTEF is developing interactive and multimedia digital education resources, published on their education portal on Internet, that match the curricula of different areas and among these, professional training. As a result of these actions, in

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collaboration with the General Sub-directorate for Guidance and VET (SGOFP), a series of online simulators were developed for various VET families, some produced with the assistance of the European Social Fund (ESF), by agreements between the Employer associations and Foundations of the various Sectors and others within the Programme, Internet in the Classroom, with the participation, along with the Ministry of Education, of the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Commerce and the Education Councils of the Autonomous Communities. Through interactive simulations they develop content included in the official curricula, and they offer real cases that could happen to the students in their future professional life.

Another programme, Vuelta Emprendedora (Enterpreneurship), comprises educational material that aims to promote the entrepreneurial spirit in young students. The material was created by the Chambers of Commerce within the framework of the collaboration agreement between the Ministry of Education and the Higher Council of the Chambers of Commerce.

EducaLAB is a meeting point for education within the CNIIE. Its aim is to support teachers, and in a wider sense all actors of the Spanish educational system, based on knowledge and proximity, on data and analysis and on research, experimentation and innovation. Within this project, a network of educational resources was developed on the open source Procomun. This network is an area for education and learning, mainly for the teaching community and students, but also for the general public. Anyone can search for, look at and download learning objects in various formats. Procomun is based on the Agrega Project, enriching it with new elements to become a collective intelligence. The Repository of Open Educational Resources (REA) was created in the Procomun jointly by the MECD and the Autonomous Communities. In it where the educational community (teachers, parents and students) can find and create structured teaching materials, classified in a standardised manner (LOM-ES (10)), ready to be downloaded and used directly by teachers and students. Users can find educational objects through multiple criteria or facets, based on their own reasoning. The other main Procomun element is the social teaching network closely linked to the educational resources by a system of social tagging, user votes, education contexts, user recommendations and learning communities.

(10) Learning Object Metadata (LOM) is a data model used to label and describe a learning object and similar digital resources. Thanks to its use in cataloguing the object, it becomes easier to find it later in the banks of resources. LOM is an international standard and its adaptation to the Spanish educational context is LOM-ES (www.lom-es.es).

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6. Conclusions Professional development and continuing training of VET teachers is considered essential for implementation of the system reforms and for the development of dual VET and remote training or distance VET.

VET teachers are highly qualified and motivated for continuing education, both from a personal and institutional standpoint and at regional and autonomous community level. They actively participate in training and learning activities.

The national government has made available several online services and platforms to provide teachers with the instruments necessary to face the new challenges entailed by ICT applied to education within VET.

The challenges for the coming years will be to provide teachers with suitable digital competences to face the demands presented by digital society and adapt to be able to address special needs of certain vulnerable students and groups.

References Cedefop Refernet Spain (2014). Spain: VET in Europe: country report 2014.

https://cumulus.cedefop.europa.eu/files/vetelib/2014/2014_CR_ES.pdf

FETE-UGT (2013). Formación permanente del profesorado no universitario en las diferentes Comunidades Autónomas. Normativa y condiciones para percibir el complemento retributive correspondiente [Report on continuous training of teaching bodies in the various Autonomous Communities: regulations and payment conditions]. http://www.feteugt.es/Data/UPLOAD/GAB%20sexenios%20profesorado.pdf

García Molina, José Luis (2012). Profesionales de la enseñanza y la formación profesional: notas desde la situación española [Professional education and training: notes from the Spanish situation]. Monographic S-XXI. http://formacionxxi.com/porqualMagazine/do/get/magazineArticle/2012/11/text/xml/Profesionales_de_la_ensenanza_y_la_formacion_profesional.xml.html

National Institute for Education Evaluation (2015). Practicas docentes y rendimiento estudiantil. Evidencia a partir de TALIS 2013 y PISA 2012 [Teaching practices and student achievement. Evidence from TALIS 2013 and PISA 2012]. http://www.mecd.gob.es/dctm/inee/internacional/practicasdocentesyrendimientoestudiantil.pdf?documentId=0901e72b81e17e0c

OECD (2014). TALIS: the OECD teaching and learning international survey. http://www.oecd.org/edu/school/talis.htm and http://www.mecd.gob.es/inee/Ultimos_informes/TALIS-2013.html

Real Decreto 1529/2012, de 8 de noviembre, por el que se desarrolla el contrato para la formación y el aprendizaje y se establecen las bases de la formación profesional dual [Royal Decree 1529/2012 of 8 November that develops the

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training and learning contract and establishes the basis for dual vocational training] http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2012/11/09/pdfs/BOE-A-2012-13846.pdf

Real Decreto 1834/2008, de 8 de noviembre, por el que se definen las condiciones de formación para el ejercicio de la docencia en la educación secundaria obligatoria, el bachillerato, la formación profesional y las enseñanzas de régimen especial y se establecen las especialidades de los cuerpos docentes de enseñanza secundaria [Royal Decree 1834/2008 of November 8, defining the training conditions for teaching compulsory secondary education, higher secondary education, vocational education and training and special teaching, and establishing the specialities of the secondary education teaching bodies]. http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2008/11/28/pdfs/A47586-47591.pdf

Spanish Ministry of Employment and Social Security (2013). Orden ESS/1897/2013, de 10 de octubre, por la que se desarrolla el Real Decreto 34/2008, de 18 de enero, por el que se regulan los certificados de profesionalidad y los reales decretos por los que se establecen certificados de profesionalidad dictados en su aplicación [Order ESS/ 1897/2013, of October 10, developing the Royal Decree 34/2008 of 18 January, regulating the professional certificates and royal decrees that establish professional certificates]. https://www.sepe.es/contenidos/personas/formacion/centros_formacion/pdf/Orden_ESS_1897_2013.pdf

Web Links Accreditation of remote training platforms in VET

https://www.sepe.es/contenidos/personas/formacion/centros_formacion/inscripcion_teleformacion.html

EducaLAB (educational resources project) http://educalab.es/cniie

Instituto Nacional de Tecnologías Educativas y Profesorado (INTEF) [National Institute of Education Technologies and Teacher Training] http://www.ite.educacion.es/eu/descripcion

Network for national reference centres https://www.sepe.es/contenidos/personas/formacion/centros_formacion/centros_referencia_nacional.html

Procomun (an open source for education and learning) https://procomun.educalab.es/en/

VET through the Internet website http://www.mecd.gob.es/fponline.html

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ANNEX 1. Information based on the OECD survey TALIS 2013

Table 1. Distribution of teachers, by age (all education stages)

< 25 years 25-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 > 60 years Average age

Spain 0.2 2.6 23.2 38.8 31.8 3.5 45.6

France 0.7 7.8 32.6 32.7 21.5 4.7 42.6

United Kingdom 3.8 17.1 34.4 24.6 17.9 2.2 39.2

Poland 0.8 7.8 35.0 33.0 21.6 1.8 41.9

Portugal 0.0 1.2 24.2 46.6 25.5 2.4 44.7

Sweden 0.6 4.4 25.7 31.4 24.5 13.3 46.0

OECD Average 1.8 9.5 27.4 29.5 25.3 6.5 43.4

Source: OECD (2014).

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Table 2. Distribution by teacher education level 2013 (all education levels)

Highest level of education completed

Lower than ISCED 5 ISCED 5 ISCED 6 Higher than

ISCED 6

Spain 3.4 1.0 91.4 4.2

France 0.9 3.6 93.4 2.2

United Kingdom 1.4 1.7 95.2 1.6

Poland 0.1 0.0 98.8 1.1

Portugal 0.3 2.4 84.8 12.4

Sweden 3.8 7.7 87.9 0.6

OECD Average 2.5 7.3 88.8 1.7

NB: The levels have been updated to those equivalent to the ISCED 2011 Source: OECD (2014).

Table 3. Evolution of the teachers' need for professional development in the following areas, between 2008 and 2013

Knowledge and under-standing of

the subject(s) that I teach

ICT skills applied to teaching

Centre management

and administration

Teaching for Special Needs

students

Teaching in a multi-cultural

or multi-lingual

environment

2008 2013 2008 2013 2008 2013 2008 2013 2008 2013

Australia 5.0 2.3 17.8 13.6 5.9 4.8 15.1 8.2 4.0 4.5

Korea 38.3 25.1 17.7 24.9 10.8 17.4 25.6 36.0 10.4 18.9

Denmark 4.6 6.3 20.1 18.7 3.9 3.2 24.6 28.0 7.1 7.0

Slovakia 17.2 9.1 14.8 18.7 4.8 7.9 20.1 18.9 4.6 7.8

Spain 5.0 1.8 26.2 14.0 14.2 10.0 35.8 21.9 17.5 19.0

Estonia 22.6 11.6 27.9 24.2 4.6 3.5 28.1 19.6 9.7 9.3

Italy 34.0 16.5 25.8 35.9 8.6 9.9 35.3 32.3 25.3 27.4

Mexico 11.0 4.3 24.9 20.9 11.9 15.3 38.8 47.4 18.2 33.2

Norway 8.6 7.0 28.1 18.2 5.8 2.5 29.2 12.3 8.3 7.4

Poland 17.0 1.8 22.2 10.6 7.8 5.9 29.4 14.5 6.6 5.6

Portugal 4.8 4.7 24.2 9.3 18.2 13.9 50.0 26.3 17.0 16.8

OECD average

15.1 7.9 21.7 19.1 8.2 7.7 28.3 22.0 11.3 13.0

Source: OECD (2014).

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Table 4. Percentage of teachers who inform of a moderate or high positive change in the aforementioned aspects, after receiving information on their evaluation

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Australia 39.9 38.6 30.8 31.2 39.5 56.5 11.9 39.5 45.0 29.0 42.9 46.9 50.0

Chile 70.3 64.3 64.1 68.3 74.9 86.1 47.0 84.1 82.0 69.3 80.9 82.8 83.4

Korea 59.9 52.9 37.4 55.0 65.1 65.8 38.4 57.8 64.4 61.4 58.4 53.0 57.4

Spain 50.8 45.8 28.9 38.2 42.2 59.0 10.5 44.8 45.4 40.5 53.2 53.5 55.3

Estonia 56.4 43.4 27.8 46.4 47.3 64.3 27.2 44.2 54.1 37.4 47.9 54.7 55.7

France 54.2 43.6 36.5 22.0 39.4 64.7 22.5 42.1 51.5 33.5 44.5 59.3 62.0

United Kingdom

40.6 36.1 33.0 28.0 35.0 53.0 18.4 41.7 48.1 29.6 49.5 38.9 41.3

Israel 70.4 55.5 54.0 50.5 58.4 73.1 24.0 56.1 60.3 42.2 55.1 72.4 73.8

Italy 54.3 45.3 a 46.2 a 71.9 a 67.4 67.9 65.9 69.0 75.3 75.0

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yo

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lf as

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Use

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ns to

im

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Deg

ree

of jo

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n

Mot

ivat

ion

Japan 83.0 63.4 33.6 41.9 71.1 85.1 27.9 71.2 88.6 63.2 75.5 77.4 81.5

Mexico 62.0 62.6 51.3 67.8 82.0 89.0 30.9 82.9 86.3 49.3 81.6 89.3 86.6

Norway 58.9 34.9 15.2 25.4 32.0 68.0 19.9 47.1 52.2 33.5 47.9 54.6 52.9

Netherlands 52.2 45.3 31.1 36.6 44.1 58.7 19.9 38.9 43.8 25.1 31.4 45.2 51.6

Poland 72.1 64.4 51.0 53.1 53.3 69.2 32.6 58.6 63.5 61.6 67.3 67.8 69.1

Portugal 47.9 46.2 23.7 38.5 44.9 58.8 6.5 50.0 48.9 40.1 53.1 54.7 54.1

Czech Republic

57.3 38.6 21.6 30.3 43.6 62.4 27.3 52.7 56.9 43.5 50.5 55.7 55.2

Sweden 60.0 37.6 20.4 23.6 38.3 61.4 33.2 45.0 47.5 37.2 44.7 50.6 53.7

OECD Average

57.0 46.8 31.9 40.3 48.9 66.5 22.4 50.7 56.7 43.2 53.7 60.0 61.6

Source: OECD (2014).

20

ANNEX 2. Network for national reference centres

Source: State Public Employment Service (SEPE).