Upload
naveed-khan
View
223
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
1/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 1
SURVEY METHOD
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
2/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 2
Survey ResearchSurveys require asking people, who are called respondents, for
information, using either verbal or written questions. Questionnaires or
interviews are utilized to collect data on the telephone, face-to face,
and through other communication media. The more formal term
sample survey emphasizes that the purpose of contacting respondents isto obtain a representative sample of the target population.
Thus, a survey is defined as a method of gathering primary databased
on communication with a representative sample of individuals
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
3/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 3
What is a survey?A systematic method for gathering information from (a
sample of) individuals for the purposes of describing the
attributes of the larger population of which the individuals
are members.
The attributes attempt to describe basic characteristics or
experiences of large and small populations in our world.
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
4/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 4
Informations which the Survey Methods
Collect
The survey methods of survey studies
collect the following three types ofinformations
(i) of what exists,
(ii) of what we want, and(iii) of how to get there.
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
5/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 5
Characteristics ofthe Survey Method
The following are the main characteristics of the survey method of research:
1. The survey method gathers data from a relatively large number of cases at a
particular time.
2. It is not concerned with the characteristics of individuals.
3. It involves clearly defined problem.
4. It Involves definite objectives.
6. It requires careful analysis and interpretation of the data gathered.
7. It provides information useful to the solution of local problems.
8. It contributes to the advancement of knowledge
9. It suggests the course of future developments.
10. It determines the present trends and solves current problems.
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
6/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 6
Steps in Conductinga Survey1. Develop the hypothesis; decide on type of survey (mail, interview,
telephone); write survey questions (decide on response categories, design
lay out).
2. Plan how to record data; pilot test survey instrument.
3. Decide on target population; get sampling frame; decide on sample size;
select the sample.
4. Locate respondents; conduct interviews; carefully record data.
5. Enter data into computers; recheck all data; perform statistical analysis on
data.
6. Describe methods and findings in research report; present findings to others
for critique and evaluation.
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
7/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 7
Steps in Planning a Survey
1. Statement of objectives.State the objectives of the survey clearly and concisely and
refer to these objectives regularly as the design and the implementation of the survey
progress. Keep the objectives simple enough to be understood by those working on
the survey and to be met successfully when the survey is completed.
2. Target population.Carefully define the population to be sampled. If adults are to be
sampled, then define what is meant by adult(all those over the age of 18, for
example) and state what group of adults are included (all permanent residents of a
city, for example). Keep in mind that a sample must be selected from this population
and define the population so that sample selection is possible.
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
8/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 8
3.The frame. Select the frame (or frames) so that the list of sampling units and the
target population show close agreement.
4. Sample design. Choose the design of the sample, including the number of sample
elements, so that the sample provides sufficient information for the objectives of the
survey.
5. Method of measurement. Decide on the method of measurement, usually one or moreof the following methods: personal interviews, telephone interviews, mailed
questionnaires, or direct observations.
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
9/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 9
6. Measurement instrument. In conjunction with step 5, carefully specify how and what
measurements are to be obtained. If a questionnaire is to be used, plan the questions so that they
minimize non response and incorrect response bias.
7. Selection and trainingoffield-workers. After the sampling plan is clearly and completely set up,
someone must collect the data. Those collecting data, the field-workers, must be carefully taught
what measurements to make and how to make them. Training is especially important if
interviews, either personal or telephone, are used because the rate of response and the accuracy
of responses are affected by the interviewer's personal style and tone of voice.
8. The pretest. Select a small sample for a pretest. The pretest is crucial because it allows you to
field-test the questionnaire or other measurement device, to screen interviewers, and to check on
the management of field operations. The results of the pretest usually suggest that some
modifications must be made before a full-scale sampling is undertaken.
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
10/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 10
9. Organization offieldwork. Plan the fieldwork in detail. Any large-scale survey involves numerous people
working as interviewers, coordinators, or data managers. The various jobs should be carefully organizedand lines of authority clearly established before the survey is begun.
10. Organization of data management. Outline how each piece of datum is to be handled for all stages of the
survey. Large surveys generate huge amounts of data. Hence, a well-prepared data management plan is
of the utmost importance. This plan should include the steps for processing data from the time a
measurement is taken in the field until the final analysis is completed. A quality control scheme should
also be included in the plan in order to check for agreement between processed data and data gathered in
the field.
11. Data analysis. Outline the analyses that are to be completed. Closely related to step 10, this step involves
the detailed specification of what analyses are to be performed. It may also list the topics to be included
in the final report.
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
11/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 11
12. Final Report.The final report should match the stated objectives in step 1. Considering
the final report before the survey is conducted may be helpful in determining what items
are to be measured in the survey.
13.Recapitulation.After the final report is completed, you should consider what changes
should be made if/when the survey is repeated. Most surveys are conducted periodically.It is important to keep track of what went well and what difficulties occurred.
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
12/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 12
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
13/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 13
A historical research is the critical investigation of events, developments and
experiences of the past, the careful weighing of the evidence of the validity of
sources of information of weighed evidence.
The systematic collection and evaluation of data related to past occurrences in
order to describe causes, effects, and trends of those events that may help
explain present events and anticipate future events. Data is often archival
including newspaper clippings, photographs, etc.- and may include interviews.
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
14/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 14
RESEARCH
There are two approaches of historical researches - Perspective andRetrospective approach.
1. Perspective Approach : To study the events from the pasttowards present.
2. Retrospective Approach: To study the events of present and
proceed to past events.The first approach is ancient approach while the second is a recent
one.
Ancient Past to present-Prospective.
Recent Present to past-Retrospective.
The purpose of historical approach or history is to understand the
present in the light of past to enlighten the future. It is a time sense
approach
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
15/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 15
The Steps ofHistoricalResearch
1. Identification and Definition of
the Problem
2. Collection of Data
3. Criticism of Data
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
16/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 16
Sources ofHistoricalData or Evidences
(a) Various Documentary Sources are
1. Official Records 2. Institutional Records
3. Newspapers, periodicals, journals.
4. Literary material.
5. Catalogue, syllabus, prospectus etc.
(b)Relics or Remains
1. Building, furniture and equipment.
2. Library and their furniture.
3. Photographs and other records.
4. Forms of degree, diploma, certificate, records, registers.
5. Text-books, exercise-books, maps, drawings, etc.6. Written material.
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
17/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 17
Primary Sources of DataThe original document or remains which are the first witness of a fact
are termed as Primary Sources. Primary sources are the only solid basisof Historical Research and they are highly prized by a historian.
Diaries, wills, autobiographies, letters, official minutes or records,
licenses, declarations, bills, handbills, receipts, accounts, maps,
diagrams, books, pamphlets, catalogues, films, pictures, paintings etc.
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
18/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 18
Secondary Sources of DataIt is necessary in some historical research studies to begin with
secondary data and to work well when primary source of data is not
available, e.g., text-books, encyclopaedia, bibliographies.
Secondary sources are the reports of a person who relates the
testimony of actual witness of, or participant in an event.
8/6/2019 Survey and Historical Research
19/19
06/05/2011 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 19
Limitations of HistoricalMethod
1. Reliable Data
2. Availability of Records3. Non-proper Keeping of Records
4. No test
5. Problem of Bias6. Problem of Sampling