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41st WEDC Conference, Edgerton University, Kenya, 2018
SURVEY II 2017 PRELIMINARY REPORT - UGANDA
UPGro: A social and natural science approach to enabling
sustainable use of groundwater for the benefit of the poor
Joseph Okullo, Michael Owor and F. Katusiime
MAKERERE
UNIVERSITY
41st WEDC Conference, Edgerton University, Kenya, 2018
Hidden Crisis unravelling current failures for future success in rural groundwater supply
THE BIG IDEA
• Millions of pounds of investment by water users,
charities and tax-payers are wasted each year by water
points failing soon after construction. Getting a more
complete understanding of how to keep water flowing
from boreholes will reduce waste and improve water
services for Africa’s poorest communities.
RESEARCH AIM / HYPOTHESIS
• The underlying causes of rapid failure of approximately a
third of African rural groundwater sources are complex and
multi-faceted, but with interdisciplinary approaches can be
understood, diagnosed and ultimately anticipated and
mitigated
41st WEDC Conference, Edgerton University, Kenya, 2018
HPB parts
investigation
• Pump head,
Tank, Pedestal,
Apron, Rising
mains, soak pit,
etc.
Pipe thickness and galvanizing
measurement (Nsamvu site, Luwero)
Test pumping and on-site chemical test
(pH, T, SEC, Eh, total Fe, DO, turbidity)
Micro-bacterial
test
BH camera investigation Focus group
Discussions
(Social Science)
Water table
and rainfall
monitoring
METHODOLOGY [03]
41st WEDC Conference, Edgerton University, Kenya, 2018
SWL (mbgl) Max. Drawdown (m) Q (m3/hr) Te (m2/day) Ta (m2/day)
LUWERO Average 17.69 28.47 2.34 32.42 29.96
Median 17.36 22.78 2.41 14.37 10.07
Max. 26.58 55.72 3.27 179.65 154
Min. 13.18 15.14 0.82 0.21 0.19
BUDAKA Average 8.51 26.09 1.84 6.17 6.16
Median 8.97 19.97 1.80 1.17 1.13
Max. 11.65 63.71 3.60 23.95 20.94
Min. 5.16 10.50 0.71 0.16 0.21
OYAM Average 7.86 25.60 2.20 2.43 2.92
Median 8.23 22.30 2.25 0.82 0.97
Max. 12.37 42.92 3.60 17.97 15.78
Min. 1.48 13.52 1.03 0.30 0.14
KUMI Average 10.86 33.29 1.23 1.90 1.23
Median 7.25 30.01 0.92 0.29 0.34
Max. 26.63 61.89 3.27 21.72 13.15
Min. 1.33 6.65 0.36 0.079 0.11
Te - Excel estimated transmissivity (Cooper-Jacob's (1946))
Ta - Transmissivity value obtained from “Aqtesolv”.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 10 100 1000R
ec
ove
ry (
m)
Ratio t/t'
ds = 11 m
(One Log cycle)
Te = 0.46 m2/day
100
101
10210
0
101
102
Time (min)
Corr
ecte
d D
ispla
cem
ent (m
)
Obs. Wells
UBU01
Aquifer Model
Unconfined
Solution
Theis
Parameters
T = 0.4426 m2/dayS = 0.0008475Kz/Kr = 1.b = 19.89 m
Ta = 0.44 m2/day
RESULTS [04]
41st WEDC Conference, Edgerton University, Kenya, 2018
Comparison: Measured SWL, Q and estimated T
Estimated
Transmissivity
BH Yield
Oyam Budaka Luwero Kumi Oyam Budaka Luwero Kumi
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1600
20
40
60
80
100
120
UB
U12
UB
U11
UB
U08
UB
U10
UB
U17
UB
U05
UB
U01
UB
U04
UB
U13
UB
U15
UB
U13
UO
Y07
UO
Y08
UO
Y09
UO
Y03
UO
Y10
UO
Y06
UO
Y11
UO
Y02
UO
Y04
UO
Y19
UO
Y16
UO
Y14
UO
Y15
UK
U16
UK
U13
UK
U11
UK
U09
UK
U05
UK
U08
UK
U15
UK
U02
UK
U03
UK
U18
UK
U14
UK
U20
UK
U10
UK
U12
UK
U19
UK
U17
UL
U04
UL
U03
UL
U13
UL
U08
UL
U19
UL
U14
UL
U15
UL
U16
UL
U09
UL
U05
Q (
M3
/HR
) A
ND
T
(M
2/D
AY
)
DE
PT
H (
MB
GL
)
WATER POINT (HPB)
Measured depth (mbgl) Yield (m3/hr) Aqtesolv Ta (m2/day) Aquifer start (mbgl)
Aquifer stop (mbgl) SWL (mbgl) Max. Drawdown (m)
n = 11 n = 13 n = 16 n = 10
RESULTS [05]
41st WEDC Conference, Edgerton University, Kenya, 2018
CONCLUSION [06]
Very good 30%
Good 22%
Intermediate 28%
Not good 20%
TOTAL IRON
Safe 34%
Intermediate risk/
Probably safe 36%
High risk/
Probably
unsafe 26%
Unsafe 4%
E-COLI TEST
• Pump type: 72% IM2 and 28% IM3 (Rising mains – 62.5%GI, 23%PVC, 14.49%Al and <0.1%SS; Rods – 69%GI and 31%SS).
• Av. T = 5.53 m2/day (median 0.55) (T = 0.05 to 154m2/day)
• Av. Temp= 27.8 ̊C, pH = 6.2, SEC =196 µS/cm, Eh = 139mV, Total Iron = 1.1mg/l, DO = 1.9mg/l and Turbidity = 48.4.
• E-Coli (CPU/100ml): <1 (n=17), 1-10 (n=18), 10-100 (n=13) and >100 (n=2)
• Community livelihood (social, political, economic in addition to water source management) directly affects the sustainability and hygiene of water point sources.
41st WEDC Conference, Edgerton University, Kenya, 2018
• Analysis of PT, Water level and rainfall data including other relevant
hydrogeological historical data that may be available for paper
write-up and publication - {Michael, Helen, Alan, Donald, Eddie}.
What happen next [07]
0.0
0.1
1.0
10.0
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
Chlo
ride (
mg/L
)
Rain
fall
am
ount (m
m)
UDHQ
UBUHQ Chloride (mg/L)
• Lab. analysis of surface water chloride concentration for comparison and recharge determination - {Michael, Helen, Alan, Donald, Eddie}.
• Personally:
– will be done on UPGro by end of July 2018.
– on a PhD opportunity search.
41st WEDC Conference, Edgerton University, Kenya, 2018
UPGro Knowledge Broker:
Skat Foundation, Vadianstrasse 42, CH-9000, St Gallen, Switzerland
in association with the Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN)
THANK YOU
