Survey of Science HS-LS4 Biological Evolution

HS-LS4

Biological Evolution

Survey of

Science

Entry Task(s)Who was Charles Darwin?

• Scientist who published a

book about evolutionary

changes in organisms.

Pre-AssessmentLS4 Biological Evolution

• Grab your ChromeBook from the cart (the number that

corresponds to the number on your desk).

• Log into Google Classroom & enter the assignment “LS4

Biological Evolution Pre-Assessment”.

Remember…

• This will be done on your own to measure previous

knowledge of the content

When you are finished…

• Log off, turn in your ChromeBook.

• Grab a copy of the “How Did We Get Here?” article from the

front counter.

Earth’s SystemsGrab a copy of the “How Did We Get Here?” article from the

front counter.

Instructions:

• Read through the article & highlight or underline key

information.

Note: The “How Did We Get Here?” article can be located on

the Survey of Science webpage @ link:

https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6826


Entry Task(s)What is the mechanism by which traits that are more successful

in an environment get passed on to the next generation without

outside influence?

• Natural Selection

What are the other two revolutions to evolution mentioned in the

article?

• Modern Synthesis

• Evolution of Development (Evo Devo)

Biological EvolutionThe Making of the Fittest: The Birth & Death of Genes

(13:23)

Synopsis: For life to survive, it must adapt & readapt to an ever-

changing Earth. The discovery of the Antarctic icefish has

provided a stunning example of adaptation in an environment

both hostile & abundant, where the birth & death of genes have

played crucial roles.

Link @ https://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/making-fittest-birth-

and-death-genes

https://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/making-fittest-birth-and-death-genes

Biological Evolution“Icefish Blood Adaptations: Antifreeze Proteins” Question

Worksheet

Instructions:

• Read through the questions.

• As you watch the video, complete the worksheet with the

correct answers from the video.

• Transcript provided in google classroom.

Note: The “Icefish Blood Adaptations” video questions can be

located on the Survey of Science webpage @ link:



Entry Task(s)What was the name of the book written by Charles Darwin?

What year was his book published?

• “The Origin of the Species”

• 1859

How many years did Charles Darwin accumulate data & reflect

on the information before publishing his book?

• 20 years

Biological EvolutionDarwin developed a scientific theory (set of accepted beliefs).

Explanation of how modern organisms evolved over long

periods of time through descent from common ancestors.

Biological EvolutionDarwin’s journey aboard the HMS Beagle began in 1831.

• Travelled as a naturalist.

• Original expedition was to map the coastline of South

America.

Biological EvolutionOn his journey, Darwin observed three patterns of biodiversity.

• Species vary globally.

• Species vary locally.

• Species vary over time.



- Different, yet ecologically similar, animal species inhabited

separated, but ecologically similar, habitats around the globe.



- Different, yet related, animal species often occupied

different habitats within a local area.

On his journey, Darwin observed


- Some fossils of extinct animals

were similar to living species.



Biological EvolutionArtificial & Natural Selection

• Selection is what drives evolution.

• Acting on random variations (mutations) is what makes

adaptive evolution possible

http://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/Selection/01-vid.html


Entry Task(s)What are the three patterns of biodiversity that Darwin observed

during his travels aboard the HMS Beagle?




Biological EvolutionDarwin was inspired by artificial selection.

• Using selective mating, breeders impose artificial selection on

domesticated species such as dogs.

• The genetic mechanisms of artificial & natural selection are

similar.


http://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/Selection/02-vid3.html



Darwin’s EvolutionArtificial selection:

• Nature provides genetic variations for

evolution.

• Humans select & breed for those variations

they find useful.

p. 457-458


Evidence for Selection in the Fossil Record.

• The fossil record shows species

responding to the selective pressures of

changing environments.

• Fossil sticklebacks found in an ancient

lakebed show that evolution can be swift.

https://bolnicklab.wordpress.com/2015/10/03/photographs/http://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/Selection/03-vid.html


Biological EvolutionNatural & Artificial Selection

Selection is Working Right Now.

• The effects of selection aren’t

• Selection can be seen in action in

living populations.

• The diverse populations of today’s

sticklebacks are the result of

different selective pressures

- Pressures operating since the

end of the last ice age.


Artificial & Natural Selection

Selection is Working Right Now.

• The effects of selection aren’t restricted to the fossil record.



Gene Forms & Selection

• Selection can act to increase the favorable forms & decrease

unfavorable forms.

• When a genes form, or allele, has even a modest advantage,

it can vary rapidly spread through a population.





Biological EvolutionConcepts leading to natural selection.

Struggle for existence:

• Organisms produce more offspring than

can survive.

Variation & adaptation:

• Natural variations in heritable traits that

increases an individuals chance of

surviving & reproducing.

p. 460-462

Biological EvolutionSurvival of the fittest:

• In evolutionary terms, survival means

reproducing & passing adaptations on to

the next generation.

• Fitness describes how well an organism

can survive & reproduce in its

environment.

• Difference in rates of survival &

reproduction.

p. 461

Biological EvolutionNatural selection:

• Process by which organisms with

variations most suited to their local

environment survive & leave more

offspring.

• The environment determines which

organisms survive & reproduce (fitness)

p. 463


Single genes can have a big evolutionary effect.

• In both artificial & natural selection, evolutionary changes can

occur quickly, in part because single genes can have a big

effect.



Entry Task(s)Explain the difference between artificial & natural selection.

• Using selective mating, breeders impose artificial selection on

domesticated species.

• Natural variations in heritable traits increase an individuals

chance of surviving & reproducing (survival of the fittest).

Biological EvolutionGrab your ChromeBook & a copy of the virtual lab workbook

from the front counter.

Instructions:

• Read through the information & procedures of the virtual lab.

• Log into Google Classroom & click on the link to the virtual

lab. Complete the virtual lab according to the procedures.

• Submit the lab workbook prior to the end of the period.

Note: The “Natural Selection” virtual lab workbook can be




Entry Task(s)What does survival mean in evolutionary terms?

• Reproducing & passing adaptations on to the next generation.

Did your groups bird evolve more successful phenotypes (traits)

than your personal bird? Explain.

Biological Evolution“The Making of a Theory” Question Worksheet

Instructions:

• Read through the Introduction.

• Answer the Before Watching the Video true or false

questions, include your reasoning if possible.

• As you watch the video, find evidence that might support your

answer or change your mind.

Note: The “The Making of a Theory” video questions can be




Entry Task(s)What did the finger bones of manatees & whale flippers give

evidence of?

• Species descend from other species.

What was the name of Alfred Wallace’s book?

• Darwinism

AssessmentLS4 Biological Evolution Assessment_01

• Grab a copy of the assessment.

• Only using your knowledge of what you have learned

complete the assessment.

• Once complete, raise your hand so I can collect your paper.

Biological EvolutionGrab a copy of the “Reading Primary Sources” workbook.

Instructions:

• Read through the introductions & complete the assignment as

described.

• Read the excerpts, highlighting or underlining key information.

• Answers the questions following each reading section.

Note: The “Reading Primary Sources” workbook can be located

on the Survey of Science webpage @ link:



Entry Task(s)What evidence was used by Darwin in support of his theory of

evolution by natural selection?

Biological EvolutionProcess Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning:

• Evidence for Evolution.

Instructions:

• You will work in your groups; do not go beyond stop signs

without the rest of your group.

• Designate 1 representative to seek assistance from another

group 1st if you get stuck, then the teacher.

Note: The “POGIL - Evidence for Evolution” can be located on

the Biology webpage @ link:



Entry Task(s)What were some evidence used in the POGIL in support of

biological evolution?

• Genetic similarities

• Bone structures

• DNA sequence percentage

Entry Task(s)Put the following organisms in ancestral order from youngest to

oldest.

Explain your reasoning.

A B C

Biological EvolutionPrinciple of common descent:

• All species - living & extinct - are descended from ancient

common ancestors.

Darwin proposed the “tree-thinking”:

• All living things are related.

• A single “tree of life” links all living things.

Biological EvolutionBiogeography:

• Patterns in the geographic distribution of living & fossil

species tell us how modern species evolved from their

ancestors.

Two patterns significant to Darwin & biogeography:

• Closely related but different - organisms differentiate in

slightly different environments.

• Distantly related but similar - organisms developed similar

adaptations in similar environments.

Biological EvolutionFossil records:

• Recently discovered fossils form series that trace the

evolution of modern species from extinct ancestors.

Biological EvolutionHomologous structures:

• Similar structures adapted to different purposes (result of

descent with modifications from a common ancestor).

Analogous structures - different structures, but same function

Biological EvolutionVestigial structures:

Inherited structures that have lost their original function due to

different selection pressures.

Biological EvolutionEmbryological development:

• Similar patterns of

embryological

development provides

further evidence of

descent from common

ancestor.

Biological EvolutionGenetics & Molecular Biology:

• Universal genetic code & homologous molecules provide

evidence of common descent.

• Life’s Common Genetic Code - nearly identical in all

organisms.

• Homologous Molecules - proteins that are similar in structure

& function.

Entry Task(s)What are the three structures found in fossil records used to

support biological evolution?

• Homologous Structures

• Analogous Structures

• Vestigial Structures

Which of the structures describes an inherited structure that

have lost its original function due to different selection

pressures?

• Vestigial Structures

VideoGregor Mendel Sketch - Untamed Science (6:02):

Synopsis: Gregor Johann Mendel was an Austrian Augustinian

monk & scientist, who gained posthumous fame as the

figurehead of the new science of genetics with his study of the

inheritance of certain traits in pea plants. Mendel showed that

the inheritance of these traits follows particular laws, which were

later named after him. The significance of Mendel's work was

not recognized until the turn of the 20th century. The

independent rediscovery of these laws formed the foundation of

the modern science of genetics.

Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aoVeSncKFAY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aoVeSncKFAY

Biological EvolutionGregor Mendel (1822-1884)

• Austrian monk.

• Conducted experiments on pea plants.

• Founded the science of genetics.

- “Father of Genetics”

• Contributions were not recognized until

the 20th century.

Biological EvolutionGenes & Alleles:

Dominant & Recessive Alleles:

p. 310


p. 311-312

Mendel’s 1st Law (Law of Segregation):

Biological EvolutionSegregation used to predict outcomes.

• Allele segregation just as random

as a coin flip.

F2 generation contains different

combinations of alleles.

• Homozygous vs Heterozygous

p. 314

Biological EvolutionGenotype vs Phenotype:

• Genotype = genetic makeup

• Phenotype = physical traits

(observable)

p. 314

Entry Task(s)Use the table given yesterday to answer the following questions.

Which of the following are dominant alleles & which are

recessive?

Round (seed shape), White (seed coat), Yellow (seed color), Tall

(plant height)

• Dominant = Round, Yellow, & Tall

• Recessive = White

What is the phenotype of the organism, Yy (seed color) & aa

(flower position)?

• Yellow seed color & terminal flower position.

Biological EvolutionMonohybrids and the Punnett Square Guinea Pigs (6:27):

Synopsis: Learn how to use a Punnett square to solve a

Mendelian monohybrid cross with one of the Amoeba Sister's

favorite classroom pets: hairless guinea pigs.

Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-0rSv6oxSY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-0rSv6oxSY

Biological EvolutionPunnett Squares:

• Simple diagrams that use mathematical probabilities to help

predict the genotype & phenotype combinations in genetic

crosses.

p. 315

Biological EvolutionBeyond Dominant & Recessive:

Exceptions to Mendel’s work.

• Genetics is more complicated.

• Majority of genes have more than two alleles.

• Some traits controlled by more than one gene.

p. 319-320

Biological EvolutionIncomplete Dominance, Codominance, Polygenic Traits,

and Epistasis! (7:11; show to 4:35):

Synopsis: Discover more types of non-Mendelian inheritance

such as incomplete dominance and codominance with the

Amoeba Sisters!

Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJHGfbW55l0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJHGfbW55l0

Biological EvolutionIncomplete Dominance:

• Some alleles are neither dominant

nor recessive.

• Not completely dominant.

• Heterozygous phenotype lies

between homozygous phenotype.

p. 319

Biological EvolutionCodominance:

• Phenotype produced by both alleles clearly expressed.

• Colors appear separately.

p. 319


p. 320

Polygenic Traits:

• Traits produced by the

• Polygenic = “many

• Show a wide range of

phenotypes.

• Ex. Humane skin color

controlled by 4 different

genes.

Polygenic Traits:

• Traits produced by the interaction of several genes.

• Polygenic = “many genes”.

Biological EvolutionMultiple Alleles:

• Genes with more than two alleles.

• Two alleles is the exception not the rule.

• Ex. Humane gene for blood type.

p. 320

Biological EvolutionEnvironmental conditions can affect gene expression &

influence genetically determined traits.

p. 321

AssessmentLS4 Biological Evolution Assessment_02

• Grab a copy of the assessment.

• Only using your knowledge of what you have learned

complete the assessment.

• Once complete, raise your hand so I can collect your paper.

Entry Task(s)Define the following in your own words.

• Genotype

• Phenotype

What are the following genotypes?

• PP

• pp

Biological EvolutionDNA that makes up genes must be capable of…

• storing

• copying

• transmitting

… genetic information in a cell.

p. 342-343

Biological EvolutionAmoeba Sisters: Structure and Function of DNA (08:53

begin @ 4:07):

Synopsis: The discovery of double-helix structure of DNA is to

science what Mona Lisa is to painting. It has been called the

single biggest discovery of all times. But it was not just stumbled

upon - it was a race.

Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_POdWsii7AI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_POdWsii7AI

DNA is a nucleic acid made up

strands or chains by

Nucleotides are made of what

• 5-carbon sugar

• Phosphate group

• Nitrogenous base = bases that

contain nitrogen

Biological EvolutionDNA is a nucleic acid made up of __________ joined into long

strands or chains by __________ bonds.

Nucleotides are made of what 3 components?

Nucleotides

Covalent

Biological EvolutionDNA Structure

Nucleic Acid

Adenine [A]

Nucleotide Guanine [G]

Cytosine [C]

Thymine [T]

p. 345

Biological EvolutionDNA Structure

Antiparallel Strands

• Allows base to line up.

• Hydrogen bonds can form

between base pairs.

p. 347-348

Biological EvolutionDNA Structure.

Hydrogen Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Base Pairing

• [A] = [T]

• [G] = [C]

p. 347-348

Biological EvolutionProcess Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning:

• DNA Structure & Replication Model #1.

Instructions:

• You will work in your groups.

• Designate one representative to seek assistance from

another group first if you get stuck, then the teacher.

Note: The POGIL “DNA Structure & Replication ” worksheet can

be located on the Biology webpage @ link:



Biological EvolutionReplication Process

• DNA Helicase breaks

hydrogen bonds.

• DNA separates “unzips” at the

replication fork.

• DNA polymerase adds new

bases; [A] = [T] & [G] = [C]

• Move in opposite directions

• Continues until replication of

both strands complete.

• Telomeres added to the ends

of new DNA strands.

p. 350-352

Entry Task(s)What are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA?

• Adenine [A]

• Thymine [T]

• Guanine [G]

• Cytosine [C]

If you had the following DNA sequence, what would be the

complimentary strand?

T – A – C – G – C – T – T – C – G

A – T – G – C – G – A – A – G – C

Biological EvolutionRibonucleic Acid (RNA)

• RNA produces proteins to

organisms.

• Segments of DNA serve as a

complimentary RNA

• Amino acids are monomers,

the building blocks of proteins.

• RNA uses Uracil instead of

Thymine.

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

• RNA produces proteins to perform a variety of functions in

organisms.

• Segments of DNA serve as a template to produce

complimentary RNA molecules, which transcribe amino acids.

Biological EvolutionTranscription:

• Promoter site identified.

• RNA polymerase binds

to promoter site.

• Separates strands of

DNA (breaking H+

bonds)

• Uses DNA as template

to assemble nucleotides.

• Forms complimentary

strand of RNA.

• mRNA exits the nucleus

into the cytoplasm.p. 364-365

mRNA

RNA

Polymerase

DNA Template

GU

C

A

Biological EvolutionReading the genetic code.

• Read three letters at a time.

• Each “word” (codon) is three bases long.

• A codon represents a single amino acid.

p. 367

Biological EvolutionReading the genetic code.

mRNA contains that code.

Any message must have a

beginning & end.

• Start Codon (only 1)

- AUG = Methionine

• Stop Codons (3)

- UAA, UAG, & UGA

p. 367

Biological EvolutionAmoeba Sisters = Mutations: The Potential Power of a Small

Change (7:21; show to 4:58).

Synopsis: The Amoeba Sisters discuss gene & chromosome

mutations & explore the significance of these changes.

Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GieZ3pk9YVo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GieZ3pk9YVo

Biological EvolutionMutations?

• Heritable changes in genetic

• Mistakes in copying DNA.

Two basic categories of mutations:

• Gene mutation = single gene

• Chromosomal mutation = whole

section of chromosome

Mutations.

• Heritable changes in genetic information.

• Mistakes in copying DNA.

p. 372

Biological EvolutionGene Mutation.

• Change in one or a few nucleotides.

Three types of gene

(point) mutations:

Frameshift Mutations

p. 373

Biological EvolutionChromosomal Mutation.

• Change in the number & structure

of chromosomes.

• Four types:

p. 374

Biological EvolutionCauses of Mutations:

• Natural events (solar radiation, plant alkaloids).

• Artificial means (pesticide, tobacco smoke, pollutants, etc.).

Creates errors in the genetic process.

• 1:10 million bases.

Mutations on genes vary widely:

• Little or no effects

• Beneficial variations

• Negatively disrupt gene function

Mutations are the source of genetic variability in a species. p. 372

Pesticides

Tobacco Smoke

X-Ray

Entry Task(s)Write in the complimentary RNA strand.

T – A – C – C – T – A – G – G – C – A – A – C – A – T – T

A –U – G – G – A – U – C – C – G –U – U – G –U – A – A

Determine the amino acids that are coded in the RNA.

Met – Asp – Pro – Leu

If a gene mutation occurred that changed the 3rd codon to

C – C – U, how would this impact the organism?

• Would not impact the organisms because the same amino

acid is coded.

Biological EvolutionGrab a copy of the “Color Variation Over Time” worksheet

worksheet.

Instructions:

• Read the introduction.

• Complete procedures 1-3 (8 minutes).

• Carefully watch the video as a class (procedure #4).

• Complete procedures 5-10 (submit by the end of the period).

Note: The “Color Variation Over Time” worksheet can be

located on the Marine Science webpage @ link:



VideoThe Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation

(10:25):

Synopsis: This film describes natural selection and adaptation

in populations of rock pocket mice living in the American

Southwest.

Link @ https://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/making-fittest-

natural-selection-and-adaptation

https://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/making-fittest-natural-selection-and-adaptation

Entry Task(s)What environmental pressure acted upon the rock pocket mice?

• Predators

Which of the following occurs randomly & which does not?

• Mutations

• Natural Selection

Biological EvolutionDarwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.

What is it?

• Organisms have descended from a common ancestor & have

changed over time.

• Changes have made organisms more or less adapted to their

environment (“survival of the fittest”).

• Changes means different heritable traits in a population.

• Nature (environmental pressures) selects which traits get

passed on to the next generation.

Biological EvolutionDarwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.

Evidence:

• Biogeography

• Structures (past & present)

- Homologous

- Analogous

- Vestigial

• Embryological development

• DNA similarities in code

Biological EvolutionClaim, Evidence, & Reasoning (CER)

Claim: An assertion or conclusion that answers the

original question.

Evidence: Scientific data that supports the student’s claim

that must be appropriate & sufficient. Can come

from an investigation or other source such as

observations, reading material, archived data, or

other source.

Reasoning: Justification that links the claim & evidence.

Shows why the data counts as evidence to support

the claim, using appropriate scientific principles.

Documents

Survey of Science HS-LS4 Biological Evolution