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Survey of the Living Primates
Two Suborders:
1. Prosimians Includes lemurs, lorises, bush
babies, tarsiers
2. Anthropoids Includes monkeys, apes and humans
This division means that the prosimians have more traits/adaptations in common with each other than they do with the Anthropoids. Likewise, monkeys, apes and humans share more in common with each other than any of them do with the more primitive prosimians
The ProsimiansA. Characteristics
1. Most primitive (ancestral)2. Small bodied3. Sensory anatomy different
a. More reliant on olfaction (smell) as evidenced by:i. Long snoutsii. Moist, fleshy noseiii. Mark territory with scent
b. Nocturnali. Large eyes (not protected by bony anatomy)ii. No color vision
4. Insectivores (all teeth are very sharp, more specialized)
5. Solitary (helps them to avoid attention of predators)
6. Claws instead of nails
PROSIMIANS, cont.
B. Lemurs – largest group of prosimians
1. Found only on island of Madagascar 2. Evolved independently from other
prosimians 3. DIURNAL (no competition w/other primates) 4. Omnivorous5. Arboreal quadrupeds, vertical clingers,
leapers6. Ring tailed lemur is terrestrial
PROSIMIANS, cont.
C. Lorises - small bodied, nocturnal, slow quadrupedal climbers
D. Bush babies – extremely agile vertical clinger & leaper
Tarsiers
E. Center of classification debate• Has characteristics of both prosimians &
anthropoidsa. Dry noseb. Color vision (limited)c. Carnivorous – eats lizards, frogs, insectsd. Form monogamous pairse. Park young in trees while foragingf. Can rotate head 360°
Tarsier video quick clip
The Anthropoids:Monkeys, Apes & Humans
1. Large body size2. Large brains3. Diurnal4. Enhanced color vision5. Live in social groups6. Primarily fruit eaters7. Dry noses
Divided into New World Monkeys (Platyrrhines) and the
Old World Monkeys (Catarrhines)
New World Monkeys, Cont.Marmosets and
tamarins Most primitive
NWM Very small Claws Insectivores/Gum Use scent marking Twin births Monogamous pairs Highly endangered
species
New World Monkeys (Platyrrhines)
A. Characteristics1. Found only in southern Mexico, Central
America and South America2. Widely spaced, outward facing nostrils3. Prehensile (grasping) tail4. Three premolars (36 teeth total)5. Almost exclusively arboreal6. Quadrupedal 7. Capuchin monkeys use tools to crack
nuts
Old World Monkeys(Catarrhines)
A. Characteristics1. Wide geographical distribution2. Downward facing nose, closely spaced
nostrils3. Sexually dimorphic (differences in
body/tooth size between males & females)
4. Two premolars (32 teeth total)5. Have “sitting pads” (ischial callosities)
Two main groups: The Cercoptihecines & the Colobines
Old World Monkeys(Catarrhines)
A. Cercopithecines = Baboons, Macaques, and Guenons
1. Majority found in Africa2. Omnivorous
a. Cheek pouches to store food
3. Quadrupedal4. Baboons most terrestrial
a. Quadrupedalb. Large, complex social groups called troops
Catarrhine (Old World)Monkeys, Cont.
B. The Colobines = African colobus monkeys and Asian langur monkeys
1. Leaf-eatersa. Sharp cusped molarsb. Specialized stomach for digesting cellulosec. “Banquet feeders” – stay in one place
2. Arboreal quadrupeds
Summary:Differences between NWM &
OWM New World Monkeys
Flat, widely spaced nostrils
Prehensile tails Three premolars (36
teeth) Mostly arboreal
Old World Monkeys Downward pointing,
closely spaced nostrils Sitting pads Two premolars (32
teeth)
The Hominoids:Apes & Humans
Increased brain size & intelligence Larger body size Do not have tails Increased social complexity Possess rotating, suspensory
shoulders that allows arm-hanging & arm-swinging (brachiation)
The Hylobatidae Family
(Lesser Apes)A. Gibbons & Siamangs
1. Inhabit southeastern tropical areas of Asia
2. Smallest of apes3. Entirely arboreal4. Move by brachiation5. Highly frugivorous6. Very vocal & territorial7. Monogamous pair with dependent
offspring
The Pongidae Family (The Great Apes)
A. Orangutans: The Asian Ape- Name means “person of the forest”
1. Found only in Borneo & Sumatra2. Fully arboreal3. Omnivorous; Use sticks to get termites or
honey (Sumatran orangs)4. Pronounced sexual dimorphism5. Solitary; do not live in social groups6. Extremely endangered
B. Gorillas
1. Largest of all living primates2. Live in forested regions across
central & western Africaa. Lowland and Mountain gorillas
3. Marked sexual dimorphisma. Males = 400 lbs.; Females = 150-200
lbs.
4. Vegetarian
B. Gorillas (Continued)5. Quadrupedal knuckle-walkers when
on ground6. Live in social groups
a. Dominant male silverback is leader
7. Mountain gorilla population = approximately 600
C. Chimpanzees(Pan troglodytes)
1. Found in forests of equatorial Africa
2. Live in large, fluid communitiesa. Occupy a territory defended by malesb. Centered around bonded malesc. Females emigrate out when they reach
sexual maturity3. Arboreal & terrestrial4. Slight sexual dimorphism
C. Chimpanzees (Cont.)5. Knuckle-walkers, brachiators, &
sometimes bipedal6. Omnivorous7. Hunt for meat8. Make & use tools
D. Bonobos (Pan paniscus)
1. Found only in the Congo2. More slender than chimps3. More arboreal than chimps4. Large, fluid communities
a. Center around bonded males & bonded females
b. Can be female dominant5. Less aggressive & excitable than
chimps
D. Bonobos, cont.
6. More prone to bipedality7. Sexual practices
a. Sex outside of estrusb. Use to form alliances & gain
acceptancec. Use to restore harmony & relieve
tension
E. The Hominids: Humans1. Only living representative of
Hominid family2. Primate heritage evident in overall
anatomy & genetic make up3. Teeth similar to that of apes4. Vision/sight predominant sense5. Flexible limbs, grasping hands6. Omnivorous
What separates humans from non-human primates?
Humans have culture – used as primary means of adaptation
Humans can produce speech Sex not confined to female’s most
fertile period Humans are the only true habitual
bipedal mammals
Primate Family Tree Primates
Anthropoids
Prosimians
New World Monkeys
Old World Monkeys
Cercopithecines & Colobines
Hominoids
Hylobatidae (Lesser Apes)
Pongidae (Great Apes)