Survey Practice Handbook - Part 1 Drawing Practice

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOKVICTORIA

ISBN 0 7241 4736 5

Part 1 - Drawing Practice

THE SURVEYORS BOARD OF VICTORIA 1997

First Published in 1984Reprinted with minor amendments 1989

Revised 1997

ISBN 0 7241 4736 5

Published by the Surveyors Board, Victoria2nd Floor, 456 Lonsdale Street,

Melbourne 3000

© Surveyors Board, Victoria.

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA PART 1 -1997 -- Page i

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PREFACE TO 1997 REVISION- by

J. R. Parker, L.S., M.I.S. Aust., Grad. Dip. Bus. (Admin)Chairman, Surveyors Board.

This edition of the Part 1 of the Survey Practice handbook is the third update since the initial publication in1984. The constant updating by the Surveyors Board of Part 1 represents a tangible indication of the intent ofthe Board to ensure that the Survey Practice Handbook does not lag behind current practice and legislation.Indeed, in one section of this Part, the Board has embodied a section on "DIGITAL DATA - SurveyingSoftware and Future Directions" which is providing a background on the future direction of the managementof survey information and a broad appreciation of systems which would support such management.

In addition, the revision has also been driven by the revised Surveyors (Cadastral Surveys) Regulations 1995.Increased responsibility is being placed upon the licensed surveyor to ensure that "quality surveys" are beingperformed. The production of a handbook which aids in the achievement of attaining such an objective isviewed as being a positive contribution to both the profession and the operation of the State cadastral system.

The Handbook has still retained some traditional aspects on plan preparation and it is anticipated thatsubsequent editions may cull such information. The opinion that is held at this stage is that it is prudent toprovide details on these matters as they provide basic information upon which cadastral plan presentation isbased.

The mediums used in this edition reflect the changing communication scene. This Part of the Survey PracticeHandbook will be available not only in traditional paper format but also on disk and the Internet.

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA PART 1 -1997 -- Page ii

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Surveyors Board, Victoria, with the collaboration of the Victoria Division, Institution of Surveyors,Australia, set up a Survey Practice Handbook Committee late in 1979. The task of this Committee was toformulate proposals, and subsequently prepare material for approval and publication by the Board.

With the publication of this Part 1, the Board acknowledges the permission for use of material so freely givenby the following:

The Institution of Engineers, Australia - Australian Engineering Drawing HandbookStandards Australia - Australian Standards - Drawing PracticeThe Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy - Geological PatternsAustralian Geological Survey Organisation - Magnetic Data.

The example plans have been provided by:Land Titles OfficeGeographic Data VictoriaOffice of Surveyor General

The Handbook Committee is in recess, and this update has been largely put together by:P. F. Davies Member of BoardJ. P. Bertacco Consultant EditorB. H .Vardy Secretary of BoardB. Bremner Member of BoardD. Bennett Consultant

June 1997

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA PART 1 -1997

CONTENTSPage

Preface i

Acknowledgments ii

Evolution of Names of Administering Authorities iii-iv

Section 1 GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION - The Graphic Language and Design Sec 1 1-2

1.1 Development of Technical Presentation 1

1.2 The Graphic Language and Design 1

1.3 The Surveyor's Responsibility 1

1.4 Inter-disciplinary Communication 2

1.5 Adoption of the International System of Units (SI) 2

Section 2 DIGITAL DATA - Surveying Software and Future Directions Sec 2 1-6

2.1 Introduction 1

2.2 Digital Data 1

2.2.1 Data Structure 1

2.2.2 Data Flow 2

2.2.3 Data Exchange and Standards 3

2.3 Surveying Software 4

2.4 The Future 6

Section 3 DIGITAL DATA - Creation - Management - Distribution Sec 3 1 - 3

3.1 Introduction 1

3.2 Creating and Gathering of Digital Data 1

3.3 Distribution of Digital Data 2

3.3.1 Online 23.3.1.1 CDROM 2

3.3.1.2 Magnetic Disk 2

3.3.1.3 Magnetic Tape 2

3.3.1.4 Existing Data Bases 2

3.4 Management of Digital Data 2

3.5 Hard Copy 3


Appendix Al DRAWINGS - Materials, Sheet Sizes and Layouts Apx Al 1 - 10

A 1.1 Materials 1

A1.1.1 Media 1

A1.1.2 Requirements 1

A1.1.3 Pre-printed sheets 2

A1.1.4 Intermediates (or Reproducibles) 2

A1.2 Sheet Sizes 2

A1.2.1 Preferred and Non-preferred Sheets 3

A1.2.2 Oversize Sheets 4

A1.2.3 Roll Drawings 4

A1.2.4 Tolerances 7

A1.3 Layout of Drawing Sheets 7

A1.3.1 Size of Borders 7

A1.3.2 Print Trimming Line 7

A1.3.3 Alpha - Numeric Referencing 8

A1.3.4 Sheet Designation and Title Blocks 9

A1.3.5 Drawing Numbers 9

A1.3.6 Revisions 9

Appendix A2 SCALES, NORTH POINTS, EXAMPLE PLAN NOTES Apx A2 1 - 8

A2.1 Scales 1

A2.1.1 Standard Scales 1

A2.1.2 Indication of Scales 1

A2.1.3 Single Scales 1

A2.1.4 Multiple Scales 1

A2.1.5 Determination of Original Sheet Size and Scale 2

A2.2 Identification of North Points on Cadastral Plans 2

A2.3 Notes on Magnetic Declination 3

A2.3.1 Grid Convergence 3

A2.4 Presentation of Survey Data on Plans 3

A2.4.1 General 3

A2.4.2 Positioning of Lettering 4

A2.4.3 Typical Examples of Survey Drawings 4

A2.4.4 Supplementary Abstract of Field Records of Survey 5


Appendix A2 SCALES, NORTH POINTS, EXAMPLE PLAN NOTES (Continued) Apx A2 1 - 8

A2.4.5 Record of Having Re-established a Parcel 5

A2.4.6 Size of Plans in Handbook 5

A2.4.7 Scale Selection for Plans 5

A2.4.8 Computer Aided Drafting 5

A2.4.9 Digital Lodgement of Subdivisions 6

A2.4.10 High Quality Reproduction of Plans 7

A2.4.10.1 The Medium 7

A.2.4.10.2 Contrast in Density of Text and Linework 7

A2.4.10.3 Fonts with Serifs 7

A2.4.10.4 Separation of Linework and Dimensions 8

A2.4.10.5 Crowding of Dimensions 8

A2.4.10.6 Summary 8

Appendix A3 TYPES OF LINES Apx A3 1 - 9

A3.1 Introduction 1

A3.2 Lines 2

A3.2.1 Types and Dimensions of Lines 2

A3.2.2 Line Spacing 4

A3.2.3 Line Density 4

A3.2.4 Reproduction of Pencil Lines 4

A3.2.5 Application of Lines 5

Appendix A4 LETTERING AND ASSOCIATED SYMBOLS Apx A4 1 - 12A4.1 Objectives 1

A4.2 Lettering Standards - Australian and International 1

A4.2.1 General 1

A4.2.2 Character Shapes and Proportions 2

A4.2.3 Height of Characters 3

A4.2.4 Thickness of Character Lines 3

A4.2.5 Spacing 7

A4.2.5.1 Spacing of Characters 7

A4.2.5.2 Space between Words 7

A4.2.5.3 Space between Lines of Lettering 7


Appendix A4 LETTERING AND ASSOCIATED SYMBOLS (Continued) Apx A4 1 - 12

A4.2.6 Use of Characters 7

A4.2.7 Decimal Sign and Fractions 8

A4.2.7.1 Decimal Sign 8

A4.2.7.2 Decimal Fractions 9

A4.2.8 Reference Numbers 9

A4.2.9 Dimension Lines and Symbols 9

A4.2.9.1 General 9

A4.2.9.2 Arrowheads 10

A4.2.9.3 Leaders 10

A4.2.10 Dots 11

A4.2.10.1Dots Terminating Line 11

A4.2.10.2Dots Terminating Leaders 11

A4.2.11 Use of Arrowheads and Dots 11

A4.3 Standard Characters and Freehand Lettering 12

A4.4 Optical Illusions 12

Appendix A5. CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS & MAP PROJECTIONS Apx A5 1-3A5.1 Co-ordinate Systems 1

A5.1.1 The Australian Geodetic Datum 1966 [AGD66] 1

A5.1.2 The Geodetic Datum of Australia 1994 [GDA94] 1

A5.2 Projections 2

A5.2.1 The Australian Map Grid 1966 [AMG66] 2

A5.2.2 The Map Grid of Australia 1994 [MGA94] 2

A5.2.3 VICGRID Co-ordinates 2

Appendix A6 ABBREVIATIONS Apx A6 1-12

A6.1 List of Abbreviation Tables 1

A6.2 Use of Abbreviations 1

A6.2.1 Clarity 1

A6.2.2 Word Combinations 1

A6.2.3 Syntax 1

A6.2.4 Punctuation 1

A6.3 References 2


Appendix A7 MAGNETIC DECLINATION Apx A 7 1 - 2

Appendix A8 LAY OUT OF PLANS Apx A8

Examples under Plans 1-10 1


LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 2.1 Layering Concept Section 2 - Page 2

Fig.2.2 Data Flow Diagram Section 2 - Page 3

Fig. 2.3 Relationships Between Surveying Software, Section 2 - Page 5Surveying systems and other software

Fig. 3.1 Sources of Digital Survey Data Section 3 - Page 1

Fig. 3.2 Management of Digital Data Section 3 - Page 3

Fig. A1.1 A Series Drawing Sheets Appendix A 1 - Page 3

Fig. A1.2 Size and location of drawing frame on drawing Appendix A 1 - Page 6sheets with filing margin

Fig. A1.3 Size and location of drawing frame on drawing Appendix A 1 - Page 7sheets without filing margin

Fig. A2.1 Bar Scale Appendix A2 - Page 1

Fig. A2.2 North Points Appendix A2 - Page 2

Fig. A2.3.1 & .2 Positioning of Lettering Appendix A2 - Page 4

Fig.A3.1.1 Lines of equal thickness Appendix A3 - Page 1

Fig. A3.1.2 Lines of different thickness Appendix A3 - Page 1

Fig. A3.2.1 & .2 Spacing of lines Appendix A3 - Page 4

Fig. A4.1 Lettering Rules Appendix A4 - Page 2

Fig. A4.2 Character Shapes & Proportions Appendix A4 - Page 4

Fig. A4.3 ISO 3098/1 Type B Upright Characters Appendix A4 - Page 5

Fig. A4.4 ISO 3098/1 Type B Sloping Characters Appendix A4 - Page 6

Fig. A4.5 Characters clear of lines Appendix A4 - Page 8

Fig. A4.6 Example of decimal form Appendix A4 - Page 8

Fig. A4.7 Numbers for referring to item lists Appendix A4 - Page 9

Fig. A4.8 Extension lines Appendix A4 - Page 10


LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. A4.9 Arrowheads Appendix A4 - Page 10

Fig. A4.10 Dots terminating line Appendix A4 - Page 11

Fig. A4.11 Leaders terminating in dots Appendix A4 - Page 11

Fig. A7.1 Magnetic Declination - Historic Perspective Appendix A7 - Page 1

Fig. A7.2 Magnetic Declination - Isogonic Lines Appendix A7 - Page 2


LIST OF TABLES

TABLE A 1.1 Dimensions of Preferred Sheets Appendix A1 - Page 4

TABLE Al.2 Dimensions of Non Preferred Sheets Appendix Al - Page 4

TABLE A1.3 Dimensions of Preferred Sheets (With wider Appendix A1 - Page 4borders)

TABLE A1.4 Dimensions of Non Preferred Sheets (With Appendix A1 - Page 4wider borders)

TABLE A1.5 Dimensions of Drawing Frame: Roll Drawings Appendix Al - Page 5

TABLE A1.6 Details of Alpha-Numeric References Appendix Al - Page 8

TABLE A2.1 Surveying & Mapping Scales Appendix A2 - Page 1

TABLE A3.1 Lines - Types and Dimensions Appendix A3 - Page 3

TABLE A3.2 Linework & Symbols - Cadastral Appendix A3 - Pages 6-9

TABLE A4.1 Lettering Rules Appendix A4 - Page 2

TABLE A4.2 Minimum Height of Characters on Drawings Appendix A4 - Page 7

TABLE A6.1 Abbreviation of Terms in Common Use in Appendix A6 - Pages 3-5Surveying in Victoria

TABLE A6.2 Interpretation of Abbreviation Listed in Table Appendix A6 - Pages 6-8 A6.1

TABLE A6.3 Abbreviations of Terms in Common Use on Appendix A6 - Pages 9-10Architectural and Building Drawings

TABLE A6.4 Interpretations of Abbreviations Listed in Table Appendix A6 - Pages 11-12 A6.3

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA PART 1 -1997 -- Page iii

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EVOLUTION OF NAMES OF ADMINISTERING AUTHORITIES

Year denotes introduction - Public usage in brackets

Forests Forests Branch 1880Department of State Forests 1907Forests Commission of Victoria 1918Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands 1983Department of Conservation & Environment 1990Department of Conservation & Natural Resources 1992Department of Natural Resources and Environment 1996

Lands CrownSurveyor-General/Commissioner of Crown Lands and SurveyBoard of Land and Works 1857Department of Public Lands 1858Department of Lands and Survey 1860Department of Crown Lands and Survey 1951Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands 1983Department of Conservation & Environment 1990Department of Conservation & Natural Resources 1992Department of Natural Resources and Environment 1996

FreeholdRegistrar-General 1854Office of Titles 1866Land Titles Office (LTO) 1987

Mines Department of Mines 1867Department of Minerals and Energy 1977Department of Industry, Technology & Resources 1985Department of Manufacturing and Industry Development 1990Department of Energy & Minerals 1992Department of Agriculture, Energy & Minerals 1995Department of Natural Resources and Environment 1996

Planning Town and Country Planning Board 1944Ministry for Planning and Environment 1983Department of Planning and Housing 1990Department of Planning & Development 1992Department of Infrastructure 1996

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Railways Board of Land and Works 1857Victorian Railways Commissioners 1884Victorian Railways Board 1972State Transport Authority 1983State Transport Authority (V/Line) 1984Metropolitan Transit Authority (The Met) 1984Public Transport Corporation 1989Department of Infrastructure 1996

Roads Central Roads BoardBoard of Land and Works 1857Country Roads Board 1913Road Construction Authority 1983Roads Corporation (VicRoads) 1989 Department of Infrastructure 1996

Survey & Mapping Survey and Mapping Victoria (SMV)formerly the Survey Branch of the Department ofLands and Survey became a Division of:Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands 1983Department of Property and Services 1985Ministry of Finance 1992Department of Finance 1993Department of Treasury & Finance 1995Office of Surveyor General 1995Geographic Data Victoria(Formerly Office of Geographic Data Co-ordination) 1995Department of Natural Resources and Environment 1996

Water MetropolitanBoard of Lands and Works 1857Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works (Melbourne Water) 1906Melbourne Water Corporation 1993

RuralWater Supply DepartmentState Rivers and Water Supply Commission 1906Rural Water Commission of Victoria 1984Rural Water Corporation 1992

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA PART 1 -1997 - Section 1, - Page 1 of 2

SECTION 1 - GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION - The Graphic Language & Design

1.1 Development of Technical Presentation

From earlier times, communication by use of graphics has divided along two separate and distinct paths. Onthe one hand there is what is generally recognised today as the art form, and on the other there are thetechnical drawings. The technical drawings have become a sophisticated development of the earlier drawingsand illustrate the contemporary requirement to provide a working document for various aspects of communitydevelopment.

Technical drawings or presentations are produced in a wide range of disciplines and serve to communicateideas, accurately describe manufacturing or construction processes, record the "as constructed" activity, andfrequently form important adjuncts to contract documents and to fulfil legal requirements.

1.2 The Graphic Language and Design

Technical presentations are a specialised graphic language. They represent the mental processes of designbrought to reality in a tangible form, and as an accurate message in communication. All technicalpresentations must aim to precisely convey without ambiguity, the message intended, and leave no room formisinterpretation or an inaccurate conclusion.

To achieve this aim, the graphic language must conform to a set of basic rules to enable the user to effectivelyand efficiently write or read this language. It is essential that all practitioners in a discipline, which covers awide variety of subject matter, be familiar with the codes and standard of presentation.

In Australia these codes are prepared and distributed by Standards Australia (The Standards Association ofAustralia). These are known as Australian Standards (AS) and are coordinated to parallel recommendations ofthe International Standards Organization (ISO) based in Geneva, Switzerland.

Throughout this handbook there will be frequent reference to Australian Standards, and where appropriate,Victorian practice will be related to these national standards. For standard abbreviations of words and termsrefer to Appendix 6.

The co-ordinate systems and map projections relevant to Victoria are described in Appendix 5.

1.3 The Surveyor's Responsibility

Proficiency in the art and practice of technical presentation is basic to all those engaged in the branches ofsurveying where the presentation of work requires a drawing, chart or diagram. Quite often, the drawingprepared as a result of a survey represents all that a client sees of the work of a surveyor. For many, thestandard of presentation of work will not only reflect the standard of professional competence, but will alsoserve as a measure by which the work will be judged.

Apart from becoming proficient in the graphic language, the values derived as by-products of seriousapplication to this aspect of professional life are neatness, speed and accuracy. These attributes are some ofthe hallmarks of the successful surveyor. Deficiencies however in these skills may bring the tag ofprofessional illiteracy.


1.4 Inter-disciplinary Communication

It is important that all members of the profession of surveying be well acquainted with this Handbook, andwhere engaged in multi-disciplinary employment or the wide ranging involvements of general practice, alsoacquire a sufficient working knowledge of technical presentations related to allied disciplines, such asengineering and architecture.

1.5 Adoption of the International System of Units (SI)

All units used in this Handbook will comply with AS 1000-1979, The International System of Units (SI) andthe Victorian Metric Conversion Act, 1973, in so far as it affects survey practice and specific Acts andStatutory Rules directly affecting survey practice.

Linear measurements should always be expressed either in metres or millimetres, depending on the purposeof the survey. In general, decimetres and centimetres are units not acceptable in survey practice.

For cadastral surveys, lengths are expressed in metres and decimals of a metre. For architectural andengineering purposes, lengths are expressed in metres and/or millimetres.


SECTION 2 - DIGITAL DATA - Surveying Software and Future Directions

2.1 Introduction

The advent of the IBM PC in the early eighties, enabled for the first time, affordable desktop computing forthe surveying industry. Over the past decade, the power of the desktop PC has increased almostexponentially, while the price of the hardware has continued to fall.

On the software side, the release of Windows 3.x, Windows NT and now Windows 95 operating systems, hasseen development of extremely powerful, yet easy to use, survey, engineering and CAD applications. Theintuitive graphical user interface of the Windows family of operating systems, has encouraged many moresurveyors to utilise computers in their everyday work.

The desktop PC is now such a common survey office tool that it is rare to find a survey office that does notutilise a PC for its report writing, survey computations and plan preparation. This section outlines some basicconcepts in relation to the capture, processing and exchange of digital data for surveyors.

2.2 Digital Data

In the past, a surveyor was called upon to measure, calculate, design and draft plans, typically of real worldobjects which they surveyed. The resulting product for a client was often in the form of a report, and hardcopy plans or maps. Although many of the tasks performed by a surveyor today are essentially the same, theextensive use of computers within the surveying and allied industries has seen the introduction of a new formof final product, digital data.

2.2.1 Data Structure

One of the many advantages of digital data is the easy manipulation of the data by appropriate softwarepackages. When changes are required to a design or a plan the data is simply manipulated in the softwarepackage being used. Although the required manipulations in some cases can be far from simple, the ease ofchange in comparison to traditional methods is significant and can mainly be attributed to the structure of thedata.

A surveying software digital data base can be simplified into two main sections, a graphical component andan attribute component. The graphical component of a digital data base usually contains positional andrelationship information (typically co-ordinates) for point, line and polygon objects, while the attributecomponent holds other information relating to the objects. The attribute component usually containsassociated textual information such as a description, but the next generation of surveying software shouldallow any form of attribute data. Eg. Sound, video etc.

Essentially, all surveying software packages hold additional attribute information relating to the data withintheir data bases. The ease of manipulation and the flexibility of the data is governed by the attributescontained within the data base. Perhaps the two most basic attributes associated with any object within asurveying software related digital data base is the feature code and layer.

The feature code is basically a tag that is used to identify the type of real world object the data represents.Typically, feature codes are assigned to the objects at the time of collection in the field and passed into thedigital data base via a data collector. Tagging of the digital data with a feature


code enables manipulation of the data based on the object type. For example, if all fire hydrants within adigital data base have been assigned the feature code "HYDRANT", then it is a simple task for the surveyingsoftware package to locate and manipulate only objects of that type. The feature code is often used to defineother attributes associated with the graphical object, such as symbology and other display characteristics.

Layers can be described as logical groupings of feature codes to form themes of information. For example, allfeature codes associated with water (HYDRANT, METER, PIPE etc.) could all be associated with the"WATER" layer. Most surveying software packages enable layers to be turned on and off, thereby changingthe displayed data. The ability to turn on and off different layers of information enables different themes ofthe data to be displayed and can obviate screen clutter.

Fig. 2.1 shows schematically the layering concept.

2.2.2 Data Flow

The flow of digital data from a surveying office to other organisations follows the same path as that oftraditional hard copy data, however the handling and transport media are now far more flexible. A singlefloppy diskette has the capacity to store many plans or maps in a digital form.

The wide spread use of digital data has smoothed the flow of data between surveyors, their clients and alliedprofessions. It is not uncommon for a surveyor to provide an architect with a detail and feature survey plan indigital form, for the architect to create a design on a separate layer and then pass this updated digital data onto an engineer so that they can add their civil design on yet another layer. All this can be done without asingle hard copy plan being produced, although usually a hard copy plan is provided to verify the digital data.

The following data flow diagram is far from extensive but shows the surveyor as the central hub to the flowof digital data.


The surveyors' knowledge of co-ordinate systems and appreciation of positional accuracy make them idealleaders in the administration of digital data. Each of the lines in the Fig. 2.2 indicate two way digital data flow,however, the flow of digital data along many of these lines is still a thing of the future. Although not shown onthe diagram, digital data already flow between many of these organisations.

2.2.3 Data Exchange & Standards

Unlike traditional plans and reports which can be easily interpreted by the intended recipient, digital data mustbe provided in a format known to the software package for it to be able to interpret the data. This requirementhas led to the development of digital data exchange formats and standards to facilitate the exchange of databetween various software systems.

Digital data exchange standards can be categorised in the following way:

• Australian published standards. Eg. AS2482, SDTS etc.

• Defacto standards. Eg. AutoCAD DXF, MicroStation DGN etc.

• Regulated standards. Eg. Melbourne Water asset collection etc.

• Organisational standards. Eg. Client defined specifications

Although a number of Australian Standards for the exchange of digital data have been defined, defactostandards are still the most common means of digital data exchange between the surveying and alliedprofessions. The most common defacto standard for the exchange of CAD type data is AutoCAD's drawinginterchange file (DXF). Although far from elegant, the early arrival on the market and user numbers has madeDXF a major exchange standard.

With more government and utilities organisations wanting to be provided with digital data, surveyors are facedwith the problem of providing different exchange formats for different organisations. A single exchangestandard format that is acceptable to all government and utilities organisations is what we should be striving toachieve, as the cost of developing specialised data exchange software is prohibitive.


When dealing with allied professions, the organisational standard is perhaps the most common standard thesurveyor will encounter. An organisation standard simply means that the client has a set of rules within theirorganisation that define attributes for objects such as codes, layers, colours, sizes etc.

It is essential that the surveyor knows the required exchange standard before undertaking any work as thiscould affect the feature coding, processing and exchange mechanism utilised by the surveyor.

In relation to the transport side of digital data exchange, there are a number of alternatives to the transportmedium which include the following:

• CDROM

• Floppy diskette (5 ¼” and 3 ½”)

• Tape

• Modem / E-mail

• Zip Drives

The most common transport medium is the 3 ½” floppy diskette, however modems are also used to exchangedigital data.

A typical problem associated with the exchange of digital data is the size of the physical file. The DXFexchange format is well known for the physical size of the exchange files required to transfer even smallamounts of digital data. Typically, a 3 ½” floppy diskette has a capacity of 1.4Mb however it is common for aDXF file to be many times this size, therefore making it impossible to transfer to a single floppy diskette.

The use of file compression software tools can help over come this problem. Tools such as LHArc and PKZIPcan compress DXF files to a fraction of their native size allowing in most cases, even the largest files toreside on a single floppy diskette. These tools can also provide a level of security for the surveyor during thetransport of the digital data, via password protection and also by Cyclic Redundancy Checking (CRC) whichensures that when a file is decompressed, it is returned exactly the same as before it was compressed. Thesetypes of compression tools are ideal for the archiving of old data files allowing much more data to be storedon the backup media and even allow large files to span a number of diskettes.

2.3 Surveying Software

To allow the surveyor to achieve the processes detailed in previous sub-sections, the extensive use ofsurveying software packages is essential. There is a wide range of surveying software available in Australiaand local surveying software developers are acknowledged as world leaders in this field. The functionality ofthe software required will vary from company to company. Fig. 2.3 shows the relationships betweensurveying software, surveying sensors and other software systems.


Fig. 2.3 Relationships between surveying software, surveying systems and other software.

The following items should be considered when evaluating surveying software. The importance of each itemwill vary with the surveyor, the type of work and clients that they service. Consideration should be given toboth long and short term requirements of the surveyor.

Ease of use:

• Graphical User Interface (GUI)

• Totally integrated modules

• On-line help

• Flexible feature codes and layering

Data Collection and Setout:

• Operation and feature coding capabilities (speed of collection)

• Support for different data collectors

• Automatic attribute generation

• Data transfer integrity

Map Projections:

• Full rigorous geodetic computation

• Support for all projections needed

Computations:

• All required computation methods

• Extensive reporting

• Adjustments and transformations

Data Exchange:

• Bi-directional exchange

• Support for CAD, GIS and other application software

• Level of exchange support


Surveying CAD

• Fonts supported

• Symbols supported

• Line styles supported

Additional functionality:

• Contouring

• Long/cross sections

• Alignment design

• Volumes

The above list is far from extensive but is a reasonable starting point. Consideration should also be given todata base capacity if large projects are undertaken, as well as to the availability of all required functionalityfrom a single vendor. This single vendor solution can have significant savings in purchase and training costs.

2.4 The Future

The question of "where to from here?" is one that cannot be accurately answered, however like all professionssurveyors will be guided by new technologies.

One of the most talked about technologies over the last few years is the Internet. This global network ofcomputers will have a major impact on the surveying and allied professions. The publication and transfer ofdigital data across the globe opens the doors of opportunity for everyone. Perhaps the most useful feature ofthe Internet is E-mail. E-mail is already extensively used to transfer digital data between organisations. Thismedium allows the transfer of a project completed by a surveyor in one part of the world to the client's deskon the other side of the world within minutes.

The digital lodgement of plans etc. will be mandatory and most likely be performed from the surveyor's desk,as will the searching and retrieval of required survey information. The floppy diskette as the preferredtransport medium is rapidly being replaced by the Internet and E-mail.

The standards for the exchange of digital data is an area for much debate. Although a single uniformexchange standard for all government and utilities organisations would be ideal, the reality is that such anagreement is unlikely. However, commonality in exchange standards amongst these organisations must besought.


SECTION 3 - DIGITAL DATA - Creation - Management - Distribution

3.1 Introduction

As modern surveying equipment becomes more affordable and confidence and appreciation grows as to theinherent benefits, survey information will tend towards being gathered entirely in digital form. Operating in thisnew environment will require different procedures in creating, gathering management and distribution of data.

3.2 Creation and gathering of Digital Data

The most prevalent form of data gathering will be via the use of total stations equipped with digital datarecording devices. This will be supplemented by positional information derived from digital levels and GPSobservations.

The surveyor's role in society will also become more diverse and include the gathering of environmentalinformation relating the value of measured thematic variables to co-ordinate positions in space. This type ofinformation will come from existing data bases and a whole range of automatic recording systems, whichproduce digital information, together with remote sensing digital imagery and vector binocular input.

In addition increasing use of existing graphical information in the form of maps, charts, plans will be required.This will necessitate the use of scanners and digitisers to convert hard copy information into digital form. Asynopsis of the various methods of collecting digital data is represented in Fig. 3.1.


3.3 Distribution of Digital Data

The majority of digital data will be housed in a central register under the control of either government or privateagents and available in a number of data formats and structures. Some digital data will remain the property of privateand government organisations and be subject to payment while other data will be freely available to the communityat large.Transfer of digital data will be possible by one or more of the following mediums :-

3.3.1 Online

Digital data relating to topographic and cadastral information will be under the custody of government and/or privateorganisations and will be available in a number of formats ranging from E-mail/Internet options through totelephone/modem linking to the respective digital data bases.

The diagram in Fig. 3.2 gives an overview of the possible sources of information and data flow in a typical landsubdivision project.

3.3.1.1 CDROM

This medium offers the most comprehensive form of portable data storage. The early problems of writinginformation to such disks has been overcome and this medium now represents an economic and efficient method ofhousing and distributing large volumes of digital data.

3.3.1.2 Magnetic Disk

This medium has made some rapid advancements in recent times. It is now possible to store large amounts ofinformation on such devices as zip drives which use disks capable of holding large amounts of data.

A cheaper and smaller capacity disk is the 3.5" high density floppy disk which at present is the industry standardbeing capable of holding 1.4Mb of information. Floppy disks capable of holding larger amounts of data also exist butrequire special disk drives.

3.3.1.3 Magnetic Tape

This is a relatively inexpensive form but is becoming increasingly less popular.

3.3.1.4 Existing data bases

Data previously gathered will also be available via Internet, E-Mail and data bases containing CAD/GIS information.

3.4 Management of Digital Data

Building a digital data base is a costly and time-consuming process. It is essential that the digital information istransferred from the surveyor's local disk memory of the computer to a more permanent storage medium where it canbe safely preserved. This operation should be supplemented with back-up copies which should be stored in a safelocation away from the usual workplace and a scheme of monthly or even more frequent back-up operations beincorporated as part of normal digital data maintenance.


Digital databases for topographic, cadastral, and environmental mapping can be expected to have a limited usefullifetime, and this fact must also be considered.

There is some uncertainty about the stability of stored data and the best procedures for storing digital data.Current practice varies greatly between rewriting tapes at monthly intervals to performing rewriting up to everyseven years. The importance of a proper environment for computer operations and storage area can not bestressed enough.

In addition to the need for careful handling, the storage environment should lie within temperature limits of 7°to 32° C, and 40% to 60% humidity. The storage environment (use metal cupboards) should also take intoaccount the possibility of corruption from magnetic fields generated by electric motors, etc. Precautions shouldalso be taken to avoid corruption of information from nuclear radiation, noxious fumes and fire.

3.5 Hard Copy

In situations where hard copy is required, plans will generally be generated by either vector or raster plotters.The aesthetic quality of such products will be dependent upon the skill and experience of the computer operatorand the limitations of the software used. A number of survey oriented CAD/CAM packages are now availablefor producing high quality charts and plans.

The CAD/CAM packages available generally follow the guidelines for presentation outlined in Appendices Al toA4.

Where subdivision data is presented in digital data form to a responsible authority, suitable conversionsoftware is generally available to transform digital data to any desired data format. See Appendix A2, A2.4.9for more detailed information.

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA PART 1 1997 Appendix A1, - Page 1 of10

A1 - 1

Appendix A1

DRAWINGS - Materials, Sheet Sizes and Layouts

A1.1 Materials

A1.1.1 Media

A drawing or a graphic presentation can be viewed either in a hard copy form or on a visual display unit.

Hard copy forms are prepared on opaque or translucent sheets, the choice depending on the use for thedrawing, and the method of reproduction to be used.

If opaque sheets are used, then reproduction by photographic copying using reflected light from the originalwill be required. Opaque sheets cannot be used in normal drawing copying processes, such as diazo, where aprint is made by exposing sensitized material to light transmitted through a positive translucent original.Opaque materials include paper, boards and some drafting films, and are used for some original drawings,legal documents, art work, and project illustrations.

Translucent sheets, which are translucent under normal conditions but become transparent when viewedagainst a strong light source, can be used for all methods of reproduction. Translucent materials include paperand film. Because of its greater versatility, translucent material is currently used for most drafting work.

A1.1.2 Requirements

Drafting materials come in a wide range of handling qualities, surface finish, dimensional stability, weight orthickness, and as single sheets or rolls of various lengths and widths.

Papers and boards are not dimensionally stable with changes in temperature and humidity and are notwaterproof; they are being superseded by drafting film for many purposes. With normal handling, tracingpaper of 85 to 95 g/m2 is suitable for much drafting work. Detail paper is cheaper than tracing paper, but isnot suitable for work to be reproduced.

Note: Grammage is the term used for expressing the mass of a sheet of paper in relation to its area. It isexpressed in grams per square metre (g/m2 or, colloquially, gsm).

Drafting films are polyester based materials with prepared matt surfaces which are suitable for either ink orpencil. Films are available with either one or both surfaces matt, and in thicknesses range from 0.05 mm toapproximately 0.2 mm. These films are, in general, highly translucent, dimensionally stable for mostpurposes, waterproof, static free, very resistant to impact shocks, not easily torn and do not become brittlewith age; nor do they leave "ghosts" after erasures. It is recommended that a minimum thickness of 0.07 mmbe used to ensure satisfactory handling in diazo printing.

All drafting material should possess the following properties:

• Surface suitable for the application and retention of either pencil or ink.


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• Ability to withstand repeated erasures without abrasion or ghosting.

• Sufficient strength to withstand considerable handling.

• Good resistance to ageing (if retention for a considerable period is required).

• Tone such that maximum contrast between drawn matter and background is achieved.

• Surface sufficiently matt so that light reflection does not affect photographic reproduction.

• Surface free from obvious grain, body structure, stains or water mark.

In addition, translucent media should have good transparency to ultra violet light so that reproduction bycontact printing will give sharp images.

A1.1.3 Pre-printed Sheets

Standard size sheets that are pre-printed with border lines, title blocks and other routine information mayeconomise on drafting time. Pre-printing should be executed on the front of the translucent sheets. Work onthe back of the sheet may involve some loss of quality in microfilm reproduction unless special photographictechniques are employed.

A1.1.4 Intermediates (or Reproducibles)

Intermediates (or reproducibles) are sensitised and translucent paper or film sheets which may be used forproducing additional copies by the plan printing process. These additional copies may be used instead of, orin addition to, the original drawing.

The use of intermediates greatly reduces drafting and tracing time in an office although this is of decreasingconcern as computer produced drawings are now the norm. These sheets may be used for producing amodified version of a drawing while retaining the unaltered original, for transferring a paper drawing to filmfor permanent retention and for production of duplicate originals. The use of edge binding to protect drawingsis not recommended unless the binding and the drafting materials are compatible for shrinkage.

A1.2 Sheet Sizes

Standardization of drawing sheets sizes offers definite advantages in economies of cut-paper sizes, filingsystems material and furniture, and in reproduction.

AS 1100 Part 101 - Section 2 - Materials, Sizes and Layout of Drawing Sheets emanates from the system ofpaper sizes recommended by the International Standards Organization and while it refers particularly toengineering drawings, it has equal application to survey drawings.

This standard lists the Preferred Series which comprises all the A series from A0 to A4, and the B series insizes B1 to B4 which is the Non-preferred Series.


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With some flexibility of approach, the A series can be adapted to a wide range of applications in the manyfields of surveying.

International sizes comprise the series known as A, B and C. In each series the shape of the basic size and allnormal subdivisions is the same, so that the sides are always in the proportion 1: √ 2, ie. 1:1.414approximately. The A and B series are used in stationery, drawings and posters, and the C series is used onlyfor envelopes. Further information is available in AS 1612 - Paper Sizes.

The Survey Co-ordination (Survey) Regulations 1992, made pursuant to the Survey Co-ordination Act 1958,now require that drawings must conform to one of the sizes A0-A4 in the range of International Paper Sizes.See Table A1.1.

The A and B series drawing sheets are well suited to reduction onto 35 mm microfilm. Their aspect ratiobeing 1: √ 2, throughout the ranges, is the same as the aspect ratio of the microfilm frame. The normalsubdivision of the basic size in the A series, A0 (841 mm x 1189 mm) which occupies an area of 1m2, isshown in Fig. A1.1. This system of paper sizes is built on the basis that each series of paper sizes consists ofa range of sizes formed by dividing the size immediately above into two equal parts, the division beingparallel to the shorter side. The areas of two successive sizes are then in the ratio 2:1.

A1.2.1 Preferred and Non-preferred Sheets

Unlike traditional Imperial sizes, International Standards are stated as trimmed sizes.

Table A1.1 gives designations and sizes of Preferred International sheet sizes which have application invarious branches of surveying.

Table A1.2 gives designations and sizes of the Non-preferred sheet sizes, some of which have a limitedapplication in Victoria.


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A1.2.2 Oversize Sheets

Tables A 1.3 and A 1.4 give sizes and corresponding ordering designations for oversize sheets for use wherewider borders are required for purposes which may include pre-printing considerations, edge binding or aframe for subsequent trimming of prints.

A1.2.3 Roll Drawings

Where roll drawings are required, they should be 860 mm or 610 mm wide. Lengths of the roll drawing sheetsare determined by the individual requirements of each drawing. In choosing the length of a roll drawing, careshould be exercised in selecting a length which is suitable for microfilming (See AS 1203), and foldingpurposes.


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A1.2.4 TolerancesThe cut sheet dimensions in Tables A1.1 and A1.2 are subject to the following tolerances:

• For dimensions up to and including 600 mm: ± 2 mm

• For dimensions greater than 600 mm: ± 3 mm

Neither diagonal of any cut sheet shall exceed the diagonal of a sheet which has the maximum length andwidth, nor shall it be less than the diagonal of a sheet which has minimum length and width.

For the purposes of checking sheet sizes, the material shall be conditioned at 20 ± 2° C at a relative humidityof (65 ± 2) per cent and measured under these conditions.

A1.3 Layout of Drawing Sheets

It is essential that certain basic information be shown on every drawing. If the display of this information isstandardized as to size and location, the interchange of information and the filing of drawings will befacilitated.

A typical layout of a drawing sheet which basically conforms to AS 1100 Part 1. This layout has beenadapted to contemporary practice in Victoria as shown in Appendix A8, Plan No.s 1, 4 and 5.

(It should be appreciated that plans of subdivision formats are controlled under the Subdivision Act. (Refer toexamples in Layout of Plans No.9 in Appendix A8).

A1.3.1 Size of Borders

It is customary for the drawing area to be enclosed within a frame. The sizes and locations of drawing frameson drawing sheets, with and without a filing margin, are shown in Figs. A1.2 and A1.3. All dimensionsshown are in millimetres.

Where borders are required for roll drawings, the borders of sheets should conform to the dimensions shownin Table A1.5.

A1.3.2 Print Trimming Line

Where oversize drawing sheets are used, a method of indicating the trimming line should be marked on thesheets. This may be by means of broken lines forming a frame dimensioned to the cut sheet dimensions ofregular size sheets or by other suitable means. International Standard ISO 5457-1980 provides twoalternatives:


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(a) Corner marks in the form of isosceles triangles with sides of approximately 10 mm, or

(b) Comer marks which have been reduced to two small strokes with a width of 2 mm.

The ISO alternatives relate to machine trimming equipment where the heavier symbols are used for machinesensing of trimming boundaries. Symbols with less visual impact will suit most applications.

A1.3.3 Alpha-Numeric Referencing

Drawings may be divided into zones by a reference system based on lettered and numbered divisions to assist inreadily locating a particular dimension or feature, especially on large drawings concerning construction surveys.If used in conjunction with a table of additions and amendments, these are not only more easily located, butprovide a chronological sequence of all additions and amendments etc. during the life of the project. If thissystem is used, it should be placed inside the drawing frame.

Where an alpha-numeric reference is required, it is recommended that a scheme be used, where:

• vertical zones are designated numerically reading from left to right

• horizontal zones are designed by capital letters starting with A and reading from top to bottom, butomitting the letters I and 0.

• the number of zones and the width of the margin in which they are inserted should be inaccordance with Table A1.6, depending on the size of the drawing.

Note: This alpha-numeric system of reference is described as "Grid Referencing" in AS 1100.101-1984.Throughout this Handbook, the term "grid reference" will be reserved for Australian Map Grid (AMG) or othergrid co-ordinates determined by survey.


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A1.3.4 Sheet Designation and Title Blocks

The sheet size designation number should be indicated on the drawing, preferably in the title block, thenormal position of which is at the bottom right hand comer of the sheet. See examples in Appendix 8.

Provision should be made in all title blocks for the following information:

• Name of firm, department etc.

• Title or description of drawing

• Drawing number

• Sheet number and size

• Scale

• Signatures and dates

• AMG Reference

• Bar Scales

• Lengths are in metres

(Note: Refer to Appendix A8, Layout of Plans Nos 1, 4, 5, 6 & 7.).

Elsewhere and adjacent to the title block, provision should be made for:

• Certificates required by law

• Notations and amendments with dates.

Standard information relating to units of measurement and the system of projection used in engineeringdrawings may be included in the title block.

Prominent figures and letters, preferably upper case Gothic style, are recommended for the drawing numberand the title.

Titles of drawings should be as concise as possible, consistent with adequate description. Recording andcross-referencing is simplified by the use of a planned system of titling.

A1.3.5 Drawing Numbers

The drawing number is located in the bottom right hand comer of the title block.

The drawing number may be repeated in other comers of the sheet or along the sides of the sheet to ensurethat it is visible when the drawing is filed or stored.

A1.3.6 Revisions

All revisions should be indicated and recorded on the drawing and each new issue of the drawing should beidentified.

The method of recording may vary in detail, but commonly the necessary information is entered in a table. Anexample plan possessing a revision table is Plan No. 4, the Survey and Feature Plan, in Appendix A8.Identification of a change on a drawing may be by symbol, usually a number or


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letter enclosed within a circle, square or triangle, which is placed in proximity to the revised dimension ordetail. Reference is made to this number or letter in the recorded details of the change. When zoning is usedthe position of the change may be given by the appropriate alpha-numeric reference in the revision table.

Irrespective of the manner by which changes are identified and recorded, details of dimensional changes andof other changes when practicable, should provide a record of the previous size, feature etc.

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA PART 1 1997 Appendix A2, - Page 1 of 8

A2-1

Appendix A2

SCALES, NORTH POINTS, EXAMPLE PLAN NOTES

A2.1 Scales

A2.1.1 Standard Scales

Survey drawings and maps should be plotted at the following scales:

A2.1.2 Indication of Scales

The scale of any survey drawing shall be indicated by the reduction ratio, eg. 1:500, and by the construction ofa bar scale accompanied by the notation - "Lengths are in metres" [See Fig. A2.1].

The bar scale shall be divided into equal primary divisions on the right hand side of the zero, with eachprimary division representing 10 units or multiples thereof. To the left of the zero, 10 equal secondarydivisions may be constructed so that each represents one tenth part of a primary division.

Fig. A2.1 Bar Scale

A2.1.3 Single Scale

Where only one scale is to be used on a survey drawing, it should be indicated in the title block.

A2.1.4 Multiple Scales

Where more than one scale is used on a survey drawing the title block shall be marked "SCALES ASSHOWN", and the reduction ratio clearly indicated adjacent to the view or views concerned.


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A bar scale shall be included as applicable adjacent to the major part of the drawing, and a representativefraction scale may also be indicated on the drawing sheet, eg.

HORIZONTAL SCALE 1:500

VERTICAL SCALE 1:100

The ratio of the larger to the smaller of any two scales used on a drawing sheet should not be less than 2.

A2.1.5 Determination of Original Sheet Size and Scale

Where drawings have been reproduced at scales other than the original scale, the scale of the original drawingcan be readily discerned from the ratio indicated in the title block. The drawing frame dimensions as indicatedby the sheet size designation shown in the title block is another aid, and the ratio of the reduced sheet to theoriginal after microfilming can be ascertained from the graduated line shown in accordance with AS 1100.101Section 2.4.5.

A2.2 Identification of North Points on Cadastral Plans

On most cadastral plans, it is required that the north point be directed generally toward the top of the sheet.

Where the datum of the survey has been related to AMG, the north point should be drawn parallel to adirection on the plan which has an AMG bearing of grid north. In this instance, the north point should beidentified with the letters ‘AMG’ accompanied by the zone number. [See Fig. A2.2].

Alternatively, if the datum of the survey is taken from other information where bearings relate to approximatetrue or magnetic north, the north point should be oriented to the plot of the survey so that it reflects thedirection of approximate north relative to the stated bearing of the datum used for the survey.

In these circumstances, cardinal bearings relating to the datum used should be plotted up and down and acrossthe plot sheet, with the north point rotated to indicate approximate true north. It should be identified with thewords 'Approx. True North'. [See Fig. A2.2].

Generally, the location of the north point should be confined to the top left quadrant of the sheet.


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A2.3 Notes on Magnetic Declination

While much of the original survey of Victoria was set out relative to the magnetic meridian (north) at thetime, some areas were set out approximately related to true north.

At Appendix A7, a plot of the magnetic declination observed over the years at Toolangi Observatory isincluded. This has been extended back from available information to the time of the first surveys aroundMelbourne. Also at Appendix A7 is an outline map of Victoria showing an overlay of the 1: 100,000 mapseries, and the isogonic lines for epoch 1995.0.

A2.3.1 Grid Convergence

Some care is needed to ascertain the origin of bearings in many areas, but reference to the orientation of theroad pattern on medium scale maps such as the 1:100,000 series, will often provide a useful starting point. Inthese circumstances, the grid bearing corrected for grid convergence will provide an acceptableapproximation for true north in the area under survey.

A2.4 Presentation of Survey Data on Plans

A2.4.1 General

Technical drawings must precisely convey, without ambiguity, the message intended, and leave no room formisinterpretation or an inaccurate conclusion.

The skilful presentation of a drawing requires not only a careful selection of scale and optimum use of thedrawing frame, but also a logical adherence to the hierarchical importance of dimensions and symbols withaccompanying descriptions which are portrayed on survey drawings.

It is not possible to formulate a comprehensive set of basic rules governing the presentation of data asexceptions will always be encountered. Even so, the hierarchy of the order of placement of dimensions anddescriptions can usually be accepted as:

• Dimensions - bearing and distance

• Offsets and street and easement widths

• Street names and names of natural features

• Descriptive data

• Allotment numbers and areas.

It is important that the composition of a drawing gives some aesthetic satisfaction to the user, in addition tothe prime purpose of conveying information.


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The skilful placement and selection of sizes of dimensions and names not only enhances the appearance of thedrawing, but increases legibility and understanding.

The sizes of lettering set out in Appendix A4 are a generally acceptable minimum. Use of sizes smaller than thestated minimums can only be justified where use is not extensive, nor a continuing departure from thespecifications. If the use of smaller size lettering is deemed necessary to any extent, a larger scale should beselected for the drawing.

A2.4.2 Positioning of Lettering

Having determined the space available for lettering, there are some general rules to be observed:

• Lettering should be parallel to straight line features.

• Lettering along simply curved features should be placed in a series of straight lines aligned to the curveof the feature [See Fig. A2.3.1].

Where this is completely unsatisfactory, lettering may be placed along a smooth curve.When letters are placed on a curve, the base of the letter is always aligned tangential to the curve.[ See Fig. A2.3.2].

• Lettering along features having complex shapes should be aligned along simple curves, and no attemptmade to follow the intricacies of the feature.

• Undue emphasis should not be given to minor features.

• Lettering positioned vertically on the sheet should read from the lower sheet edge towards the top, ie.from left to right, when viewed from the right hand side.

A2.4.3 Typical Examples of Survey Drawings

Examples of plans and abstracts of field records of survey have been included in Appendix A8.


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A2.4.4 Supplementary Abstract of Field Records of Survey

Section 20A of the Subdivision Act 1988 as amended by the Subdivision (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act1991 requires advice to be provided to a Council that, subsequent to the completion of necessary Works, theboundaries of the land in question and all lots, reserves etc. contained within the subdivision have beenmarked out or defined, and that supporting monumentation required under the Surveyors Act 1978 and theSurvey Co-ordination Act 1958 is in place.

The form of this advice is set out in Form 19 relative to Regulation 56 of the Subdivision (Procedures)Regulations 1989. It is based on a Supplementary Abstract of Field Records of Survey submitted by aLicensed Surveyor and, more particularly, must comply with the requirements of the Surveyors (CadastralSurveys) Regulations 1995 and the Survey Co-ordination (Surveys) Regulations 1992.

Two examples of the form of suitable Supplementary Abstracts of Field Records of Survey are included inLayout of Plans No. 8 of Appendix A8.

Where a connection to AMG is unable to be made, an appropriate note shall be made in one of the notationboxes on the abstract of field records.

A2.4.5 Record of Having Re-established a Parcel

The Surveyors (Cadastral Surveys) Regulations 1995 require a surveyor to lodge, with the Surveyor General,a Record of Having Re-established a Parcel for all surveys in which a title boundary has been defined or re-defined. An example of such a record is included in Appendix A8 - Plan 3.

A2.4.6 Size of Plans in Handbook

Users should note that in this Handbook, for economies in publication, all plans have been reduced to a sizeapproximating A4 for single sheet reproduction.

All plans for Land Titles Office and Office of Surveyor-General would be at A3 original size.

A2.4.7 Scale Selection for Plans

As already emphasized (See A2.4.1), careful selection of scale is important. The example plans illustrate thatthe scale selected should be sufficiently large to enable all lettering, except some descriptions of occupation,to be drawn not less than 2.5 mm in height.

A2.4.8 Computer Aided Drafting

The preparation of plans has moved into the computer age with fine penwork virtually becoming a craft of thepast. There are many computer aided drafting software packages available and with various enhancements,these become extremely valuable tools. The end result enables the user to load field observations via a "totalstation" or a data recorder together with in-house computations directly into a drawing file. This file providesthe basis for a wide range of final products including base maps, survey plans, field records and plans ofsubdivision. Setting up of menus to accommodate standard symbols, line types and text heights results in alldrawings being produced to the same pre-determined standard and ensures a consistent final product.


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Creation of a file storage and protection system must be developed to maintain the integrity of the drawingfile. The ability to transfer these digital files by network or disk is a further option which allows for greatercohesion between individual users and organizations. Inevitably, the transfer of digital data to and fromgovernment bodies such as the Land Titles Office will become commonplace.

Implementation of this total process will streamline drawing output and eliminate much duplication of work.

Growth in this new technology has been rapid, and there are issues which require continuing consideration:

• phasing out of hard copies

• the certification of digital files by electronic signature

• the occurrence of differences between hard copy and its digital file

• in the interim, is it economical or necessary to carry out amendments to both hard copy and digital

file ?

• the verification of on-screen calculations

• incorporation of quality assurance procedures to negate errors.

A2.4.9 Digital Lodgement of Subdivisions

The Office of Surveyor General (OSG) and the Land Titles Office (LTO) have recognised the benefits ofdigital lodgement. With advances in technology and the increasing use of computer systems by the surveyingindustry in the preparation of plans and abstract of field records, it is appropriate to consider digital lodgementof documents.

Standards will be established to facilitate digital lodgement and a working party will be looking at existingstandards including Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS). Geographic Data Victoria (GDV) is developing acommon data structure for the rural and urban portions of the State Digital Cadastral Database. Once thisstructure has been decided upon, a standard will be required to allow the incorporation of digital subdivisionalinformation into the Digital Cadastral Database.

The data providers (surveyors) and the data customers (Utilities / LGAs) also have an interest in theestablishment of a digital transfer standard for subdivision information. The data flows within and betweeneach organisation need to be considered and the impact that probable technology will have on these data flowsdetermined.

For Melbourne Water digital lodgement is already a reality. Currently in the urban area subdivisions over 10lots are expected to be lodged digitally with Melbourne Water. Melbourne Water specify its own digitalformat for these plans.


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Details of the requirements of the Yarra Valley Water Limited for the submission of subdivisions in digitalform can be obtained from the Subdivision Digital Input Manual, Volume 3 - Survey, Technical StandardsManuals (2nd Edition), formerly Land Development Manual. The manual is available from the Water IndustryTechnical Standards Unit at the offices of Yarra Valley Water Ltd, Lucknow Street, Mitcham.

A2.4.10 High Quality Reproduction of Plans

Prints of plans recently registered in the Land Titles Office are produced from laser printers connected to aFileNet optical disk based imaging system. The transparencies of the lodged plan are scanned on a system at200 dots per inch (dpi) and the images are committed to optical disk. The quality of prints produced from theimaging system is, of course, dependent on the quality of the original drawings.

Guidelines to ensure good reproduction from each transparency follow established drawing practice.Nevertheless, there are some limitations to the production of a good image, and some basic points to beconsidered are set out as follows.

A2.4.10.1 The Medium

Most plans are produced on good quality drafting film. Dense black linework and dimensions will reproduceclearly. Where in some cases typed documents are submitted on a paper medium, the paper should be whiteand the type should be black and crisp.

A2.4.10.2 Contrast in Density of Text and Linework

Plans show a variety of text and graphic information, and this will scan and reproduce best if the density ofthe drafting is reasonably consistent over each plan sheet.

Problems occur when either the linework or dimensions, or both, are faint. It is possible that the scanner willnot detect a fine line or the line will be reproduced discontinuously. Similar problems apply to faintdimensions.

Scanner operators have some latitude when dealing with a plan document which shows considerable variationin density. The scanner threshold, or density, can be varied to provide a denser image of the lighterinformation. This is necessarily a compromise and tends to "blob" the denser information and downgrade theprofessional presentation of the document. It is not a good memorial to the provider of the original plan.

A2.4.10.3 Fonts with Serifs

These should generally be avoided. Serifs usually indicate that some part of a character is of a thicker widthor density than another part. There is a possibility that such characters will break up and not reproduceclearly.


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A2.4.10.4 Separation of Linework and Dimensions

Problems can occur when dimensions are placed too close to, or touching linework, particularly whenassociated with the external boundaries of the plan, where the linework is thicker and generally denser. Herethe scan may not clearly separate the linework and dimensions, resulting in "blobbing" or infilling ofdimensions.

A2.4.10.5 Crowding of Dimensions

Where dimensions are tightly packed within small areas of a plan, there is potential for problems ofseparation in image recording. "Infilling" of dimensions, especially with the numerals eight and three mayoccur if "open" drawing is not practised. Such situations can be avoided with careful planning, and ifnecessary controlled enlargements.

A2.4.10.6 Summary

When producing a plan, a surveyor considers a range of perspectives to enable the client's objectives to beachieved. One of the objectives is to enable clear reproduction of the plan documents, particularly as aregistered plan now serves the function of the former diagram on a Certificate of Title. Following establisheddrawing practices and being aware of Land Titles Office reproduction technology will achieve this objective.


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Appendix A3

TYPES OF LINES

A3.1 Introduction

If all lines on a drawing are equal thickness, the drawing may be confusing and difficult to read. See Fig. A3.1.1.If however, the salient features are portrayed by thicker lines, the drawing is more easily understood. See Fig.A3.1.2.

By varying the thickness and construction of lines it is possible to express meaning in the drawing which isotherwise difficult to convey. To ensure uniformity in interpretation the use of each type and thickness of line isdefined in the international and national drawing standards.


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A3.2 Lines

A3.2.1 Types and Dimensions of Lines

Table A3.1 has been prepared from AS 1100.101 - 1984, Sections. This standard and Table A3.1 specify thetypes of lines to be used in engineering drawings. It also shows the recommended proportions of dashes andspaces in lines which are not continuous. Line thicknesses used on any one drawing are generally restricted totwo, with the thin lines being half the thickness of the thick lines.

These specifications are appropriate for engineering and some survey purposes, but some variations to thesebasic requirements are to be observed for cadastral surveying purposes in Victoria. These are included inTable A3.2, on pages A3-6 to 9, which sets out the minimum line thicknesses to be used on cadastralsurveying drawings. These must be modified if necessary to suit the sheet size being used, scanning andmicrofilming considerations, and environmental conditions. It is important to ensure that the ratio of thin linesto thick lines be maintained at 1:2.

The minimum values given in Table A3.1 are suitable for drawings to be printed at a reduced size of not lessthan one-half original size. If greater reduction is required then the line thickness should be selected such thatthe thickness as printed will not be less than 0.18 mm.

The length and spacing of dashes should be consistent, but may vary in length depending on the completelength and size of the drawing. Recommended dimensions in relation to sheet sizes are shown in Table A3.1,columns 3 and 4.


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A3.2.2 Line Spacing

Parallel lines should be drawn with a clear space between them of not less than twice the thickness of the thickestline, with a minimum space of 1 mm (Fig. A3.2.1)

Where a group of parallel lines intersect another group of parallel lines, the space between lines in each groupshould not be less than 2 mm. (Fig. A3.2.2)

Care must be exercised to provide adequate spaces for rows of figures.

A3.2.3 Line Density

All lines used on drawings shall be matt and of a constant density. Lines should also present a minimum value ofcontrast of 0.7 with respect to the backgrounds of the sheet.

Note: Transparent charts of neutral grey tones are available to assist in the choice of equipment and materials tomeet these requirements.

A3.2.4 Reproduction of Pencil Lines

Pencil lines on tracings should be sharp, dense and uniform to obtain good reproduction Care should be taken toensure discernible contrasts between the thick and thin lines when using normal drawing pencils. To obtain thesecontrasts the pencil used for the thick lines may be of a softer grade than that used for the other line thicknesses.


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The grade of pencil selected for any application will depend on the nature of the drawing, the brand of pencil,climatic conditions, the medium on to which the drawing is to be made and personal preference. Pencil leadsshould be hard enough to prevent smudging, but soft enough to give good density for reproduction.

Mechanical pencils, now freely available with optional grades and thicknesses of polymer leads make pencilwork a lot easier.

A3.2.5 Application of Lines

Except where in conflict with statutory requirements, the application of lines with complementary symbolsfor various types of survey drawings are recommended as shown in Table A3.2.

The various Departments and Authorities should be consulted regarding their specific requirements.


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Note: Table A4.1 & Fig. A4.1 provide comprehensive information about ratios of line thickness to heights ofcharacters, and spacing of characters, words and lines.


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Appendix A4

LETTERING AND ASSOCIATED SYMBOLS

A4.1 Objectives

In this Appendix, which forms the basis of presentation of survey work, a renewed emphasis is given to theart and skills of freehand lettering. Proficiency in lettering not only provides a sense of satisfaction, but iscost effective in the production of some drawings and field records. Accordingly, the objectives are:

• To prepare drawings with consistency in letters and numerals which are capable of being produced atreasonable speed by hand, stencil, machine, or other means, such that they remain legible andunambiguous on a direct photocopy, in a reduced copy, and as an image on a microfilm viewingscreen or on computer screen.

• To prepare field records, miscellaneous drawings and sketches by hand to achieve a high degree oflegibility and free from ambiguities. (Note: Lettering, not "Printing" is the correct term for makingletters and numerals by hand. Printing means the facsimile production of originals by machinemethods).

• To have characters of a simple form, preferably without serifs and other embellishments, and not beof exaggerated proportions.

Clarity, style, size and spacing are important, particularly for numerals as, unlike letters, they rarely fall intoself-identifying patterns and hence are read individually.

A4.2 Lettering Standards - Australian and International

The Standards applicable to this Section are AS 1100, Part 101-1984, Section 4: Letters, Numerals andsymbols, and other information contained in the International Standards Organization, ISO 3098/1-1974:Technical Drawings - Lettering.

A4.2.1 General

The three essential requirements of lettering on survey drawings are:

• legibility

• uniformity

• suitability for microfilming, scanning and other reproduction methods.

To achieve this, the characters are to be clearly distinguishable from each other in order to avoid anyconfusion between them, even in the case of slight mutilations.


A4 - 2

Microfilming, scanning and other photographic reproductions require the distance between two adjacent linesor the space between letters or numerals to be at least equal to twice the line thickness.

To achieve these requirements, there are some basic rules to be observed, and these are summarized in Fig. A4.1and Table A4.1.

TABLE A4.1 Lettering Rules

Lettering B (d = h/10) Values in millimetres

NOTE: The spacing a between two characters may be reduced by half if this gives a better visual effect, as for exampleLA, TV; it then equals the line thickness d.

A4.2.2 Character Shapes and Proportions

The basic form for freehand lettering is illustrated in Fig. A4.2.

Stencil lettering should comply with one of the following styles. See Figs. A4.3 and A4.4.

Note: ISO 3098/1 Type A characters which have a height equal to fourteen times the line thickness are notnormally used in Australia. The ratio d/h for ISO 3098/1 Type B is 1/10 - See Fig. A4.1 and Table A4.1


A4 - 3

Machine-made lettering as produced by mechanical or transferable means should generally adhere to thebasic requirements set out in this section.

A4.2.3 Height of Characters

The height of the capital letters is taken as the base of dimensioning.

The ratio of v 2 in the range of heights for lettering is derived from the standardized progression ofdimensions for paper sizes.

The height of the characters, related to the size of the drawing sheet used, shall be not less than the heightstated in Table A4.2. Where the drawing is to be reduced, h shall be selected such that the height asreproduced is not less than 1.7 mm.

A4.2.4 Thickness of Character Lines

The maximum thickness of the lines used to form the characters shall be 0.1h, where h is the height of thecharacters as shown in Fig. A4.1 and Table A4.1. The line thickness of both lower and upper case letters shallbe the same.


A4 - 4

Fig. A4.2 Character Shapes & Proportions


A4 - 5

* Either of these characters is acceptable by ISO, but 'a' and '?' are not recommended for use in Australia

Fig. A4.3 ISO 3098/1 TYPE B UPRIGHT CHARACTERS


A4 - 6

* Either of? these characters is acceptable by ISO but a and 7 are not recommended for use in Australia

Fig. A4.4 ISO 3098/1 TYPE B SLOPING CHARACTERS


A4 - 7

A4.2.5 Spacing

A4.2.5.1 Spacing of Characters

Characters forming a word or a number should be spaced so that the distance/s between the characters(See Fig. A4.1 and Table A4.1) is approximately twice the thickness of the line forming such charactersor 1 nun, whichever is the greater.

NOTES

1 Table A4 2 specifies minimum character heights for upper case lettering only.For upper and lower case combinations, the minimum character height should be one size larger than thatspecified in the table

2 The minimum values stated in the table are suitable for copies produced according to current copyingpractice ie. A0, B1, and A1 sizes reduced to A2 size, and A2, A3 and A4 sizes not reduced in size.

A4.2.5.2 Space between Words

The space between words shall not be less than 0.6 h and should not be more than 2 h.

A4.2.5.3 Space between lines of Lettering

The space between lines of lettering shall not be less than 0.6 h.

A4.2.6 Use of Characters

Vertical characters are preferred to sloping characters. Only one style of character should be used for aparticular purpose throughout a drawing, and vertical characters should be used for titles, drawingnumbers and reference numbers.

Upper case lettering should be used except that lower case letters shall be used for conventional signs andsymbols normally requiring such characters, eg. mm, kg, kPa and all other SI units where required.

Underlined lettering should be avoided. Special emphasis, where required, may be given by the use of largercharacters.


A4 - 8

Where necessary for clarity or to prevent misinterpretation between upper case ‘I’ lower case ‘l’ and thenumeral '1', serifs may be added, or use made of the ISO alphabet and numerals in Figs. A4.3 and A4.4. Thefollowing examples indicate possible solutions:

Illustration 1 a Illustration 1 a

The letters ‘O’ and ‘I’ should not be used in combination with numbering owing to the liability of confusionwith the numerals ‘0’ and ‘1’.

All characters in a drawing shall be kept clear of lines.

Note: Where a line precludes this requirement, the line may be interrupted sufficiently to accommodatecharacters. See Fig. A4.5.

A4.2.7 Decimal Sign and Fractions

A4.2.7.1 Decimal Sign

The decimal sign for technical drawings and associated documents should be a dot preferably on the line, or atmid-height. An example is shown in Fig. A4.6.

0.35Fig. A4.6 Example of decimal form

The diameter of the dot shall be twice the thickness of the line used to form the character or 1 mm, whicheveris greater, and should be given a full character space.

Notes:

1. Standards Australia, after an earlier recommendation in favour of the comma as the decimal sign, hasnow reverted to the use of the dot, following an overwhelming preference for the dot by theAustralian community.

2. The decimal comma is commonly used in some overseas countries.


A4 - 9

3. The preferred location of the dot on the line, prevents some numbers being inadvertently readupside down. eg. 60.9.

A4.2.7.2 Decimal Fractions

Where the quantity is less than unity, the decimal sign shall be preceded by the cipher ‘0’ (See Fig. A4.6).

A4.2.8 Reference Numbers

Numbers referring to items in lists should be enclosed as shown in Fig. A4.7. The enclosing lines should bethe same thickness as Type B lines in Table A3.1.

A4.2.9 Dimension Lines and Symbols

A4.2.9.1 General

A dimension line on any drawing must clearly and accurately indicate the extent and direction of thedimension, and the work so arranged to permit the dimension figure to be clearly identified.

Associated with dimension lines are extension lines, arrowheads, dots and leaders, which have developed asthe universal method of providing the reader with an accurate identification of the lines and surfaces to whichthey refer.

Extension lines are usually drawn at right angles to dimension lines, but may be varied in the interests ofclarity. See Fig A4.8.

In general, the shorter dimensions are placed closest to the object outline. This makes for a tidy presentation,and makes it unnecessary for extension lines to cross dimension lines, which is to be avoided. A dimensionline should never co-incide with, or form a continuation of any hue on a drawing, and dimension lines shouldnot cross one another.


A4 - 10

Where these lines and symbols are used on technical drawings, the size of characters, and spacing andthickness of lines and characters shall comply with Tables A3.1 and A4.1 and Fig. A3.2.1 and A3.2.2.

A4.2.9.2 Arrowheads

Arrowheads should be uniform in size and style throughout the drawing, and should not vary with size of thedrawing sheet, or the length of dimensions. They should be drawn freehand with the length and width in ratioof 3:1, or in the open style as illustrated in Fig. A4.9.

A4.2.9.3 Leaders

A leader should be a thin continuous line leading from a note, reference cipher, or dimension, and terminatingwith a dot or arrowhead touching the part to which it refers. A leader should generally be an inclined straightline, and if near each other, drawn parallel. Leader lines should not intersect. This helps to preserve neatnessand clarity, always essential qualities in a drawing.

A leader to a circle should be radial, so that if extended, it would pass through the centre.


A4 - 11

A4.2.10 Dots

A4.2.10.1 Dots terminating Line

Dots used for terminating dimension lines shall be of a diameter that is approximately three times thethickness of the dimension line which they terminate, but shall not be less than 1.5 mm. See Fig. A4.10.

A4.2.10.2 Dots terminating Leaders

Dots used for terminating leaders shall be of a diameter that is approximately twice the thickness of theleaders which they terminate, but shall not be less than 1 mm.

4.2.11 Use of Arrowheads and Dots

In drawings of individual items, leaders to notes should terminate in arrowheads; however, in assemblydrawings dots are preferred for the termination of leaders to notes and item numbers. See Fig.A4.11.


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A4.3 Standard Char acters and Freehand Lettering

The general form and proportions of characters used in surveying and engineering presentations is shown inFig A4.2.

In all forms of lettering, uniformity is essential. Uniformity in height, inclination, line thickness, spacing ofletters within words, spacing of words and lines of lettering ensures a pleasing effect. Uniformity in heightand inclination should be controlled by the use of guidelines.

A4.4 Optical Illusions

Good lettering is a function of artistic design, in which white and black areas are harmoniously balanced togive a pleasing appearance. Letters are designed to compensate for anomalies in perception.

The height/width ratio of letters vary, as well as the placing of horizontal strokes in B, E, F and H slightlyhigher and lower to overcome optical illusions.


A5 - 1

Appendix A5

CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS & MAP PROJECTIONS

A5.1 Co-ordinate Systems.

A5.1.1 The Australian Geodetic Datum 1966 (AGD66).

AGD66 was adopted for use throughout Australia in 1966 replacing the various systems in use by individualStates up until that time. This system has remained in use in Victoria and will continue to be used until 1January 2000 when GDA94 will become the officially sanctioned datum.

AGD66 is defined by the position of the Johnston Geodetic Station (near Alice Springs) on the AustralianNational Spheroid (ANS) as determined in the National Adjustment of 1966 which provided the AGD66 co-ordinate set.

As satellite and Very Long Base Line Interferometry (VLBI) measurements utilising radio telescopes becameavailable and as further densification of the national network occurred, a further national adjustment wasundertaken in 1982 resulting in the AGD84 co-ordinate set. This set was adopted by several States whichconsidered it to offer advantages over the AGD66 set but was not adopted by either Victoria or New SouthWales.

A5.1.2 The Geodetic Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94).

With the advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS), it became possible to obtain geodetic qualitymeasurements over distances from a few to hundreds of kilometres with relative ease. Although originally anAmerican military navigation and positioning system it has been enthusiastically embraced by both civilianand surveying users.

This assisted in the decision to adopt an earth centred datum on a global rather than local ellipsoid (GeodeticReference System 80 or GRS80) for a new national adjustment utilising both conventional and GPSobservations to define the GDA94 national data set.

GDA94 is realised through the global solution of the Australian Fiducial Network and Australian NationalNetwork (AFN and ANN) Stations.

The AFN now consists of eight permanently tracking GPS sites which help to provide data to monitormovement of the Australian Plate and also assist in GPS constellation integrity monitoring.

Pending completion of the computation of relevant transformation parameters and of the readjustment of thesecondary and tertiary control networks, GDA values will be available for use in Victoria from 1 January,2000.


A5 - 2

A5.2 Projections A5.2.1 The Australian Map Grid 1966 (AMG66).

Geodetic co-ordinates are usually expressed in terms of latitudes and longitudes. It is more convenient formany uses to employ a system of rectangular grid co-ordinates.

The standard representation of the curved earth on a map sheet is by the Universal Transverse Mercator(UTM) projection. The Transverse Mercator projection is a variation of a simple cylindrical projection drawnor projected onto a vertical cylinder tangential at the equator to the spheroid representing the earth.

The UTM system has Zones of 6 degrees width in longitude with the Scale Factor at the Central Meridian ofeach Zone equal to 0.9996.

The zones are numbered sequentially from Greenwich.

Land surveys in Victoria lie in either Zone 54 or Zone 55 (Fig. A7.2 in Appendix 7 shows the zoneboundaries in Victoria).

For cadastral and survey co-ordination purposes, the Parishes in Victoria have been assigned to zones and arelisted in Schedule 5 of the Survey Co-ordination (Surveys) Regulations 1992 (see also section 7.7.2 and Fig.7.3 of Survey Practice Handbook, Part 2).

To avoid the problem of negative co-ordinates south of the equator or west of the Central Meridian, a falseorigin is used which adds 500,000m to the easting values and 10,000,000m to the Northing values.

Rigorous formulae and worked examples for computations on the AMG may be found in the AustralianGeodetic Datum Technical Manual (Special Publication No. 10) published by the National Mapping Council.This is also available through the AUSLIG Web page:http://www.auslig.gov.au

A5.2.2 The Map Grid of Australia 1994 (MGA94).

The MGA94 has been named as such to distinguish it from the AMG66. The grid is still the UTM system,however, the difference of approximately 200m between the AGD66 and GDA94 origins is reflected in theco-ordinate differences between AMG66 and MGA94. The co-ordinate shift from AMG66 to MGA94 is tothe north east consisting of about 115m. E-W and 175m. N-S.

The same Zone widths, scale factors and false origins will apply to MGA94 as to AMG66 and computationson the grid will use the same formulae after due allowance is made for the differing figure of the Earth.

A5.2.3 VICGRID Co-ordinates

In 1995, Geographic Data Victoria (GDV), formally announced that a new map projection called VICGRID isto be adopted for the Victorian Geographic Information System Database. This new projection to replace thepreviously used VICMAP-TM (sometimes referred to as pseudo-AMG).


A5 - 3

The specifications of VICGRID are as follows:

VICGRID co-ordinates (metres) are derived from Lambert's Conformal Conic projection of latitudes andlongitudes on the Australian Geodetic Datum - 1966 (AGD66) with standard parallels of latitude at 36°S. and38°S. and a central meridian of longitude at 145°E.

The origin of VICGRID co-ordinates is 2,500,000 metres west and 4,500,000 metres south of theintersection of the parallel of latitude 37° S. and the central meridian of longitude at 145° E.

Formulae for VICGRID are listed in Appendix D attached to "Report to the Office of Geographic Data Co-ordination on a suitable map projection for the Victorian Geographic Information System Database", October1994. The report, together with software, is available from Geographic Data Victoria (GDV).


A6 - 1

Appendix A6

ABBREVIATIONS

A6.1 List of Abbreviation Tables

Table A6.1

This table contains general abbreviations of an English word or of two or more English words of common usein surveying in Victoria. In accordance with recommended practice, uppercase letters shall be used exceptwhere otherwise shown in the table.

Table A6.2

This table gives the interpretation of the abbreviations listed in Table A6.1.

Table A6.3

This table is an extract of abbreviations of terms used on architectural and building drawings, and which arenot elsewhere included above.

Table A6.4

This table gives the interpretation of the abbreviations listed in Table A6.3.

A6.2 Use Of Abbreviations

A6.2.1 Clarity

Abbreviations shall be used only when their meanings are unquestionably clear to the intended reader -WHEN IN DOUBT, SPELL IT OUT.

A6.2.2 Word Combinations

An abbreviation of a word combination shall not be separated for use singly. Single abbreviations may becombined when necessary if there is no abbreviation listed for the combination.

A6.2.3 Syntax

Unless otherwise indicated herein, the same abbreviation shall be used for all tenses, the possessive case,participate endings, and singular or plural, and noun and modifying forms.

A6.2.4 Punctuation

Punctuation marks which do not appear in this appendix shall not be used with the abbreviation of a technicalterm.


A6 - 2

A6.3 References

Many of the abbreviations listed in Table A6.1 are already set out in Australian Standard 1100, Part 101 -1984.

Also included is a section on SI Units and their multiples and sub-multiples. These have been repeated here toprovide a single reference document for more particular use in the practice of surveying.

The supplementary Table A6.3 has been extracted from tables in AS 1100, Part 301 - 1985 ArchitecturalDrawing.

Information on abbreviations of terms in common use on mechanical and structural engineering drawings,which were in previous editions of this handbook, may be found in the Australian Engineering DrawingHandbook Part 1 - Revised 1982.


A6 - 3

TABLE A6.1Abbreviations of Terms in Common Use in Surveying in Victoria

Word(s) Abbrev- Expllation Note

adopt ADaggregate AQQRagricultural AGagricultural pipe drain APDalley ALallotment ALLOTaltitude ALTamendment AMDTampere Aapproved APPDapproximate APPROXarc Aarcade ARCasbestos cement ACastronomical ASTROassumed datum ASSDatmosphere ATMAustralia/Australian AUS (1)Australian geodetic datum AGDAustralian height datum AHDAustralian map grid AMGAustralian national spheroid ANSAustralian standard ASauxiliary AUXavenue AVaverage AVGazimuth AZ

back of BK OFback sight BSbarb BB (2)bearing BRGbench mark BMbitumen BITbluestone (Victorian basalt) BSTONE (2)block BLKbottom BOTboulevard BLVDboundary BDYbrass BRSbrick BKbrick veneer BVbrickwork BWKbridge BRBritish standard BSbronze BRZbuilding BLDGbuilding line BL

calculated CALCcapacity CAPcarnageway CWAYcast iron Clcement lined (pipe) CLcemetery CEM or Ccentimetre cmcentral plan office CPOcentre CENcentre of C OFcentreline CLcentre to centre C TO Ccertificate of adjustment C OF Acertificate of correction C OF Ccertificate of title C/T

certified plan CPchain wire mesh CWM (2)change of grade C OF Gchange point CPchannel CHNLchase CHA


chord Cchurch CHcircle CIRCcircuit CCTci rcu it (roadway) C I RTcircumference CIRCcircus CIRclose (roadway) CLcoefficient COEFcolumn COLcommon tangent point CTPcomputed COMPconcourse CONconcrete CONCconcrete block CBconstruction CONSTRcontour CTRcoordinate COORDcorner CNRcorrected CORRcorrosion-resistant steel(stainless steel) CREScorrugated CORRcorrugated galvanized iron CGI (2)court CTcreek CKcrescent CREScrossfall XFALLcrossing XINGcrossover XOVERcross section XSECTcrown allotment CAcrown grant C/Gcrown portion CPcrown section SECcubic metre m3

cubic millimetre mm3

cycle per second (frequency) Hzculvert CULV

declination DECLdegree (angular) …°degree Celsius °Cdepartment DEPTdepression DEPNdetail DETdiagram DIAGdiameter DIAinside IDoutside ODdimension DIMdistance DISTdivision DIVdrain DRdrawing DRGdnve DVdriveway DVWYdwelling DWG

easement EMTEast Eeccentric ECCelectric ELECelectric light pole ELPelectromagnetic distancemeasurement E DMelevation ELEVengineering ENGequivalent EQUIVestimate ESTesplanade ESPexclude EXC


A6 - 4

Word(s) Abbrev- Expl.iation Note

existing EXSTexpansion EXPexternal EXT

face of F OFfall Ffence Ffield book FBfield records FRSfigure FIGfinished floor height FFHfolio FOLforesight FSforward FWDfound FDfreeway FWYfrequency FREQaudio AFintermediate IFlow LFmedium MFhigh HFvery high VHFultra high UHFfull supply level FSL

galvanized QALVgalvanized iron Glgalvanized iron pipe GIPgalvanized mild steel GALV MSgalvanized wrought iron GWI (2)gazette GAZglade GLAgovernment GOVTgram ggrange GRAgrid north GNground level GLgrove GV

hectare haheight HThertz Hzhigh pressure HPhigh voltage HVhigh water mark HWMhighway HWYhinge joint HJOINT (2)horizontal HORIZhorizontal board HORIZ BD (2)hour h

include INCLinside diameter IDinstrument point IPinternal INTInternational System of Units SI(Systeme International d Unites)intersection point IPinvert INVinvert height IHirrigation IRRisland IS

kerb KBkilogram kgkilolitre klkilometre km

Word(s) Abbrev- Expl.iation Note

kilopascal kPakilovolt ampere kVaknot kn

lane LAlatitude LATleft Lleft hand LHleft hand side LHSlevel LEVlevel book LBlicensed surveyor LSlitre Ilodged plan LPlongitude LONGlow pressure LPlow voltage LVlow water mark LWM

magnetic MAGmagnetic north MNmanhole MHmanhole cover MHCmark MKmaximum MAXmean sea level MSLmegalitre Mlmegapascal MPametre mmetre per second m/smild steel MSmillilitre mlmillimetre mmminimum MINminute (angular) ....'minute (time) minmiscellaneous MISCmount MT

natural surface NSnautical mile n milenetting NETT (2)new peg NPnew peg and trench NPTnew trench NTNorth Nnot defined NOT DEFnot to scale NTSnumber NO

old peg OPold peg and trench OPTold trench OToriginal ORIGoriginal plan OPornamental wire ORN W (2)outside diameter ODoverall OAoverhead OH

paling PAL (2)parade PDEparallel PARpart PTpedestrian PEDpermanent PERMTpermanent mark PMpicket PIC (2)


A6 - 5

EXPLANATORY NOTES

(1) This abbreviation conforms to ISO 3166 - Code for the Representation of Names of Countries(2) These have particular reference to descriptions of fences and structures


pipe line PLplace PLplain PLplan of cluster subdivision CSplan of consolidation (Land Titles PCOffice)plan of strata subdivision SPplan of subdivision LPplan of subdivision (1988 onwards) PSplan of survey PSplinth PL (2)polyvinylacetate PVA

polytetrafluoroethylene PTFEpolyvmylchlonde PVCportion PORTposition POSpost and wire P &Wpost office POpressure PRESSprimary cadastral mark PCMpromenade PROMpublic PUB

quadrant QUADquantity QTY

radian radradius RADrailway RLYreduced (chainage) Rreduced level RLreference REFreference mark RMregistered survey mark RSMregistered surveyor RSregulation REGreinforced concrete RCreinforced concrete pipe RCPreinforcement REINFrelative humidity RHrequired REQDreserve RESright Rright hand RHright hand side RHSnnglock RLOCK (2)rise Rriver Rroad RDroot mean square RMSround RD

schedule SCHEDsecant distance SECsecond (angular) ….”


second (time) ssection (crown) SECsection SECTsewer SEWsheet SH

South Ssplit SP (2)square SQsquare centimetre cm2

square kilometre km2

square metre m2

square millimetre mm2

standard STDstandard survey mark SSMstandard temperature andpressure STPstation STAsteel STLstreet STstructure STR

tangent distance TANtangent point TPtemperature TEMPtemporary bench mark TBMterrace TCETitle Plan of Subdivision TPtonne tTransfer of Land Act TLAtraverse TRAVtngonometncal TRIGtrue north TN

underground U/G

vapour pressure VPvertical VERTvertical board VERT BD (2)vertical curve VCvertical interval VIVictoria VICvitrified clay VCvolt Vvolume VOL

water level, wateriine WLweatherboard WBweld mesh WELD M (2)West Wwire W (2)wood WDwrought iron Wl (2)

year a


A6 - 6

TABLE A6.2Interpretation of abbreviations Listed in Table A6.1

Abbreviation Word(s)

A ampereA arca yearAC asbestos cementAD adoptAF audio frequencyAG agriculturalAGD Australian geodetic datumAGGR aggregateAH D Australian height datumAL alleyALLOT allotmentALT altitudeAMG Australian map gridAMDT amendmentANS Australian national spheroidAPD agricultural pipe drainAPPD approvedAPPROX approximateARC arcadeAS Australian standardASSD assumed datumASTRO astronomicalATM atmosphereAUS Australia/AustralianAUX auxiliaryAV avenueAVG averageAZ azimuth

BB barbBDY boundaryBIT bitumenBK brickBK OF back ofBL building lineBLDG buildingBLK blockBLVD boulevardBM bench markBOT bottomBR bridgeBRG bearingBRS brassBRZ bronzeBS back sightBS British standardBSTONE bluestone (Victorian basalt)BV brick veneerBWK brickwork

C chordCA crown allotmentCALC calculatedCAP capacityCB concrete blockCCT circuitCEM or C cemeteryCEN centreC/G crown grantCH churchCHA chaseCHNL channelCl cast ironCIR circusCIRC circleCIRC circumferenceCIRT circuit (roadway)CK creekCL cement lined (pipe)


CL close (roadway)CL centrelinecm centimetrecm^ square centimetreCNR comerCOEF coefficientC OF centre ofC OF A certificate of adjustmentC OF C certificate of correctionC OF G change of gradeCOL columnCOMP computedCON concourseCONC concreteCONSTR constructionCOORD coordinateCORR correctedCORR corrugatedCGI corrugated galvanized ironCP certified planCP change pointCP crown portionCP plan of consolidation (Office of Titles)CPO central plan officeORES crescentCRES corrosion-resistant steel (stainless steel)CS plan of cluster subdivisionCT courtC/T certificate of titleC TO C centre to centre, centresCTP common tangent pointCTR contourCULV culvertCWAY carriagewayCWM chain wire mesh

DECL declinationDEPN depressionDEPT departmentDET detailDIA diameterDIAG diagramDIM dimensionDIST distanceDIV divisionDR drainDV driveDVWY drivewayDWG dwellingDRG drawing

E EastECC eccentricEDM electromagnetic distance measurementELEC electricELEV elevationELP electric light poleEMT easementENG engineeringEQUIV equivalentESP esplanadeEST estimateEXCL excludeEXP expansionEXST existingEXT external

F fallF fenceFB field book

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA PART 1 1997 Appendix A6,

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FD foundFFH finished floor heightFIG figureFRS field recordsF OF face ofFOL folioFREQ frequencyFS foresightFSL full supply levelFWD forwardFWY freeway

g gramGALV galvanizedGALV MS galvanized mild steelGAZ gazetteGl galvanized ironGIP galvanized iron pipeQL ground levelGLA gladeGN grid northGOVT governmentGRA grangeGV groveGW] galvanized wrought iron

h hourha hectareHF high frequencyH JOINT hinge jointHORIZ horizontalHORIZ BD horizontal boardHP high pressureHT heightHV high voltageHWM high water markHWY highwayHz cycle per second (frequency)Hz hertz

ID inside diameterIF intermediate frequencyIH invert height1NCL includeINT internalINV invertIP instrument pointIP intersection pointIRR irrigationIS island

KB kerbkg kilogramkl talolitrekm kilometrekm2 square kilometrekn knotkPa kilopascalkVA kilovolt ampere

L leftI litreLA laneLAT latitudeLB level bookLEV levelLF low frequencyLH left handLHS left hand side


LONG longitudeLP lodged planLP low pressureLP plan of subdivisionLS Licensed SurveyorLV low voltageLWM low water mark

m metrem2 square metrem3 cubic metreMAG magneticMAX maximumMF medium frequencyMH manholeMHC manhole coverMIN minimummm minute (time)MISC miscellaneousMK markMl megalitreml millilitremm millimetremm2 square millimetremm3 cubic millimetreMN magnetic northMPa megapascalMS mild steelm/s metre per secondMSL mean sea levelMT mount

N NorthNETT nettingn mile nautical mileNO numberNOT DEF not definedNP new pegNPT new peg and trenchNS natural surfaceNT new trenchNTS not to scale

OA overallOD outside diameterOH overheadOP old pegOP original planOPT old peg and trenchORIG originalORN W ornamental wireOT old trench

P&W post and wirePAL palingPAR parallelPDE paradePED pedestrianPERMT permanentPIC picketPL pipe linePL placePL plainPL plinthPM permanent markPO post officePORT portionP08 positionPRESS pressure


A6 - 8


PROM promenadePT partPTFE polytetrafluoroethylenePUB publicPVA polyvinylacetatePVC polyvinylchloride

QTY quantityQUAD quadrant

R reduced (chainage)R rightR riseR riverRAD radiusrad radianRC reinforced concreteRCP reinforced concrete pipeRD roadRD roundREF referenceREG regulationREINF reinforcementREQD requiredRES reserveRH relative humidityRH right handRHS right hand sideRL reduced levelRLOCK ringlockRLY railw ayRM reference markRMS root mean squareRP plan of strata subdivisionRS registered surveyorRSM registered survey mark

S Souths second (time)SCHED scheduleSEC crown sectionSEC secant distanceSECT sectionSEW sewerSH sheetSI International System of Units

(Systeme International d' Unites)


SP splitSQ squareSSM standard survey markST streetSTA stationSTD standardSTL steelSTP standard temperature and pressureSTR structure

t tonneTAN tangent distanceTBM temporary bench markTCE terraceTEMP temperatureTLA Transfer of Land ActTN true northTP tangent pointTRAV traverseTRIG trigonometrical

UHF ultra high frequencyU/G underground

V voltVC vertical curveVC vitrified clayVERT verticalVERT BD vertical boardVHF very high frequencyVI vertical intervalVIC VictoriaVOL volumeVP vapour pressure

W WestW wireWB weatherboardWD woodWELD M weld meshWL water level, waterlineWl wrought iron

XFALL crossfallXING crossingXOVER crossoverXSECT cross section


A6 - 9

TABLE A6.3Abbreviations of Terms in Common Use on Architectural and Building Drawings

Word(s) Abbreviation

access opening AOaccess panel APacid-proof floor APFacid resistant ARacid waste AWacoustic ACSTacoustic plaster ceiling APCacoustic tile ceiling ATCacrylic ACRYadhesive ADHair brick ABaluminium ALasbestos ASBasbestos cement board ACBDasphalt ASPH

baffle BAFbaseplate BPLbasin Bbearer BRRblanket BLKTboard BDbookcase BCboundary trap BTbriquette BRIQbucket BKTbuilt-in B/I

cabinet CABcanopy CANcantilever CANTcasing CSGcaulking CLKGcavity CAVcavity wall CWceiling CLQceiling joist CJceiling level CLcement CEMcement render CRchemical closet CCchrome plated CPchute CHcleaning eye CEclear glass CGclock CKclosed circuit television CCTVclothes drier CDclothes washer CWcoating CTQcold water CWcold water tank CWTcollar tie CWcomposition COMP(O)concrete ceiling CCconcrete floor CFcontact adhesive CAcooker Ccopper Cucorner CNRcut-off valve COVcupboard CPD

damp-proof course DPCdisconnector trap DTdishwasher DWdistribution switchboard DSBdouble glazing DGdouble hung DHdrinking fountain DF


earthenware EWeduct vent EVeffluent EFFexpanded metal lath EMLexpansion joint EJ

fibrous plasterboard FPBDfire alarm FAfire water service FWSfire detector FDfire extinguisher FEfire hose rack/reel FHRfire hydrant FHfire plug FPfire resistant FRfloor FLRfloor waste FWflush fitting FFflushometer tank FTframework FWK

gas meter GMgeneral purpose outlet GPOglass reinforced concrete GRCglass reinforced plastic(s) GRPglazed earthenware GEWglazed vitrified clay GVCgranolithic GRANDgrease interceptor trap GIT

hardboard HBDhardcore HChardwood HWDheater HTRhot water unit HW

indicator INDinduct vent IVinspection chamber ICinspection opening 10insulation INSULinterceptor trap IT

lining LNGlinoleum LI NOliquefied petroleum gas LPGlouvre LVR

main switchboard MSBmasonry MSRYmeter M

natural ground level NGLnickel plated NP

obscure glass OGoil interceptor trap OIToven 0

partition PTNpedestal PEDplasterboard PBDplate glass PGplywood PLYprecast PCprefabricated PREFABpush-button PB

quadrant moulding QUAD


A6 - 10


rainwater head RWHrainwater pipe RWPrefrigerator REFRIGroller shutter RS

safe working load SWLsafety valve SVsatin chrome plated SCPsewer drain SDsewer vent pipe SVPshower SHRsliding door SDsoftwood SWDstandpipe SPstopcock SCstop tap STstop valve SVstormwater drain SWDstrawboard SBD

telephone TELtelevision TV


terra cotta TCterrazzo TRZOtime switch TStough plastic sheathed TPS

underside U/Surinal URutility UTIL

vapour barrier VBvent pipe VPventilator VENTvinyl tiles VTvitrified clay pipe VCP

wallboard WBDwardrobe WRwaste pipe WPwashing machine WMwash trough WTwater meter WMRwaterproof membrane WPM

yard gully YG


A6 - 11

TABLE A6.4Interpretation of Abbreviations Listed in Table A6.3


AB air brickACBD asbestos cement boardACRY acrylicACST acousticADH adhesiveAl aluminiumAO access openingAP access panelAPC acoustic plaster ceilingAPF acid-proof floorAR acid-resistantASB asbestosASPH asphaltATC acoustic tile ceilingAW acid waste

B basinBAF baffleBC bookcaseB D boardB/I built-inBKT bucketBLKT blanketBPL baseplateBRIQ briquetteBRR bearerBT boundary trap

C cookerCA contact adhesiveCAB cabinetCAN canopyCANT cantileverCAV cavityCC chemical closetCC concrete ceilingCCTV closed circuit televisionCD clothes drierCE cleaning eye -CEM cementCF concrete floorCG clear glassCH chuteCK clockCJ ceiling joistCL ceiling levelCLQ ceilingCLKG caulkingCNR cornerCOMP(O) compositionCP chrome platedCPD cupboardCR cement renderCSG casingCT collar tieCTG coatingCu copperCW cavity wallCW clothes washerCW cold waterCWT cold water tank

DF drinking fountainDG double glazedDH double hungDSB distribution switchboardDT disconnector trapDW dishwasher


EFF effluentEJ expansion jointEML expanded metal lathEV educt ventEW earthenware

FA fire alarmFD fire detectorfe fire extinguisherFF flush fittingFH fire hydrantFHR fire hose rack/reelFLR floorFP fire plugFPBD fibrous plasterboardFR fire resistantFT flushometer tankFW floor wasteFWK frameworkFWS fire water service

GEW glazed earthenwareG IT grease interceptor trapGM gas meterGPO general purpose outletGRAND granolithicGRC glass reinforced concreteGRP glass reinforced plastic(s)GVC glazed vitrified clay

HBD hardboardHC hardcoreHTR heaterHW hot water unitHWD hardwood

IC inspection chamberIND indicatorINSUL insulation10 inspection openingIT interceptor trapIV induct vent

LINO linoleumLNG liningLPG liquefied petroleum gasLVR louvre

M meterMSB main switchboardMSRY masonry

NP nickel platedNGL natural ground level

0 ovenOG obscure glassOIT oil interceptor trap

PB push-buttonPBD plasterboardPC precastPED pedestalPG plate glassPLY plywoodPREFAB prefabricatedPTN partition


A6 - 12


QUAD quadrant moulding

REFRIG refrigeratorRS roller shutterRWH rainwater headRWP rainwater pipe

SBD strawboardSC stopcockSCP satin chrome platedSD sewer drainSD sliding doorSHR showerSP standpipeST stop tapSV safety valveSV stop valveSVP sewer vent pipeSWD softwoodSWD stormwater drainSWL safe working load

TC terra cottaTEL telephone


TPS tough plasticsheathedTRZO terrazzoTS time switchTV television

UR urinalU/S undersideUTIL utility

VB vapour barrierVCP vitrified clay pipeVENT ventilatorVP vent pipeVT vinyl tiles

WBD wallboardWM washing machineWMR water meterWP waste pipeWPM waterproofmembraneWR wardrobeWT wash trough

YG yard gully

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA PART 1-1997 Appendix A7, - Page 1 of 2

A7 - 1

Appendix A7

MAGNETIC DECLINATION

LEGEND

l TOOLANGI OBSERVATORY RESULTS

ACCURACIES: PRE - 1948 ABOUT 0.2° - 0.5°POST - 1948 BETTER THAN 0.1°

- - - - INDICATIONS FROM EARLIEST SURVEYS AROUND MELBOURNE

Fig. A7.1 Magnetic Declination - Historic Perspective

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA PART 1-1997 Appendix A7, - Page 2 of 2

A7 - 2

Appendix A7

A8- 1

Appendix A8

LAYOUT OF PLANS

1 PLAN OF SURVEY 1 Sheet

This Plan may be used for:

Subdivision Act 1988

Section 26

Transfer of Land Act 1958

Section 99

Section 103

Section 60 (Where all the land under survey is subject to adverse

possession)

2 ABSTRACT OF FIELD RECORDS OF SURVEY

Example 1 2 Sheets

Example 2 2 Sheets

3 RECORD OF HAVING RE-ESTABLISHED A PARCEL Schedule 4 Surveyors (Cadastral Surveys)

Regulations 1995

Example 1 Sheet

4 SURVEY AND FEATURE PLAN

Example 1 Sheet

5 PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT

Example 1 Sheet

6 PLAN OF CROWN ALLOTMENTS

Example 2 Sheets

7 PLAN OF ROAD ALIGNMENT SURVEY

Example 1 Sheet

8 SUPPLEMENTARY ABSTRACT OF FIELD RECORDS OF SURVEY

Example 1 1 Sheet

Example 2 2 Sheets

9 PLAN LAYOUTS REQUIRED FOR SUBDIVISION ACT 1988

Example 1 Plan of Subdivision 2 Lots 2 Sheets

Example 2 Plan of Subdivision showing specified easements 2 Sheets

Example 3 Plan of Consolidation 1 Sheet

Example 4 Plan of Creation of Easement 1 Sheet

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA PART 1 -1997, - Appendix A8

A8-2

9 PLAN LAYOUTS REQUIRED FOR SUBDIVISION ACT 1988 (Continued)

Example 5 Plan of Removal of Easement 1 Sheet

Example 6 Plan of Variation of Easement 1 Sheet

Example 7 Plan of Creation of Restriction 1 Sheet

Example 8 Creation of Restriction in Plan of Subdivision 1 Sheet

or Consolidation

Example 9A Plan of Removal/Variation of a Restriction 1 Sheet

Example 9B Plan of Subdivision Removing a Restriction 2 Sheets

Example 10 Master Plan of Staged Subdivision 3 Sheets

Example 11 Plan of Subdivision for Land Stage 2 2 Sheets

Example 12 Master Plan of a Staged Subdivision 3 Sheets

with a Body Corporate

Example 13 Plan of Subdivision for a Staged 2 3 Sheets

with Body Corporate

Example 14 Plan of Subdivision in Strata 4 Sheets

with Body Corporate

Example 15 Plan of Subdivision for Road Widening, 2 Sheets

including Acquisition Boundary Re-alignment

and Acquiring Authority Land

Example 16 Plan of Subdivision of Road Deviation, 3 Sheets

including Multiple Acquisition, Unencumbered

Land, Additional Lots, Planning Permit,

Vesting of Reserves and Partial Survey

Example 17 Plan to Subdivide a Lot on a Strata Plan 2 Sheets

where Common Property is not affected

Example 18 Plan to Subdivide Lots on a Plan of 2 Sheets

Subdivision where Common Property is affected

Example 19 Plan to create a Body Corporate for existing Lots 3 Sheets

Example 20 Plan for vesting a reserve in Council and removing 1 Sheet

a reservation

10 TITLE PLAN

Example 1 Sheet

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA PART 1 -1997, - Appendix A8

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA PART 1 -1997, Appendix A8 - Layout of Plans

No.1

PLAN OF SURVEY

This Plan may be used for:

Subdivision Act 1988Section 26

Transfer of Land Act 1958 Section99 Section 103Section 60 (Where all the land under survey is subject to

adverse possession)

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK-VICTORIA PART 1 -1997, Appendix A8-Layout of Plans

No. 2

ABSTRACT OF FIELD RECORDS OFSURVEY

Example 1


No. 2

ABSTRACT OF FIELD RECORDS OFSURVEY

Example 2





No. 3

RECORD OF HAVING RE-ESTABLISHED A PARCEL

Surveyor's Signature........……..Date of Survey: 25.7.1995

Surveyor's Name Joe Bloggs SMITH Nameof firm PCM Surveys Pty Ltd Surveyorsreference no. V273-15

RECORD OF HAVING RE-ESTABLISHED A PARCELFor Office use only

53 Beresford RoadGolden Square 35559614 - 265Lot 28 LP 32547E 258051, N5925778Sandhurst

Datum (including previous survey reference): PS 327180

Schedule of Co-ordinatesMark Description Zone 55 AMG co-ordinates AHD Remarks

Easting Northing valuePM90 258091.258 5925780.868 DatumPM92 258090.93 5925677.14 FoundPCM Drill hole with wings in concrete 258043.05 5925802.50 Placed111770014 footpathPCM Steel star post 258058.90 5925795.39 Found111770015 PS

327180

Combined height and scale factor used: 1.0003037

Reason if unable to connect to AMG:

Marks not available Other.................……………………………………………………………………….

DIAGRAM OF SURVEY CONTROL MARKS AND RELATIONSHIP WITH ADOPTED ALIGNMENTS.

Parcel IdentificationAddress:

Title Vol FolCrown description/Plan reference

ParacentroidParish of


No. 4

SURVEY AND FEATURE PLAN


No. 5

PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT


No. 6

PLAN OF CROWN ALLOTMENTS


No. 7

PLAN OF ROAD ALIGNMENT SURVEY


No. 8

SUPPLEMENTARY ABSTRACT OFFIELD RECORDS OF SURVEY

Example 1


No. 8

SUPPLEMENTARY ABSTRACT OFFIELD RECORDS OF SURVEY

Example 2

No. 9

PLAN LAYOUTS REQUIRED FOR

SUBDIVISION ACT 1988

SURVEY PRACTICE HANDBOOK - VICTORIA PART 1 - 1997, Appendix A8 - Layout of Plans

Example 7 (1 Sheet) PLAN OF CREATION OF RESTRICTION Use if creation is not done as part of a Plan of Subdivision or Consolidation

Regulation 17 Subdivision (Procedures) Regulations 1989 SUBDIVISION ACT 1988

PLAN OF CREATION OF RESTRICTION

The following restriction is to be created upon registration of this plan as directed in (insert name of planning scheme amendment or planning permit number).

Land to Benefit: (Insert Land description.)

Land to be Burdened: (Insert Land description.)

Description of Restriction: (Insert description or refer to attached document.)

"Council Certification and Endorsement:

"Council Name: REF.

1. This plan is certified under section 6 of the Subdivision Act 1988.

*2. This is a Statement of Compliance issued under section 21 of the Subdivision Act 1988.

"(Council delegate)

"(Council seal)

Date.....................................

* Delete if inapplicable. Sheet 1 of 1 Sheet

Note 1: If the burdened land or the land to benefit is less than the whole of the land in a folio of the Register, the land description of the relevant parcels(s) must be supplied.

Example 8 (This sheet to form part of the plan)

CREATION OF RESTRICTION IN A PLAN OF SUBDIVISION OR CONSOLIDATION

Regulation 17 Subdivision (Procedures) Regulations 1989 Plan Number: (Insert plan of subdivision or consolidation number)

CREATION OF RESTRICTION

Upon registration of this plan the following restriction is to be created.

Land to benefit: (Insert lot numbers or other land description as appropriate.)

Land to be burdened: (Insert lot numbers or other land description as appropriate.)

Description of Restriction: (Insert details of restriction.)

Sheet of Sheets Licensed

Surveyor (Print) Date / / Signature Date / /

Council Delegate Ref: Version

Signature

Note 1: If a restriction is to be created other than as part of a plan of subdivision or consolidation example 7 may be used with appropriate amendments. In such a case the land benefited must be described.

Example 9A (1 Sheet) PLAN OF REMOVAL/VARIATION OF RESTRICTION (Not as part of a Plan of

Subdivision or Consolidation) Regulation 17 Subdivision (Procedures) Regulations 1989 (Do not use a plan number)

PLAN OF *REMOVAL VARIATION OF RESTRICTION

Upon registration of this plan the following restriction is to be "removed *varied.

This "removal "variation is regulated or authorised by (insert the name and amendment number of the planning scheme or planning permit number.)

Land over which the restriction is to be *varied "removed. (Insert Volume and Folio number or other description as appropriate. Diagram may be attached).

Identity of restriction: (Insert instrument number e.g. transfer number or plan number in which the restriction was originally created.)

"'Variation: (Insert details of the variation regulated or authorised by the planning scheme or permit.)

1. The plan is certified under section 6 of the Subdivision Act 1988.

2. This is a Statement of Compliance issued under section 21 of the Subdivision Act 1988.

"'(Council delegate)

"'(Council seal)

Date / / Applicant/Surveyor: (Applicant to sign each page if plan not prepared by a surveyor, otherwise surveyor to sign.)

Date / / *Delete if inapplicable. Sheet 1 of 1 Sheet

Note 1: A copy of the amendment to the planning scheme and a copy of the page of the Government Gazette in which the amendment is approved must accompany this application. If a planning permit is relied upon then the original permit or copy must accompany this application.

Note 2: If the plan has more than one sheet, each sheet must be numbered. Each sheet must be signed and dated by Council delegate and applicant or surveyor.

Note 3 If the removal or variation of a restriction is to be done as part of a plan of subdivision or consolidation a suitable notation on the plan may be sufficient - See

Example 9B.

No.10

TITLE PLAN


Documents

Survey Practice Handbook - Part 1 Drawing Practice