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7/28/2019 Survey Research Design
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7/28/2019 Survey Research Design
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Survey Research Design
7/28/2019 Survey Research Design
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Definition: A survey to obtain information
about the prevalence , distribution and
interrelations of variables within the
population.
[Denise F .Polit , 8th edition ]
Eg: Deccennial census of the US
population .
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If a survey is conducted on a sampleof population , it s called sample
survey and if entire population is
involved ,it is called a populationsurvey, such as censuses,etc.
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Main Features
Survey research is a process of gathering current required data from thesubjects so that new information can beobtained. The best feature of surveyresearch is that it enables theinvestigators to easily collect concurrentinformation about what they wish tostudy.
In survey research , information iscollected from a mix of subjects whorepresent the total population in the
characteristics being studied.
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Survey research is a mode of enquiry that
relies heavily upon the validity of verbal
reports. Surveys can be descriptive ,
exploratory, comparative, and correlational ,depending upon the nature of phenomenon
being studied.
Survey can be collected in different ways.The most common method is questioning.
The information is obtainesd directly from the
respondents by self reporing questionnaries
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Depending on the objective Surveysare classified as :
1 Discriptive survey,
2 Exploratory survey,
3Explanatory survey,
4 Comparitive survey.
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1 .Discriptive survey:
The only objective of descriptive
study is to be objective . The design
describes objectively the nature of situations, behavior or attitude under
study.
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2.Exploratory survey
In this design , the researcher
explores the regions of a situation or
phenomena about which little is known. Through this design , the researcher
opens up new boundaries for
extensive research rather than mereunderstanding of the relationship
between phenomena.
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3.Explanatory survey:
This design is applied in studies to
assess the casual relationship
between two variables , phenomenonor situations. The studies often involve
testing of hypothesis with more
significance to the qualitative aspect of the data.
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4.Comparative survey:
It compares similar aspects of two
distinct groups. It could be
Knowledge perception or attitudelevel. A comparative study is different
from experimental study in fact that
there is no manipulation of theindependent variable
C
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Comparative study should be
prospective or retrospective
studies Retrospective studies, for thedependent variable (effect) identified
in the present , an attempt is made to
identify the independent variables(cause ) that have occurred in the
past. Such studies are also termed as
ex-post facto studies (after –
fact –
studies)
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Prospective studies, the effect( dependent
variable ) of the present cause
(independent variable )is assessed in
future .Prospective studies use anexperimental approach . Much of
prospective studies are costly and
participant dropout rate is also high. Sothey are less common than prospective
studies. Prospective studies are
commonly used by the epidemiologists.
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Evaluative survey: This survey is
charactreised by an evaluation judgement
that would be made about the
respondents . The evaluation would beformative evaluation (which is an ongoing
evaluation),summative evaluation(where
merits and demerits are evaluated at theend of the development of a programme
)or free from evaluation (where an
external evaluator reviews the findings ).
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Based on method of data
collection Written survey: In a written survey,
data are collected with the help of
written , structured tools , such as
questionnaires , opinionnaires, etc.Questionnaires differ from interviews
in that they are self administered.
They are sometimes referred as(SAQs), that is self administered
questionnaires.
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Eg: Becksand Calister and Kirchhoff 2006 mailed survey to 1409 members
of American nurses association of
Critical Care nurses to collectsuggestions for improving end life care
in intensive care units.
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Oral survey
Data in an oral survey is collected byusing face to face or telephonicconversation or interview with the
respondents .Personal interviews inwhich interviewers meet in personwith respondents to ask themquestions . personal interviews are
often costly because they tend toinvolve extensive preparation(eg:interviewer training ) and a lot of personnel time.
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Example for survey with personalinterview: Mc Facrlane and collegues
(2005) conducted a personal interview
survey of more than 7000 women inprimary health care clinics in Texas .
Their objective was to eliminate
racial/ethnic difference in annualprevalence and severity of intimate
partner abuse.
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Electronic survey: when data iscollected by using electronic means
such as –mail messages , web forms
, mobile short message service(SMS)etc, it is known as electronic
survey. Large surveys are increasingly
relying on new technologies to assistin data collection . Most common are
CATI andCAPI.
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Example of CATI: Lauder , Mummeryand Sharkey (2006)conducted a
survey to examine the relationship
between loneliness on the one handand age , religiosity, and social capital
on the other. A sample of more than
1200 people in United Kingdom wereinterviewed using CATI method.
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Audio –CASI(computer assisted
self interview) Audio : technology is the state of art
approach for giving respondents more
privacy than is possible in an .It is
especially useful for populations withliteracy problems.With audio CASI ,
respondents sit at a computer and
listen to the questions over head phones.
Respondents enter responses (usuallysimple codes like 1or 2 )directly into the
key board, without the interviewer having
to see the responses.
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Merits of survey studies
Data collection in a natural setting .
Variables are assessed as they exist
in the socio therapeutic environment.
The design reaches a large number of subjects and needs less time to
administer.
A valid result will be obtained if studyis carefully planned.
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The greatest advantage of surveyresearch is flexibility and broadness of
scope.
The design can be applied to manypopulations , it can focus on a wide
range of topics and information can be
used for many purposes.
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Demerits of survey studies
Only self report is assessed.
Can involve bias when response rate
is high.
Researcher loses the feel of thesituation unless he does an interview.
The content of the survey is limited
only by the extent to whichrespondents are able and willing to
report the topic.
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