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Surveying eValues: Surveying eValues:
Experiences and Experiences and
ChallengesChallenges
Measuring Information Society in the Measuring Information Society in the
Community Survey on ICT Usage and Community Survey on ICT Usage and
e-Commerce in Enterprisese-Commerce in Enterprises
Fernando Reis
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROSTATDirectorate F: Social Statistics and Information SocietyUnit F-6: Information Society and Tourism Statistics
19th Bled
eConference
"eValues"
June 5 - 7, 2006
Bled, Slovenia
www.europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat/
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROSTAT
Directorate F: Social Statistics and Information SocietyUnit F-6: Information Society and Tourism Statistics
Information Society Statistics in the Internet:EUROSTAT website -> Themes -> Science and technology -> Data -> Information society statistics
Information Society statistics at EurostatInformation Society statistics at Eurostat
The role of EurostatProvide the European Commission with statistics
The role of official statisticsLarge scale representative and harmonised statistics
Origins of IS statistics in various ICT surveys in the Member States
Big boost: Lisbon process and eEurope Action Plans, which included a benchmarking exercisefor coherent and comparable statistics at European level
Two surveys on ICT usage:- Enterprise Survey (since 2001)- Household / Individuals Survey (since 2002)
Legal basis:Framework Regulation April 2004, implementing regulation (for the 2006 survey) published on 13/07/2005
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROSTAT
Directorate F: Social Statistics and Information SocietyUnit F-6: Information Society and Tourism Statistics
Information Society Statistics in the Internet:EUROSTAT website -> Themes -> Science and technology -> Data -> Information society statistics
The Community Survey on ICT Usage The Community Survey on ICT Usage and e-Commerce in Enterprisesand e-Commerce in Enterprises
Network of national official surveys on ICT uptake 30 countries (EU MS + IS + NO + RO + BG + TR) Net sample of around 150 000 enterprises (5 000 per
country) 66 variables collected:
– Basic ICT uptake (e.g. computers, LAN)– Internet use– e-Commerce– e-Business (e.g. integration of business processes)
2 background variables used to breakdown results:– Size (3 categories)– Economic activity (14 categories)
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROSTAT
Directorate F: Social Statistics and Information SocietyUnit F-6: Information Society and Tourism Statistics
Information Society Statistics in the Internet:EUROSTAT website -> Themes -> Science and technology -> Data -> Information society statistics
Contents of the surveyContents of the survey
Type of questions:– Simple format: most questions/items only require a
“Yes” or “No” answer– e-Commerce questions asked in terms of percentages– But sometimes difficult topics … (e.g. advanced uses of
e-business solutions sometimes difficult to understand by some respondents)
Scope / Target population– Sections D to K of NACE + Divisions 92 and 93– Financial sector covered by a specific model
questionnaire– Enterprises with 10 or more persons employed
(optionally enterprises with less than 10)
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROSTAT
Directorate F: Social Statistics and Information SocietyUnit F-6: Information Society and Tourism Statistics
Information Society Statistics in the Internet:EUROSTAT website -> Themes -> Science and technology -> Data -> Information society statistics
Results of collections from 2003 to 2005Results of collections from 2003 to 2005
Computer systems and their integration - (E.U.)
96%95%94%
37%35%43%
28% 31% 34%
11% 13% 15%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2003 2004 2005
Computer Usage
Computer systems tomanage orders
Internal integration
External Integration
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROSTAT
Directorate F: Social Statistics and Information SocietyUnit F-6: Information Society and Tourism Statistics
Information Society Statistics in the Internet:EUROSTAT website -> Themes -> Science and technology -> Data -> Information society statistics
Coordination of ICT statistics in the EUCoordination of ICT statistics in the EU
Every year: model questionnaire developed by Eurostat in coordination with the national statistical institutes (via Task Forces and Working Groups) and other services of the European Commission (DG INFSO and DG ENTR)
Data collection by NSI’s and transmitted to Eurostat
Publications by the NSI’s as well as by Eurostat
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROSTAT
Directorate F: Social Statistics and Information SocietyUnit F-6: Information Society and Tourism Statistics
Information Society Statistics in the Internet:EUROSTAT website -> Themes -> Science and technology -> Data -> Information society statistics
Survey and reference periodSurvey and reference period
Reference period– previous calendar year for the monetary variables (turnover
and purchases) and e-government;– January of survey year for other variables.
Survey period– recommendation is first quarter of the survey year to keep it
as close as possible to the reference period (reduce recall bias) and to allow the release of the results as soon as possible
– But for practical reasons sometimes different: Internal planning of the NSI Data collection linked to other surveys
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROSTAT
Directorate F: Social Statistics and Information SocietyUnit F-6: Information Society and Tourism Statistics
Information Society Statistics in the Internet:EUROSTAT website -> Themes -> Science and technology -> Data -> Information society statistics
Survey period Survey period (2005 survey)(2005 survey)
Czech Republic
Belgium
Denmark
Germany
Estonia
Spain
Italy
Cyprus
Greece
Ireland
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Hungary
Malta
Portugal
Slovenia
Netherlands
Austria
Slovak Republic
Finland
Poland
Sweden
Norway
J anuary February March April May J une J uly
J anuary February March April May J une J uly
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROSTAT
Directorate F: Social Statistics and Information SocietyUnit F-6: Information Society and Tourism Statistics
Information Society Statistics in the Internet:EUROSTAT website -> Themes -> Science and technology -> Data -> Information society statistics
Sampling: frameSampling: frame = the frame from which the sample will be drawn
Should be as close as possible to the target population as both overcoverage and undercoverage can induce bias and affect the reliability and comparability of the survey results. – E.g. overcoverage due to inclusion of enterprises with less than
10 persons employed in the sampling frame: as ICT usage in these enterprises is lower than the average, the population total will show a downwards bias.
Due to: Low quality of the register; Instability of the population (high percentage of enterprises
changing size class and/or economic activity). Correction:
1. Collection of the background variables in the survey;2. Reclassification of the respondents in the new/correct categories
before grossing-up. Recommendation:
Use the same frame as the structural business statistics.
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROSTAT
Directorate F: Social Statistics and Information SocietyUnit F-6: Information Society and Tourism Statistics
Information Society Statistics in the Internet:EUROSTAT website -> Themes -> Science and technology -> Data -> Information society statistics
Sampling: designSampling: design Highly harmonised between countries:
Stratified random sampling in most countries (smaller countries – e.g. LU, CY, MT - may use census)
Stratification based on the background variables (persons employed and economic activity) and for the majority of the countries also the region.
Sometimes the stratification is more detailed
But different approaches are allowed … assuming that different ways to draw a representative
sample should nevertheless lead to comparable and harmonised data
… NSI’s are best placed to decide on sampling design (competence, ‘local’ knowledge, …)
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROSTAT
Directorate F: Social Statistics and Information SocietyUnit F-6: Information Society and Tourism Statistics
Information Society Statistics in the Internet:EUROSTAT website -> Themes -> Science and technology -> Data -> Information society statistics
Sampling: sample sizeSampling: sample size In practice:
Output (indicators): proportions or percentages Requires smaller sample sizes then for estimating totals;
Very dependent on population size: small countries with small populations require higher sampling rates;
EU25 countries: average net sample size around 5000 enterprises;
Gives very good results at overall level;
Sometimes problematic for more detailed information; E.g.: the distribution of the enterprises by class of the percentage
of turnover from e-commerce, cannot be accurately estimated for several countries because not enough respondents;
Decision also depends on national data needs (e.g. specific need for data at regional level)
E.g.: DE, ES, IT which produce regional breakdown have average net sample size of 14000 enterprises.
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROSTAT
Directorate F: Social Statistics and Information SocietyUnit F-6: Information Society and Tourism Statistics
Information Society Statistics in the Internet:EUROSTAT website -> Themes -> Science and technology -> Data -> Information society statistics
Survey type (I)Survey type (I) Data collection method:
The vast majority of EU25 Member States use postal surveys (self-administered)
Many countries when launching the survey in the firsts years used face-to-face interviews
Other collection methods are combined to increase response rate (contact by telephone, electronic questionnaire, etc.)
Face-to-face or telephone interviews are usually preferred to postal surveys (interaction between the respondent and the interviewer can be important for the understanding of the questions and the answers)
Postal surveys: lower survey costs (and can give the respondent the time to reflect on his/her responses) and e-commerce information require enterprises to consult their accounts or other registers
But … in general budgetary constraints will be the determining factor …
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROSTAT
Directorate F: Social Statistics and Information SocietyUnit F-6: Information Society and Tourism Statistics
Information Society Statistics in the Internet:EUROSTAT website -> Themes -> Science and technology -> Data -> Information society statistics
Survey type (II)Survey type (II) Survey vehicle:
Independent, stand-alone survey Embedded survey
Embedded survey was sometimes used in the first years (e.g. structural business statistics survey - SBS);
Currently, all EU25 Member-States use stand-alone surveys to collect ICT usage and e-commerce variables
+ SBS surveys are usually slow to release results and timeliness is very important for ICT statistics
- requires the coordination of the economic variables (employment, turnover, purchases) with the SBS with which ICT statistics need to be coherent
- Crossing of ICT use data with economic performance data (from SBS) is more difficult because samples don’t overlap
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROSTAT
Directorate F: Social Statistics and Information SocietyUnit F-6: Information Society and Tourism Statistics
Information Society Statistics in the Internet:EUROSTAT website -> Themes -> Science and technology -> Data -> Information society statistics
Response and non-responseResponse and non-response
Countries’ experience show that the final response rate is on average 74%
When aiming at a net sample (= number of elements in the final database) of e.g. 3000 individuals, it may be necessary to select 4000 individuals.
Risk of biased results: non-users of ICT may be more inclined not to return the questionnaire filled in
Importance of imputation (e.g. post-stratification methods to improve the representativeness of the estimates)
Item non-response is low (excepting for a few complex questions)
Some methods: see the Methodological Manual
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROSTAT
Directorate F: Social Statistics and Information SocietyUnit F-6: Information Society and Tourism Statistics
Information Society Statistics in the Internet:EUROSTAT website -> Themes -> Science and technology -> Data -> Information society statistics
Questionnaire designQuestionnaire design
How to measure such a complex subject as e-business– Needs to be general – applicable to all
economic activities and all enterprise sizes;– Needs to be specific – e.g. references to
examples;– Needs to be explicit – no references to
abstract concepts, but to events or situations easily identifiable by the respondents.
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROSTAT
Directorate F: Social Statistics and Information SocietyUnit F-6: Information Society and Tourism Statistics
Information Society Statistics in the Internet:EUROSTAT website -> Themes -> Science and technology -> Data -> Information society statistics
Three main problems to be tackled in the Three main problems to be tackled in the next five yearsnext five years
1. High sensitivity of the results to questionnaire wording
2. Measurement of the impact of ICT in enterprises
3. Development of a conceptual framework for statistical measurement of ICT usage and the Information Society
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROSTAT
Directorate F: Social Statistics and Information SocietyUnit F-6: Information Society and Tourism Statistics
Information Society Statistics in the Internet:EUROSTAT website -> Themes -> Science and technology -> Data -> Information society statistics
Contact and Community Survey in the Contact and Community Survey in the InternetInternet
[email protected] - epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROSTAT
Directorate F: Social Statistics and Information SocietyUnit F-6: Information Society and Tourism Statistics
Information Society Statistics in the Internet:EUROSTAT website -> Themes -> Science and technology -> Data -> Information society statistics
ICT usage data for the EUICT usage data for the EU
Statistics are available free of charge on Eurostat’s website:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat
Click « Data »
Click « Science and technology »
Via the NewCronos database, tables are defined by the user on extraction
Metadata including a first release of the Methodological Manual:
http://europa.eu.int/estatref/info/sdds/en/infosoc/infosoc_base.htm