“Suspicious increases in Reserves”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves

Some of these sudden increases may be tied to OPEC decision to tie productionQuotas to reserves.

Value Proposition for Coal Transformation

EIA projections on energy sources

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/forecasting.html

Excerpts from Talk by Rob Swain at IIN alternative E conf.

28 Sept. 2005http://www.indianainnovation.com/events/2005/energy.asp

Bioenergy – Goals (Indiana)• Total Ethanol Production 200 million gallons

by 2007 (<10% of national cap.)

• Total BioDiesel Production of 40 million gallons by 2007

• 10% biofuels usage by 2010 and 20% by 2025– 40 E-85 pumps by 1/2007

• Secure Federal Funding for Advanced Bio Energy Research (Discovery Park – Energy)

2004 EthanolProduction Facilities

In Aug. 2006 there were 101 plants producing 4.9Billion

gallons: www.ksgrains.com/ethanol/useth.html

Sites for Ethanol Energy budget

• http://www.futurepundit.com/archives/002722.html

• http://www.ethanol.org/documents/NetEnergyBalanceissuebrief_000.pdf

• http://petroleum.berkeley.edu/papers/patzek/CRPS416-Patzek-Web.pdf

• http://petroleum.berkeley.edu/papers/patzek/CRPS-BiomassPaper.pdf• http://www.hubbertpeak.com/pimentel/bioscience/conservation/conservation.pdf

• http://hubbert.mines.edu/news/Pimentel_98-2.pdf

• http://www.biodiesel.org/

• http://www.biodiesel.com/

• http://www.dancingrabbit.org/biodiesel/

Bio-Diesel Websites

Key Conclusions…State of Indiana Agriculture

– Indiana must quickly enter the biofuels game given its explosion and our natural advantages.

US Ethanol Plants US Biodiesel Plants

Next Steps - Cont’d

• Create a showcase, pilot community that runs from biorenewable resources to demonstrate the broader benefits of these fuels beyond agriculture. BIO-TOWN USA

• Ensure that alternative energies can be sold competitively for use throughout the State’s existing power grid.

BIO-TOWN USA• Reynolds IN

– Opportunities:• Energy Production locally & homegrown• Cleaner Environment• Solution to waste management• Potential to grow Indiana Agriculture• Economic development locally and

statewide

BIOTOWN, USA

• Short Term Goals:– Install E85 ethanol pumps locally

– Provide opportunity for local residents to convert vehicles to flex fuel vehicles. General Motors is providing support to this.

– B-20 biodiesel to be made available locally

BIOTOWN, USA• Long Term Expectations:

– To completely meet all the energy needs of Reynolds via bio-renewable resources including:

• Electric• Natural Gas Replacement• Vehicle fuels

– Using environmentally friendly technologies to convert animal and human waste into biogas i.e.

ENERGY!

CostsDry Grind Ethanol Facilities

Currently grind corn and ferment to ethanol cost about $ 1.05 / gal capacity

(100 million gal per year)

Petroleum Refinery (rough ballpark estimate)

$2.5 billion / 150,000 barrels/ day

calculates to about $ 1 / gal capacity

Challenges

Utilize biomass materials from a wide range of sources:

CellulosicsFiberCorn

Apply biotechnology and nanotechnology todevelop bio-catalytic conversion routes

YeastsFixed bed catalystsEnzymes

Discovery Activities1. advanced pretreatments

to enhance the digestibility/reactivity of the fiber component(cellulose and hemicellulose) of DG,

2. enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated celluloses to produce fermentable sugars, remove part or all of the

cellulose and hemicellulose, increase feed value of residual solids,

3. ferment hexose and pentoses using genetically engineered yeaststo ethanol and their transformation to other biobased products,

4. Bio-catalysts to make diesel from soybeans, sugars from biomass convert alcohol and soybean oil to diesel

5. Separations technology energy efficient recovery form water of different bio-products

6. comprehensive economic analysis of the processes, technologies, and markets, incorporating uncertainty in key technological and market parameters.

Ethanol Energetics

Is there a net energy gain?

35% if ethanol produced from grain

50-60% if ethanol produced from grain and cellulosic biomass

Compare to 85% energy gain when liquid fuels derived from petroleum

Energetics

Study/yearCorn yield

Nitrogen fertilizer application rate

Inputs for nitrogen fertilizer

Corn ethanol conversion rate

Ethanol conversion process

Total1 energy use

Coproducts1 energy credits

Net1 energy value

bu/acre lb/acre Btu/lb gal/bu Btu/gal Btu/gal Btu/gal Btu/gal

Pimentel (1991)

110 136.0 37,551 2.5073,687 (LHV)

131,017

21,500 -33,517

Keeney and DeLuca (1992)

119 135.0 37,958 2.5648,434 (LHV)

91,127 8,072 -8,431

Marland and Turhollow (1991)

119 127.0 31,135 2.5040,105 (HHV)

73,934 8,127 18,324

Morris and Ahmed (1992)

120 127.0 31,000 2.5546,297 (LHV)

75,297 24,950 25,653

Ho (1989) 90 NR NR NR57,000 (LHV)

90,000 10,000 -4,000

This study (1995)

122 124.5 22,159 2.5353,277 (HHV)

82,824 15,056 16,193

Average 113 129.9 31,961 NA NA NA NA 2,373

Notes:

http://www.ethanol-gec.org/corn_eth.htm

Alternative Fuels

E-n fuel economy

http://www.ethanol.org/documents/ACEFuelEconomyStudy.pdf

E10AK denaturedWith iso-pentane &Bio-diesel

Ethanol vs. MTBE

http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/re_ethanol_mtbe.htm

Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether

Alternative Fuels

Flex fuel vehicles

http://www.e85fuel.com/e85101/FFVlist2007.pdf

•Last time we talked about E10, E20, E85 etc. and someone asked if all new cars were not able to use the latter. The website below lists the flex fuel vehicles that are available today. Clearly this is not the whole fleet!

•I have found some references indicating that all vehicles now sold must be compatible from a corrosion point of view, but there are additional requirements regarding ignition timing etc. that not all engines satisfy.

Opportunities

Apply biotechnology to bioprocessing

Small environmental footprint

Benefits agriculture

Creates jobs

Utilize biological materials as sources of renewable energy and biodegradable chemical building blocks

Contribute to energy security

Reduce increase of global warming gases

Discovery 3: Bio Energy

• Mike Ladisch, Nancy Ho, John Morgan, Miroslav Sedlak, Robin Ridgway, other members of LORRE, ?

• Clean fuels from corn and soybean waste products- goal is not fuel from food but fuel and food.

• Purdue has patented and licensed the best yeast strain for conversion of corn waste to ethanol.

Energy from Garbage

Energy from Garbage

Energy from land fills

Fire places/Wood Stoves

E.G. Skeptical about: BiogasDigesting tanks at Microgy , Inc.'s biogas plantprocess manure from about 10,000 cows into methane and compost. Output: 109scf of CH4/yrCredit: Microgy, Inc., Texas. (105 scf /yr.cow)•This is what the article says, it sounds high to me!•Article claims that the plant can be profitable at $4/kscf for methane, and that they make roughly $5M/yr with today’s price of $5-7/kscf.•Plant uses 8 digesters, each with a capacity of 916,000 gallons.

http://www.eere.energy.gov/state_energy_program/project_brief_detail.cfm/pb_id=1160

•Biogas is typically a mix of CH4 and CO2, the precise ratio depends on the input feedstock, the process used, and purification steps taken at the end.•Raw biogas from simple anaerobic digesters working with cow manure is roughly 60% CH4 and 40%CO2. •The book suggests that a pound of manure produces roughly 1scf of biogas•It also suggest one cow can produce 6.2x106 Btu/yr (50 gal. gasoline equiv.) which is about 6200 scf of NG or 12400 scf of biogas/year.

Global wind patterns

http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/wwhlpr/hurricane_globalwinds.rxml?hret=/indexlist.rxml

Hurricane Interior

Atmospheric structure

http://www.mardiros.net/atmosphere/atmosphere_structure.html

Average dT/dh = -6 K/kmThe region of weather!

T relatively constant, increasing toAbout 200K at the stratopause

T up to 1500 K due to intensesolar radiation

Chemical composition changes to bericher in lighter gases, gravitational stratification almost no H2O or ozone

http://www.mardiros.net/atmosphere/atmosphere_structure.html

10 ppm ozone at ~ 50 km compared to40 ppb ozone in the troposphere!

Temperature Inversion

http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_is_a_temperature_inversion.htm

In extreme casesthe temperature canactually increase withheight.

Temperature Inversion

http://daphne.palomar.edu/calenvironment/smog.htm