Sustainability Criteria For International Trade in Wood Pellets Dana Collins – Bioeconomy Programs...
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Sustainability Criteria For International Trade in Wood Pellets Dana Collins – Bioeconomy Programs Specialist (CIF-IFC) Tat Smith – University of Toronto
Sustainability Criteria For International Trade in Wood Pellets
Dana Collins Bioeconomy Programs Specialist (CIF-IFC) Tat Smith
University of Toronto & CIF-IFC President
Slide 2
Outline Drivers for Forest Bioenergy Outcomes of European
Climate Mitigation and Bioenergy Policies Sustainability Governance
Standards, Policies and Certification Implications of Multiple
Levels of Governance on Forest Management and Trade The Role of IEA
Bioenergy Task 43 and the Canadian Institute of Forestry
Recommendations and Take-Home Questions 2
Slide 3
Drivers For Forest Bioenergy Climate Change Diversification of
forest sector Reduce forest stresses Bioeconomy opportunities Value
for ecological services 3
Slide 4
Indicators of a Changing Global Climate
http://www.climatechange2013.org/ 4
Slide 5
What Role Can Forests Play? In the long term, sustainable
forest management strategies aimed at maintaining or increasing
forest carbon stocks, while producing a sustained yield of timber,
fibre, or energy from the forest, will generate the largest
sustained mitigation benefit. IPCC 2007 ch 9: Forestry, AR4, Group
III 5
Slide 6
Major opportunities facing NA forest Sector: Develop renewable
energy sector Realize benefits to economy, environment and society
Martin Holmer, 2001 6
Slide 7
What Technologies will Attract Capital? Source: FPAC 2010.
7
Slide 8
GHG Reduction Strategies Need a global 50% CO2 cut by 2050
Various technologies are needed to reduce energy-related CO2
emissions EU has tackled this challenge with substantial goals
Source: OECD/IEA 2010 8
Slide 9
Outline Drivers for Forest Bioenergy Outcomes of European
Climate Mitigation and Bioenergy Policies Sustainability Governance
Standards, Policies and Certification Implications of Multiple
Levels of Governance on Forest Management and Trade The Role of IEA
Bioenergy Task 43 and the Canadian Institute of Forestry
Recommendations and Take-Home Questions 9
Slide 10
Increased Demand Brings New Challenges & Opportunities
Current bioenergy Modern bioenergy: 10-15 EJ/year Total bioenergy:
50 EJ/year Deployment level of IPCC scenarios by 2050 440-600 ppm
CO 2 eq target: 80-150 EJ/year
Slide 11
Wood Pellet Consumption in Europe Source: WPAC 11
Slide 12
Increased Demand for Wood Pellets 12
Slide 13
Traditional Forest Products Markets Dominate Bioenergy remains
a marginal, residual (mill & harvest) assortment 13
Slide 14
Total Volume and Source of Forest Energy Must Change Black
liquor, Pine oil > 35 TWh Chipwood 1 TWh Residues 4.4 TWh 0.7
TWh Thinning By-products 5 TWh ~ 3 TWh Imports < 5 TWh Recycled
wood Forest sector > 50 TWh > 50 TWh Source: Bjrheden, 2004
14
Slide 15
Outline Drivers for Forest Bioenergy Outcomes of European
Climate Mitigation and Bioenergy Policies Sustainability Governance
Standards, Policies and Certification Implications of Multiple
Levels of Governance on Forest Management and Trade The Role of IEA
Bioenergy Task 43 and the Canadian Institute of Forestry
Recommendations and Take-Home Questions 15
Slide 16
Relevant EU Legislation Emission Trading System (ETS) of 2005:
Carbon cap-and-trade system for EU Biomass co-firing considered
C-neutral 2013: adding aviation sector, introducing auctioning of
allowances Criticisms: price of C is too low, biomass shouldnt be
considered C-neutral Energy Efficiency Directive (2011): Encourages
CHP and district heating, could stimulate an increased demand for
pellets Member States must develop heating and cooling plans, set
energy efficiency targets by 2014 16
Slide 17
Relevant EU Legislation EU (Illegal) Timber Regulation: Enters
into effect in 2013 Prohibits illegal wood and wood products from
entering EU markets May influence where pellets are sourced from
Renewable Energy Directive (RED) of 2009: To enable the EU to reach
20/20/20 goals Mandatory RE targets for all Member States Member
States must have Action Plans (NREAPs), outlining strategy 17
Slide 18
Origins of Sustainability Criteria in the Forestry Sector 1987:
Brundtland Report In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and
Development (WCED), which had been set up in 1983, published a
report entitled Our common future. The document came to be known as
the Brundtland Report after the Commission's chairwoman, Gro Harlem
Brundtland. It developed guiding principles for sustainable
development as it is generally understood today. The Brundtland
Report stated that critical global environmental problems were
primarily the result of the enormous poverty of the South and the
non-sustainable patterns of consumption and production in the
North. It called for a strategy that united development and the
environment described by the now-common term sustainable
development. Sustainable development is defined as follows:
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
http://www.are.admin.ch/are/en/nachhaltig/international_uno/unterseite02330//
Slide 19
http://unfccc.int/files/press/releases/application/pdf/pressrel200802.pdf
Major events: Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, 1992 Kyoto Protocol,
1997 Clean Development Mechanisms, Johannesburg, SA, 2002 Origins
of Sustainability Criteria in the Forestry Sector
Slide 20
The member countries represent about 90 per cent of the world's
temperate and boreal forests in the northern and southern
hemispheres. This amounts to 60 per cent of all of the forests of
the world. (Note: Europe's forests are not included - they are
being addressed by the Helsinki or Pan-European Process.)
http://www.mpci.org/ Origins of Sustainability Criteria in the
Forestry Sector
Slide 21
Source: Rametsteiner and Simula 2003 Origins of Sustainability
Criteria in the Forestry Sector Countries participating in
international processes defining C&I for sustainable forest
management
Slide 22
Voluntary certification schemes Forest Stewardship Council
(FSC) Canadian Standards Association (CSA) - now within PEFC
Sustainable Forest Initiative (SFI) - now within PEFC ISO 14000
Origins of Sustainability Criteria in the Forestry Sector
Slide 23
Growth in Certified Forest Area (million ha)
http://www.grid.unep.ch/ 23
Slide 24
24 Pelkmans et al. 2014
Slide 25
Some considered more important than others International SFM
processes International conventions StandardsLegislation 25 Stupak
et al. 2012
Slide 26
Outline 26 Drivers for Forest Bioenergy Outcomes of European
Climate Mitigation and Bioenergy Policies Sustainability Governance
Standards, Policies and Certification Implications of Multiple
Levels of Governance on Forest Management and Trade The Role of IEA
Bioenergy Task 43 and the Canadian Institute of Forestry
Recommendations and Take-Home Questions
Slide 27
Implications of Multiple Levels of Governance Rapid global
proliferation of certification systems Diverse approaches to
standards Diverse approaches to assessments (audits and reporting)
Potential for consumer confusion Potential impacts on trade
Potential failure to achieve sustainability goals Need for
harmonization 27 J. van Dam et al. 2010
Slide 28
The role of certification? Q9 Q12 Q15 28 Stupak et al.
2012
Slide 29
Effectiveness of Scheme Support Measures to Alternatives to
Certification? 29 Stupak et al. 2012
Slide 30
Is Redundancy a Problem? If yes, which problems.? > 50% said
-- clear advantages to keeping the diversity of schemes and
initiatives 30 Stupak et al. 2012
Slide 31
Multiple Levels of Governance Graphics: Jessica Murray,
University of Toronto. Adapted from: Kittler et al. 2012 31
Slide 32
Outline 32 Drivers for Forest Bioenergy Outcomes of European
Climate Mitigation and Bioenergy Policies Sustainability Governance
Standards, Policies and Certification Implications of Multiple
Levels of Governance on Forest Management and Trade The Role of IEA
Bioenergy Task 43 and the Canadian Institute of Forestry
Recommendations and Take-Home Questions
Slide 33
IEA Bioenergy Task 43: Biomass Feedstocks for Energy Markets
Task 43 will address issues critical to mobilizing sustainable
bioenergy supply chains, including biomass markets and the social,
economic and environmental consequences of feedstock production and
supply The objective is to promote sound bioenergy development that
is driven by well-informed decisions in business, governments and
elsewhere. 33
Slide 34
. IEA Bioenergy inter-Task Strategic Project Mobilising
Sustainable Bioenergy Supply Chains The overall objective for
2013-15 period is to enhance the mobilization of sustainable
bioenergy supply chains globally. necessary elements of a
successful and sustainable bioenergy supply chainIdentification of
the necessary elements of a successful and sustainable bioenergy
supply chain. new and existing frameworks that seek to understand
and explain the underpinning elements that contribute to
sustainable supply chainsDevelop new and existing frameworks that
seek to understand and explain the underpinning elements that
contribute to sustainable supply chains. Include elements of
availability of feedstock, applicable conversion processes, GHG
balances, land use issues, governance mechanisms and other aspects
of bioenergy production and supply. Integration across complex
systemsIntegration across complex systems which leads to transfer
of knowledge to new and upcoming bioenergy technologies or
feedstocks in different regions of the world. 34
Slide 35
Task 43 Provides a Platform for Increased Dialogue on
Sustainability Savannah, GA Workshop. A two day event with 60
participants from 9 countries. Diverse interests represented.
Quebec workshop. Two day event with participants from 11 countries
http://www.ieabioener gytask43.org/task-43- events-2/ 35
Slide 36
Canadian Institute of Forestrys Role CIF has assumed
responsibility for Canadas involvement in IEA Bioenergy Task 43 for
the triennium 2013-2015 Support from: Ontario Power Generation,
British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource
Operations (Competitiveness and Innovations Branch), Canadian
Council of Forest Ministers (Forest in Mind Program), Alberta
Innovates Bio Solutions 36
Slide 37
CIF Knowledge Exchange Publications in The Forestry Chronicle
Presentations, Lectures and Conferences Integration of Task 43 work
into other CIF-SEEK biomass projects 37
Slide 38
Outline 38 Drivers for Forest Bioenergy Outcomes of European
Climate Mitigation and Bioenergy Policies Sustainability Governance
Standards, Policies and Certification Implications of Multiple
Levels of Governance on Forest Management and Trade The Role of IEA
Bioenergy Task 43 and the Canadian Institute of Forestry
Recommendations and Take-Home Questions
Slide 39
Recommendations Trans-Atlantic dialogue is needed to resolve
conflicts in policies and unintended consequences. Opportunities
exist to engage actors globally involved with policy formulation
and development and deployment of bioenergy supply chains from
Canadian forests to European and Asian bioenergy consumers.
Researchers, foresters, and policy makers must work closely so that
policy is science-informed and critical gaps in knowledge regarding
sustainability criteria of forest bioenergy supply chains are
filled. Canadian participation comes at a critical time. Without a
Canadian context in Task 43, we risk forgoing valuable inputs and
perspectives as one of the most globally significant pellet
exporters. Note importance of participatory processes for policy to
be considered legitimate and reflecting stakeholder values 39
Slide 40
Key Questions Remain What is the state of knowledge regarding
site-specific and global effects of international bioenergy supply
chains on SFM & GHG emission reductions? Is policy adequately
informed by the scientific state-of-art? How well does the existing
mix of governance mechanisms achieve SFM, GHG emission reductions,
and reliable labelling of sustainable products in the market place?
Is international supply chain governance robust and fair? Should we
be concerned about potential trade disputes? What process is
required to improve governance? 40
