Sustainability Practices in Highway Winter Operations: A Renewed Perspective

Xianming Shi, Ph.D., P.E.Webinar for CESTiCC and Pavinar

Feb. 3, 2015

1. Benefits & emerging challenges in highway winter operations

2. Sustainability practices in the use of traction materials

3. Strategic approach and management practices

4. Technologies enabling the reduced usage of snow/ice control materials

5. Selection & development of “greener” products

6. Concluding Remarks

7. A look to the future

Webinar Outline

(Los Angeles World Airports, 2010)

1. Benefits of highway winter operations

• Fewer accidents

• Improved mobility

• Reduced travel costs & reduced fuel use

• Sustained economic productivity, continued emergency services, …

1a. Winter maintenance operations in the U.S.

• > 70% roads, 70% population

• Highways: 2.3 $bln/yr + 5 $bln/yr

Minnesota DOT current practices

• (4,600 crashes)= 29% avoided

• $10.9M in travel time savings

• $48.4M in user fuel savings

• Total $227M saved, b/c of 6.2

• Intangible benefits

Ye, Z., Yu, X., Veneziano, D., Shi, X. Evaluation of Winter Maintenance Chemicals and Crashes Using Artificial Neural Network. Transportation Research Record, 2014, in press. Ye, Z., Veneziano, D., Shi, X. Estimating Statewide Benefits of Winter Maintenance Operations. Transportation Research Record, 2013, Vol. 2329, 17-23. DOI: 10.3141/2329-03. Strong, C.K., Ye, Z., Shi, X. Safety Effects of Winter Weather: The State of Knowledge and Remaining Challenges. Transport Reviews, 2010, 30(6), 677-699. DOI: 10.1080/01441640903414470.

1b. E

mer

ging

cha

lleng

es

Shi, X. Winter Road Maintenance: Best Practices, Emerging Challenges, and Research Needs. Journal of Public Works & Infrastructure2010, 2(4), 318-326. Fay, L., Shi, X. Laboratory Investigation of Performance and Impacts of Snow and Ice Control Chemicals for Winter Road Service. ASCE Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 2011, 25(3), 89-114. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CR.1943-5495.0000025 (Best Paper, 2011-2012).

1c. Principles of sustainability applied to WM operations

Infrastructure Voluntary Evaluation Sustainability Tool: www.sustainablehighways.org, w/ a segment on WM: standard practices, RWIS, SMP, MDSS, etc.

Interconnected components & S.E. perspective

1d. Life cycle of salt & other deicers

www.witnerservices.net

www.ci.bellevue.wa.us

Photo courtesy of M. Mills

www.clf.org

www.modot.org

www.syracuse.com

www.miissoulanews.bigskypress.com

Water quality implications & toxicological effects

Based on 250 lb/l-m application rate(adapted from Winston et al., 2012)

Fay, L., Shi, X., Venner, M., Strecker, E. Toxicological Effects of Chloride-Based Deicers in the Natural Environment. Final Report for the AASHTO Standing Committee on the Environment and National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Feb. 2014. Jungwirth, S., Shi, X., Strecker, E., Fay, L. Best Management Practices to Mitigate Water Quality Risks and Toxicological Effects of Chloride Based Deicers. ASCE Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 2015, in review. Fay, L., Shi, X. Environmental Impacts of Chemicals for Snow and Ice Control: State of the Knowledge. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 2012, 223, 2751–2770. DOI: 10.1007/s11270-011-1064-6.

(adopted from Granato, 2014)

Deicer impacts on vehicles, bridges & pavements

Shi, X., Hansen, G., Mills, M., Jungwirth, S., Zhang, Y. Preserving the Value of Highway Maintenance Equipment against Roadway Deicers: A Case Study and Preliminary Cost Benefit Analysis. Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, 2015, in press. Jungwirth, S., Shi, X., Seeley, N., Fang, Y. Proactive Approaches to Preserving Maintenance Equipment from Roadway Deicers. ASCE Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 2014, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CR.1943-5495.0000085. Li, Y., Fang, Y., Seeley, N., Jungwirth, S., Jackson, E., Shi, X. Corrosion of Chloride Deicers on Highway Maintenance Equipment: Renewed Perspective and Laboratory Investigation. Transportation Research Record, 2013, 2361, 106-113. DOI: 10.3141/2361-13. Shi, X., Fortune, K., Smithlin, R., Akin, M., Fay, L. Exploring the Performance and Corrosivity of Chloride Deicer Solutions: Laboratory Investigation and Quantitative Modeling. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2013, 86, 36-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.10.011. Nazzari, H. M., Bergner, D., Shi, X. Best Practices for the Prevention of Corrosion to DOT Equipment: A User’s Manual. Final report for the Minnesota Department of Transportation and the Clear Roads Program, St. Paul, MN. December 2014. Shi, X., Li, Y., Jungwirth, S., Fang, Y., Seeley, N., Jackson, E. Identification and Laboratory Assessment of Best Practices to Protect DOT Equipment from the Corrosive Effect of Chemical Deicers. Final report for the Washington State DOT, Olympia, WA. March 2013.

Shi, X., Fay, L., Peterson, M.M., Berry, M., Mooney, M. A FESEM/EDX Investigation into How Continuous Deicer Exposure Affects the Chemistry of Portland Cement Concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2011, 25(2), 957-966. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.086. Shi, X., Liu, Y., Mooney, M., Berry, M., Hubbard, B., Nguyen, T.A. Laboratory Investigation and Neural Networks Modeling of Deicer Ingress into Portland Cement Concrete and Its Corrosion Implications. Corrosion Reviews, 2010, 28(3-4), 105-153. Shi, X., Fay, L., Peterson, M.M., Yang, Z. Freeze-thaw Damage and Chemical Change of a Portland Cement Concrete In the Presence of Diluted Deicers. Materials and Structures, 2010, 43(7): 933-946. DOI: 10.1617/s11527-009-9557-0. Shi, X., Fay, L., Yang, Z., Nguyen, T.A., Liu, Y. Corrosion of Deicers to Metals in Transportation Infrastructure: Introduction and Recent Developments. Corrosion Reviews, 2009, 27(1-2), 23-52. Shi, X., Goh, S.W., Akin, M., Stevens, S., You, Z. Exploring the Interactions of Chloride Deicer Solutions with Nanomodified and Micro-modified Asphalt Mixtures Using Artificial Neural Networks. ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2012, 24(7), 805–815. Pan, T., He, X., Shi, X. Laboratory Investigation of Acetate-based Deicing/Anti-icing Agents Deteriorating Airfield Asphalt Concrete. Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT), 2008, 77, 773-793.

2. Sustainability practices in the use of traction materials

• Air quality (PM 10)• Water quality (TMDL/turbidity)• More materials, lower LOS• Apply at low speed roads, hills, curves,

intersections• Pre-wetting

– Liquid product or hot water– Reduce bounce & scatter– Accelerates breakup of snow/ice and

improve longevity on pavement• Heating sand• Cleaning up

3. Strategic approach and management practices

Source control

• To ensure the implementation of best practices

• To minimize the materials usage (or loss) & associated environmental footprint

• Fay, L., Shi, X., Huang, J. (2013). Strategies to Mitigate the Impacts of Chloride Roadway Deicers on the Natural Environment. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. DOI: 10.13140/2.1.1360.2249.• Fay, L., Akin, M., Shi, X., Veneziano, D. Revised Chapter 8, Winter Operations and Salt, Sand, and Chemical Management. Final report for the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Washington, D.C. NCHRP 20-07/Task 318. March 2013.

3a. Manage level-of-service (LOS) expectations

• Customer feedback from driving public: to reassess defined performance measures & LOS guidelines

• e.g., surveys and focus groups of Idaho residents

• Generally “Satisfied” with ITD’s winter maintenance and 3 out of 4 respondents indicated they feel “Safe” on Idaho’s highways– Most respondents had “No Concern” w/

“Plowing” & “Gravel/Sand”

Veneziano, D., Fay, L., Shi, X., Foltz, B., Reyna, M. Highway User Expectations for ITD Winter Maintenance. Final report for the Idaho Transportation Department, Boise, ID. July 2014.

3b. Salt management plans

A statement of policies & objectives

• Identifies: road use, salt vulnerable areas, storage sites & other facilities, snow disposal sites, materials handling, training, …

Documentation

Proposed approaches

Training

oClassroom, CBT, field, post-storm debriefing, simulator, etc.

Management Review

The most effective way to dispose of snow is to let it melt where it accumulates

www.capitalbay.com

• Determine baseline & identify trends

– Total length of road

– Winter severity rating

– Number of events

– Material used

– Calibration dates

– Treatment effectiveness

3c. Monitoring & records-keeping

http://clearroads.org/project/calibration-accuracy-of-manual-and-ground-speed-control-spreaders/

Iowa DOT salt usage dashboard

• Allocates salt to garages based on weather conditions & policy usage requirements

• Creates a salt budget for each garageGarage Salt Use Summary Through 4/15/2012 Payperiod 13 & 14

Scale: < 90% 90% - 100% Over 100%

CC Garage Allocation (Tons)

Salt Used (Tons)

Salt Target (Tons)

% Target Used

% Allocation Used

D1551602 Ames 3,057 1,163.4 1,710.4 68.0% 38.1%551604 Marshalltown 1,871 829.6 1,081.7 76.7% 44.3%551605 Tama 1,315 717.8 642.5 111.7% 54.6%551607 Grundy Center 1,714 459.8 689.1 66.7% 26.8%551608 Iowa Falls 1,796 512.4 820.6 62.5% 28.5%551609 Williams 2,179 726.3 1,133.7 64.1% 33.3%551611 Fort Dodge 1,573 558.3 771.6 72.4% 35.5%551612 Gowrie 840 156.0 449.4 34.7% 18.6%551613 Jefferson 1,005 459.3 488.1 94.1% 45.7%551614 Boone 1,263 688.2 573.5 120.0% 54.5%551802 Malcom 1,185 628.4 674.4 93.2% 53.0%551803 Grinnell 1,106 488.5 568.9 85.9% 44.2%551804 Newton 2,370 921.3 1,045.9 88.1% 38.9%551806 Altoona 1,261 542.6 410.9 132.0% 43.0%551807 Des Moines North 2,778 972.4 1,012.0 96.1% 35.0%551808 Grimes 3,750 1,264.8 1,636.0 77.3% 33.7%551809 Carlisle 1,603 542.7 429.6 126.3% 33.9%

Statewide Salt Use vs. Target

Annette Dunn, Iowa DOT

Iowa DOT salt usage dashboard (cont’d)

Annette Dunn, Iowa DOT

• Improves performance monitoring, accountability, decision-making

• Cost savings & environmental benefits

• Mobility, accessibility, reliability, safety

• Example: time to bare lane

• Measured as: return to speed, friction, visual inspection, winter mobility index

3d. Performance measures

NCHRP 14-34 Guide for Performance Measures in Snow and Ice Control Operations

Toolbox approach Local needs Rd weather scenarios Local constraints

Proactive vs. Reactiveo Anti-icingo Deicing (pre-wet salt, DLA, …)o Sanding (pre-wet sand)o Mechanical (plowing/blowing)

3e. Operational strategies

Cui, N., Shi, X. Improved User Experience and Scientific Understanding of Anti-icing and Prewetting for Winter Maintenance in North America. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting. Jan. 11-15, 2015. Washington, D.C. Paper No. 15-5823.

Anti-

icin

g

• LOS, product, abrasives & plowing• 20 – 65 gal/l-m• Cost savings + mobility/safety• reducing impacts to the environment,

infrastructure, vehicles• Limitations:

– Cold temps, rain/sleet, blowing snow, air temp above freezing & rising, high humidity

“…prevent the formation or development of bonded snow & ice by timely applications of a chemical freezing-point depressant” Or weaken the bond

Prewetting: Slurry Technology

• High volume liquid anti-icer to dry salt (30%:70%) ~ 60-90 gal/ton

• 200 lb/l-mi = ~ 9 gal/l-mi

• Oatmeal consistency, salt grains fully saturated

• Slurry auger & at spinner

• Goes into action quicker, acts immediately, lasts longer on road, out-perform traditional pre-wetting, minimizes bounce & scatter

(Maine DOT 2005)

3f. Effective Application Rates for Anti-icing and Deicing

http://clearroads.org/project/establishing-effective-salt-and-anti-icing-application-rates/

Deicing Application Rate Guidelines 24’ of pavement (typical two-lane road)

www.pca.state.mn.us/programs/roadsalt.htmlMN Snow and Ice Control Field Handbook for Snowplow Operators

Pavement Temp. (ºF) and

Trend (↑↓)

Weather Condition

Maintenance Actions

Lbs/lane-mileSalt

Prewetted/Pretreated With Salt

Brine

Salt Prewetted/ Pretreated With

Other BlendsDry Salt

Winter Sand (abrasives)

>30° ↑ Snow Plow, treat intersections only

80 70 100 not recommended

Frz. Rain Apply chemical 80-160 70-140 100-200 not recommended

30° ↓ Snow Plow & apply chemical

80-160 70-140 100-200 not recommended

Frz. Rain Apply chemical 150-200 130-180 180-240 not recommended

25 - 30º ↑ Snow Plow & apply chemical

120-160 100-140 150-200 not recommended

Frz. Rain Apply chemical 150-200 130-180 180-240 not recommended

4. Technologies enabling reduced usage of snow/ice control materials

• Drift control/roadway design and snow fences• Improved weather forecasts • Software applications for WM (zoning, route

optimization, CBA toolkit, MDSS)• Smart snowplows and sensors• Advanced snowplows, spreaders, and blades

www.vaisala.com

4a. Drift control/roadway design & snow fences

≥8 ft

Wildlife habitat, control erosion, improve water quality, reduce spring-time flooding, sequester CO2

• Reduce blowing & drifting snow• Low cost snow storage• Increased safety• Reduce need for ice control product• 25 yr lifespan at $1.40 per ft2

4b. Improved weather forecasts

• Reduce the WM costs:

o 11–25% (labor)

o 4-10% (material)

• Improved spatial resolution = greater benefits to service levels

Ye, Z., Shi, X., Strong, C.K., Greenfield, T. H. Evaluation of the Effects of Weather Information on Winter Maintenance Costs. Transportation Research Record, 2009, 2107, 104-110. DOI: 10.3141/2107-11. Strong, C., Shi, X. Benefit-Cost Analysis of Weather Information for Winter Maintenance: A Case Study. Transportation Research Record, 2008, 2055, 119-127. DOI: 10.3141/2055-14. Ye, Z., Strong, C., Fay, L., Shi, X. Cost Benefits of Weather Information for Winter Road Maintenance. Final Report for the Aurora Consortium led by the Iowa DOT, Des Moines, IA. April 2009. • Ye, Z., Shi, X., Wang, S., Ballard, L., Huang, E. A Regional Pilot Weather Information System for Surface Transportation and Incident Management: Concept of Operations. 12th COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals (CICTP 2012), Beijing, China. August 3-6, 2012.

4c. Software applications for winter operations

• Optimization of facility sites and plow routes• Cost-benefit analysis toolkit• Decision support tools• AASHTO Computer based training (CBT)• …

Cost & material savings, benefit/cost: 1.33 to 8.67, less use of vehicles

Lessons learned: time needed to refine forecast and get management on board, continued training & exposure

Tools that integrate road weather forecasts, coded maintenance rules of practice, resource data to provide recommended treatment strategies (FHWA, 2011)

Decision support tools (e.g., MDSS)

Maintenance Decision Support System

• MDSS Benefits (per winter season)

Assume 30% MDSS recommendations were followed.

• Costs per winter season: $332,879

• Benefit-Cost Ratios:

• 2.1 (Same Conditions); 2.6 (Same Salt)

New Hampshire Case Study

ScenariosDelay

SavingsCrash

SavingsMaterialsSavings

TotalSavings

Same Conditions $5,039 $335,052 $354,661 $694,752 Same Salt $72,461 $786,385 $6,624 $865,470

• Ye, Z., Strong, C.K., Shi, X., Conger, S., Huft, D. Benefit-Cost Analysis of Maintenance Decision Support System. Transportation Research Record, 2009, 2107, 95-103. DOI: 10.3141/2107-10. • Ye, Z., Strong, C., Shi, X., Conger, S. Analysis of Maintenance Decision Support System (MDSS) Benefits and Costs. Final Report for the MDSS Pooled Fund led by the South Dakota DOT, Pierre, SD. May 2009.

4d. Smart snowplows and sensors

Mobile RWIS: integrated with AVL/GPS to provide improved real-time knowledge of road & environmental conditions throughout a network

• Surface temperature sensors• Freezing point & ice presence detection sensors• Salinity sensors

o Linked w/ automatic spreader controlso Enable educated decisions oPrevents over-application, saves material & $$$

• Ye, Z., Shi, X., Strong, C.K., Larson, R.E. Vehicle-Based Sensor Technologies for Winter Highway Operations. IET Intelligent Transport Systems, 2012, 6(3), 336-345. DOI: 10.1049/iet-its.2011.0129.

• GPS/AVL: http://clearroads.org/project/synthesis-on-gpsavl-equipment-used-for-winter-maintenance/

• Plug & Play Initiative: http://clearroads.org/project/plug-and-play-initiative/

RWIS

• Used to time treatments & determine which treatments to use

• Benefits:

o LOS

o Cost savings

o Aid in maintenance response

o Efficiency

• Benefit/cost ratio : 1.4 to 11

Real-time road condition information

Pavement Sensors &Thermal Mapping

• Monitoring, planning, treatment strategies, forecasting

• Invasive & non-invasive

www.vaisala.com

Maine DOT

www.enterpriseflasher.comwww.bangordailynew.com

• Monitoring, planning, treatment strategy, prevent over-application

• Colorado DOT

o Non-contract friction measurements

o Provide good short/long-term assessment of product performance

Fric

tion

Mea

sure

men

ts

www.dot.state.oh.us

www.mastrad.com

www.highfrictionroads.com

www.vaisala.com

4e. Advanced snowplows and spreaders

Precise Application of Materials

• Tailgate Spreaders & Reverse dumping

• Multipurpose spreaders• Rear Discharge Spreaders• Zero velocity spreaders• Dual spinners• Modified spinners• Homemade chutes

Challenges• Mechanical failure• Clogging & freezing• Corrosion• Frequent calibration

Fay, L., Veneziano, D., Ye, Z., Williams, D., Shi. X. Costs and Benefits of Tools to Maintain Winter Roads: A Renewed Perspective Based on Recent Research. Transportation Research Record, 2010, 2169, 174–186. DOI: 10.3141/2169-19. Clear Roads Program: Development of a Totally Automated Spreading System. http://clearroads.org/project/development-of-a-totally-automated-spreading-system/. Clear Roads Program: Comparison of Materials Distribution Systems. http://clearroads.org/project/comparison-of-materials-distribution-systems/.

5. Selection and development of “greener” products

• Muthumani, A., Fay, L., Akin, M., Wang, S., Gong, J., Shi, X. Correlating Lab and Field Tests for Evaluation of Deicing and Anti-icing Chemicals: A Review of Potential Approaches. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2014, 97(1): 21-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.10.001.

MULTI-CRITERIA COLLABORATIVE DECISION MAKING

Normalized Data Cost per Lane Mile

Average Performance

Infrastructure/Vehicle Impacts

Environmental Impacts

Composite Index

AF Salt

100

73 59 27 65 BLKFT Salt 86 57 27 55 Firth Salt 83 49 27 53 Boise Salt 86 49 27 54 Regular Salt 73±3 53 43 51±1 AF Slicer 84 50 27 54 Ice Slicer BLKFT 79 56 27 54 Ice Slicer Malad 79 49 27 52 BLKFT Brine

96 26 62 68 63

Pocatello Brine 6 60 68 45 Regular Brine 11±13 60 68 50±10 30% MgCl2 Boise 0 61 82 22 41 Max 100 86 82 68 65 Min 0 2 49 22 41

• Shi, X., Jungwirth, S.**, Akin, M., Wright, R., Fay, L., Veneziano, D., Zhang, Y., Gong, J., Ye, Z. Evaluating Snow and Ice Control Chemicals for Environmentally Sustainable Highway Maintenance Operations. ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2014, 140(11), DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000709.• Shi, X., Akin, M. Holistic Approach to Decision Making in the Formulation and Selection of Anti-icing Products. ASCE Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 2012, 26(3), 103-117.

3.00

3.25

3.50

3.75

4.00

4.25

4.50

4.75

5.00

5.25

5.50

23%NaCl

Mix 3 Mix 4 Mix 6 Mix 13 Mix 16 Mix 19 Mix 20 Mix 22 Mix 27

ml b

rine/

g de

icer

Ice Melting Performance at 60 min at 30°F

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.6

1.7

23%NaCl

Control

Mix 3 Mix 4 Mix 6 Mix 12 Mix 13 Mix 16 Mix 19 Mix 20 Mix 22 Mix 27

ml b

rine

/g d

eice

rIce Melting Performance at 60 min at 15°F

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.0

2.1

10 20 30 40 50 60

mL

brin

e/g

deic

er

Time (min)

Ice Melt vs. Time 20°F

Mix 28

Mix 29

80:20NaCl:Boost

Mix 30

Mix 31

Mix 35

Mix 36

Mix 3

Mix 22

Mix 13Z

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

NaCl DIWater

Mix 3 Mix 22 Mix 3A Mix 22A Mix 3B Mix 22B Mix 3C 30%MgCl2

23%NaCl

Corr

osio

n Ra

te (M

PY)

Corrosion Rate (MPY)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

23%NaCl 30%MgCl2

DI Water Mix 3A Mix 22A Mix 3 Mix 22 Mix 3B Mix 22B Mix 3C

Perc

ent W

eigh

t los

s (%

)Freeze-thaw weight loss of PCC following the SHRP

H205.8 test

6. Concluding remarks

WHAT: deliver the right type & amount of materialsin the right location at the right timeWHY:

effectiveness & efficiency of winter operationsmaterial usage, $$$, environmental footprint

HOW to balance LOS vs. sustainability: best practice in technology & management domains

Shi, X., Veneziano, D., Xie, N., Gong, J. Use of Chloride-Based Ice Control Products for Sustainable Winter Maintenance: A Balanced Perspective. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2013, 86, 104-112. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.11.001.

• Technological and institutional barriers remain

• Micro-scale road weather forecasting & sensing

• Understanding the ‘dynamic layer’ on the road surface: timing & freq.

• More integrated & automated onboard sensors

• Low-cost, high-reliability FAST system or pavement innovations for ice-prone locations

• A holistic snow/ice control management system

• Ultimate integration of solutions into the WM toolbox: continued investment & efforts in R&D + user-needs driven product strategies

7. A look to the future

• Muthumani, A., Shi, X. Effectiveness of Liquid Agricultural By-Products and Solid Complex Chlorides for Snow and Ice Control. ASCE Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 2015.

Connected vehicles: Concept for WM

Questions?

Xianming Shi, PhD, PEAssociate Professor, Civil & Environmental Engineering Washington State UniversitySloan 101, PO Box 642910Pullman, WA 99164-2910Phone: 1-509-335-7088xianming.shi@wsu.edu

Additional Slides for Q&A

Anti-icing

Preventing the formation or development of bonded snow & ice by timely applications of a chemical freezing-point depressant

PlowingThe physical removal of snow from the road using a snowplow.

Deicing

Breaking the bond between snow & ice and the pavement surface through applications of a chemical freezing-point depressant

SandingThe application of sand, cinders, ash, etc. to improve friction on the roadway

Winter Maintenance Products• Sand• Treated sand (sand + 10% salt (s,l))• Chlorides – NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 (s,l), …• Agro-based – beet, corn (l), …• Acetates & formates (s,l), glycols (l)

Typical Product Application Rates

Product Use Application Rate

Pavement Temperature

Ranges ReferenceDeicing 200 to 800 lbs/l-m 32 to 0°F Levelton Consultants Limited, 2007; Salt Institute, 2007Anti-icing 20 to 80 gal/l-m 32 to 10°F Levelton Consultants Limited, 2007, Peterson et al. 2010Pre-wet solid 200 to 800 lbs/l-m 32 to 0°F Levelton Consultants Limited, 2007Deicing 100 to 400 lbs/l-m Fischel, 2001Anti-icing 30 to 45 gal/l-m Fischel, 2001Pre-wetting 10 to 12 gal/l-m Blackburn et al., 2004Traction sand 500 to 6000 lbs/l-m no limits Levelton Consultants Limited, 2007Salt-sand mix 500 to 6000 lbs/l-m 32 to 0°F Levelton Consultants Limited, 2007Pre-wet abrasives 500 to 6000 lbs/l-m no limits Levelton Consultants Limited, 2007

NaCl

MgCl2

and CaCl2

Abrasives

FAST Systems

Reduced mobile operations

Reduced crash frequency & delay

Less material required

• Challenges

– Activation frequency

– System maintenance & training

• Appropriate only at a highly localized

level, as a supplement to mobile operations

• Installation should be site specific

• Ye, Z., Wu, J., El Ferradi, N., Shi, X. Anti-icing for Key Highway Locations: Fixed Automated Spray Technology. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2013, 40: 11–18. DOI: 10.1139/cjce-2012-0226.• Muthumani, A., Huang, J., Shi, X. Fixed Automated Spray Technology: Current Practices and Case Study. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting. Jan. 11-15, 2015. Washington, D.C. Paper No. 15-1577.

SAFETY ANALYSIS OF FAST

• FAST systems contributed to crash reductions of:

o 2% on multilane rural highways

o 16 – 70% on urban interstates

o 31 – 57% on rural interstates

o 19 – 40% on interchange ramps

o Unclear for rural two-lane roads

• Veneziano, D., Muthumani, A., Shi, X. Safety Effects of Fixed Automated Spray Technology Systems. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting. Jan. 11-15, 2015. Washington, D.C. Paper No. 15-0756.

Natural environments at risk

1. Soil: swelling/compaction, increased conductivity, loss in stability, …

2. Surface and ground waters: increased salinity, heavy metals, …

EPA Cl-thresholds for fish species:

• 1-hr average of 860 mg/l &

• 4-d average of 230 mg/l

• Not to exceed more than once every 3 years

Natural environments at risk

3. Vegetation: increased deicer concentrations in the soil and water…lead to plant injury symptoms & loss of native species…

4. Wildlife (habitat)

5. Human health

Slurry Technology

• Lesson Learned

– ¾ in salt allowed but smaller grains work better

– Start with a heavier application, followed by smaller

– Some equipment has worked better than others

• Pumps, on board crushers, overall equipment design/functionality

Identify Potential Waste Material or By-Products

Design of Experiments to Determine

Concentrations

Determine Ice Melting Performance, Corrosion to Steel, & Impacts to

Concrete

Laboratory Investigation Following SHRP H205.2

NACE TM0169-95, & SHRP H205.8

Field Operational Testing of Highest Performers

Implementation to Maintenance Agencies

1.15

1.25

1.35

1.45

1.55

1.65

1.75

1.85

1.95

2.05

ml b

rine

/ml d

eice

rIce Melting Performance 60 min 20°F

A “Supermix” (85% salt brine, 10% De-ice, 5% CaCl2):

anti-icing above 15°F @ 40 gln/ln-mi

pre-wetting above 2°F @ 10 gln/ton