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Sustainable Cooling, & Global overview of green, energy efficient building rating systems and cool roofs programs
The World Bank Group
Contents
Content Slide no
Importance and implementation of sustainable cooling 4-5
Opportunities and strategies for sustainable cooling in Bangladesh 6
Buildings EE and green building rating systems 8-10
Examples of green buildings and role of cool roofs 11-14
Lessons learned 15
Importance of Sustainable Cooling
Economic loss from exposure to heat in developing countries
Impacts of heat stress:
• Cost of productivity in 2030 in Bangladesh: 3% of GDP, ~USD 35,000 million
• Work-hour productivity losses: up to 12% in South Asia and West Africa
Source: ESMAP. 2020. Primer for Space Cooling. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) Knowledge Series 030/20. Washington, DC: World Bank https://www.esmap.org/primer-for-space-cooling-report
Accelerators of Space Cooling demand
Population
growth
Income
growth
Rapid
urbanization
Warming
planet
Cooling demand (2019 and 2030, TWh)
Global average temperatures: 2°C by 2100 – Dhaka city: 1.6ºC last 20 years1
Average number of cooling degree days: ~ 25% globally by 2050
Annual growth rate of RAC (2014-2019) in Bangladesh: 22%2
Tropical countries: emissions expected from cooling ~15% annual rate to 2030
1Bangladesh Metrology Department2Bangladesh Refrigerators and Air conditioner Manufacturers Association
4
Source: The Power of Efficient Cooling, The Economist
Sustainable Space Cooling vital enabler of:
HealthEducationEconomic development
Implementation ofSustainable Cooling
Integrated approach to cooling
Source: ESMAP. 2020. Primer for Space Cooling. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) Knowledge Series 030/20. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://www.esmap.org/primer-for-space-cooling-report
Passive cooling strategies1. Solar orientation
2. High insulation and cool/green roof
3. High performance Windows
4. Ventilation
5. Shading
6. Therma Mass
Rooms
• Fan and fan deliverables• Room air conditioners (mini split, window units)• Evaporative Cooling
Small buildings
• Variable refrigerator flow AC system• Central AC system• Multi Split AC system
Large buildings
• Air cooled chillers• Water cooled chillers
Districts
• District cooling system
Active cooling strategies
Super efficient equipment and systems:
Policies and programs
Financing Mechanisms
Stakeholders engagement
Key elements
CodesRating SystemsMEPSLabels
PAYSUtilitiesCredit linesEE FundsESCOsSuper ESCOs
AwarenessBehavior ChangeCapacity buildingCertifications
Government leadershipOwners, managers & occupantsTechnical and financial providers
5
Building Sector in Bangladesh and Energy Efficiency
Schemes for promoting energy efficiency in buildings
Opportunities and Strategies for Sustainable Cooling in Bangladesh
Source: EE&C Master Plan 2030. SREDA
✓ Energy Management Program (Large Industrial Energy Consumers)
✓ EE labeling program (Residential)
• Label certification, MEPS
✓ EE Building Program (All buildings)
• BNBC [Revised] – new version, GBG, Building Energy Efficiency and Environment Rating System, BEEER
✓ EE&C Finance Program (Private companies)
• Low-interest loan, preferential taxation, subsidy, other
✓ Government own initiatives (Government)
• Green purchase program for Eco-friendly public procurement, ISO 14004, 50001 certifications
Source: EE&C Master Plan 2030. SREDA
Residential
Lighting: 50%
Fan: 25%
Refrigerator/freezer: 55%
AC: 50%
Others: ~20%
Total: 35.9% (6,479 GWh/year)
Commercial
Lighting: 50%
AC: 50%
Total: 50%
EE&C Potential
Source: IFC Green Building Market Intelligence Bangladesh Country Profile
$118
Bangladesh’s climate-smart investment potential 2018-2030 ($ billion)
Assuming NDCs and relevant targets and policy objectives are met
Energy savings
expected95 million toe
➢ The Energy Conservation (EC) Act, 2014
➢ Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA)
➢ Energy Efficiency & Conservation Master plan (EECMP), 2016.
6
Buildings Energy Efficiency
Global prospective
• Buildings have direct and indirect negative impacts on the
environment due to extensive dependence and consumption of
resources, such as energy, water, wood, mined products.
• Buildings and construction together account for 36% of global
final energy use and 39% of energy-related carbon dioxide
(CO2) emissions when upstream power generation is included.
• Progress towards sustainable buildings and construction is
advancing, but improvements are still not keeping up with a
growing buildings sector and rising demand for energy services.
Source: Towards a zero-emission, efficient, and resilient buildings and construction sector, Global Status Report, 2017, United Nations Environment Programme
Building life cycle
• The energy intensity per square meter (m2) of
the global buildings sector needs to improve on
average by 30% by 2030 (compared to 2015) to
be on track to meet global climate ambitions set
forth in the Paris Agreement.
8
RTS: Reference Technology Scenario
Green building rating system
• For mitigating the impact of buildings on the environment,
through sustainable design; green building standards,
certifications, and rating systems were created.
• A green building rating system is a tool that evaluates the
performance of a building and its impact on the
environment. It comprises of predefined set of criteria
relating to the design, construction, and operational
aspects of buildings.
Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333912838_The_unwritten_history_of_green_building_rating_tools_a_personal_view_from_some_of_the_'founding_fathers'
2019 – Well standards
9
Global Review of Green Building Rating Systems3%
0%
9%
14%
5%
0%
11%
0%
5%
5%
43%
30%
18%
22%
40%
18%
29%
28%
25%
28%
10%
10%
9%
12%
11%
10%
15%
18%
17%
12%
4%
0% 1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
12%
24%
27%
21%
17%
31%
6%
19%
19%
27%
5%
16%
13%
17%
15%
16%
11%
12%
13% 14%
19%
12% 1
4%
14%
13%
11%
15%
16%
16%
8%
3% 5
%
9% 10%
0%
14%
5%
7%
4%
6%
1%
4%
0%
0%
0%
0%
8%
0%
1%
0%
B ANGLADESH (BEEER)
USA (LEED) UK (BREEAM) AUSTRALIA(GREEN STAR)
CANADA (GREEN
GLOBES)
SOUTH KOREA (G - SEED)
INDIA (GRIHA) INDIA ( IGBC) INDIA(ASSOCHAM
GEM)
PAKISTAN (SEED)
Management and planning Energy Management Water Management
Construction health and safety Project site management Indoor management
Construction material management Innovation CSR
10
Green Building Rating System – Example 1
HBS Tata Hall Executive Education Centre, Boston
About Facility: The Tata Hall Executive Education Center (in Boston)
serves as a model for high performance building design on the Harvard
Business School (HBS) campus. The 7-story, 153,700 square foot multi-
use building, houses 22 living groups with 180 bedrooms and associated
living group lounges, classrooms, seminar spaces, project rooms,
reception lounges, and administrative office
Rating: LEED Platinum
LEED Score
Project Metrics
• 48% water savings compared to an Energy Policy Act of 1992 baseline
• 43% reduction in energy costs compared to the baseline standard (ASHRAE 90.1-2007), estimated via energy modeling
• 5.2% of energy use (by cost) is provided by an on-site renewable energy system (PV)
• 92% of regularly occupied areas have access to views
• 90% of individual spaces, including bedrooms, have individual lighting and thermal comfort controls
82%
75%
100%
73%
43%
80%
60%
85%
Total Points
Regional Priority
Innovation and Design
Indoor Environment Quality
Material and Resources
Energy and Atmosphere
Water Efficiency
Sustainable Sites
11
Source: Harvard Business School, HBS Tata Executive Education Centre, Harvard Way, Boston, MA 02163, Project Profile.
Green Building Rating System – Example 2
Kolkata West International City
About Facility:
Kolkata West International City is a satellite township development with IT parks, a hospital, schools and shopping centers. The size of project is 390 acres and it is being developed in phased manner.
Rating – EDGE certified
Total CO2savings – 607 tCO2 per year
Predicted savings and technical solutions
Aspect Predicted Savings Recommendation implemented
Energy 27% • Reflective paint for external walls and roof, • Low-E coated glass, • Energy-efficient ceiling fans and • Energy-saving lighting.
Water 35% • Low-flow showerheads, • Low-flow faucets for washbasins and • Dual flush water closets.
Embodied energy in material 36% • In-situ reinforced internal and external walls.
12
Source: EDGE, IFC
Role of Cool Roofs within Green and Energy Efficient Buildings
As urban areas develop, changes occur in the landscape.
Buildings, roads, and other infrastructure replace open
land and vegetation. Surfaces that were once permeable
and moist generally become impermeable and dry. This
development leads to the formation of urban heat islands
(UHI)—the phenomenon whereby urban regions
experience warmer temperatures than their rural
surroundings.
Effect of Urban heat island Source: TERI report Urban Planning Characteristics to Mitigate Climate Change in Context of Urban Heat Island Effect, 2017
Local context
• Bangladesh has experienced 39 heat waves from 1989 to 2011. Bangladesh’s average annual temperatures are expected to rise by 1.0°C to 1.5°C
by 2050 even if preventive measures taken as per Paris agreement.
• If no measures are taken, then average temperatures are predicted to increase by 1.0°C to 2.5°C.
• Dhaka is extremely vulnerable to the UHI effect and heat due to rapid urbanization and high population density
Cool roofs and Urban Heat Island Mitigation –Cooling intervention
13
Global Overview of Cool Roofs and UHI Mitigation Strategies
Benefits for UHI mitigation
Increasing tree and
vegetation cover in city
focusing on native trees
Cool roof, a materials or
coatings that reflects
sunlight and heat
Green roof: Growing a
vegetative layer (plants,
shrubs, grasses, and/or
trees)
Cool and Permeable
Pavements
Cool Walls Green Walls
When cool roof is implemented on limited number of roofs the benefit is available only to the top floor of the occupants, in form of reduced electricity consumption in cooling. However, when cool roof is applied as large scale at (city level), then it may result reduction of Urban Heat Island i.e. temperature reduction at city level. Other benefits include:
• Increasing occupant comfort and avoiding installation of additional ACs
• Reduction in size of AC and prolonging the life
• Reduction in smog is created by photochemical reactions of air
pollutants, which increases at higher temperatures.
• Reduces the stress on the energy grid during hot summer months
Global cool roof programs
Policy development
Large scale replication
Pilot demonstration
Mexico, South Africa, Australia
India
USA, Canada
14
Ahmedabad, India, passive cooling for urban poor
• Coating of lime wash applied on 3,000 low incomehouseholds (@ $0.07 per Sq. foot) resulted in 2 – 3 0Ctemperature reduction
• Use of locally developed material (ModRoof - made ofcoconut husk and paper waste) for 250 homes resultedin 7 - 8°C temperature reduction
Paris, France, heat resilience
• Cool Island: swimming area and misting
• Cool Pathways: shading ofpedestrian walkways
• Urban Oasis: retrofits common places
ExamplesMitigation Strategies
Source: ESMAP, Primer for cool cities: Reducing Excessive Urban Heat with focus on passive measures
Lessons Learned from International Experiences in Green and Energy Efficient Buildings Rating Systems
BEEER design is aligned with international best practices and integrates local specifications. Going forward, the
large-scale implementation and adoption of BEEER could draw upon the lessons learned from global experiences.
15
• Technical assistance: for conducting feasibility studies (for green building ratings such as EDGE), which could play an
important role in building confidence by providing visibility of benefits and RoI to building owners and developers.
• Initial focus on specific building typology and voluntary programs - such as new commercial buildings,
implementation of pilot demonstrations, development of detailed reference guides. After successful implementation of
the initial stage, the scope is generally broadened to other building typologies and made mandatory.
• Building Data Collection, Sharing, Management and Rating through Online tools - based on easy-to-use templates
and calculators facilitate registration, review and evaluation processes of rating systems.
• Capacity building and Awareness generation- based on trainings and hand holding support is key to a smooth
implementation, including aspects like general benefits of buildings energy efficiency and sustainability, energy use simulation,
clean space cooling technologies, and project cycle for building rating system, including registration, verification and
evaluation processes and use of online tools.
• Multi-stakeholder consultations and coordination: As green buildings is a cross-cutting intervention across multiple
stakeholders (govt, architects, building developers, owners and/or users, building material suppliers, ESCOs, etc.) and is to
be coordinated with building codes (that are often mandatory) an entity responsible for green buildings systems
implementation – either public sector, private sector or public-private entity has to bring the coordination effectively.
• Financing and Incentives: Concessional financing (like low interest loans, credit guarantees, etc.) or fiscal incentives (such
as tax benefits, accelerated depreciation, etc.) are required to address the financial barrier to the large-scale adoption of EE
building codes and green building rating systems, at least in the initial stages of market transformation.
Thank You
Jari Vayrynen
Ashok Sarkar
Tanuja Bhattacharjee
María Rodríguez de la Rubia
Siddique Zobair
Inderjeet Singh
Vishal Garg
Rajeev Kumar Yadav
World Bank Team
World Bank Resources
Published (to Download, Pls Click on the Image) To be Released (March 2021)