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Sustainable Forestry Management and Ecosystem Approach
Myanmar Sustainable Forestry Management: a hidden link in Landscape-level Ecosystem Development
Virgin tropical forest of Tanintharyi Nature Reserve
Outlines -
1. Status of Myanma forests and bio-resources2. MSFM: strength & weaknesses3. Ecosystem development4. Change and Development
Conclusion
Land Cover 2002Country Land Area 676,577 km2
Other Lands 30%
Forest Fallows 2%
Shrubs 16%Open Forests 15%
Closed Forests37%
1. Status of Myanma Forests and Bio-resources
Source: Forestry in Myanmar 2003
Central Dry Forests (being replanted)
Coastal Lowland Evergreen Forests
Delta & Coastal Mangroves (Delta mangroves being rehabilitated)
Northern Alpine & Temperate Forests
Bago Yoma MDF
Inner Semi¥evergreen & MDF
Temperate and Sub-alpine Forests
Inner MDF mixed with Dipterocarp
Biodiversity Richness• Plant Resources
- Gymnosperms & Angiosperms -11800 spp. in 273 families, 2371 genera (Kress et al 2003)
- plus fern & non-vascular plants
• Wildlife Resources- 251 mammal spp., seven endemics- 1027 bird spp, highest in mainland Asia, four endemics & 19 restricted-range bird spp.- 425 reptile and amphibian spp.- 350 fresh water fish spp.
• Strategically located at the convergence of four major floristic regions
• N. Myanmar - one of floristically richest area in mainland Asia
• 25% endemism recorded in 1940s(Kingdon-Ward 1944-45). New species being discovered.
• IUCN’s four centers of plant diversity – N. Myanmar(6000 spp), Tanintharyi (3000), Natmataung NP(2500), Chin Hills (2500)
• GTS (Globally threatened species)(IUCN 2004) –
- 39 mammal, 44 bird, 20 reptile, 38 plant, 20 non-marine reptile spp (all turtles), amphibians, fishes.
- Invertebrates and plants need survey
Source: Myanmar Investment Opportunities in Biodiversity Conservation 2005
2. MSFM: Strength and WeaknessesStrength of MSFM
Myanma Selection System (MSS) –Ensures Sustainability not only of yield but also of ecosystems
Features of MSS -1. Harvest by meticulous selection2. Complete enumeration of FY trees 3. Intensive pre/post- harvest silvicultural
operations4. Yield control (AAC) & periodic control
(FC)5. Consider ecological aspects
Teak Selection Girdling
Research finding - “Selective logging, if properly done using RIL, leads to SFM” (FAO 2005)
Forestry Plantations
Forest PlantationsOld COMPENSATORY plantations merge into natural forest and natural ecosystem
restored. LARGE plantations help sustain natural
forests
Plantation Category (2002)
C o mme rc ia l 55%
( Te a k 4 2 %; P y inkad o
8 %; P ad auk 2 %)
Lo c a l S up p ly
2 6 %
C at c hme nt P ro t e c t io n
11%
Ind us t ria l8 %
Total area (2002) – 800,000 ha Annual target – 40,000 ha
(Forestry in Myanmar, FD 2003)
Present Scenerio of Myanmar Forestry Management:MSFM adopts Forest Principles and Ecosystem Approach
The 30 year National Forest Master Plan (2002 to 2031)
* Embraces the forest principles of UNCED
- following the three pillars of SFM –economic, environmental and socio-cultural aspects , and
- with the formulation of the new Forest Policy (1995), new Forest law (1992) and Rules (1995) and CFI 1995
• Developed C & I for SFM - since 1999 and is being revised (ITTO 2005)
• Developed Model Forest Programme - by FD and JOFCA and JIFPRO in Bago Yoma
• Adoptes Ecosystem Approach –
- Adoptes Forest Policy to conserve BD , to form PAS with 5% - 10% targets
- member of Global Tiger Forum (1994), CITES (1998), Botanic Gardens Conservation International (1998) and the Cartagena BiosaftyProtocol of CBD (2001)
- ratified to UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the World Heritage Convention and RamsarConvention (2005)
• Restores Forest Landscapes–
- the ‘Integrated Plan for Greening the Dry Zone of Central Myanmar’ , A/R & N/R
- A/R of the border areas with socio-economic development
MSFM : Weaknesses
• Deviation from MSS – AAC & FC faltered, MP & GT, weak silvicultural operations & ineffective protection
• Teak/Deciduous Forestry, Forest Creaming & LUS- intensive management of only Teak bearing MDF- only few species harvested when 400 available, leading to genetic loss of elite species, forest devaluation and degradation- 54 species of LUS documented supported by ITTO, needs further dev.
• Other Ecosystems & Bio-resources are neglected- neglected forest ecosystems – Alpine, Hill & Temperate
Evergreens, Lowland Evergreens, Mangroves & Marine• Underdeveloped NTFP & Bioenergy – need
development and enforcement
Deviation from MSS: faltered logging control, weak silvicultural operation and protection
AAC - reduced, indicating less stocks Yield - rose, indicating abuseSilvicultural works & Protection -
insufficientLogging - more in accessible forestsIllegal cutting – rampant, disrupting
management data and forest valueGT - Started 1968, increased to 80% by
2001- Indicates mechanized, less sustainable logging- Less of traditional bio-logging & floating- More damage to trees and ecosystem
Forest Revenue - under-valued Value-addition – poor, LOG export
comprised 73% of TEAK & 99% of H/W
Teak Harvested against AAC (1992/3-2002/3)
050000
100000150000200000250000300000350000400000
1992-3
1993-4
1994-5
1995-6
1996-7
1997-8
1998-9
1999-0
2000-12001-2200
2-3
Tree
/CuT
on
AAC(Tree) Felled(Tree) Log(CuTon)
Teak: not inexhaustible(1999)
Shrinking Teak forest and
declining forest valueIn 2000, 16.5 mill. ha of Teak bearing Mixed Deciduous forests are-
-more fragmented and
- stocked with less than 10% Teak trees
- Teak genetic degradation a possible threat
Northern Alpine & Temperate Forests
Central Dry Forests (being replanted)
Sub-Tropical/Hill Evergreen Forests
Coastal Lowland Evergreen Forests
Delta & Coastal Mangroves (Delta mangroves being rehabilitated)
•The long neglected pristine forests command –
- holistic planning, integrated management and effective protection- landscape level ecosystem mgnt. and eco-development - involve people as part of ecosystem and as partner
Teak-Deciduous Forestry: forgotten forest ecosystems
Forests of the North and the South: Alpine, Sub-Tropical and Lowland Evergreen Forests
34,500 km2 of Sundiac Low-land Evergreen and1,300 km2 of Mangroves of Tanintharyi Div. face improper land-use and abuse
75,000 km2 of Alpine, Hill and Temperate Evergreen Forests of Kachin State and 64,000 km2 of Low-land Evergreen Forests of Sagaing Div.
These virgin forests command ecosystem development
Woodfuel: a Problem and Hindrance to Resource Sustainability and Eco-development
• Bioenergy- 81% of primary energy was biomass(1992-3) including
- Woodfuel - 84% & - Crop residue - 3.3% (WB 1991)
- WF deficit for 2005 of 16 m. adt- Crop residue - 5.6 m. adt, not all consumed (World Bank Est. 1990)- Drive to produce more biomass by tree planting & more crops- Need technology development for efficient use of biomass
Demand–Supply Balance (1990-2005)
Supply Consumption
Deficit
– million m3 – – %
1990 27.6 36.2 8.6 24
2000 26.8 41.7 16.9 38
2005 24.1 45.9 21.8 48
Note: 1 m3 = 0.55 H. Ton or 0.7 T. Ton or 1 ADT (approx.)
Source: Forest Department (1997)
Bio-energy: sustainable biomass productionBioenergy Plantations – for
sustainability of natural forests
• Develop CF- Participatory natural forest mgnt.- Agro-forestry with multi-purpose tree
species - Support & area specific research
• Reforestate (degraded lands) - Fuelwood (Village Supply) plantation
- 201000 ha by 2002 (FD 2003)- in vicinity of nat. forests so that
BD can return
• Hedge-row/garden planting– nationwide planting campaign for Castor
oil plants (Jatropha species ) for biodiesel& fertilizer - 200,000 ha. in each State/Division within 5 years (7 Day News Jan 19 2006)
• Need incentive and motivation– guarantee of rights & ownership– market development and – inputs
Bioenergy Technology
• Woodfuel efficient stoves – 300,000 distributed in DZ alone by 2001
• Biogas (methane-CH4) – not much used (recent research found pig-dung produces best in hotter climate)
• Producer Gas – methanol by pyrolysis– for combustion engines/gas turbines -being developed
• Commercial bioenergy – hybridgasifier/gas turbine saves 30-40% in electricity production – being commercially produced
• Biodiesel – Castor oil (Jatropha species) fuel being promoted to use in farm machineries and others
Mangrove being depleted
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
1924 1954 1974 1980 1983 1990 1995 2000 2001Year
Are
a (h
ecta
res)
MangroveCultivationOthers
Mangrove Area Change in Myanmar
Location/Area
In 2001 In 2003 Difference
Ayeyarwadydelta
178,060 ha 177,200 ha -860 ha (0.5%)
TanintharyiDivision
141,640 ha 140,100 ha - 1540 ha (1.1%)
RakhineState
64,750 ha 64,700 ha -50 ha(0.1%)
Total Myanmar
384,450 ha 382,000 ha - 2450 ha (0.6%)
Main causes – woodfuel, agri. expansion, prawn cultureStrategy – intensive participatory management under integrated coastal eco-development
Mangrove depletion and increased paddy-land in Ayeyarwaddy Delta
NTF Resources: Need Eco-development for Sustainability
• NTFP – indispensable for subsistence and commercial uses and for rural and urban dwellers, most common being bamboo, rattan (36 sp.), medicinal, industrial and household-use plants and plant products
• Sustainability neglected – under-valued, limited legal control, no ecological control, lack awareness, destructive harvest, increasing targets
• Needs – proper land-use practice, participation, awareness, rights & ownership, input with training, technology & micro-credits development, infrastructure & market development, site specific research & micro-eco-development, networking
Status of Forestry Science and Scientific Forestry Management
• Application of Forestry Science –weak and superficial while dynamism is required for development, poor research, no long term ecosystem study
• Main reason – man power handicap, lack incentive & input
• International collaboration – limited (JICA, FORSPA, ITTO, ASEAN, Kyoto University, Goettingen Uni. and Dresden Uni., AKECU, JIFPRO, NEF & FREDA, WCS and SI)
• Urgent need – Capacity building, incentive, research & net-work development
FORSPA’s note that fits for Myanmar’s situation Constraints in Scientific Forestry Management -- lack conducive research environment
- lack trained manpower
- lack leadership in specific- area research
- lack inter-country coordination
- lack sustained funding
- lack linkages and contacts
3. Ecosystem Development: PAS
• 7 NPs, 29 WSs, 1 NR & 4 Ps –
49,000 km2 (7.4% of country area, well past Target of 5 %) (FD 2005)
• Representation of ecosystems - not sufficient
Permanent Forest Estate• 174,000 km2 (25.68% of country area out of 30% Target)
PFE
Protected Area SystemPAS
PAS: impressive increase, poor representationand poor protection
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1918
1923
1928
1933
1938
1943
1948
1953
1958
1963
1968
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
Year
000
hec
tare
s
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
% o
f to
tal l
and
are
a
Area Extent (Thousand hectares)
% of Total Land
PAs by Type of Habitat
Habitat Area Extent of Relevant PAS(ha) (% of total PAS)
Terrestrial PAS 4,705,575 96.01%Wetland PAS 156,531 3.19%Marine PAS 39,161 0.80% Total 4,901,267 100%
• Needs –– To expand PAS to represent enough
of different ecosystems– Effective research & development– To identify sites of global importance– To increase awareness and
participation– To guarantee rights & ownership
From GMS Report 2005
Ecosystem Development:BD & Landscape-level Conservation
Shwe Set Taw WS, habitat for endemic Cervus eldi Thamin,Star Tortoise & many endangered and rare species. Also an important religious place
Photos– Courtesy of WCS
Ecosystem approach –
‘A strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way’ (CBD, 2000)
Ecosystems of the North
Paphiopedilum wardii
People are part of nature
Ecosystem Development: BD & Landscape-level Conservation
Khakaborazhi NP
Kachin State
Photos– Courtesy of WCS
Wetland Ecosystem and Co-habitants
Indawgyi WS
Photos– Courtesy of WCS
Coastal and Marine Ecosystems
Meinmahla Kyun WSTurtle & crocodile conservation & training
2230 km long coastline commands priority Integrated Management, Conservation and Eco-development ofTerrestrial and Marine Ecosystems
Photos– Courtesy of WCS
MangrovesProtect the coastal environment, but need urgent protection themselves
Subsistence Mangrove Industry: from Creek to Kiln affecting sustainability of marine resources for subsistence use and commercial fisheries alike
And ecological development for And ecological development for
sustainable usesustainable use
Bio-resources: a few priority species demanding immediate attention
Taiwanian cryptomeroidesin Kachin State, endangered
Kindly contributed by K. Lu, UoM
Dendrocalmus asper- Kyalwe wa, S. Myanmar-million dollar export earner in Thailand
Courtesy of K. K. GyiITTO Consultant for NTFP Market Development
Aquilaria spp.,endangered, neglected, shadowed trade
Endangered and Endemic:Gurney's Pitta in its LowlandRain Forest Habitat
Save Sundiac Lowland Rainforests and Gurney’s Pitta
• Thought extinct 20 years ago, hadn’t been seen wild for 50 years plus, one of most beautiful birds was last reported in Burma in 1914, and in Thailand in 1986. • Now rediscovered in S. Myanmar by BirdLife and BANCA in 2003, believed several hundred pairs could be surviving inside Lenya NP and Ngawun RF. • To save the birds, there is urgent need to save this last piece of Lowland Rainforests in Myanmar before being burnt down for oil-palm and rubber plantations.
Ayeyarwaddy Dolphin PA: the first in Myanmar
. Kyauk Myaung
. Bhamaw
Mingun .
Notified by Fisheries Department on 28 Dec. 2005
Photos: Contributed by Mya Than Htun & Tint HtunMarine Biologists, Fisheries Dept.
Indigenous Practice: generations of friendship and cooperation between Man and Fish
Cooperativefishingtradition –
- of cast-fisherman and the A. dolphin is a living legend in the upper reaches of theRiver Ayeyarwaddy
•They understand and depend on each other well•But not without enemies- such as ignorant fishers, gold miners
Ayeyarwaddy Dolphin(Orcaella brevirostris)• Reportedly sighted, but authentic survey only in 2002• Sighted as far north as Bhamo, 1500 km from sea• The 73 km stretch from Mingunto Kyauk Myaung is reserved in 2005
(Courtesy of Mya Than Htun & Tint Htun, Marine biologists, 2005
Key BD Sites and Corridors: Investment Opportunities in BD Conservation
BD Sites (76) and Corridors (15) Priority Corridors (7)
From ‘Myanmar Investment Opportunities in Biodiversity Conservation’ Nov. 2005
Land-use Conflict : Tanintharyi Forest Complex
Lowland Evergreen to monoculture – sacrificing critical ecosystem, BD and nature tourism potentials
National Land-use Policy, Integrated National Land-use Plan & multi-level Implementing Mechanism are the answer
Highest Tiger and Gurney’s Pittapopulations in Myanmar
•With 21,880 km2 in area, the largest Tiger Sanctuary and part of Northern Forest Complex• But most disturbing developments – on going gold-panning and forth-coming oil drilling
Land-use Conflict: Hukaung Valley WS & Extension
Photos– Courtesy of WCS
4. MSFM at a Cross-road: Need Change and Development
From ToDegenerative Practices Sustainable Development
1. Illegal & over-logging Timber Cert.; C & I; Public participation2. Agri. expansion into Integrated Land-use Policy, Plan &
forests Implementing Mechanism3. T’ya cultivation Agroforestry/community dev.4. Bureaucratic mgnt. Decentralized Participatory mgnt.5. Primary product Value-addition6. Forest creaming LUS industries7. Under-valued Ftry. Product & ecosystem values8. Wasteful NTFP Sustainable/value-added NTFP 9. Wasteful biomass Develop bioenergy & fertilizer10. Low instn capacity Capacity building, orientation, research
development & networking 11. Under-developed technology Technological development with international
collaboration & input
Conclusion• Myanmar’s forest/marine ecosystems are still relatively rich in BD
and value• MSFM has achieved sustainable yield and to a certain extent
sustainable ecosystem in the past• However, the richness in forest and bio-resources and an excellent forestry
system are not for complacency. Weaknesses and needs must be addressed, and address early than late
• Degenerative practice of MSS would not produce similar result, leave alone betterment
• Other ecosystems and remaining aspects of sustainability of natural ecosystems must definitely be considered and fulfilled
• Must definitely Include and Involve People in ecological development processes
• A must to build up Capacity, Research and Technology and International collaboration in forestry and resource sciences
• Must be transparent, rather than hidden for landscape-level eco-development
Pristine Lowland Evergreen Pristine Lowland Evergreen Forests ofForests of TanintharyiTanintharyi
Thank you