SUSTAINABLE - Gadjah Mada University · 2018. 3. 19. · Henrikke Baumann, Chalmers University Pof Technology, Sweden Iain Black , Heriot Watt University, United Kingdom Iván Vargas

ADVANCES IN SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH

2 3 rd I N T E R N A T I O N A L

SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH SOCIETY CONFERENCE

JUNE 14-1 6, 2017

BOGOTA, COLOMBIA

First edition: 2017 ISBN: 978-958-774-606-8 School of Management Universidad de los Andes Bogotá, Colombia

Universidad de los Andes I Vigilada Mineducación Reconocimiento como Universidad, Decreto 1297 del 30 de mayo de 1964 Reconocimiento

personería jurídica Resolución 28 del 23 de febrero de 1949 Min. Justicia.

2 3 rd I N T E R N A T I O N A L

S U S TA I N A B L E DEVELOPM ENT RESEARCH SOCI ETY CON FERENCE

INTRODUCTION

The series Advances in Sustainable Development Research includes the Book of Abstracts and

selected Papers of the 23rd Congress of the International Sustainable Development Research

Society ISDRS held in Bogotá-Colombia in the School of Management at Universidad de los

Andes in June 2017.

The abstracts and papers that were selected had a complete peer review process. They show the

richness in interdisciplinary approaches, theories, models and applied research presented in the

different streams and tracks designed for the conference.

This is an important contribution to the discussion of the state of the art in the different dimensions

of sustainable development. This is a conference that offers an academic space known for its

interdisciplinary approach as well as a space for academics and practitioners. Here, the reader will

find a broad approach including different visions, theoretical orientations to sustainable

development as well as a richness in research methodologies from quantitative to qualitative.

Inclusive sustainable development was the main theme of the conference. By inclusiveness, we

understand the objective of creating a more equitable society by ensuring wider access and

opportunities across social groups, regions and economic sectors as well as reducing the high

income disparities that occur today. How to achieve the objective of inclusiveness is a matter of

intense discussion and concern as the movement behind the sustainable development goals

shows. Governments, private enterprises and communities must play an important role on this

process. We believe that Universities must also be engaged in this societal purpose.

This Book of abstracts and proceedings clearly contribute to that important aim.

Sincerely,

Eduardo Wills Herrera

Academic Chair of 23rd

ISDRS Conference

Bogotá - Colombia

BOGOTÁ, COLOM BIA, JUNE 14-1 6, 2017

ORGANISING COMMITTEE

Eduardo Wills, Conference Chair

Tenured professor, School of Management, Universidad de los Andes. PhD in Organizational

Behavior, Tulane University. Master in Development studies fro the Institute of Social Studies in

the Hague, The Netherlands. Former director of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Development

Studies (Cider) at Universidad de los Andes and former director of the National Rehabilitation

Plan (PNR), in Colombian. Eduardo’s current research interests include subjective well-being as

an alternative view to sustainable development; management of change process at organisational

and societal levels. He is also a member of Asociaición Amigos de la Montaña, an organization of

hikers who defend the public use of the eastern mountains of Bogotá.

Nathalia Franco Conference Co-chair

Assistant Professor, School of Management, Ph.D. in Management, Tulane University; Master of

Management, Tulane University. Director of the Master of Development Management and

Practice (MDP) between 2015 and 2017. Professor of courses in Social Responsibility, Public

Management, and Colombia and Its Institutions at the undergraduate level; Social Partnerships in

the Specialization in Negotiation; and Social Entrepreneurship in the Master of Environmental

Management an the MDP. Member of the Social Enterprise Knowledge Network (www.sekn.org)

since 2005.

Germán Andrade

Associate professor, School of Management, Universidad de los Andes. MSc Natural Sciences,

Yale University

Joaquín Caraballo,

MEM & MDP Director of the Master’s programmes in Environmental Management and in Development

Management and Practice at the School of Management, Universidad de los Andes.

Oliver García, Conference Coordinator

Professional in management from the Universidad de los Andes. Consultant and research

assistant at the School of Management. Social entrepreneur. Co-author of books on

entrepreneurship development in Colombia.

Catalina Silva-Plata Conference Academic Coordinator

PhD in Sustainability and Environmental Studies, University of Strathclyde, Scotland. MSc in

Environmental Entrepreneurship, University of Strathclyde, Scotland. Socio-environmental

researcher and professional with +6-year experience and expertise in the sustainability area with

focus on global virtual water resources and rural sustainable development issues in the UK, Brazil

and Latinamerica.

Nohora Díaz

Research Assistant in Industrial Ecology, School of Management, Universidad de los Andes. Master in Environmental Management, Universidad de los Andes.

Mónica Ramos

PhD candidate Innovation and Governance for Sustainable Development at University of Twente,

The Netherlands.

COMMITTEES

Tracks Chairs

Adrian Morley, Manchester Metropolitan

University, United Kingdom Alex Franklin, Coventry University, United Kingdom Andrea

Cecchin, Independent Researcher, Ecuador Andres

Vargas, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Andrés

Hernández Q., Universidad de los Andes, Colombia

Andrés Link, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Anne

Wallis, Deakin University, Australia Arun Sahay, Birla Institute of Management Technology,

India Astrid Skjerven, Oslo and Akershus University

College, Norway Cecilia Haskins, NTNU - Norwegian University of

Science and Technology, Norway Cecilia Soler, Gothenburg university, Sweden Celio

Andrade, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil Daniel Paez,

Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Diana Trujillo,

Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Diego Valderrama,

Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Eduardo Wills,

Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Elsa Joao,

University of Strathclide, Scotland Evandro Mateus

Moretto, Institute of Energy and Environment (IEE),

School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities (EACH),

University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil Fernando J. Diaz

Lopez, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific

Research TNO & Stellenbosch University, Netherlands Francesco Pomponi., University of

Cambridge, United Kingdom Francisco Ferreira, Universidade No, Portugal

Francisco A. Comín Sebastián, Pyrenean Institute

of Ecology-CSIC, Spain Freddy Zapata, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia

German Andrade, Universidad de los Andes,

Colombia Henrikke Baumann, Chalmers University of

Technology, Sweden Iain Black, Heriot Watt University, United Kingdom

Joachim H. Spangenberg, Helmholtz Centre for

Environ-ment Research UFZ, Germany João Joanaz de Melo, CENSE, Universidade NOVA

de Lisboa, Portugal Jorge H. García, Universidad de los Andes,

Colombia José Fernando Cuello, Secretaría Distrital

de Ambiente, Colombia Juana García, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia

Julian Idrobo, Cider Uniandes María Alejandra Vélez, Universidad de los Andes,

Colombia Mauricio Cote, Ministry of environment -

Colombia. Meg Holden, Simon Frazer, Canada Nathalia Franco, Universidad de los Andes,

Colombia Nuno Martins, CIAUD, Faculdade de

Arquitectura da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Olawale Emmanuel Olayide, University of

Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Paul Hooper, Manchester Metropolitan University,

United Kingdom Pauline Deutz, University of Hull, United Kingdom

Paulo Ferrão, Universidad Técnico Lisboa ,

Portugal Peter Ras, TUT, South Africa Peter Schlosser, Columbia University, United

States Pramod B. Shrestha., Tribhuban University ,

Nepal Raymond Auerbach, Nelson Mandela

University, South Africa Rob Wallis, Federation University Australia, Australia

Roberto Gutierrez Poveda, Universidad de los

Andes, Colombia Rodrigo Lozano, University of Gävle, Sweden

Romana Rauter, Graz Universitat , Austria Rupert

J. Baumgartner, University of Graz, Austria Sandra Caeiro, Universidade Aberta, Portugal and

CENSE, Centre for Environmental and Sustainability

Research, New University of Lisbon, Portugal Santiago Mejía, Universidad de los, Colombia

Sara Moreno Pires, Aveiro University , Portugal

Sebastian Restrepo Calle, Pontificia

Universidad Javeriana, Colombia Simon Bell, Open University, UK, United Kingdom

Sjors Witjes, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable

Development, Utrecht University, Netherlands Tomás B. Ramos, CENSE, Centre for Environmental

and Sustainability Research, Universidade NOVA de

Lisboa, Portugal Valerie nelson, University of Greenwich, United

Kingdom Volker Mauerhofer, University of Vienna/Meiji

University, Austria Walter J.V. Vermeulen, ISDRS & Utrecht University

& Stellenbosch University, Netherlands Ximena Rueda, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia

Reviewers

Adrian Morley, Manchester Metropolitan

University, United Kingdom Alex Franklin, Coventry University, United Kingdom

Amadeu Soares, Aveiro University , Portugal

Ana Gabriela Diaz R., Universidad de los Andes, Colombia

Ana Ximena Halabi, Universidad de La Sabana, Colombia

Andrea Cecchin, Independent Researcher, Ecuador Andres

Vargas, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Andrés

Hernández Q., Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Andrés

Link, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Ángela Inés Cadena M., Universidad de los Andes,

Colombia Anne Wallis, Deakin University, Australia

Arun Sahay, Birla Institute of Management Technology,

India Astrid Skjerven, Oslo and Akershus University

College, Norway Carlos Montalvo, Netherlands Organisation for

Applied Scientific Research TNO & Stellenbosch

University, Netherlands Carlos Julián Idrobo, Universidad de los Andes,

Colombia Catalina Silva-Plata, Universidad de los Andes,

Colombia Cecilia Haskins, NTNU - Norwegian University

of Science and Technology, Norway Cecilia Soler, Gothenburg university, Sweden

Celio Andrade, Federal University of Bahia,

Brazil Claribel Lancaster, TUT, South Africa Daniel Paez, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Diana

Muñoz, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Diana

Trujillo, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Diego

Valderrama, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia

Eduardo Wills, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia

Evandro Mateus Moretto, Institute of Energy and

Environment (IEE), School of Arts, Sciences and

Humanities (EACH), University of São Paulo (USP),

Brazil Fernando J. Diaz Lopez, Netherlands Organisation

for Applied Scientific Research TNO & Stellenbosch

University, Netherlands Francesco Pomponi., University of

Cambridge, United Kingdom Francisco Ferreira, Universidade No, Portugal

Francisco A. Comín Sebastián, Pyrenean Institute

of Ecology-CSIC, Spain Freddy Zapata, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia

German Andrade, Universidad de los Andes,

Colombia Gloria Amparo Rodríguez, Universidad del

Rosario, Colombia Henrikke Baumann, Chalmers

University of Technology, Sweden Iain Black, Heriot Watt University, United Kingdom Iván Vargas Chaves, Universidad Tecnológica de

Bolívar, Joachim H. Spangenberg, Helmholtz Centre for

Environ-ment Research UFZ, Germany João Joanaz de Melo, CENSE, Universidade

NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal John Coakley, University College Dublin and

Queens University Belfast, Ireland Jooyoung Park, Universidad de los Andes,

Colombia Jorge Florez, Global Integrity, Colombia Jorge H. García, Universidad de los Andes,

Colombia José Fernando Cuello, Secretaría Distrital

de Ambiente, Colombia Juan Pablo Soto, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia

Juana García, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Kate

Turner, University of Manitoba, Canada Katherine Guio,

Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Marcelo Caffera,

Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay María Alejandra

Vélez, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Mario Ernesto

Martinez Avella, Universidad de la Sabana, Colombia Martijn Scheltema, University of Amsterdam , Netherlands

Mattias Lindhal, Linkoping University , Sweden Mauricio

Cote, Ministry of environment - Colombia Meg Holden,

Simon Frazer, Canada

Michal Miedzinski, UCL , United Kingdom Mónica

Ramos, University of Twente, Netherlands Nathalia

Franco, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Nubia

Velasco, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia Nuno

Martins, CIAUD, Faculdade de Arquitectura da

Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Olawale Emmanuel Olayide, University of

Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Paul Hooper, Manchester Metropolitan University,

United Kingdom Paul Walsh, University College Dublin, Ireland Paula Antunes, CENSE, Centre for Environmental


Lisboa, Portugal Pauline Deutz, University of Hull, United Kingdom

Paulo Ferrão, Universidad Técnico Lisboa ,

Portugal Peter Ras, TUT, South Africa Peter Schlosser, Columbia University, United

States Pramod B. Shrestha., Tribhuban University ,

Nepal Rafael Vesga, Universidad de los Andes,

Colombia Raymond Auerbach, Nelson Mandela

University, South Africa René Millán, Universidad Autónoma de Mexica, Mexico

Rob Wallis, Federation University Australia, Australia

Roberto Gutierrez P., Universidad de los Andes,

Colombia Rodrigo Lozano, University of Gävle, Sweden Romana Rauter, Graz Universitat , Austria Rupert

J. Baumgartner, University of Graz, Austria Salo

Coslovsky, NYU, United States Sandra Caeiro, Universidade Aberta, Portugal and

CENSE, Centre for Environmental and Sustainability

Research, New University of Lisbon, Portugal Santiago Mejía, Universidad de los Andes,

Colombia Sara Moreno Pires, Aveiro University ,

Portugal Sebastian Restrepo Calle, Pontificia

Universidad Javeriana, Colombia Sevil Acar, Kemerburgaz, Turkey Shobhana Madhavan, University of Westyminster,

London, United Kingdom Simon Bell, Open University, UK, United

Kingdom Sjors Witjes, Copernicus Institute of

Sustainable Development, Utrecht University,

Netherlands Sonia Ospina, NYU , United States Sweta Byahut, Auburne University , United States

Tomás B. Ramos, CENSE, Centre for Environmental


Lisboa, Portugal Torben Mideksa, University of Oslo , Norway Ulisses Azeiteiro, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

and CEF, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of

Coimbra, Portugal Valerie nelson, University of Greenwich, United

Kingdom Volker Mauerhofer, University of Vienna/Meiji

University, Austria Walter J.V. Vermeulen, ISDRS & Utrecht University

& Stellenbosch University, Netherlands Walter Leal Filho, Hamburg Universitat , Germany

Ximena Rueda, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia

SPONSORS

Ecoingeniería Lógica

23rd International Sustainable Development Research Society Conference

Table of Contents

Capacity to associate, subjective wellbeing and perceptions of insecurity: three key variables to under-

stand sustainability in conflictive rural Colombia. 1

Dr. Eduardo Wills1, Ms. María Alejandra Rodríguez Duarte

1

1. Universidad de los Andes

Protected Areas under Weak Institutions: Evidence from Colombia 19

Dr. Leonardo Bonilla Mejia1, Mr. Iván Higuera-Mendieta

1

1. Banco de la República

Rural Sustainability through Production-Conservation corridors with Colombian dry-forest Campesino

communities 60

Ms. Ines Cavelier1

1. Fondo Patrimonio Natural

Sharing Water: Transboundary Water Governance and Management in Southern Africa 69

Prof. Larry Swatuk1

1. University of Waterloo

Fostering political participation for better water services: evidence from three cities in India 70

Mr. Francesco M. Gimelli1, Dr. Briony C. Rogers

1, Dr. Joannette J. Bos

1

1. Monash University

Construction and application of Bayesian networks to support decision-making in the water, sanitation

and hygiene sector: A case study of SIASAR initiative in Central America 70

Prof. Agustí Pérez-Foguet1, Mr. David Requejo Castro

1, Dr. Ricard Giné Garriga

1, Mr. Gonzalo Martínez Crespo

2, Mr. Antonio Rodríguez Serrano

2

1. Engineering Science and Global Development (EScGD) Research Group, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

Civil Engineering School (ETSECCPB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, 2. Water Global Practice, the World

Bank, the World Bank Group, Washington D.C.

Integration of habitat quality index with physicochemical and ecological models oriented to the Ecosys-

tem recovery in the Meléndez River, Cali-Colombia 86

Mr. alex quintero1, Prof. Javier E. Holguin Gonzalez

1

1. Universidad Autónoma de Occidente

A New Conceptual Perspective on Circular Economy: preliminarily confirmation of the 7R Principle by a

descriptive Case Study in Eastern China 101

Mr. Jicheng Xing1, Prof. J. M. Vilas-Boas da Silva

2, Prof. Isabel Duarte de Almeida

3

1. ISCTE-IUL,BRU-IUL,Wuhan Qingquan University, 2. ISCTE-IUL,BRU-IUL, 3. ISCTE-IUL,Universidade Lusíada

Environmental Policies Performance Evaluation in Portugal 111 Mr. Pedro Mota

1, Dr. João Joanaz de Melo

2

1. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2. CENSE, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa

vii


HIP — a Happier Index for the Planet? 126

Ms. Julia Bondarchik1, Dr. Matylda Jablonska-Sabuka

1, Dr. Lassi Linnanen

1, Dr. Tuomo Kauranne

1

1. Lappeenranta University of Technology

Pollution indicators for use in Life Cycle Assessment: review and simplification 134

Ms. Sofia Luís 1, Dr. João Joanaz de Melo

2

1. Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2. CENSE, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa

Stakeholder engagement-based evaluation of social sustainability with respect to the mining sector 141

Dr. Evren Deniz YAYLACI 1, Prof. Sibel Kalaycıoglu

1, Prof. Sebnem Duzgun

1

1. Middle East Technical University

The Sustainable Child Development Index (SCDI) - A novel way to assess national achievement towards

sustainable development 157

Ms. Ya-Ju Chang1, Prof. Matthias Finkbeiner

1

1. Technische Universität Berlin

Towards ‘Transgressive Learning’ in Bioregional Transition Labs in Colombia 167

Mr. Thomas Macintyre1, Dr. Martha Cecilia Chaves Villegas

2

1. Wageningen University, 2. MINGAS en Transicion

IS THE TARGET FOR IN-LAND CONSERVATION SUGGESTED BY THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DI-

VERSITY (CBD) ADEQUATE FOR COLOMBIA? 189

Dr. Martha Fandiño - Lozano1

1. Fundación ARCO

Biodiversity offsets: case studies in limestone mining sector in Brazil 198

Mrs. Barbara Souza1, Mr. Luis Enrique Sánchez

1

1. University of São Paulo;

The Mapping of Resources and Development Potentials of Food-Secure Region in Kupang District,

Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur 208

Dr. Ambar Pertiwiningrum1, Prof. Cahyono Agus

1, Mrs. Supriadi Supriadi

2, Dr. Agung Setianto

1, Mr. Akhmad

Arief Fahmi 1, Mr. Yudistira Soeherman

1

1. Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 2. Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Areas and Transmigration

Integration Model of Productive Enterprises for Innovation Adoption in Livestock Farming in Argorejo and Argosari Village, Sedayu Sub-District, Bantul District, Special Province of Yogyakarta 219

Mrs. Supriadi Supriadi1, Prof. Ali Agus

2, Prof. Muhadjir Muhammad Darwin

2, Prof. R Rijanta

2,

Dr. Ambar Pertiwiningrum3

1. Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Areas and Transmigration, 2. Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 3.

Universitas Gad

viii


The Mapping of Resources and Development Potentials of Food-

Secure Region in Kupang District, Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur

Ambar Pertiwiningrum1)

, Cahyono Agus2)

, Agung Setianto 3)

, Supriadi4)

, Arief Fahmi5)

, Yudistira Soeherman6)

1,6

Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, [email protected] 2,5

Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, [email protected] 3 Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, [email protected]

4 Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Region, and Transmigration, Indonesia, [email protected]

Abstract Indonesia Food Sustainability and Vulnerability Assessment (FSVA) 2015 by the World Food Programme (WFP) categorized

Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur as severely vulnerable to food-insecurity (priority 1). The aim of this program was to

develop partial and spatial map of current condition, problems, threats, potentials, and strategic policies to develop food

security in this area. The program was focused on Kupang district, Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur, through: 1) literature

study; 2) identification and mapping of natural resources; 3) Focus Group Discussion; 4) field trip and data collection; 5) data

analysis; 6) development of program; 7) workshop. Kupang district had three sub-districts that were most vulnerable to food

insecurity (priority 1), namely Semau, South Semau, and Takari. The determining factors of vulnerability to food-insecurity

were: (1) high poverty rate, (2) high prevalence of underweight among children, and (3) low access to clean water. The

characteristic of the hilly areas in Kupang is dry-land on karst region with very low land-productivity. The limiting factors are

low rainfall, low water availability, high temperature, low moisture and low fertility. Livestock were still raised traditionally

on natural pastures. Some of the programs needed to enhance food-security in Tanini village are: (1) Improvement of land

productivity, including infrastructure, facilities for intensive livestock farming systems, and optimization of dry land's

potential; (2) Water management trough the construction of water reservoirs and the preservation of watershed and

groundwater basins; (3) Capacity building for communities including farmers, the education on food consumption and

processing, society empowerment by improving soft skills and hard skills. The analysis and estimation of World Food

Programme showed that after intervention, the composite score of Kupang district changed from 91.18 (priority 3) to 66.54

(priority 5). The map of food-insecurity was ideal as a reference in planning an effective and efficient program.

Keywords: food-insecurity, mapping, food, food-security

208


1. Introduction

The core meaning of food-insecurity reduction focused on the condition to be achieved, namely the creation of

sustainable food-security. According to FAO (1996), food-security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social,

and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active

and healthy life. Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas (FSVA) 2015 produced by World Food Programme (WFP) and

Indonesia’s Food Security Council (DKP) covered 398 districts and categorized them into six priority levels based on nine

indicators that measured food availability, food access, and food utilization.

Nine indicators related to chronic food-insecurity were then combined into a composite score to describe the overall

food-security conditions of the districts and categorized them into six priority groups. Based on FSVA 2015, Kupang district

was in priority group 3, which mean it was vulnerable to food-insecurity. This study aimed to develop partial and spatial map

of the conditions and potentials of the food-insecure areas, and define the problems, constraints, challenges, and strategic

efforts to build food-secure region. Indonesia, with its high potentials of food resources (agriculture, livestock, and fisheries)

and with an optimal management, should be able to provide enough food for the communities locally, regionally and

nationally, and even contribute to exports. The fact showed that not all regions had equal access to these potentials.

The conceptual framework underlying the development of food-secure region was necessary, as well as technical efforts to exploit

the region’s potentials, including; (1) Agro-production intervention with joint management of lands on the basis of high innovation and

synergy in agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, veterinary, and agricultural technology in an integrated and comprehensive way; (2) Agri-

business intervention with a unified business management so people can participate in modern way (not the traditional way where they

function as the subsystems of a bigger system), and to make people more prosperous (not being exploited for other economic sector’s

benefit); (3) Agro-technology intervention with applicative technology and biotechnology that leads to a new revolution for the benefits of

many people. (4) Agro-industry intervention by using the research results to develop agricultural products so the harvest fluctuations which

are detrimental to farmers can be handled, and the agricultural products can be upgraded into priority commodities; (5) Agro-tourism

intervention with edu-tourism to improve local community’s condition and to educate people to protect the environment; (6) Agro-

consumption intervention with food diversification and local food processing; (7) Agro-distribution intervention with storage, distribution,

and administration.

2. Method Strategies and methods of implementation This was a qualitative study and performed with a method that consisted of several steps:

1. Literature study by examining the documents at national and regional levels as secondary data such as food-

insecurity parameter, policy directions, development strategy, program plan, and others.

2. Identification and mapping of potential resources in food-insecure regions, as shown in Figure 1.

3. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) to collect the data, where the participants were the representatives of ministries,

higher education institutions, related Local Government’s Working Unit (SKPD), farmer groups, the communities in

food-insecure regions, and social institutions.

4. Fieldwork for primary data collection and the ground check of the site’s conditions.

5. Comparative analysis of primary and secondary data with the calculation of composite score.

209


6. Workshop to discuss the results of the study, which was expected to enhance them.

Figure 1. Identification and mapping of food-insecure region’s resources and potentials Data types and data collection

This study was conducted using qualitative approach, and analytical descriptive method was applied in the description of

phenomena studies to explain the aspects of who, what, when, and how of a topic (Donald and Schlinders, 1998). The study used primary and

secondary data. The primary data was taken with observation method (the observation of the objects of research), interview using a

questionnaire, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The secondary data involved Publication Documents from Central Bureau of Statistics

(BPS), Profiles and Program Plan from regional body for planning and development (Bappeda), Strategic Plan from Local Government’s

Working Unit (SKPD) of Kupang district, and documents from related other institutions. According to Handari (2005), primary data includes

information and facts about potential areas, while secondary data includes regional documents, research results, publications, and arguments

related to the question of investigation. Therefore, the primary data in this research was the main focus of the analysis, and the secondary data

was its complement.

Data analysis

The data was analyzed by making comparison between the reality on site and the standards that applied nationally, regionally and

globally in terms of agricultural productivity in meeting the needs of food and nutrition. The results of the analysis were expected to show the

gap or insufficiency in food-security factor of a region. The next step was to determine the target and the projection in the future to address

the identified issues. The target was determined by considering the potential and support of the region. The final stage analyzed the input

(form, volume, and process of the development to be conducted), the output (results expected after the input), and the calculation of the level

of food-insecurity. The analysis in intervention program of food-insecurity reduction was based on the data before and after the program was

implemented. The analysis identified and described

210


the fundamental connection between the indicator variables. The PCA analysis was applied to nine indicators of food-security

in general to produce a composite score. PCA analysis produced major components as many as the original variable, along

with the contribution of each major component in explaining the variation among indicators. The calculation of the composite

was made with the following formula:

Yj = a1X1j + a2X2j + … + a8X8j + a9X9j

Information:

Yj = composite score of the jth

district a1, a2, … a9 = the weight of each indicator

X1j, X2j, … X9j = the value of each indicator in the jth

sub-district

3. Results and Discussion Food-insecurity characteristics

Kupang district’s vulnerability to food-insecurity was based on the composite index shown in Table 1. The main

indicators that made it categorized as priority 3 in food-insecurity were; (1) the prevalence of stunting among children under 5

years of age was very high (more than 40 percent). Based on this parameter, Kupang district was in danger. At sub-district

level, 16 of them had very high prevalence (> 30%), 6 sub-districts had high prevalence (20 - <30%), and only 1 district had

lower prevalence of stunting (10 - <20%); (2) About 20-25 percent of the population in Kupang district lived below the

poverty line. The parameter was Indonesian rupiah value of monthly expenditure per capita to provide a minimum level of

food and non-food basic consumption needed by an individual to live a decent life. (3) The percentage of households without

access to clean water showed priority 5 (secure enough). However, the fact showed that 50-70 percent of the households in 7

sub-district in Kupang had no access to clean water, about 40-50 percent of households in 11 sub-districts had no access to

clean water, about 30-40 percent of households in 3 sub-districts had no access to clean water, and only 1 sub-district had less

than 30% of households without clean water. The access to clean water remained an indicator in handling food-insecurity

issue because water is an important element related to food. The priority should be made regarding water for non-

consumption uses, including for agricultural and livestock production. It would prevent the functional change from water for

consumption to water for production, so the already limited clean water did not fall into scarcity.

Table 1. Status of Food-Insecurity in the Studied Area based on FSVA Atlas 2015

Kupang Cases

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9

Priority 1 6 3 6 5 5 4 6 4

Rank

Priority >40 % <0.5 20 - 25% <10% 30 - 40 % 10- 20 % 64 – 67 % <20 % 10- 20 %

Scope

Percentage/ 54.4 % 0.35 24.71 %

9.46 39.86 % 19.79 % 66.94 19.69 % 19.68 %

Ratio %

high very moderately very

moderately

moderatel moderately

Note prevalen Low high

high high low high y high low

ce

Note: P5: Households without access to clean water.

P1: Prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of P6: Percentage of households without access to electricity

211


age.

P2: Ratio of per capita normative consumption towards net cereal production.

P3: Population living below poverty line P4: Villages without street

P7: Percentage of life expectancy at birth

P8: Percentage of village with access to health facilities

more than 5 km P9: Percentage of female illiteracy at age 15 and above

The strategy for the development of food-secure region in Kupang district can be designed in accordance with the

resources and environmental conditions. Kupang district has varied characteristics, ranging from coastal ecosystems, estuaries

and oceans, low plains, plateaus and hills. According to Syahza (2007), rural development must be done with an approach in

accordance with its nature and characteristics. Rural development should follow four major interrelated efforts as well as key

strategies such as: 1) Empowering the economy of rural communities; 2) Improving the quality of rural human resources in

order to have an adequate basis to enhance and strengthen productivity and competitiveness; 3) Constructing the rural

infrastructure; 4) Building the rural institutions both formal and nonformal. The focus of food-insecurity reduction needs to be

determined along with the identification of the region’s potential resources to be developed, so a program is needed to be

designed in certain location, which then is called Area Development Model. On the basis of agreement with local government,

the food-secure region will be developed is Takari sub-district, particularly Tanini village.

Physiographic characteristics of the development model of food-secure region (Tanini Village)

Tanini village has higher topography and is included in the boundary area between Barisan Perbukitan Utara

(Northern Range) and Cekungan Tengah (Central Basin). Tanini village, with its hilly topography (Figure 2), is situated in the

area of Batulempung Bersisik Bobonaro (Bobonaro Scaly Clay), a sedimentary melange and deposits (olistostrome) and diapir

formed by the contact between Viqueque formation with gray shale and cobble to boulder-size blocks. The location of the

springs in Tanini is really interesting from geological perspective because most soil in the area is composed of limestone.

When the location of the spring was overlaid with Kupang’s regional geological map with the scale of 1: 250,000 (Figure 3),

it showed that the location of the spring had a lot of intrusion in the form of ultramafic igneous rocks. It could be concluded

that the springs were the result of aquifer flows which hit an impermeable rock layer. However, because it was not major

aquifer and it was only hanging aquifer, the discharges from the springs were very small. The information from the

inhabitants in surrounding area confirmed the fact that in dry season, there is only one spring that emerges, so it is not

advisable to build a wellbore in the location because there is no sufficient discharge. It is also reinforced by the already

existing wellbore near the site of the springs (about 100 m) that has a depth of 150 meters but has no water.

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Figure 2. Morphological Condition of Tanini Village Figure. 3 Tanini’s Map of Geological Regional

The data leads to the prediction that Tanini village does require another water source for drinking and other needs,

so the efforts to dig water sources or wells are necessary. Geo-electrical survey is also needed in advance to locate the

groundwater before drilling a well. The first thing to do is to determine the geo-morphological and geological conditions

(stratigraphy and geological structure), hydro-geological condition (well measurement, shallow groundwater depth, contour,

and shallow groundwater flow). Geo-electrical survey will then generate geo-electrical interpretation in each point of

observation, geological correlation and cross-section, as well as the image of water bearer layer so the location of the drilling

can be found. In addition to the wellbore, the construction of water reservoir can reduce water scarcity. However, the water

source should be checked first if water reservoir should be built.

The analysis of aquifer characteristics and karstic water levels should be considered as a condition of sustainable

water-use (Kresic and Stevanovic, 2010). The effort to assess the characterization of karst aquifers according to Smart and

Hobbs (1986) is to determine the nature of the flow, recharge area, and storage capacity that vary spatially and temporally.

Spatially, the limits of karstic aquifer’s catchment areas are often beyond the topographic limits. It relates to the homogeneous

geological structure (carbonate rock) that receives additional groundwater from other adjacent aquifers. Temporally, the width

of the catchment areas depends on the fluctuations of the water level (Juki D and Jukie, 2009; Kresic and Stevanovic, 2010).

This indicates that it is not easy to make a well in the karst area.

Human resource potential of the development model of food-secure region (Tanini Village)

Tanini village has 2,326 inhabitants with 470 heads of household, and the average household size is 4 persons. The

total area of the village is 120.26 km2 with population density of 19 inhabitants / km

2. The distance between Tanini and the

sub-district’s capital is 37 km, and its distance to the district’s capital is 74 km. It makes Tanini a remote village with little

access to necessities of life. The majority of the inhabitants work as farmers, but the condition of the land is dry, and the agro-

production is hampered. This is a proof why Tanini village is categorized as food-insecure region. People plant different types

of fruits on their yard and grow annual crops such as corn, perennial crops such as cassava, fruit trees like banana, cashew

apple, and mango, and hardwood trees such as teak and mahogany on dry land on the hills. Other than the dry land, the

communities also develop rice fields on the flat river banks or flat narrow valley. The rice field is about 25 hectares in

scattered area that is harvested once a year. It is due to the limited knowledge of the farmers and limited condition of the

means of production. The water needed for the rice field is obtained from the river by building a simple weir system (semi-

permanent irrigation canals) using wood, branches, and tree trunks to deflect the river flow. The water is conveyed by the

canals made with soil and stone walls. People build distribution canals and secondary canals on non-permanent basis in the

form of trenches from the area around the rice field (Figure 4).

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Figure 4. Non-Permanent Dam

Tanini’s staple food is rice. The villagers cultivate it themselves and purchase it from outside the village. Almost all of the self-

produced rice is used for their own consumption, not for sale. When the rice harvest is not sufficient, people will consume cassava for staple

food. They buy the rice at the rate of 12,000 to 15,000 rupiah per kg. If each household needs about 1 kg of rice per day, Tanini needs

approximately 848,990 kg of rice per year. It means that the inhabitants and farmers in Tanini are not yet able to fulfill their basic needs

related to the production of rice. The public demand for rice is very high but the production is low. The production capacity of the paddy

fields is only between 1.5 to 2.5 tonnes of dry unhusked rice per hectare per planting season. It is due to: (1) the limited area of paddy fields;

(2) the limited availability of subsidized fertilizer; (3) the limited capacity of paddy field that produces only once a year; (4) the low ability of

farmers in terms of farming techniques; (5) the limited supply of seeds in good quality. Tanini village has a great potential in livestock

farming because it has vast grazing land. The majority of the communities raise cattle by rearing them in the wild. Each head of household

has 4 to 100 cows. Most of the types of the cattle are Bali cows, with higher female population than the male (the ratio is 5 females: 1 male).

Cattle-raising is a side job for the villagers, so they do not give special treatment to their cattle. They release the cows to feed themselves and

let them to breed naturally. Livestock ownership is a form of savings for the villagers. If their family needs money, they will sell the cattle.

They do not have a specific benchmark nor perform an accurate assessment in buying and selling cattle. All cows less than one year of age are

sold at the rate of one million rupiah while 2 years old cows had the rate of Rp 3,500,000. When compared to the price of Bali cows of the

same age and the average weight of 200-250 kg, the price is relatively low.

Development program of resource potential for food-secure region

Most rural communities rely on agribusiness. The development of agricultural sector should be directed to the

agribusiness system. This approach will be able to increase the added value of agricultural sector and the income of the

agribusiness community. The economic sector in rural areas has good potential to strengthen people's economy (Syahza,

2013). Based on the mapping of existing natural resources and the needs of food, several programs are needed to develop

Tanini into food-secure village. The programs can be specified as follows: (1) Agriculture and livestock productivity development to improve the income of the villagers and farmers, infrastructure development

such as the construction of dam and primary or tertiary irrigation canals. The improvement of the means of production is also required in

addition to seeds in good quality and subsidized fertilizer. Agricultural production tools like hand tractor, power trasher, and rice milling unit

are necessary to increase agricultural productivity. Semi intensive livestock system can be applied: cows are put into cowshed at night but released to graze at noon for feeding efficiency and utilization of

vacant land. The optimization of land potential can be carried with cassava or local fruit cultivation by improving the

quality of seeds and cultivation techniques to optimize the production.

214


(2) The needs of water for agriculture and livestock can be fulfilled by building water reservoirs to collect rain water and

utilizing river water by blocking and accumulating it, then designing its distribution system to the citizens, as well as

planning further studies to utilize the ground water basin.

(3) The improvement of community’s capacity is the key point in the region’s development program. It can be achieved

with many ways, including farmer capacity building to increase their productivity, or capacity building to improve the

knowledge of mothers on the daily consumption of nutritious foods for babies and toddlers to reduce the proportion of

stunted children under 5 years. Community empowerment in improving welfare is the basis of motivation to build a

program needed in upgrading the capacity of communities, ranging from hardskill to softskill.

The intervention programs should run effectively and efficiently in accordance with the plan described by

framework chart based on outputs, outcomes, baseline data, and indicators (Figure 5). The framework map is then used as the

basis of developing the baseline and indicators of food-insecurity (Table 2) as well as program planning (Table 3 on

appendices) as a form of detailed elaboration of intervention programs in Kupang district.

Table 2. Baseline Indicators of Food-Insecurity in Kupang District

Outcomes Indicators Baseline Target To lower the food- Children under five 54.4 % (priority 1) showed very Decrease into 20 % or in a range insecurity level of the years of age with high prevalence between 20 – 30 % (priority 3) which district from priority 3 to stunting issue showed moderate prevalence priority 5 Percentage of people 24.71 % (priority 3) showed Decrease into 10 % or in range

living under poverty moderately high percentage of between 10 – 20 % (priority 5) which line people living under the poverty showed low percentage of population line in poverty

Source: processed data

Figure. 5 Intervention Programme Framework Scheme of Baseline and Indicator Food Vulnerability

215


Analysis of intervention program on food-insecurity map’s indicators

If done optimally, the planning program will be able to lower food-insecurity in Kupang district from level 3 to level

5. The analysis was performed by the calculation of nine indicators with a change of 2 priority indicators for intervention

programs, namely the prevalence of toddler stunting and the percentage of people living below the poverty line. The

calculation led to two changes of these indicators with the estimation made on the basis of planning program and the

achievement of outputs and outcomes. The determination of priority based on the composite indicator of food-insecurity is

shown in Table 4. On the basis of composite score in 2015, Kupang was classified at level 3 in food-insecurity. However,

with the estimation of program planning, in 2021 the composite value of Kupang district will be lower, at level 5 in food-

insecurity. The composite table in determining the level of food-insecurity is shown in Table 5.

Table 4. Estimation of Composite Score Before and After Interventioncx Program

N

Val

Indicator Composite score

Indicator Composite

Indicators score

o ue score (2015)

score

(2021)

1 Children under the age of five with stunting issue 0.40 54.4 21.76 20 8.00

2 Normative consumption per capita to net cereal

0.54 0.35 0.19

0.35 0.19

production

3 Population living below poverty line 0.74 24.71 18.29 10 7.40

4 Villages without accessible roads or waterways 0.42 9.46 3.97 9.46 3.97

5 Households without access to clean water 0.23 39.86 9.17 39.86 9.17

6 Percentage of households without access to

0.46 19.79 9.10

19.79 9.10

electricity

7 Life expectancy at birth 0.22 66.94 14.73 66.94 14.73

8 Percentage of village with access to health

0.40 19.69 7.88

19.69 7.88

facilities more than 5 km

9 Percentage of female illiteracy 0.31 19.68 6.10 19.68 6.10

Total Score 91.18 66.54

Priority 3 5

Source: processed data

Tabel 5. Composite Score of Priority FSVA

Priority Composite Score

Priority 1 >= 140

Priority 2 114 - < 140

Priority 3 91 - < 114

Priority 4 68 - < 91

Priority 5 47 - < 68

Priority 6 0 - < 47

Source: Food-Security and Vulnerability Atlas Indonesia 2015 by World Food Programme

4. Conclusion

Kupang district has 3 sub-districts that are most vulnerable to food-insecurity (priority 1): Semau, South Semau, and Takari sub-

district. The determinant key of the food-insecurity and categorization as priority 1 are: (1) the high percentage of people living below the

poverty line, (2) the high underweight rate among children under five. Viewed from the aspect of natural

216


resources, Kupang district has great potential for business venture in agriculture and animal husbandry as the pivot of the

community in improving their welfare. The programs to overcome the problem of food-insecurity are: the improvement of

knowledge on the importance of nutrition, especially to reduce the prevalence of stunting infants, and the enhancement of

agricultural production and livestock farms to increase people’s revenue and reduce the percentage of people living in

poverty. The analysis done by estimating the composite value from World Food Programme showed that after the

intervention, the value of Kupang’s original composite turned from 91.18 (priority 3) into 66.54 (priority 5). According to the

analysis to design the effective and efficient programs, the map of food-insecurity from the World Food Programme has a big

role in planning the food-insecurity reduction.

Reference BPS. 2013. Indonesia Population Projection 2010-2035. Nasional Development Planning Agency (BPPN), Central Bureau of

Statistics (BPS) Indonesia. Jakarta. (in Indonesian).

Donald, R.C., and Schlinders. 1998. Business Research Methods, 6th ed. Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, 1998, handbook. FAO. 1996. Policy Brief Food Security. www. fao.org. (Accessed 05.10.2016). Hadari, Nawawi. 2005. Social Research Methods. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. (in Indonesian). Juki D, Denic and Jukie V. 2009. Groundwater balance estimation in karst by using a conceptual rainfall-run model. Journal

of Hydrology 373: 302-315.

Kresic, N. and Stevanovic, z. 2010. Groundwater Hydrology of Springs: Engineering, Theory, Management, and

Sustainanility, Amsterdam, Butterworth-Heinemann (Elsevier).

Smart, P.L., and Hobbs, S.L. 1986. Characterization of carbonate aquifers: A conceptual base. In: Environmental Problems in

Karst Terranes and Their Solutions Conference (Bowling Green, Ky.), Proceedings. National Water Well Association,

Dublin, Ohio. pp. 1-14.

Syahza, Almasdi. 2007. Accelerating the Empowerment of Rural Communities with Palm Oil-Based Agroestate Model.

Economics Journal, Th.XII/02/Juli/2007. Jakarta: PPD and Economics Faculty of Tarumanegara University. (in

Indonesian)

Syahza, Almasdi dan Suarman. 2013. Underdeveloped Regions Developments Strategy in Acceleration Effort Of Rural

Economic Development. Research Institute of Riau University, Pekanbaru. Development Economics Journal Volume

14 Nomor 1, Juny 2013, page. 126-139.

WHO. 2016. Food Security of World Food Summite. http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story028/en. (Accessed 02.10.2016). World Food Programme. 2009. Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas of Nusa Tenggara Timur. (in Indonesian). The Food

Security Council, the Ministry of Agriculture and the World Food Program (WFP).

World Food Programme. 2015. Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas of Indonesia. The Food Security Council, the Ministry

of Agriculture and the World Food Program (WFP). Indonesia.

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Appendices

Table.3 Program Planing Matrix of Food Vulnerability Level Reduction in Kupang District

Indicator Baseline Target Program Input Output

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Kegiatan

Socialization of toddler Funding, Nutrition Socialization for 80 % The mothers with

nutrition importance mothers with toddle toddle understand and

through regular growth apply nutrition

Decreasing of monitoring Knowledge

Stunting Add Nutrition Educator Funding and Nutrition Educator Training Election 3 nutrition

Prevalence Among 51,4 % 45 % 38 % 31 % 26 % 20 % through woman educator agen from

children under 5 organitation residents in every village

years of age Socialization of Serealia Socialization of Food Sources of Energy People are starting to

Diversification Energy add yams, cassava, corn

sources Food and sago as main food of

Energy source

Production technical training (1package) 80 % Farmer group with

Innovations Supply intervention program

understand and

System of Superior Seed

implements cultivation

for farmers

innovations system

Add Paddy Seeds, (total 100kg/group)

construction of Alsintan warehouses

(1unit/group)

Provision of Hand Traktor (5 unit/group)

Increase Means and tool Provision of Power Trasher (3 unit/group)

of agricultural production Provision of Hands Sprayer (7 unit/group)

Decreasing Provision of Rice Miling Unit (1

Population living 20,06 % 18 % 16 % 14 % 12 % 10 % unit/group) Increase Farm

below poverty line

Provision of Harvest Mini (2 unit/group)

Production and

Construction of stables and grazing areas

Livestock Production to

Integration System of (2 unit/group)

Increase Villagers

cattle half intensive Provision Excellence breeders Cattle (20

Income up to 50%

Ekor/group)

Construction small dam and clean water

instalation (5 paket/Village_4mx3mx3m)

fulfillment water to Potential Mapping of Groundwater Basin

(1 package)

production

Make Detail Engineering Design of River

Water Utilization For Water production

with Gravity System (1 Package)

218


Authors Index

Agus, A. Agus, C. Almeida, I. Almendra, R. Alvarez, C. Alves, A. Amprazis, P. Andrade, C. Arbona, A. Arenas, L. Arora, D. Avila, I. Azul, I.

Ballén, S. Barahona, R. Becerra, L. Boada, A. Bohórquez, J. Bondarchik, J. Bonilla Mejia, L. Bos, J. Breda, M. Byrnes, R.

Cadena Monroy, Á. Camacho Otero, J. Camilloni, I. Casagrande, R. Cavelier, I. Celeita, D. Chang, Y. Chaparro, P. Chaves Villegas, M. Chirinda, N. Correa, F. Cubides, A. Cunha, M.

Da Silva, M. Darwin, M. Daza-Beltrán, C. De Jesus Dionisio McHugh, M.

219 Delano Rodrigues, C. 331

208 Duzgun, S. 141

101 Escobar, D. 228

331

228 Fahmi, A. 208

492, 508 Fandiño - Lozano, M. 189

418 Finkbeiner, M. 157

550 Flôxo Sousa, M. 315

381 Franzato, C. 331

228 Galvão, A. 315

228

Garcia, M. 228

228

García-Acosta, G. 366

320

Gimelli, F. 70

262 Giné Garriga, R. 70

228 González Ruiz, J. 246

228 Graterol, E. 228

400 Guziana, B. 521

278, 290 Guzmán, M. 228

126 Higuera-Mendieta, I. 19

19

Hinestrosa, L. 262

70

Hino, M. 508

478

Holguin Gonzalez, J. 86

228

Iglesias, P. 290

246 Ishitani, M. 228

427 Jablonska-Sabuka, M. 126

290

Jacobo, A. 228

492

Jaramillo, S. 228

60

290 Kalaycıoglu, S. 141

157 Katto, M. 228

228 Kauranne, T. 126

167 Kingham, S. 538

228 Lahue, G. 228

228

Linnanen, L. 126

262

Little, M. 442

290

Loaiza, S. 228

228 Loboguerrero, A. 228

219 Lopes, M. 478

366 Lozano, N. 228

538 Luís, S. 134

570


Macintyre, T. 167

Mahecha, N. 400

Majewski, D. 305

MARQUES, A. 557

Martinez, D. 228

Martínez Crespo, G. 70

Martínez, J. 290

Mazabel, L. 228

Medina, L. 262

Melo, J. 111, 134, 315, 347

Montejano, S. 400

Mota, P. 111

Mónico, L. 478

Nunez, J. 228

Ocampo, C. 290

Ordoñez, I. 427

Ortega Morales, J. 262

Paprota, M. 305

Park, J. 462

Pertiwiningrum, A. 208, 219

Peters, M. 228

Pinto Brun, A. 228

Piñeros, A. 246

Posada, L. 246

Prior, D. 381

Pérez-Foguet, A. 70

Quijano, N. 290

quintero, a. 86

Ramírez, Á. 246

Rao, I. 228

Requejo Castro, D. 70

Rialp, J. 381

Rijanta, R. 219

Rodrigues, C. 557

Rodríguez Duarte, M. 1

Rodríguez Serrano, A. 70

Rodríguez, J. 246

Rogers, B. 70

Saldarriaga, J. 290

Saravia-Pinilla, M. 366

Serna, L. 228

Setianto, A. 208

Shahbazi, S. 418

Silva, J. 101

Silveira, S. 347

Soeherman, Y. 208

Soltész, P. 354

Souza, B. 198

Sulisz, W. 305

Supriadi, S. 208, 219

Suszka, L. 305

Swatuk, L. 69

Szabó, M. 462

Szmytkiewicz, M. 305

Sánchez, L. 198

Tapasco, J. 228

Trujillo, C. 228

Twyman, J. 228

Veic, D. 305

Velandia, J. 278

Ventura, A. 550

Wills, E. 1

Xing, J. 101

Yamín, L. 278

YAYLACI, E. 141

Zilahy, G. 354, 462

Zuluaga, A. 228

Zúquete, E. 347

571

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