Sustainable Use of Biodiversity and Tropical Rain Forests through Ecosystem-based

Forest Management

Kanehiro KitayamaSchool of Agriculture

Kyoto University(on behalf of my research team)

Houghton, unpublished

Carbon Emissions from Tropical DeforestationP

g C

yr-1

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.8018

50

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

AfricaLatin AmericaS. & SE Asia

SUM

2000-20061.5 Pg C y-1(16% total emissions)

Figure cited from GCP

Rapid deforestation in SE Asia

Vegetation changes A2 Scenario (2000 vs. 2100)

Forest decline in Amazon

No changes in Borneo

IPCC (2007)

Forest increase

Forest loss

How Borneo looks like in the future?

Interactions of climate change and land-use adverse influences on

ecosystems

Land tenure in Borneo

Black: State borders/riversRed: HPH borders

Permanent forest estate 38 mill ha, 50% of the land

(Production forests for logging)

Production forests

Degraded production forests due tounregulated “conventional” logging

(Business as usual, baseline)

Effects of drought and logging on ecosystem C (FSYSC)

Year

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060

Ecos

ytem

car

bon

(gC

/m2 )

26000

28000

30000

32000

34000

36000BaselineDrought w/ 2.6% mortalityDrought and loggingLogging

Warming only

DroughtSelective logging (heavy)

Drought and heavy logging (business as usual)

Dynamics of carbon in “a” Bornean rain forest: CENTURY model C

arbo

n (tr

eesa

ndso

ils)

LoggingLogging

Projection in Borneo

Nearly entire permanent forest estate (50% area)will be highly deteriorated due to logging and droughts

c. Another 40% area will completely lose (has lost) forest covers

Only 8.3% (or 6.2 million ha protected areas) of Borneo will remain relatively intact (but illegal encroachment)

Biodiversity

Land-use（Economic benefits）

Time

Trade-off between land-use and conservation

Protected area

Synergize timber production and conservation

Synergize land-use (timber production), mitigation,

adaptation and conservation

Project in Deramakot,Sabah, Malaysia

Project #F071 & D1006 of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan

Sabah, Malaysia

Deramakot

Unregulated convent. logging (heavy impacts, BAS)

Sustainable forest management(improved management since 1989)

Sabah

Project site as of 2002

Sustainable forest managementLong-term planningReduced harvestReduced impact loggingProtection of keystone

speciesEcological monitoring

Unregulated conventional logging (heavy impacts)

Sustainable forest management(Reduced-impact logging)

Pristine forest

Carbon accounting: satellite remote sensing 2002 accuracy±10% (+25% in highly degraded area)

Sus

For

ManMean:163±30

(ton/ha)

ConventionalMean:112±21

(ton/ha)

Carbon additionality51 ton C/ha for 13 yrs

2.8 M ton C in entire unit

Beneficial effects of sustainable forest management

on various organisms

Community in pristine forest

Community in sustainable management

Community in baseline

Improvement

Biological communities (trees, soil fauna, microbes, etc)

Beneficial effects of sustainable forest manag’nt

Canopy tree

Middle/Large

AntsSpring tail、MitesDecomposer fliesFungiSoil microbes

Large soil fauna

Positive effects

Mammals

Decomposer

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

Multiple benefits in timber, climate (carbon) and biodiversity

Is sustainable-forest- management system per se

sustainable?

For a sustainability system to be sustainable

Forest CertificationAn economic incentive

-Consumers pay for the additional cost of the sustainable management

Sustainable forest management(high cost)

Audit Certify

Timbers from certified forests Auction

Products

Green-conscious consumers(premium)

Adequate incentives are necessary

• Forest certification and labeling• REDD incentives (Reducing Emissions

from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)• Payment for Ecosystem Services

Otherwise, we will fail

3 roles of biodiversity in ecosystem-based sustainability

• Provides functions and services: ecological principles in land-use management (protecting keystone species)

• Diagnoses ecosystem health and validity of management (standards and indicators)

• Adds a premium that will be an incentive for producers (institutions with incentives)

Achieving sustainabilitySocio-economic scenario

Climate scenario

Prediction of ecosystem responses(Ecosystem ecology)

Climate change policiesAdaptation and mitigation

(Precautionary &No-regret policies)

Institutions (incentives) and capacity

Land-use policiesSustainable production(Ecological principles)

Conservation

Sciences

Societyand

governance