Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union Dr. Jens Apfel Vice President Consulting

Sustainable Use of Sustainable Use of

Steel Slag in the Steel Slag in the

European UnionEuropean Union

Dr. Jens ApfelDr. Jens Apfel

Vice President ConsultingVice President Consulting

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Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union.ppt

AGENDA

Steel Slag in Europe

Legal Status of Slag in Europe

Applications for Steel Slag

Treatment Process

Product Certification and Quality Control

Marketing Strategy

Conclusion

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Slag use for various applications has a long tradition in Europe

Cement production

Road construction

Hydraulic engineering

Fertilizer

GENERAL APPLICATIONS FOR SLAG

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15,2 Mio tons of steel slag have been produced in Europe in 2004

PRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF STEEL SLAG

Source: Euroslag, The Legal Status of Slags; Position Paper January 2006

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72 % of steel slag were recycled in Europe in 2004

USE OF STEEL SLAG IN EUROPE 2004

Source: Euroslag, The Legal Status of Slags; Position Paper January 2006

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AGENDA




Treatment Process


Marketing Strategy

Conclusion

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EU Waste Framework Directive includes steel slag in the corresponding list of wastes

Substance or object that the holder tends to

discard,

intends to discard or

is required to discard.

Treated slag can be seen as a product not waste.

DEFINITION OF WASTE

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European Waste Catalogue does only name unprocessed slag as a waste

Granulation

Pelletisation

Foaming

Proper solidification connected with a specified heat treatment

Separation, crushing, screening, milling

EXAMPLES OF SLAG PROCESSING

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European Waste Shipment Regulation exclude processed slag from the waste list

“Slags arising from the manufacture of iron and steel (including low alloy steel) excluding those slags which have been specifically produced to meet both national and relevant international requirements and standards.”

Green list substances shall be generally excluded from control procedures of the regulation since such waste should normally not present a risk to environment.

EUROPEAN WASTE SHIPMENT REGULATION (NO 259/93)

GREEN LIST, GC 070:

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Principles of European Waste management say that steel slag has to be recycled

WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY

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AGENDA




Treatment Process


Marketing Strategy

Conclusion

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Main application for steel slag is road construction

ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE SLAG AS SUB BASE LAYER

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Steel slag can even be used for asphalt layers

TEST ROAD ON GERMAN HIGHWAY

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Steel slag is an excellent material for bank reinforcement of rivers

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING IN RHINE RIVER, GERMANY

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Secondary metallurgy slag with high lime content can be used as self-binding construction materialCART TRACKS MADE OF LF SLAG

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Various other applications are possible

Earth works (dams, walls)

Paving bed

Fertilizer (only secondary metallurgy slags)

Internal recycling (only secondary metallurgy slags)

Additive for concrete

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AGENDA




Treatment Process


Marketing Strategy

Conclusion

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Main slag processing is mechanical treatment of cold slag

Hot slagfrom EAF

Cooling by waterspraying

Raw slagwith steel

Iron separation

Raw slag

Crushingand screening

Slag products

Road aggregatesrip rapchippings

PRINCIPLE OF SLAG PROCESSING

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Quick cooling is important for technicaland environmental properties

COOLING AREA WITH WATER SPRAYING

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Steel recovery pays for the slagtreatment

IRON SEPARATION STEP

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Crushing and screening gives different products

SCREENING PLANT FOR ASPHALT

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Products differ only in grain sizedistribution

50-150 mm 2-5 mm

SLAG PRODUCTS

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AGENDA




Treatment Process


Marketing Strategy

Conclusion

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Steel slag has to undergo a quality control process like any other process

LIST OF TECHNICAL TESTS

1. Bulk density according to DIN 52110

Average value: 2,06 g/cm3 for grain size mixture 0/32 and 0/45

2. Proctor density according to DIN 18127

Average value: 2,47 g/cm3 for grain size mixture 0/32 and 0/45

3. Fines In grain size range 0,0 – 0,063 mm from 0,2 to 0,4 weight.-%.

4. Destruction by beating SZ 8/12

Desired value 18,0 weight-% for chippings

5. Destruction by beating SD 10

Desired value 26,0 weight-%

6. Polished stone value (PSV)

PSV 60, chippings for asphalt

7. Frost resistance Limit value 3,0 weight.-%

8. Volume stability Limit value 5,0 vol.-%

9. Inner angle of incline

Average value 40 °

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Volume stability is main test to prove usability as construction material

Content of FREE lime and FREE MgO

CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2

Total content of Ca and Mg is not crucial

Volume increase should be below 5 vol.-%

REASONS FOR VOLUME INCREASE

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Volume stability is tested with water steam

TESTING DEVICE FOR VOLUME STABILITY TEST

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Volume increase with this test should not be higher than 5 Vol.-%

RESULT OF VOLUME STABILITY TEST OF BSW SLAG

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For environmental reasons the leaching properties of slag have to be tested

Leaching of slag with defined grain size (solid matter-water ratio: 1:10) for 24 h (European standard)

Most important limiting values for eluate are:

pH value: < 12.5

Conductivity: < 100 mS/m

Chromium: < 0,05 mg/l

STANDARDISED EUROPEAN LEACHING TEST

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Germany has strict regulation on leaching properties

Parameter Unit Ø value 2005 Limiting value

pH-value 11,3 <12,5Conductivity mS/m 62,2 100As mg/l 0,026 0,1Pb mg/l <0,005 0,1Cd mg/l <0,0005 0,005Cr mg/l 0,017 0,05Cu mg/l <0,005 0,1Hg mg/l <0,0001 0,001Zn mg/l 0,012 0,5Cl- mg/l 3,04 100Mo mg/l 0,032 -V mg/l 0,106 -CaO mg/l 96,5 -

RESULT OF LEACHING FROM BSW EAF SLAG

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AGENDA




Treatment Process


Marketing Strategy

Conclusion

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Selling slag as a product is not an easy task because:

Steel mill slags are assumed to be hazardous wastes.

Public and authorities normally have only little knowledge about those materials, its formation and properties.

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Marketing Strategy should cover the following aspects

Analysis of each kind of slag to find special properties.

Looking for customers in different industries for different products.

Establishing longterm relationship with customer.

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Marketing strategy should emphasize the advantages of slag products against natural materials

High specific weight

High strength

Good weather resistance

High resistance against polishing

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EAF SLAG

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Longterm relationship with customers is the key to success in slag marketing

Information about slag products and how to use it for special applications.

Yearly report published with the newest projects and applications of slag as a building material.

Open day for the public to visit the plant and to know better about slag and ist products.

MEASURES FOR LONGTERM RELATIONSHIP WITH CUSTOMERS

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AGENDA




Treatment Process


Marketing Strategy

Conclusion

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Use of steel slags is absolutely necessary in Europe to reduce costs and to comply with environmental laws

Slag use in Europe has a long tradition.

European law asks for recycling of steel slag.

European legislation makes it sometimes difficult to bring slag products to the market.

Process technology is known and proven.

Slag products can be certified and have to undergo a quality control procedure.

Marketing of slag should focus on slag properties and longterm relationship with customers.

Documents

Sustainable Use of Steel Slag in the European Union Dr. Jens Apfel Vice President Consulting