Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation in Challenging Times -Gozun

8/3/2019 Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation in Challenging Times -Gozun

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North & CentralNorth & Central

AmericaAmerica

EuropeEurope

South AmericaSouth America

AsiaAsia

AfricaAfrica

AustraliaAustralia

And OceaniaAnd Oceania

8%13%

13%

36%60%

17%

5% <1%

15% 8%

26%6%

Water Availability vs. Population

Source: Website of the UNESCO/IHP Regional Office of Latin America and the Caribbean

The global overview of water availability versus the population stresses the

continental disparities, and in particular, the pressure put on the Asian continent,

which supports more than half of the world¶s population with only 36 percent of

the world¶s water resources.



Country Total Resources(km3)

2000(m3 /person)

World 42,655.0 7,045

Asia 13,508.0 3,368

U S A 2,460.0 3,838

Japan 460.0 3,393

Lao People¶s Dem Rep 190.4 35,049

Malaysia 530.0 26,074

Myanmar 880.6 19,306

Indonesia 2,838.0 13,380

Cambodia 120.6 10,795

Vietnam 366.5 4,591

Philippines 146.0 1,907

Thailand 110.0 1,854

Annual Renewable Water Resources

Philippines Environment Monitor 2003, World Bank



PROJECTED REGIONAL

SUPPLY/DEMAND SITUATION

2005 - 2025(Thousand Cubic Meters)

Source: NWRB 1980 data, 1998 JICA WR Assessment

4

Water ResourcesRegions

The above graph shows the wide spatial variability

of water supply and demand across the country

thus the need for region-specific water

management policies and strategies typical of a

humid tropic, archipelagic country.



SALTWATER

INTRUSION

2003







Water Supply and Sanitation

88.6% access to

Sanitary toilets ??

81.4 % access to

safe water supply

The 81% for access to safe water and 88% access to sanitary toilets are quiteimpressive but the contradiction is that 64% of our surface water are not fit fordrinking purposes which also corroborates with the DOH data ( from 1996 to2000) that 31% of the reported illnesses are water related diseases; 18 million

Filipinos (18.6%) do not have access to improved water sources and that 10million people (12% of the total population) still defecate in the open.



88 water bodies monitored for DO

71 water bodies or 80.7% passed the

DO criteria

61 water bodies monitored for BOD

45 or 73.8% passed the BOD criteria

Water Quality Monitoring 2010



Challenges

Environmental

Degradation

Polluted waters

- surface waters

- groundwater

- coastal

Degraded

watersheds

Climate Change

Consequences

More rainfall

Higher temperature

Sea level rise Extreme weather

events



Climate Change: our

changing world



What·s it all about? Global Fever

(Sources: Climatic ResearchUnit of the University of East

Anglia, Hadley Centre of theUK Meteorological Office,

Data set TaveGL2v, Jonesand Moberg, 2003)



Warming trends of the last century

Prof. Dr. Anders Levermann, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research

Climate Change

Observed facts, future projections and risks in a warming world



PFCs

HFCsSF6

Greenhouse gases

(GHGs) trap heat from

the sun to keep the

Earth warm.

H2O

Water vapor

CO2

Carbon Dioxide

CH4

Methane

NO2

Nitrous Oxide

CO2

CH4

N2OHFCs

PFCs SF6

CO2CO2

CH4CO2N2OCH4

HFCs

SF6

SF6

CO2 CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2CO2 CO2

CH4

N2O

Increasing levels of GHGs

in the atmosphere makefor a warmer world leading

to abrupt changes inclimate!

The Greenhouse Effect



CO2

Global temp

CH4

A Dangerous

Experiment



Human &

Natural Drivers ofClimate Change Source: IPCC 4th Assessment Report: Summary for Policy-makers

Global atmosphericconcentrations of carbondioxide, methane &

nitrous oxide haveincreased as a result of human activities since1750. ² Pre industrial value:

280 ppm ² 2005 value: 379 ppm

11 years ( between 1995-2006) rank among the 12th

warmest years since 1850

Source: IPCC 4th Assessment Report: Summary for Policy-makers



Source: 1994 Philippine GHG

Inventory

TOTAL: 103,085TOTAL: 103,085 ktktCOCO22

(50,038 kt CO2)(9,198 kt CO2)

(33,137 kt CO2) (10,711 kt CO2)

GHG Sources in Phil.



What·s it allabout?

To summarize«

World has gotten

warmer.

It will continue toget hotter in this

century andbeyond.

We are causingthis dangeroustrend.



More

precipitation

from

increasedevaporation

due to higher

temp

Annual

meanprecipitationexpected toincrease

about 14%in East Asia ² but this isnotdistributed

evenly in theregion



Changes in annual meanprecipitation in %

(period 2071/2100compared to1961/1990, SRES A2)

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/adaptation/index_en.htm

Projected precipitation changes

ADB Study onEconomic Impacts of

CC in Southeast Asia:

- Indonesia, Thailand and

Vietnam will be

generally drier in next2-3 decades

- Philippines will be

generally wetter til the

end of this century



Risk: Climate Change(Rainfall)



Projected changes in future climates in Rainfall for

2020 and 2050 under A1B scenario over Philippines

-35

-25

-15

-5

5

15

25

35

45

R

0

1

C

A

R

R

0

2

R

0

3

R

0

4

N

C

R

R

0

5

R

0

6

R

0

7

R

0

8

R

0

9

R

1

0

R

1

1

R

1

2

C

A R

A G

A

A

R

M

M

REGION

P e r c e n t ( % )

2020

2050

-35

-25

-15

-5

5

15

25

35

45

R

0

1

C

A

R

R

0

2

R

0

3

R

0

4

N

C

R

R

0

5

R

0

6

R

0

7

R

0

8

R

0

9

R

1

0

R

1

1

R

1

2

C

A

R A

G

A

A R

M

M

REGION

P e r c e n t ( %

)

2020

2050

Projections for

Seasonal Mean

Rainfallranges from

-0.1 to 24.5%

in 2020

&

-12.5 to 18.2%

in 2050.

Projections for

Seasonal MeanRainfall

ranges from

-17.8 to 7.3%

in 2020

&

-34.5 to 4.4%

in 2050.

DJF_2020 DJF_2050

MAM_2020 MAM_2050



Projected changes in future climates in Rainfall for

2020 and 2050 under A1B scenario over Philippines

-35

-25

-15

-5

5

15

25

35

45

R 0 1

C A

R

R 0 2

R 0 3

R 0 4

N

C

R

R 0 5

R 0 6

R 0 7

R 0 8

R 0 9

R 1 0

R 1 1

R 1 2

C A

R

A G

A

A

R

M

M

REGION

P e r c e n t ( %

)

2020

2050

-35

-25

-15

-5

5

15

25

35

45

R 0

1

C A

R

R 0

2

R 0

3

R 0

4

N

C

R

R 0

5

R 0

6

R 0

7

R 0

8

R 0

9

R 1

0

R 1

1

R 1

2

C

A

R

A G

A

A

R

M

M

REGION

P e r c e n t (

%

)

2020

2050

Projections for

Seasonal Mean

Rainfallranges from

-7.5 to 22.2%

in 2020

&

-10.8 to 44.6%

in 2050.

Projections for

Seasonal Mean

Rainfall

ranges from

-11.4 to 20.6%

in 2020

&

-7.0 to 20%

in 2050.

SON _2020 SON _2050

JJA_2020 JJA_2050



* Winter temps willchange more thansummer temps.

Minimum daily tempwill increase morethan maximum dailytemp

Land will warm more

than oceans, causingstronger monsoon

Higher latitudes andaltitudes willexperience greater

warming

Number of frost dayswill decline,precipitation more rainthan snowfall

Based on the

IPCC middle

rangescenario,

entire East

Asia Regionwill

experience

temperature

rise of about2.5C by end of

the century



Risk: Climate Change(Temperature)



TemperatureHazards



Projected changes in future climates in Mean Temperature

for 2020 and 2050 under A1B scenario over Philippines

DJF_2020

MAM_2020 MAM_2050

DJF_2050 Projections for

mean temp

are likely to

increase by

0.9 - 1.0 oC in

2020

&

1.8 - 2.1 oC in

2050.

Projections for

mean temp

are likely to

increase by

0.9 - 1.2 oC in

2020

&

2.1 - 2.4 oC in

2050.

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

R 0 1

C A R

R 0 1

R 0 3

R 0 4

N C R

R 0 5

R 0 6

R 0 7

R 0 8

R 0 9

R 1 0

R 1 1

R 1 2

C A R A GA

A R MM

Regions

T e m p e r a t u r e ° C

2020

2050

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

R 0 1

C A R

R 0 1

R 0 3

R 0 4

N C R

R 0 5

R 0 6

R 0 7

R 0 8

R 0 9

R 1 0

R 1 1

R 1 2

C A R A G A

A R MM

Regions


2020

2050



Projected changes in future climates in Mean Temperature

for 2020 and 2050 under A1B scenario over Philippines

DJF_2020

MAM_2020 MAM_2050

DJF_2050 Projections for

mean temp

are likely to

increase by

0.9 - 1.0 oC in

2020

&

1.8 - 2.1 oC in

2050.

Projections for

mean temp

are likely to

increase by

0.9 - 1.2 oC in

2020

&

2.1 - 2.4 oC in

2050.

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

R 0 1

C A R

R 0 1

R 0 3

R 0 4

N C R

R 0 5

R 0 6

R 0 7

R 0 8

R 0 9

R 1 0

R 1 1

R 1 2

C A R A GA

A R MM

Regions


2020

2050

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

R 0 1

C A R

R 0 1

R 0 3

R 0 4

N C R

R 0 5

R 0 6

R 0 7

R 0 8

R 0 9

R 1 0

R 1 1

R 1 2

C A R A G A

A R MM

Regions


2020

2050



Seasonal variation like the summer monsoon and winter monsoon was captured by the model.

Under the A1B scenario annual mean temperatures in thePhilippines are expected to rise by about 0.9ºC to 1.1ºC for 2020and 1.9 ºC to 2.2 ºC by 2050.

Projection of seasonal temporal rainfall variation is largest(-35 % to 45%) during the seasons of JJA and MAM.

Meanwhile projection of seasonal temporal rainfall variation islesser (-0.5 % to 25%) during the seasons of DJF and SON.

The highest increase in rainfall during southwest monsoonseason (JJA) is likely in Region 01 (44%), CAR (29%), Region 03(34%), Region 04 (24%) and Region 05 (24%) in 2050.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS



SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The model indicated that climate change willprobably lead to an active southwest monsoon inLuzon and Visayas as evident in future increases inrainfall which is more pronounced in JJA andbecoming greater with time.

The drier season of March-May will become drier,while the wetter seasons of June- August andSeptember-November become wetter.

A downward trend is likely in Mindanao as indicatedin the reduction in seasonal rainfall in MAM, JJA andSON by 2050.



Across Society

Vulnerable sectors ² Agriculture

² Freshwater

² Health

² Biodiversity

² Forests

ENSO drought events and rice

1oC increase leads to

15% decrease in rice yield

From: www.sciencentral.com: Cassman, IRRI, National Academy of Sciences



Climate Change Impacts

CORAL

BLEACHING& DEATH

1995 & 1998 coral bleaching events

World Wildlife Fund. ClimateChange Scenarios for the Philippines

June-Nov 1998 coral bleaching led to 46% decrease

in coral cover and about 49% of overall coral death in the area

Increase in sea surface temperatures of

Bolinao, KalayaanIsland Group, NW

Palawan)

Arceo, et. al. Coral Bleaching in the Philippines. Disturbing Climate. 2001

about 0.50C can already initiate

coral bleaching

(e.g., Tubbataha Reef Marine Park,

Licuanan et al ., 2001



Inundatewetlands and

other lowlying lands

Erodebeaches

Intensifyflooding

Increase the

salinity of rivers, baysandgroundwater tables

Rising

SeaLevels



Direct Observationsof Recent Climate

Change

There is observational evidenceof increase intensity oftropical cyclone activity inthe North Atlantic since 1970

correlated with the increasein sea surface temperature.

Cold days, cold nights

and frost have

become less frequent.While hot days, hotnights, and heat

waves have becomemore frequent.

More intense and longer droughtssince 1970 particularly in thetropics and subtropics due toincrease in temperature anddecrease in precipitation.

Source: IPCC 4th Assessment Report: Summary for Policy-makers



Aggravated by loss of forests which

serve as carbon sinks & watersheds

Half of the forests that originally

covered 46% of the Earth's land

surface are gone.

Only one-fifth of the Earth's originalforests remain pristine and

undisturbed



CONCLUSION

Business as usual is NOT AN OPTION!

Unless action is taken now:

- the standard of living will suffer far worseconsequences

- poverty will be exacerbated

- there will be more damage to property & lives

- decades of growth can be wiped out- man¶s very survival is at great risk!



CONCLUSION

Climate change action

will require concerted

effort of governments &

their partners (PRIVATE

SECTOR. NGOs,

communities,

development partners)

to manage and adopt to

a changing & moreinvasive environment

SHARED

RESPONSIBILITY

SHARED

RESPONSIBILITY

WE MUST PLAN and WORK TOGETHER.



Under the framework of

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

1. Reduce carbon(Mitigation)

2. Reduce risk(Adaptation)



Some Mitigation Measures:

Conserve energy and water

Improve energy efficiency

Shift to alternative, renewable fuel

(non fossil fuel)

Improve /support mass transport system

Encorurage more

Compost, recycle & reuse (EcologicalSolid Waste Mgt)

Stop burning of waste



Ensure the source of water ² Support forest protection and

rehabilitation of degraded watersheds

Ensure the source of water ² Support forest protection and

rehabilitation of degraded watersheds



190 Nursery Chambers

established from January

to December 2011. TotalNursery Capacity ± 380,000

seedlings

Survival rate of native treewildlings ± 80 percent

(average)

Manila Water ² Marikina

Watershed Initiative



ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT - PEOPLE¶S

ORGANIZATIONS : Lead NGO: PEACE Fnd.

- PEACE Foundation



9 People¶s Organizations strengthened (VMG revisited, Duties

and Responsibilities of Board, Officers and Members clarified,initial plan of action formulated and implemented, registration

with DOLE/SEC, financial management systems in place,bank account opened and maintained).



Watershed Management & Biodiversity Conservation

& Sustainable Development ± RainforestationFarming Training with 9 People¶s Organizationscontinuing«



Green Breaks as Livelihood project



On-site Out-Planting, Food for Work, Coordination

for the Project



Mitigation alone is notenough -

impacts of Climate Change

a REALITY we need toADAPT to and plan for

NOW!!!



Precipitation - Adaptation

Sound Practices

Tokyo Designing urban holding ponds under roads and

parks to temporarily store run off water to avoid

flash floods

Jakarta To construct storm water drainage canal system

(East Canal) to provide adequate drainage for eastern part of city

The Fort

Taguig

Construction of 6 storey high water storage under

Burgos Circle

Vietnam Build large & medium reservoirs upstream of big

rivers

Strengthen extensive dike system (5000 kms of

river dikes & 3,000 kms of sea dikes)



Examples of key sectoral adaptation

opportunities - Precipitation

Sector Adaptation option/strategy

Water

(Singapore)

Expanded rainwater harvesting /water storage (17 reservoirs)

Water conservation

Water re-use (NeWater)

Desalination

Water use and irrigation efficiency



. We are blessed with more than

140 Billion Cubic Meters of

rainfall, each year.

We lose nearly 80% of it



GK Fisherman¶s Village, Bayawan City Cistern in GK

Pinagbayanan,

Quezon

GK Bagong Silang

CaloocanGK Mapahiusa Village, Tanjay

Rainwater harvesting/storage

R i t St i DPWH Offi



Rainwater Storage in DPWH Offices



Promote water conservation(incentivize)

Improve water efficiency:

- low flow faucets and showers

- waterless urinals

- dual flush toilets



Maximize the use of existing water resourcesthrough recycling and reuse:

- reuse treated wastewater ( GK Bayawan,

SM Malls, Waterfront Hotel, Cebu)

Green Buildings - adjustments in the design

of homes and buildings



Allow rainwater to recharge the aquifer



More Urban GreeningMore Urban Greening

Wastewater Treatment



Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)

Wastewater Treatment -to protect all water sources, low cost,

decentralized and low maintenance systems

provide viable and effective options (proven inGK villages)



Wastewater Treatment

REED BED SYSTEM

Reed beds using Pragmytis (³tambo´) treat sewage in GK

Fisherman¶s Village in Bayawan City



Biodigesters treat sewage, biodegradable components of solid waste andanimal manure and capture the methane gas (a greenhouse gas)

In GK Budlaan, Cebu City, GK Mapahiusa,Tanjay City and GK Lipa City

BIODIGESTERS

SEPTAGE TREATMENT

ECO SAN ±waterless toilets



ECO SAN ±waterless toiletsSeparation of liquid (urine and solid (feces)

Regular collection of waste for processing into

compost



Examples of key sectoral adaptation

opportunities ² sea level rise

Sector Adaptation option/strategy

Infrastructure &settlements RelocationProtection of existing natural barriers

Creation of marshlands & wetlands as buffer

against sea level rise & flooding

Seawalls & storm surge barriers



THE WORLD IS CHANGING.

Are we on board as leaders

or mere followers?



VisionA climate risk-resilient Philippines with

healthy, safe, prosperous and self-reliant

communities, and thriving and productive

ecosystems.

To build the adaptive capacity of communities and increase the resilience

of natural ecosystems to climate change,

and optimize mitigation opportunities

towards sustainable development

Goal

National Climate Change Action Plan



We have no choice.

We have to adapt to this more invasive

environment to ensure our very survival!



AVOID the

UNTHINKABLE!

ADAPT to theUNAVOIDABLE!



Documents

Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation in Challenging Times -Gozun