SWELLING BEHAVIOR OF NATURAL RUBBER VULCANIZATE FILLED WITH CARBONIZED GROUNDNUT HUSK AND CARBON BLACK

8/9/2019 SWELLING BEHAVIOR OF NATURAL RUBBER VULCANIZATE FILLED WITH CARBONIZED GROUNDNUT HUSK AND CARBO…

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SWELLING BEHAVIOR OF NATURAL RUBBER VULCANIZATE FILLED WITH

CARBONIZED GROUNDNUT HUSK AND CARBON BLACK

BY

ELETA KATE WILLIAMS

MATRIC NO AST/2161208034

SUBMITTED TO THE DE ARTMENT OF OLYMER TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF A LIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUCHI OLYTECHIC!AUCHI!

EDO STATE

IN ARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE RE"UIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

HIGHER NATIONAL DI LOMA #HND$ IN OLYMER TECHNOLOGY

S%&'%()%* 2014

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CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project work on swelling behavior of natural rubber (NR) vulcanizate

filled with carbonized groundnut husk was performed and written by ELETA KATE

WILLIAMS of department of polymer technology of higher national diploma (HN )

certificate

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

DR MRS F+A+ AK A "T#

($R%'T $#R*+%R)

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

MRS UGBESIA! S+O "T#

$R%'T '%,%R +N"T%R

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

MR IDIAGHE , +A "T#

(H#" %- #$"RT.#NT)


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# +'"T+%N

This project wok is dedicated to /od most high whose divine grace is unspeakable to my

success in life0


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The long year dream is now a reality my first gratitude go to my lord /od almighty 1 for his

guidance1 protection 1 substance 1 provision and all for giving me divine health1 wisdom1

knowledge and understanding favor1 encouragement throughout the course of study0

.y thank also goes to my supervisor D* M*-+ F+ A +O AK A 0 .y profound gratitude goes to

M*+ E.%) % L +O for his full support throughout my project and for his contribution during

the course of my study0 "lso my gratitude to #ngr "2% " " for his support1 .R FESTUS

INEGBEDION 0 .y thank also goes to MR IKHIDE his for help and assistance ! MR

MOMOH F+ ! .y thanks also goes to all the staff of polymer technology department that

influence and contribute to my academic success0 .ost especially MR EKEBAFE +L +O .ay

/od enriches you with your heart desires0 "men

.y gratitude goes to the head of the department MR IDIAGHE , +A 0

"m ever indebted to my mother MRS ANTHIANS +O+ for her support1 spiritually1 prayerfully1

financially1 love and care + pray the 3ord enlarge her coast0 "lso MR WILSON ONORIADE

and MR MIKE IRALE for their support for the success for my academic work0

-inally1 + appreciate and acknowledge the presence of /od in my life4 spirit1 soul1 and body

for give me favors ability and enablement to pass through the program successfully0 + also

acknowledge the assistance of all my course mate 567585679 scission0


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ABSTRACT

This research work is aimed at studying the swelling behavior of natural Rubber (N0R)vulcanizates filled with groundnut husk carbon and carbon black respectively0 #ight formulationtables were drawn1 four containing carbon black and four containing carbonized groundnut husk at different loading capacity0 The vulcanizates were prepared based on the formulations0 Theswelling behavior vulcanizates were studied using the solvents: petrol1 diesel1 kerosene1 andwater to determine the swelling inde; at 766ml of each of the solvent0 The essence of the test isto determine the stability of the vulcanizates to attack by these solvents and other material alike1which the vulcanizates may come in contact with in every day application0 -rom the resultobtained1 it was observed that vulcanizates with low filler loading have very high swellinginde; obviously due to low interaction between the filler and the polymer matri; leading to verylow cross link density0


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5076 .ain effect of filler characteristics on vulcanizate properties 7B

5077 source of filler 7B

5075 Rubber 'ompounding +ngredients 56

CHA TER THREE>06 materials and method 59

>07 material and sources 59

>05 .ethod 5?

>0> preparation of carbonized groundnut husk powder as filler 5?

>09 characterizations of the fillers ('D >>6 and '/NH) 5?

>0@ compounding of N0R at varying filler loading 5B>0A modification of formulation >6

>0B stages of processing >6

>0C molding and vulcanization >7

CHA TER FOUR

906 Result >>

907 test >>

CHA TER FIVE

?06 iscussion1 'onclusion and recommendation >B

?07 iscussion >A

?05 'onclusion >C

?0> recommendation >C

REFERENCE

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CHA TER ONE

1+0 INTRODUCTION

.any people have tried to use various agricultural by,products as fillers in compounding0

These fillers are either use raw or modified0 +n this work1 the carbonized groundnut shell are

compare with carbon =black to see the comparative study of thermal stability of compounded

rubber0 The rapid increase in the range of manufactured products following world war (5) two

resulted directly from the development of broad range of new fibers1 plastic elastomers1

adhesive1 and resins0 These new material are polymers and their impact on our way of life is

almost incalculable Eallcock and lampe7CC6F0 The demand for polymers in many applications

has e;perience a steady growth over the years0 +n developed countries of #urope and "merica1

the volume of polymer used is more than that of metals or ceramics E"kpa566?F0 Rubber1 being

a major form of polymers has not been left out0 Rubber in its raw state have virtually no

engineering application1 it is necessary to appropriately compound them in order to obtain good

processing characteristics1 and the desire cure properties in the finished products Ecatchy 5666F0

+t is not surprising1 therefore that more than ?6G of all chemist and chemical engineers1 large

numbers of physicist and mechanical engineers and nearly all materials scientists and te;tile

technologist are involved with research or development work with polymers0

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Rubber as one of the classes of polymers have found great valued in many application including

engineering1 sport and leisure and domestic0 +n its raw state1 rubber may not be good enough for

any useful application1 so there is the need for the addition of additives which help to enhance

the properties0 "mong the additives are filler0 'arbon black is the major filler used in rubber

industry0 Today there are lots of research going on to find an alternative (local source) for it0

"dvances are being made into the use of other agricultural by,products1 such as rice husk1

groundnut shell1 rubber seed shell1 etcEDryson 7C??F0 These materials are used in their raw form

or they are modified before used0

1+1 UR OSE/OB,ECTIVE OF STUDY

1+ $reparation of carbonized groundnut husk2+ 'haracterization of carbonized groundnut husk3+ The use of carbonize groundnut husk to compound natural rubber 4+ The determination of the swelling properties of the vulcanizate

The purpose of this study is to study the swelling behavior of the carbonized groundnut

shell and carbon black filled natural rubber compounds

1+2 STATEMENT OF ROBLEM

"part from the base polymer1 fillers are the ne;t material in terms of volume that is

re uired in the rubber industry0

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The most commonly use fillers include carbon black1 china clay1 calcium carbonate1 etc

of all these fillers1 carbon black is the one that is mostly used for rubber products e;pect where

colour is of priority0

This carbon black is mostly imported which make it to be e;pensive due to our weak

naira and secondly1 it is from petroleum a source which is non,renewable and between the ne;t

7? years coming it may get e;hausted0 There is the need to sort for alternate material from local

material with little modification0

1+3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this study is to assess the swelling behavior of natural rubber vulcanizate

filled with carbonized groundnut husk as to provide an alternative to carbon black by using

locally sourced fillers0

1+4 SCO E OF STUDY

This work is limited to swelling behavior of natural rubber vulcanizate filled with carbon black

and carbonized groundnut husk in solvents

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CHA TER TWO

2+0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2+1 NATURAL RUBBER

IRubberJ also I+ndia RubberJ redirect here for other uses0 Rubber is generally classified

as natural and synthetic rubber a gummy substance1 isolated from the white fluid of rubber trees

with minor impurities of other organic compounds plus water forms of poly,isoprene that are

useful as natural rubber are classified as elastomeric0 Rubber is harvested mainly in the form of

late; from certain trees0 The late; is a sticky1 milky colloid drawn off by making incision into

the bark add collecting the fluid in vessels in a process called ItappingJ0 The late; then is

refined into rubber1 rubber ready for commercial processing0 Natural rubber is used e;tensively

in many application and products1 either alone or in combination with other materials0 +n most

of its useful forms1 it has a large stretch ratio1 high resilience1 and is e;tremely water proof (9)0

NR is hydrocarbon with empirical formula (' ?HB) n where n is C?1666 to 761?660 The

(' ?HB) is gutta,percha in contrast to natural rubber however1 gutta,percha is hard and very

brittle at home temperature and this noticeable difference is attributed to the structural

arrangement about the double bonds in the two (' ?HB) +somers0


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CH3

CH2 = C - CH = n( Isoprene) ( Poly-isoprene

2+2 SOURCES OF NATURAL RUBBER

ometimes called ($ara rubber) is the tree Hevea brasiliensis0 The only other place under

cultivation as a commercial rubber source is guayule (parthenium argentatum)1 shrub native to

the arid region of .e;ico and the < nited tates0

2+3 METHOD OF RODUCING NATURAL RUBBER

+n the collection of natural rubber late;1 the hevea brasiliensis tree wounded by cutting

the late; vessel in the bank1 by a controlled operation called T"$$+N/0 The most common

tapping method used is the half spiral system1 from left to right way around the tree trunk at an

angle of >6 o to the horizontal0

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Tapping is achieved with a special curved knife (tapping knife) which flow along the

groove to the end of the cut where spout conduct it to a collecting cup attached to the tree0 The

cup may contain a preservative such as "mmonia (NH>) to prevent the late; from coagulating

at the late; receiving station0 The late; is strained through a sieve to remove coagulum and bark

particle as well as dirt0 The late; is then transferred to the main factory for onward preparation

to dry rubber0

2+4 ROCESSING OF NATURAL RUBBER

Natural rubber is coagulated late; from certain types of rubber tree e0g0 hevea brasiliensis

and manufactured in a factory0 Rubber got its name when #nglish scientist &oseph $riestly

observed that it could KLruboutLL pencil marks (source: R.")0

Rubber is a polymer1 which is a chain of monomers or small molecules0 Natural rubber

has only monomers of isoprene0 C1 0 0 inventor 'harles /ood year

determined that heating rubber with surfer resulted in a stronger product that was more stable

over a wide range of temperatures0 He called this process vulcanization and further discovered

that he could uicken the process by adding other substances0 *ulcanization strengthens rubber

into a stronger matri;0 Natural rubber is processed by first taking the sap from a cut in the tree1

ne;t1 processors flatten it into sheets0

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To make the sheets workers blend1 late; from various sources and sometime mi; with water and

coagulants0 Then the late; is passed through grooved rollers to produce sheets of rubber that are

allowed to dry0 %n small rubber plantations1 these sheets are visually inspected4 they are tested

technically in large operations0 "fter imperfections are removed1 the sheets are baled together

with talc in between to keep them from sticking to each other0 Dlock rubber goes through the

same initial stages1 but is chopped up and pressed into bales (source: "'T" )0

ynthetics rubber is made by mi;ing two by = product of petroleum fining1 butadiene and

styrene0 They are mi;ed with soapsuds to make li uid late;1 which as then dried into bits and

passed into bales0 "bout A6 percent of all rubber is synthetic0 The industry can vary the

chemical formula of synthetic rubber to adapt it to different applications (source: R.")

2+ RO ERTIES / A LICATION OF NATURAL RUBBER

Rubber e;hibits uni ue physical and chemical properties0 RubberLs stress strain behavior

e;hibits the .ullins effect and the $ayne effect1 and is often modeled as hyper,elastic0

Rubber strain crystallizers

%wing to the presence of a double bond in each repeat unit1 Natural rubber is susceptible to

vulcanization and sensitive to ozone cracking0

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The two main solvents for rubber are turpentine and naphtha (petroleum)0 The former has been

in use since 7C@9 when /iovanni -ibroins is credited with the discovery of naphtha as a rubber

solvent in 7AAC0

Decause rubber does not dissolve easily1 the material is finely divided by shredding prior to its

immersion0

"n ammonia solution can be used to prevent the coagulation of raw late; while it is being

transported from its collection site0

2+6 FILLERS

These are usually solid additives that are incorporated into polymer to modify its physical

(mechanical) properties0 -illers help to increase modulus and hardness and to reduce creep and

most time to reduce the cost of end product0 +t also help in electrical in solution and heat

deformation resistance0 They are powdered or short fibred materials such as wood flow1 glassfibred1 silicon and silicates0 'a'o51 .g'o5 as be stores e0t0c0 others may be rein,enforcing e0g0

carbon black and also groundnut shell0 $lastics that are used as structural engineering materials

contained rein,enforcing agent and a more recently use rein,enforcing agent is graphic fibred

which is a common additive used in application call for a proved mechanical properties (5)

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2+ CHARACTERISTIC OF FILLER

The interaction of particular filler with an elastomeric is dependent on a number of

factors0

Namely:

70 +ntensity50 #;tensity>0 /eometrical1+ INTENSITY

The intensify factor is the specific activity of this solid surface per s uare centimeter

interface1 determined by the physical chemical nature of the filler surface and to some e;tent

that of the elastomers (>)

50 T % E TENSITY FACTOR is the total amount surface area of the filler per cubic

centimeter compound in contact with that elastomer03+ GEOMETRICAL FACTOR (a) The surface of the filler1 which can be determined by it empty (void) volume under

standardized packing conditions0

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(b) The porosity of filler usually a minor factor which can varied over a wide range with

carbon black because the weight of the individual spongy particles is lower than those of the

solid particles0 The number of particles sizes per cubic centimeter of

'ompound at a given weight loading is greater for spongy particle than the solid particle (>)

2+8 USES OF FILLERS

-iller are used in various forms for various $urposes0 Defore the application of fillers1

much consideration such as cost1 process ability1 compatibility and ability to withstand adverse

condition must be evaluated for better product property0 -iller cannot be used to the best

advantage in polymer unless there is a good adhesion between them0 +n particular1 the filler

particle polymer interface will not be stress bearing and therefore provides a point of

mechanical weakness1 fillers can be used to achieve the following effect0

+ COST REDUCTION

'ertain filler can be applied to reduce cost in opa ue $0*0' 'ompounds for mi;ing and

processing0 #;amples of filler used are coconut shell1 wood flour1 rice husk1 groundnut shell0 +n

other words filler are used as cheapeners for products0

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)+ HARDNESS AND MODULUS

The hardness of a material gives a measure of the modulus at low strain and usually

e;pressed in +0R0H0 particulate fillers play an important role in the hardness and modulus of a

vulcanisate0 /enerally fillers especially reinforcing fillers increase the modulus and hardness of

a *ulcanisate0

5+ STRENGTH

-illers are useful in impacting the product property of strength when incorporated into

polymers such as NR1 DR1 low gum strength polymer re uire fine particle size carbon black

and silicaLs give the highest Mstrength for rubber especially when they are well dispersed0

+ ABRASION AND TEAR RESISTANCE

-illers are used in areas where resistance to abrasion and tear are desired1 as the

resistance to abrasion increases with optimum resistance occurring in the region of ?%phr1 non,

black filler can also give this effect0

%+ ELECTRICAL RO ERTIES

-illers can be used to improve electrical insulation properties clay and carbon blacks1

are e;ample of fillers applicable for this purpose0

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+ DEFORMATION RESISTANCE

-illers are also used to improve heat deformation resistance of cables in its manufacture

to lengthen its service life0

7+ BRITTLENESS

The incorporation of filler such as glass fibred1 wood flour in high impact polystyrene

can help to reduce brittleness in the compound0

+ MACHINE ABILITY


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TY ES OF FILLER

These are the three main types of fillers1 these include:

7) $articulate filler 5) Ruinous filler >) -ibrous filler

ARTICULATE FILLER

$articulate filler are divided into reinforcing filler and inert fillers0 The inert filler may affect

the physical properties when incorporate into a polymer0 e0g0 the addition of inert filler onto

plasticized $*' compound will reduce die swell on e;tension1 increase modules and hardness1

improve electrical insulation properties and reduces tackiness0 +nert fillers will also usually

reduce the cost of a compound to greater e;tent0 "mong the filler used such filler should be

insoluble in any li uid with which the polymer compound is liable in contact0 'hemicals type of

filler is available in a numbers of grades and differs in the following ways:

(7) $article shape and porosity

(5) "verage particle size and size of the surface

(>) 'hemical nature of the surface

(9) +mpunities

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+t has been observed that when employed in the elastomeric system the finer the particles size1

the higher the value of such properties as tensile strength modules1 and hardness0 They can

function in a number of ways in a polymer matri;0

(7) +mprove where an abrasion characteristics of the matri;

(5) +ncrease the heat deformation temperature of the matri;

(>) Reduce solvent and gas permeability in the matri;

(9) +ncreasing lubrication properties of the matri;

(?) #lectrical insulation properties (reduces)

(@) *iscosity increase

(A) pecific gravity increase

(B) Transparency (decrease)

RESINGEOUS FILLER


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The resinous have a further advantage1 testing of the rubber compound is little affected0 There is

e ually little or no heart build up the case with the particle filler as loading is increased0

The resinous filler commonly used are1

tyrene,butadiene (?68?6 resin)

$henolic phenol formaldehyde resin0

FIBROUS FILLER

There are generally fibers of cotton rayon1 wood1 carbon asbestos etc0 the fiber used have a

higher modulus than resin in which they are embedded so that when the composite of resin

fiber is stained +n the place of the fibrous layer1 the bulk of the stress is taken out by the fiber0

REINFORCING FILLER

/enerally1 reinforcing filler re those additions which increase the tensile strength1 tear strength1

modulus1 hardness and abrasion resistance of rubber compound vulcanization in which are

incorporated0

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NON BLACK REINFORCING FILLER

However for light color product meeting specification was very tasking as the non black filler

up to 7C9? were non reinforcing1 hence1 it become imperative than non black filler use for light

color goods give more reinforcing properties in other to be used in non,self reinforcing

elastomers such DR1 NDR1 #$ .0

The e;perience as resulted in the development of non black filler for the production of rubber

article with improved physical properties such as

+ncreasing hardness1 tensile1 strength1 tear strength and operation resistance0

The following constitute some of the non black reinforcing filler presently in use in the rubber

industry are silica1 zinc o;ide natural silica1 hydrated precipitated silica1 Hydrated aluminum

hydro;ide etc0

NON BLACK NON REINFORCING FILLER

These are the inner material (dilutes) mainly used reduce compounding cost and cheapen or

e;tend the material0 #;ample include

BARITES9

"n inner material used to reduce cost: it is an attractive candidate for chemical resistance

compound for tank lining0

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TALCUM #TALC FRENCE CHALK$

.ica powder naturally washed and grounded to about 566,>660 ue to its lamellar structure

can substantially reduce gas permeation and also impact good resistance to heart0 This consists

mainly of silicate of magnesium and aluminum used as inert filler in heat resistance compound

for gasket battery cases and auto clawing joints0 Talc is now mostly used as a dusting agent to

prevent uncured stock from sticking to themselves and other surfaces0

NON BLACK SEMI REINFORCING FILLER

ome of these include:

TREATED WHITINGS

These are precipitate 'a'o >0The particle of which has been coasted with >G of a serrate0 They

are uite valuable materials to fill gap between non reinforcing whiting at one hand and

reinforcing silicon on the other hand0

"s semi , reinforcing filler1 giving product of moderate cost goods appearances with fairly

high resistance and tears strength0 They are used in the high grade colour mechanical goods0

%thers include a timony trio;ide ma;imum flame resistance and precipitated whiting at high

loading0

7A


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%thers include wood flour1 asbestos which are naturally occurring siliceous fibers both the

shorter fibers and the grounded material as filler for flame (0heat resistance material) like gasket

and shoe0

FILER FROM ORGANIC MATERIAL

#;ample of filler source from organic material are phenolics resins1 doka nut shell1 rice husk

etc0 the source doka shell is dried and grounded to a fine powder1 sieve to particles size between

A?,7?6mm0 others includes coconut fiber1 mango shaft etc0

ERSITENT STRUCTURE

"n increase in persistence structure (omisionery) results in lower e;trusion shrinkage1

higher modulus at low and medium strain up to >66G1 higher viscosity1 higher hysteresis and

longer incorporation time0 Higher electrical conductivity is found for higher structure blacks0

This property is interrelated with surface activity0 tructure changes on filler without surfaceactivity (graphitized black)1 showing the effects indicated above only rather faulty at constant

high activity0 The structural effects are pronounced0

OROSITY

$orosity results in higher viscosity and higher electrical conductivity in the case of

carbon black0

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2+12 RUBBER COM OUNDING INGREDIENTS

The manufacture of rubber products re uired the addition of many different types of

chemical compounds and materials to the rubber0 These additional materials are called

compounding ingredients or rubber additives0 'ompounding therefore is the operation of

bringing together all the ingredients re uired to mi; a batch of rubber compound0 They are

often added to facilitate processing1 improve the properties of the rubber and reduce cost0 The

rubber in its raw state is not suitable for use in any given application0 Rubber is1 for e;ample1

visco,elastic in nature0 They have a tendency towards both plastic and elastic behaviorsL0 This

tendency gives rise to IcreepJ which is adverse to engineering and other application0 Rubbers

are also very sensitive to changes in temperature0 They e;hibit thermo plasticity within a limited

range of temperature most rubbers are soluble in a wide range of organic solvents0 These factors

impose severe limitations on the usefulness of the rubber material for a particular application

the base polymer or blend has to be selected according to the final properties re uired0 ome of

the compounding ingredients are:

I+ RUBBER

Raw rubber1 whether it is the natural hydrocarbon or synthetic1 in the dry or late; form1 is

compound with various other materials to change it from a soft plastic material to a strong1 non,

plastic and even hard ubstance0 " blend of two rubbers may also be used in the rubber

compound formulation0

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ii0VULCANIZING AGENT

*ulcanization is a chemical process1 which brings about the formation of cross,links

between the long polymer chains0 The three,dimensional structure produced restricts the free

mobility of the molecules and gives products having reducing tendency to crystallize improved

elasticity and substantially increased modulus and hardness0 The original and more commonly

used vulcanizing agents are organic pero;ides such as dicumyl pero;ide and benzyl pero;ides1

metal o;ide such as zinc o;ide and magnesium o;ide0

$oly,functional amines are used in the vulcanization of fluorocarbon rubber0 The process

of sulphur vulcanization is only possible if raw rubber has double bond or unsaturation in its

molecules0 -or saturated rubbers1 a small amount of unsaturation is usually introduced to make

it sulphur *ulcanizable0

:::+ ACCELERATORS

"ccelerators are compounding ingredients used to speed up the rate of cure1 they are

added to reduce cure time to an economic level e;amples are biphenyl,guanidine ( $/)1

mercaptobenzothiazole (.DT) Oinc diethyl dithiocarbonate (O ')0

:;+ ACTIVATOR

"ctivators are compounding ingredients which activate the accelerator and make them

more soluble and efficient during vulcanization0

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They consist of organic activator (zinc o;ide) and organic activator (stearic acid)0 The

zinc o;ide is soluble in the stearates which act as a vehicle0 These increase cross link density

but do not speed up the rate of cure0

;+ ANTIDEGRADANTS

"nti,degradant is a general term used to describe materials added to rubber which retard

deteriorates of rubber product during service life0 ouble bond although vital for sulphur

vulcanization of rubber provides the weak link as far as degradation by o;ygen and ozone is

concerned0 Rubber containing high amount of unsaturation such as NR1 DR1 are more prone to

%;idative degradation or attack by ozone than elastomer containing low amount of unsaturation

such as #$ .0 The groups of protective agents used in the rubber industry fall into:

70 "mines and their derivatives e0g0

a0 $henyl P ", napthylamine ($"N)

b0 $henyl P D, naphitonlamine ($DN)

c0 N1 iso, propyl N,phenyl1 $,phenylene diamine (+$$ )0

50 $henol and their derivative e0g0 Dis (5 P hydro;yl P >, t,buty7 P ? methyl phenyl)

methane0

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;:+ LASTICIZER

These are materials used in rubber to facilitate the mi;ing and processing of rubber

compounds0 They act as4 lubricants during processing operation and accelerate the plasticization

of the raw rubber0 These materials include resins1 mineral and vegetable oils1 wa;es and organic

peptizing agent: $lasticizers must be compatible with the rubber so as to function effectively

into the compound0

5>CHA TER THREE

3+0 MATERIALS AND METHOD

3+1 MATERIAL AND SOURCES

8N% ."T#R+"3 % R'#


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a muffle furnace0 The carbonize groundnut husks were grinded pass through a metal sieves in

order of 7?6 micro (um) with a shaker1 the fine powder particle for the carbonize groundnut

husks that passes through the sieves were collected and characterized before used for

compounding and also with carbon black in order to compared the swelling behavior with

different solvent

3+4 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE FILLER

-iller are characterized in terms of $ H1 Dulk density determination1 +odine adsorption1 loss on

ignition0

&H D%'%*(:< ':=<The pH of the carbonized groundnut husk ('/NH) samples were

etermined using " T. 7?75 method1 7CB> by immersing 706g samples in ?606ml of

5?

deionised water in a 5?6ml beaker0 The mi;ture stirred for 7?minutes and both the filler andwas heated for 5?minutes and added to cool before adding another ?6ml of deionizer water

making it 766ml and was stirred of ?minutes0The pH meter was inserted on both the filler todetermine the reading and values were read0 Transfer the results to the chapter for results and

discussion -or carbon black

A0C5pH

-or carbonized groundnut husk

B077$hASH CONTENT

The weight of the crucible were noted before the test sample were filled to the crucible and

were place inside the oven at a temperature of 966 o c for hours0 "t the e;piration of the time1

the crucible (moisture cans) were removed from the oven and place into a dissector to before it


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was re,weighed and the valves were noted for both carbon black and carbonized groundnut

husk filler0

B>?. D% at 75? S '0 This method was used to

determine the percentage of water in a sample by drying the sample to a constant weight0 The

water content is e;pressed as the percentage1 by weight1 of the dry sample0 The moisture sample

was determined by weighing the rubber seed shell and record as Iwet weight of sampleJ4 the

wet sample was dried to a constant weight1 at a temperature not e;ceeding 77?S' using suitable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufflehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufflehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry


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drying e uipment (drying oven)0 The sample was allowed to cool and then weighed again1 and

recorded as the Idry weight of sampleJ

'alculation

The moisture content of the sample is calculated using the following e uation:

G< " , D U766 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5

!!!!!

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tearic acid ? ? ? ?Oinc o;ide >0? >0? >0? >0?T.T 70? 70? 70? 70?.DT > > > >$rocessing oil ? ? ? ?T.Q 70? 70? 70? 70?

-iller('D)N>

>%

56 >6 96 ?6

ulphur >0? >0? >0? >0?

5B

-ormulation used for compounding N0R ingredient of carbonized groundnut husk0 '/NH

$$HR

+N/R# +#N

T

" D '

Natural rubber 766 766 766 766tearic acid ? ? ? ?

Oinc o;ide >0? >0? >0? >0?T.T 70? 70? 70? 70?.DT > > > >

processing oil ? ? ? ?T.Q 70? 70? 70? 70?-iller('/NH) 56 >6 96 ?6

ulphur >0? >0? >0? >0?

3+6 COM OUNDING OF NATURAL RUBBER AT VARYING FILLER LOADING+


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The design of the formulation for the compounding is shown in table above0 The fillers used

were varied with different loading capacity to check on their influence on the natural rubber

product0

5C

3+ MODIFICATION OF FORMULATION


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5+ COM OUNDING

The compounding ingredients were added to the masticated rubber in a se uential order0

The ingredients were added to the rubber bank that is formed on the nip of the rolls0 The mi;ing

operation was done with the following order as shown below

>6tages of mi;ing time of mi;ing (minutes)

.astication ?On% >

tearic acid >

Half filler and processing oil >Remaining half filler and processing oil 9T.Q 5.DT and sulphur >

uration 5?minutes

"fter proper mi;ing the compound was than sheeted out from the rolls and live for a

minimum of 59 hours for proper homogenization of the compounding ingredient before curing0

3+8 MOULDING AND VULCANIZATION

The compression molding system was used in the curing of the material fed into the

mould cavity is soften1 shaped and vulcanized in the mould0 The mould was preheated and

robs with silicon oil to act as mould releasing agent0 The material was fed into the mould

cavity and placed in the hydraulic pressing machine (7?tonnes)0 Temperature was applied for

@ minutes for flat sheets and the mould was however1 opened for an instant1 to allow for

escape of any entrapped gas produced during cross linking 0


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>7

The cure test pieces were removed from the mould after the stipulated time and allowed

to cool after a week the test piece produce were cut by a cutter machine in a round tin circle

and was ready for testing0

>5

CHA TER FOUR 4+1 TEST4+2 SOLVENT TEST T*


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olvents used in the assessing the swelling behavior of the vucanizate are petrol 1 diesel 1

kerosene and water the test sample that were cut were weighed to know their initial weight and

were immersed into 766ml of the different solvents with a sealed containers for 59hours0

>


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A(70) B(140) C(210) D(280)0

10

20

30

40

50

60

CARB !I"#D$R %!D!%& H%' CARB ! B AC

FIGURE 2.UPTAKE OF SOLVENT IN THE VULCANIZATE IN DIFFERET

FILLER LOADING IN DIESEL


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A(70) B(140) C(210) D(280)0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

*

10


>?

FIGURE 3+ U TAKE OF SOLVENT IN THE VULCANIZATE IN DIFFERENTFILLER LOADING INKEROSENE


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A(70) B(140) C(210) D(280)0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


FIGURE4+ U TAKE OF SOLVENT IN THE VULCANIZATE IN FILLER LOADINGIN WATER

A(70) B(140) C(210) D(280)0

0+05

0+1

0+15

0+2

0+25

0+3

0+35


>@

CHA TER FIVE


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+1 DISCUSSION! CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS+2 DISCUSSION

EFFECT OF SOLVENT TREATMENT /DIMENSIONAL CHANGES OF

VULCANIZATES

The effect of solvent treatment on e uilibrium swelling of the vulcanizates in various

solvents is presented in the -igures71 51 >1 and 9 above0 it was observed that in the vulcanizates

containing carbon black filler1 the solvent up take was reduced from the filler loading A6 , 5B6

and increase in from 796, 5761 why carbonized groundnut husk vulcanizate reduced in swelling

inde; with filler loading from 796 ,5B6 and then increase from A6 , 576 due to the enhance

interfacial bonding between the filler and the rubber EreferenceF 0 The nature of the fillers1 as

well as the porosity of the filler1 e;tent of crosslink density characteristics were revealed from

the solvent interaction with the vulcanizates0 Thus it is clear that e uilibrium solvent up take

can provide information regarding the efficiency of interfacial bonding EreferenceF0 This is

compared to the solvent up take of the vulcanizates containing carbon black0

The percentage increase in the e uilibrium swelling for the vulcanizates cured at different

filler loading at A61 7961 5761 and 5B6 at 766ml in petrol1 diesel1 kerosene and water are shown

in the above graphs0

>A


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+t was observed that the petrol and diesel in the vulcanizates in carbonized groundnut

husk has higher swlling inde; to that for carbon black in -igure 7 and 51 why in -igure > the

vulcanizates in carbon black swells more than the vulcanizates in carbonized groundnut husk on

filler loading in A6157615B6 why that of 796 the vulcanizates in carbonized groundnut husk

swells more0 +n water it has e ual level of both the vulcanizates e;cept in 7961 and 576 of filler

loading that have minor different in the vulcanizates0 The solvent can diffuse into the polymer

mostly through a direction parallel orientation0 "t low filler loading (A6) the solvent absorption

of the vulcanizates with carbon black in -igure 71 petrol was higher when compared with that of

576 filler loading in the vulcanizates0 "s filler loading increases1 the number of filler in a unit

volume increases and therefore the rate absorption also decreases and the penetrate molecule

finds it difficult to diffuse into the polymer and therefore the swelling have better result in the

loading of filler in vulcanizates of carbon black of 5B6 on petrol1 diesel and kerosene why that

of the vulcanizates of carbonized groundnut husk in diesel of 576 have good swelling also why

the other filler loading in the vulcanizates have poor swelling0 "lthough during swelling

dimensional changes are shown by both the vulcanizates on carbon black and carbonized

groundnut husk vulcanizates on the above -igure071 51 >1 and 90

+2 CONCLUSION

# uilibrium swelling observed in the vulcanizates with petrol1 diesel1 kerosene followed

by water increases as the filler loading decreases showing increased filler polymer matri;

interaction and hence increased cross link density0

>B


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The vulcanizates containing water absorbed less solvent compared to those of petrol1

diesel and kerosene which absorbed higher solvent of the filler and rubber due to the bonding

type between the water (hydrogen bonding) and the vulcanizates (covalent bonding)0

The reason why the following solvent petrol1 diesel1 kerosene and water are use in the

vulcanizates is to test for the interaction between the solvent and the vulcanizates i0e0 when it is

use for automobile e uipment like tyre1 engine sitter e0t0c0 when come in contract with these

solvent petrol1 diesel1 kerosene and water so as to know the interaction between the solvent and

the vulcanizates0 The interaction determines the shelf life i0e0 to test how long the polymer is

going to sustain it use as car tyre1 engine sitter e0t0c0 The swelling behavior of this vulcanizates

determines the level of industrial and type of application of the vulcanizates0

+3 RECOMMENDATION

-urther work should be done in accessing the thermal stability of vulcanizates to determine the

electrical properties of the vulcanizates and also to determine the ability of the vulcanizates to

bio degradable when they come in contact with micro,organism0

+t is recommended that for vulcanizates produced from groundnut husk shell high filler loading

should in industrial application of the materials where they might come in contact with solvents

and chemicals0

>C


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T % *% %*% rd edition Dutter worth 3ondon

(7CA7)4 7ABA0 +diaghe &0" 5669 physical testing of polymer &onado computer "uchi pp 0B0 $rinciples and Techni ues of $olymer Dlends and 'omposites0 2ear $age BC0 'hika1 .0" (5667) tudent $roject (HN 77)1 "pplication of -iller .i;ture for the

Thermal tability of Natural Rubber0 "uchi $olytechnic "uchi0 pp0760 olomon0 / and "merongen / & * 7C9B Rubb0 'hem0 Technol057,@A770"nsell .waikanmbo 3 25665 Title of article &0"ppl0 $olym 0 ci B9

2our referencing is very few1 if you know what you are doing0 " project should have at least 56

references at your level0 "dd more references from materials used and site them appropriately

inside the work0


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Documents

SWELLING BEHAVIOR OF NATURAL RUBBER VULCANIZATE FILLED WITH CARBONIZED GROUNDNUT HUSK AND CARBON BLACK