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3
How to do things, with diagrams
Wiggers Diagram, Cardiac Cycle, Left Ventricle
Two directions of fit
• world-to-mind and mind-to-world direction of fit
• what begins as a plan, ends as a record (whose truthmaker – if it is a true record – is: the journey you took)
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Create an intellectual property right
• from original Danish Patent DK92683C for Leggo bricks (Legetøjsbyggeelement)
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Some more examples
musical score
blueprint, building plan
organizational chart
military operations plan
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Overview
• speech acts vs. document acts– speech acts are evanescent – documents endure, and so can be used in multiple
ways in succession
• documents can tie people together in complex endeavors (often: via diagrams)
• the different types of institutional systems to which documents belong
• more on time series graphs
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Types of Speech Act
1. We tell people how things are (assertives)
2. We try to get them to do things (directives)
3. We commit ourselves to doing things (commissives)
4. We bring about changes in the world through utterances (declarations) (“I name this ship ...”)
5. We express our feelings and attitudes (expressives)
Directions of fit
• mind-to-world: an assertion is about something in the world
• world-to-mind: a request is designed to change the world to conform to the mind of the requester
• automatic mind-to-world-and-world-to-mind: I say “I promise to pay you $1000 dollars” and thereby make it true that I promise to pay you $1000 dollars
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The Searle thesisclaims and obligations and deontic powers* are brought into existence by the performance of speech acts
(acts of promising, marrying, accusing ... )
The Construction of Social Reality (1989)
* rights, relations of authority, debts, property-relations, permissions, ...
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Speech acts and document acts can create new kinds of entities
such as organizations, rules, prices, debts, standardized transactions
Searle: We make it the case by Declaration that a Y status function exists in a context C(Making the Social World, 2010, p. 13).
Standing declaration: “I declare (by posting this notice in my café) that the price for Kronenbourg demi today will be 10 Belgian Francs”
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One-off, one-person obligations
One-off obligation-creations:• I request that you bring me a beer.• By signing this IOU note I commit myself to paying you $1000 next Tuesday.
Obligation-creations can form networks
• signatures link to persons and acts of acceptance
• stamps link to administrative offices
• alphanumeric IDs link to multiple other documents
19Dia
gram
with
deo
ntic
pow
ers
the line between diagrams and documents and between both of
these is not sharp
increasingly, too, we will need to deal also with algorithmically enhanced diagrams / documents
Diagrams as continuants
time 1: blueprint as plan
(world-to-mind direction of fit)
time 2: blueprint as record • of process of
building• of product
(mind-to-world direction of fit)
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Diagrams with deontic powers
chain of commitments from order to blueprint creation to acceptance of
blueprint to process of building
in accordance with blueprint
to acceptance of finished building
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and can be steered by diagrams
e.g. by those sorts of diagrams and nested sub-diagrams we call musical scores
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How to do things, with diagrams
• An orchestral musical work (as something that can be rehearsed, performed and reperformed) – could not exist without a score– could not be rehearsed without scores and subscores– could not be performed without (either) scores or
rehearsal
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How to do things with scores1. the author authors the score, thereby creates a possibility of
performance
2. he thereby creates, and at the same time baptizes, the work
3. conductor and orchestra use the score to form a plan (including subplans) and commit themselves to its execution
4. they use the score as a set of instructions to rehearse execution of their plan (develop score-coordinated expertise)
5. they may mark up their copies of the score to add instructions
6. they schedule a concert, thereby committing themselves to a prospective audience to perform that work
7. they perform that work
8. they may mark up their copy of the score to record errors in that performance
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Directions of fit
• automatic score-to-world-and-world-to-score: Berlioz completes the score and thereby brings into being a work that is precisely in conformance to the score
• world-to-score: the score tells the world how to shape itself to create a performance that is in conformance with the score
• score-to-world: the score, when the performance is completed, serves as a record of the performance
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The role of shared practice
This sort of coordinated activity is impossible without shared expertise, developed– through training and individual practice– through practice and rehearsal in small group,
yielding– reusable, recombinable expertise modules
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Warfighters’ Information Sharing Environment
Fire Support
LogisticsAir Operations
Intelligence
Civil-Military Operations
Targeting
Maneuver &Blue Force
Tracking
Military Symbology
Sample of Military Standard 2525 Military Symbology
Symbols for Military Organizations
Depict functions/capabilities
Depict Roles: Friend, Adversary, Neutral
Military Symbology
Sample of Military Standard 2525 Military Symbology
Buildings, Structures, Vehicles, Formations, Geographic Areas, and People can all be in a Target_Role for a period of time
These symbols designate Targets on a map
A Target_Role is created by way of the targeting process
A Role is a Temporal Property of some entity
Task Organizing
Ontological methods are used in the process of Task-Organizing
A Task-Organization is the Output (Product) of Task Organizing
A Task-Organization is a Plan or part of a Plan
A Plan is an Information Content Entity
Task-Organizing — The act of designing an operating force, support staff, or logistic package of specific size and composition to meet a unique task or mission. Characteristics to examine when task-organizing the force include, but are not limited to: training, experience, equipage, sustainability, operating environment, enemy threat, and mobility. (JP 3-05)
Operational Design
Source: FM 3-0 Operations
Military Ontologies help planners and operators “see” and understand the relations between Entities and Events in the area of operations.
Military Ontologies are prerequisites of military innovations such as Airborne Operations, Combined Fires and Joint Operations.
Military Ontologies are prerequisites for the creation of effective information systems.
Operational Design — The conception and construction of the framework that underpins a campaign or major operation plan and its subsequent execution. See also campaign; major operation. (JP 3-0)
Military doctrine
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Creates training modules to create expertise modules and operational modules to be turned into operational plans and nested subplans
OODA LoopThe Terrain Modeling process is a
doctrinally endorsed way of representing (i.e. ontologizing) the
Warfighters’ operational environment
Terrain Models represent the entities and events that make
up the area of operations
Target Data
www.militaryontology.com
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Target ReportA Report which contains information used in
the Targeting Process. (FM 3-60 The Targeting Process)
Target Number Designative Information ContentEntity which denotes some object considered for possible
engagement or other action (derived from Field Manual 3-60 The
Targeting Process) "
Target Description A Descriptive Information Content Entity
which describes the characteristics of some object that is in a Target Role
(FM 3-60 The Targeting Process) "
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Information Content Entity
Geospatial Entity
Entity
Road Intersecti
on
Property
Physical Propert
y
Geospatial Reference
Point
Designative Information
Content Entity
Physical
Location
Key:
Ontology Elements
Relations
Data Elements
is_a
is_a
is_a
is_a
is_a
is_a
is_a
String: Amazai and
Nawagai Sura Road
Intersection
TRP: AB 001
WPT: EZ497
Lat: 34.40393540678018
Long: 72.50272750854492
MGRS: TF 4679 5792
is_a
denotes
denotes
denotes denote
sdenote
s
Common Upper Ontology
Data Model Elements
has_rolehas_propert
y
Targeting Organizations
www.militaryontology.com 66
Joint Targeting Steering Group
A group formed by a combatant commander to assist in developing targeting guidance and reconciling competing requests for assets
from multiple joint task forces. (This term and its definition are approved for inclusion in the next
edition of JP 1-02.)
Joint Targeting Coordination Board
A group formed by the joint force commander to accomplish broad targeting oversight functions that
may include but are not limited to coordinating targeting information, providing targeting guidance and
priorities, and refining the joint integrated prioritized target list.
Targeting Events
www.militaryontology.com 67
Act of Targeting An Act Of Planning which is the process of selecting and
prioritizing targets and matching the appropriate responses to them, considering operational requirements and capabilities (Joint Publication 1-02 DoD Dictionary)
Act of Target DevelopmentAn Act Of Planning consisting of the systematic examination
of potential targets--and their components, individual targets, and even elements of targets--to determine the necessary type and duration of the action the must be
exerted on each target to create an effect that is consistent with the commander's specific objectives (JP 1-02 DoD
Dictionary)
Targets exist because of Target Roles
www.militaryontology.com 68
Area Target:A target consisting of an area rather
than a single point.
Intelligence Target:A country, area, installation, agency, or person against which intelligence
operations are directed.
Target Role:A Role wherein some entity or
object is considered for possible engagement or other action.
Symbols on map overlays create targets
Sample of Military Standard 2525 Military Symbology
Buildings, Structures, Vehicles, Formations, Geographic Areas, and People can all be in a Target_Role for a period of time
These symbols designate Targets on a map
A Target_Role is created by way of the targeting process
A Role is a Temporal Property of some entity
‘Target’ is a phase sortal
www.militaryontology.com 71
Area Target:A target consisting of an area rather
than a single point.
Intelligence Target:A country, area, installation, agency, or person against which intelligence
operations are directed.
Target Role:A Role wherein some entity or
object is considered for possible engagement or other action.
Targeting is possible because of plans and nested subplans of targeting organizations
www.militaryontology.com 72
Act of Targeting An Act Of Planning which is the process of selecting and
prioritizing targets and matching the appropriate responses to them, considering operational requirements and capabilities (Joint Publication 1-02 DoD Dictionary)
Act of Target DevelopmentAn Act Of Planning consisting of the systematic examination
of potential targets--and their components, individual targets, and even elements of targets--to determine the necessary type and duration of the action the must be
exerted on each target to create an effect that is consistent with the commander's specific objectives (JP 1-02 DoD
Dictionary)
Michael Bratman’s theory of Joint Intentional Activities (JIAs)
From Titus Stahl. Beyond Plans and Practices: Law as Collective Intentional Institutions
Expanding Bratman’s theorythrough the idea of diagrammatic nesting of
• plans • authorities• intentions• obligations• expertise modules
cf. Scott Shapiro, “Massively Shared Agency”, in M. Vargas and G. Yaffe, eds., Rational and Social Agency: Essays on the Philosophy of Michael Bratman (New York: Oxford University Press, in press)