Rethinking Europe from the Mediterranean Shores, 1796-1914 Fernanda Gallo

fg371@cam.ac.uk

This paper attempts to write a history of modern Europe from the Mediterranean shores and, in doing so, it challenges established historiographical verdicts and intellectual hierarchies that construct the sea as a liminal European space. Focusing on the history of Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, as well as the Empires dominating the Mediterranean in the long nineteenth century, this course will challenge the historiographical thesis depicting Euro-Mediterranean peripheries as derivative, backward or exceptional, stemming from a ‘partial’ or ‘incomplete’ cultural westernisation or modernisation. It will examine exchanges of ideas and the movement of people, such as political exiles and émigrés; it will explore democratic procedures and communication networks, and will analyse the relationship among nation, state and empire by looking at anti-imperial and anti-colonial uprisings, nationalist revolutions and civil wars in the Euro-Mediterranean area. From the static image pioneered by Fernand Braudel (1949), questioned by the ‘new Thalassology’, to the transnational approach – which challenges the boundaries posited between East and West, North and South, and reconstructs interactions, entanglements, and shared experiences – the Mediterranean has become one of the most interesting perspective from which re-define intellectual hierarchies, re-design intellectual geographies, and challenge the notions of centre and periphery. Structure of teaching Each week we will discuss primary and secondary texts as well as other sources (such as newspapers, satirical journals, pamphlets, biographies and private correspondence, as well as video, audio and literary sources). Translations will be provided when needed. Each session will draw on select historiographical case-studies focussing on the different Euro-Mediterranean histories.

Michaelmas: Weekly 2 hours classes (weeks 1 to 7) with a combination of lectures and seminars Lent: Weekly 2 hours classes (weeks 1 to 7) mainly student-led seminars Easter: 1 hour revision class The classes will integrate lectures and seminar style. Students taking this paper are expected to attend all classes. Supervisions 4 supervisions per student, singleton or in groups, in Michaelmas or Lent Term 1 revision supervision in Easter Term for each student, singleton or in groups. Total contact hours: 33 Guest lectures: Sara Caputo (JRF at Magdalene College): 3 hours Jean-Michel Johnson (College Lecturer at Fitzwilliam): 2 hours Maximum students’ capacity: 15 Assessment: The paper is assessed by a three-hour exam in the Easter term. List of topics: Michaelmas Term: (weeks 1 to 7)

1. Mediterranean(s) Europe(s) 2. From the Napoleonic Wars to the Constitutions (1796 – 1823)

Seminar: The Constitution of Cádiz 3. The Rise of the Greek Nation State (1821-1864)

Seminar: The Greek Revolution 4. The Italian Risorgimento in Transnational Perspective (1848-1871)

Seminar: Young Italy and Young Europe 5. Italian Mafias and the “Southern Question” (1860- 1901)

Seminar: The Mediterranean Race 6. Colonial powers in the Mediterranean (1830-1882)

Case Study: Britain in the Mediterranean: Malta and Egypt 7. New Imperialisms and the Scramble for Africa (1878-1914)

Case Study: al-Andalus and the Maghreb in the Modern Spanish Imagination Lent Term: (weeks 1 to 7)

1. Mediterranean seafaring communities, cultures, and traditions of mobility 2. Modernity and the Age of Revolutions 3. Intellectuals, Exiles and Migrations 4. The Mediterranean Network: Connecting and Communicating 5. Migrations and Liquid Borders 6. A Colonial Sea 7. Europe and the Mediterranean in the present day

READING LIST:

1. Mediterranean(s) Europe(s)

Key Readings: Braudel, F. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, New York: Harper & Row,

1972-3, Vol. I, Prefaces, pp. 1-22 & excerpts from Parts I-V: pp. 23-5, 103-4, 168-70, 231-4, 276-82. Dainotto, Roberto. “Does Europe have a South? An Essay on Borders”, The Global South, 5, 1 (2011):

37-50 Horden, P. & N. Purcell, "The Mediterranean and 'The New Thalassology'," American Historical Review,

111, 3 (2006): 722-740. [online] Said, E. (1979) Orientalism. London: Penguin, pp. 1-28 Further Readings: Abulafia, David, The Great Sea: A Human history of the Mediterranean (Penguin, 2012) Burke, Edmund, “Toward a Comparative History of the Modern Mediterranean, 1750-1919”, Journal

of World History, 23, 4(2012): 907-939 Burke Peter, “How to write a history of Europe: Europe, Europes, Eurasia”, European Review, 14, 2

(2006): 233–239 Cassano, Franco, Southern Thought and Other Essays on the Mediterranean, Fordham University Press, 2012 Chambers, Iain Michael, “Another Map, another History, another Modernity”, California Italian Studies,

1, 1(2010): 1-14 Chambers, Iain Michael, Mediterranean Crossing: the Politics of an Interrupted Modernity, Duke University Press,

2008 Dainotto, Roberto Europe (in Theory), Duke University Press, 2007 D’Auria, Matthew, ‘Protean boundaries: Montesquieu’s Europe and the Mediterranean world’, French

History, Volume 29, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 31–45 Delanty, Gerard, Inventing Europe: Idea, Identity, Reality, Palgrave Macmillan 1995 Fogu, Claudio, “From Mare Nostrum to Mare Aliorum: Mediterranean Theory and Mediterraneism in

Contemporary Italian Thought”, California Italian Studies, 1, 1(2010): 1-23 Harris, William V. (ed.), Rethinking the Mediterranean (Oxford, 2005) Hauswedell Tessa, Körner Axel, Tiedau Ulrich, Re-Mapping Centre and Periphery: Asymmetrical Encounters in

European and Global Contexts, UCL press 2019 Hobsbawm, Eric J., Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movement in the 19th and 20th Centuries,

Manchester University Press, 1971 Horden, Peregrine, and Purcell, Nicolas, The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History (Blackwell,

2000) Horden, Peregrine, and Kinoshita, Sharon (eds.), A Companion to Mediterranean History (Blackwell, 2014) Sebastián, Javier Fernández, ‘A Distorting Mirror: The Sixteenth Century in the Historical Imagination

of the First Hispanic Liberals’, History of European Ideas, 41 (2015), 166–75. Tucker, Judith E., The Making of the Modern Mediterranean: Views from the South, University of California,

2019

2. From the Napoleonic Wars to the Constitutions (1796 – 1823) Key Readings: Isabella, Maurizio. “A Liberal International: Simultaneous Revolutions and the Birth of a Transnational

Civil Society”, in Maurizio Isabella, Risorgimento in Exile: Italian Émigrés and the Liberal International in the Post-Napoleonic Era, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009: 21-31

Miller, Marion S. “A ‘Liberal International’? Perspectives on Comparative Approaches to the Revolutions in Spain, Italy, and Greece in the 1820s”, Mediterranean Studies, 2 (1990): 61- 67

Seminar: The Constitution of Cádiz Davis, John A. “The Spanish Constitution of 1812 and the Mediterranean Revolutions”, Bulletin for

Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies, 37, 2 (2012), Article 7 Primary Source: Constitution of Cádiz translated into English: http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/the-

political-constitution-of-the-spanish-monarchy-promulgated-in-cadiz-the-nineteenth-day-of-march--0/html/ffd04084-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_1.html

Further Readings: Burdiel, I., ‘Myths of failure, myths of success: new perspectives on nineteenth- century Spanish

liberalism’, Journal of Modern History (1998), 892–912. Burdiel, I. And Romeo, M.C., ‘Old and new liberalism: the making of the Spanish liberal revolution,

1808–1844’, Bulletin of Hispanic Studies (1998), 105–20. Butrón Prida, Gonzalo, “La Recepción de la Constitución Española de 1812 en la Italia Preunitaria: Cádiz

Como Pretexto y Como Bandera”, Historia y Sociedad, 23 (2012): 37-54 Butrón Prida, Gonzalo, La Inspiración Española de la Revolución Piamontesa de 1821, Historia

Constitucional, 13 (2012): 73-97 Bayly, Christopher A. (2010). “The ‘Revolutionary Age’ in the Wider World, c.1790–1830.” In Richard

Bessel, Nicholas Guyatt, and Jane Rendall (eds.). War, Empire and Slavery, 1770–1830. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 43–60.

Callaghan, W., Church, politics and society in Spain, 1750–1874 (Cambridge, MA, 1984). Charnon-Deutsch, L. and J. Labanyi (eds.), Culture and gender in nineteenth-century Spain (Oxford, 1995). Clancy Smith, Julia (2010). Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration, c.1800–1900.

Berkeley: University of California Press. Cruz, J. Gentlemen, bourgeois and revolutionaries: political change and cultural persistence among Spanish dominant

groups, 1750–1850 (Cambridge, 1996). Davis, John A. "Introduction: Italy's difficult modernization," in John A. Davis (ed), Italy in the

Nineteenth Century, 1796-1900 (Oxford, 2000): 1-24. Esdaile, C., ‘War and Politics in Spain, 1808–1914’, The Historical Journal, 31, 2 (1988) González Hernández, Esther, “1820-1823: De Cádiz A Brasil Pasando Por Portugal. O Dicho De Otro

Modo: Del Trienio Liberal, De La Revolución Constitucional De Oporto Y De La Independencia Brasileña” Revista De Derecho Político, 84 (2012): 115-150

Grab, Alexander, "From French Revolution to Napoleon," in John A. Davis (ed), Italy in the Nineteenth Century, 1796-1900 (Oxford, 2000): 25-50.

Grieco, Giuseppe. “British imperialism and Southern liberalism: re-shaping the Mediterranean space, c. 1817-1823”, Global Intellectual History, 3/2 (2018): 202-230

Hamnett, Brian, “Spain and Portugal and the Loss of their Continental American Territories in the 1820s: An Examination of the Issues”, European History Quorterly, 41(3): 397-412.

Jacobs, Erik, Oddens, Joris and Rutjes, Mart (eds.) The Political Culture of the Sister Republics, 1794–1806: France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Italy, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2015: 9-40.

Palmer, R.R. The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and American, 1760-1800, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014: esp. Chapter 24, “The Revolution comes to Italy.”: 568-588; Chapter 25 “The Cisalpine Republic”: 589-613; Chapter 27 “The Republics at Rome and Naples”: 663-683

Rao, Anna Maria, “L’Espace Méditérranéen dans la Pensée et les Projets Politiques des Patriotes Italiens: Matteo Galdi et la ‘République du Genre Humain’.”, in Marcel Dorigny And R. Tlili Sellaouati (Eds.). Droit des Gens et Relations entre les Peuples dans l’espace Méditérranéen de la Révolution Francaise. Paris: SÉR, 2006: 115–137.

Rao, Anna Maria, “Republicanism in Italy from the Eighteenth Century to the Early Risorgimento”, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 17,2 (2012): 149-167

Paquette Gabriel, Enlightened Reform in Southern Europe And Its Atlantic Colonies, C. 1750-1830, London: Routledge, 2016: 1-20: 361-388

Suanzes-Carpegna, Joaquín Varela, “El Primer Constitucionalismo Español y Portugués (Un Estudio Comparado)”, Historia Constitucional, 13 (2012): 99-117

Woodward, M.L., ‘The Spanish Army and the Loss of America, 1810–1824’, The Hispanic American Historical Review, 48, 4 (1968)

3. Revolutions and Nationalisms (1821-1871)

Key Readings: Isabella, Maurizio. "Rethinking Italy's Nation-Building 150 Afterwards: The New Risorgimento

Historiography," Past and Present, 217 (2012) Liakos, Antonis, “The Canon of European History and the Conceptual Framework of National

Historiographies”, in Matthias Middel and Lluis Roura, Transnational Challenges to National History Writing, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan (2013): 315-342

Liakos, Antonis, “The Construction of National Time: The Making of the Modern Greek Historical Imagination”, Mediterranean Historical Review, 16 (2001): 27-42

Seminar: The Greek Revolution and the Greek State Zanou, Konstantina, “The Greek Revolution through the Eyes of Orthodox Enlightenment”, in K.

Zanou, Transnational Patriotism in the Mediterranean, 1800-1850: Stammering the Nation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018: 104-112

Primary Sources: “Introduction: Giuseppe Mazzini’s International Political Thought,” and “Manifesto of Young Italy

(1831)” in Stefano Recchia and Nadia Urbinati (eds) A Cosmopolitanism of Nations: Giuseppe Mazzini’s Writings on Democracy, Nation Building, and International Relations (Princeton, 2009): 1-30, 33-38.

Further Readings: Banti, Alberto Mario. The Nation of the Risorgimento: kinship, sanctity, and honour in the origins of unified Italy,

New York: Routledge, 2020. Beales, Derek & Eugenio F. Biagini. The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy, New York: Routledge,

2002. Esp. Chapters 7-10 (“Cavour’s foreign policy, Garibaldi’s initiative and national unification, 1855-61,” “Women and the Risorgimento,” “Venice, the ‘Roman Question’ and the Brigands, 1862-70,” and “Free trade, globalisation and the audit of unification, 1863-76”).

Borutta, Manuel. “Anti-Catholicism and the Culture War in Risorgimento Italy,” in Silvana Patriarca and Lucy Riall (eds), The Risorgimento Revisited: Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Italy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012: 191-213.

Davis, John, Naples and Napoleon: Southern Italy and the European Revolutions (1780–1860). New York: Oxford University Press. 2006

Frary, Lucien, Russia and the Making of Modern Greek Identity, 1821–1844, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, Chapter 1: Russia and the Movement for Greek Independence

Ginsborg, Paul. "European Romanticism and the Italian Risorgimento," in Silvana Patriarca and Lucy Riall, The Risorgimento Revisited: Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Italy (Palgrave, 2012): 18-36.

Hamilakis, Yannis, The Nation and its Ruins. Antiquity, Archaeology, and National Imagination in Greece, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007

Isabella, Maurizio and Konstantina Zanou (eds), Mediterranean Diasporas: Politics and Ideas in the Long 19th Century, London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015. Chapters 3, 4, 7, 9.

Karakatsouli, Anna, ‘Μαχητές της Ελευθερίας’: Η ελληνική επανάσταση στη διεθνική της διάσταση, Athens: Pedio, 2016 [“Freedom Fighters” and 1821: The Greek Revolution in its transnational dimension]

Körner, Axel. “Verdi and the historians: politics, passion, and the mezzi di lavoro,” Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 20, 1 (2015): 127-137.

Körner, Axel and Lucy Riall, ‘Introduction: The new history of Risorgimento nationalism’, Nations and Nationalism, 3, 2009, pp. 396-401.

Liakos, Antonis, L’Unificazione italiana e la Grande Idea: Ideologia e zione dei movimenti nazionali in Italia e in Grecia, 1859-71, Florence: Aletheia, 1995

Mandylara, Anna et al. (eds.), Φιλελληνισμός. Το ενδιαφέρον για την Ελλάδα και τους Έλληνες από το 1821 ως σήμερα, Athens: Dēmos Nikolaou Skoupha, 2015

MacKay, Ruth, “Lazy, Improvident People”: Myth and Reality in the Writing of Spanish History, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2006: “Prologue”, “A Nation Punished”, “Narrative”: 201-206, 207-244, 245-263.

Panayiotis Kapetanakis, 'The Ionian State in the "British" Nineteenth Century 1814-1864: From Adriatic Isolation to Atlantic Integration', International Journal of Maritime History, 22:1, 2010, 163-184

Patriarca, Silvana. Numbers and Nationhood: Writing Statistics in Nineteenth-Century Italy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Esp. Chapters, 2, 6-8.

Patriarca, Silvana and Lucy Riall, The Risorgimento Revisited: Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Italy, London: Palgrave, 2012

Papastratis, Procopis, “Megali idea and Mare Nostrum: Aspects of Greek and Italian Nationalisms”, in Marta Petraccioli (ed.), L’Europe méditerranéenne, Mediterranean Europe, Berlin: Peter Lang, 2008: 75-92

Pick, Daniel. “‘Roma o morte’ Garibaldi, Nationalism and the Problem of Psycho-biography,” History Workshop Journal, 57, 1 (2004): 1-33.

Riall, Lucy Risorgimento: The History of Italy from Napoleon to Nation State, London: Palgrave, 2008. Chapter 1: “Risorgimento, Reform and Revolution.”

Reill, Dominique. Nationalists Who Feared the Nation: Adriatic Multi-Nationalism in Habsburg Dalmatia, Triest, and Venice, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2012.

Riall, Lucy. “Elites in Search of Authority: Political Power and Social Order in nineteenth-century Sicily,” History Workshop Journal, 55 (2003): 25-46.

Sakis Gekas, Xenocracy. State, Class, and Colonialism in the Ionian Islands, 1815-1864, New York-Oxford: Berghahn, 2017

Sarti, Roland. "Giuseppe Mazzini and his opponents," in John A. Davis (ed), Italy in the Nineteenth Century, 1796-1900 (Oxford, 2000): 74-107.

Sedivy, Miroslav, Metternich, the Great Powers and the Eastern Question, Pilsen: University of West Bohemia, 2013, Chapters 2 and 10, 59-94, 315-338.

Späth, Jens, Revolution in Europa 1820–23. Verfassung und Verfassungskultur in den Königreichen Spanien, beider Sizilien und Sardinien-Piemont, Cologne: SH-Verlag 2012

Sotiropoulos, Michalis, "Liberalism, Property, and the Foundations of the Greek State (C.1830-1870)", Modern Intellectual History (2019): 1-22

On 1848: Gareth Stedman Jones, “Elusive Signifiers : 1848 and the Language of ‘Class Struggle’” in Douglas

Moggach and Gareth Stedman Jones (eds) The 1848 Revolutions and European Political Thought. Cambridge, CUP, 2018: 429-463.

Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848-1851 (Cambridge, 2005), Chronology, Introduction, Chapters 1, 3, and 6.

Additional resources: In Our Time: 1848 Year of Revolution (https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b019gy9p) In Our Time: Garibaldi and the Risorgimento (https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b083qx9j)

4. Plebiscites, democracy and self-determination (Dr. Lucia Rubinelli) Key Readings:

G. Fruci, 'Democracy in Italy: from egalitarian republicanism to plebiscitary monarchy', in Re-imagining democracy in the Mediterranean 1750- 1860, edited by J. Innes and M. Philp, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018

A.S. Chambost, Socialist Visions of Direct Democracy, The Mid-Century Crisis of Popular Sovereignty and the Constitutional Legacy of the Jacobins’, in Gareth Stedman Jones and Douglas Moggach (eds), The 1848 Revolutions and European Political Thought (Cambridge, 2018).

Alex Korner, America in Italy: The United States in the Political Thought and Imagination of the Risorgimento, Princeton University Press, 2017, ch. 2 and 3

5. Italian Mafias and the “Southern Question” (1860- 1901)

Key Readings: Davis, John. “A Tale of Two Italys? The ‘Southern Question’ Past and Present,” in Erik Jones and

Gianfranco Pasquino (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Italian Politics. Oxford: OUP, 2016 Dickie, John. “A Word at War: The Italian Army and Brigandage” and “The Birth of the Southern

Question,” in John Dickie, Darkest Italy: the nation and stereotypes of the Mezzogiorno, 1860-1900, London: Palgrave MacMillan, 1999: 25-82.

Seminar: The Mediterranean Race Sergi, Giuseppe, The Mediterranean Race. A Study on the Origins of European Peoples, London, 1901, Chapters

1, 2, 3, 9: 1-44; 157-185 https://archive.org/details/mediterraneanrac00serguoft/page/n11/mode/2up

Primary Sources: Excerpts from Leopoldo Franchetti, “Peasant life and local government in the Abruzzi [1875].” in

Dennis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy 1796-1866. London: Palgrave MacMillan, 1988. Suggested Readings: Agnew, John. “The Myth of Backward Italy in Modern Europe,” in Beverly Allen and Mary Russo (eds),

Revisioning Italy: National Identity and Global Culture. University of Minnesota Press, 1997: 23-42. Allum, F., 2016. The invisible camorra: Neapolitan crime families across Europe. Cornell University Press. Astarita, Tommaso, Between Salt Water and Holy Water: A History of Southern Italy, NY: W.W. Norton &

Co., 2005. Barsotti, Edoardo Marcello, “Race and Risorgimento: An unexplored chapter of Italian history”, Journal

of Modern Italian Studies, 25,3, (2020): 273-294 Behan, T. The Camorra, London: Routledge, 1996 Bevilacqua, Piero. “New and old in the southern question,” Modern Italy, 1, 2 (1996): 81-92. Blok, Anthony. “The Peasant and the Brigand: Social Banditry Reconsidered,” Comparative Studies of

Society and History, 14, 4 (1972): 494-503. Bull, Anna. “The south, the state and economic development: Remarks on Piero Bevilacqua’s ‘old and

new in the southern question’,” Modern Italy, 1, 3 (1997): 72-76. Cerro, Giovanni, “Giuseppe Sergi. The portrait of a positivist scientist”, Journal of Anthropological Sciences,

95 (2017): 109-136 http://www.isita-org.com/jass/Contents/2017vol95/Cerro/28600906.pdf Dainotto, R., Mafia a Cultural History, Reaktion Books, 2015 Dal Lago, Enrico. Civil war and agrarian unrest: the Confederate South and southern Italy, Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 2018. Dickie, J. Cosa Nostra: A History of the Sicilian Mafia, New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2004 Dickie, J. Mafia Brotherhoods: Camorra, Mafia, ‘Ndrangheta: the Rise of the Honoured Societies, London: Sceptre,

2012 Dickie, J., Mafia Republic: Italy's Criminal Curse. Cosa Nostra,'Ndrangheta and Camorra from 1946 to the Present,

London: Sceptre, 2013

Falcone, G. – M., Padovani (1993) Men of Honour: The Truth about the Mafia, Warner Loforte, G, in Modern Italy, 9, 1 (2004): 69-94.

Hobsbawn, Eric. Bandits. London: Pelican, 1972. Hobsbawn, Eric. “Social Bandits: Reply,” Comparative Studies of Society and History, 14, 4 (1972): 503-505. Lupo, S., (2000) ‘The Mafia’, in P. McCarthy, Italy since 1945, Oxford: Oxford University Press: 153-170 Lupo, S., History of The Mafia. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009 Lupo, S., Two Mafias: A Transatlantic History, 1888-2008, New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2015 Moe, Nelson, The View from Vesuvius: Italian Culture and the Southern Question, Berkeley: University of

California Press, 2002, esp. “Terra Vergine: Picturing the South in Illustrazione italiana”: 187-223. Moe Nelson, “This is Africa: Ruling and Representing Southern Italy, 1860-61”, in A. R. Ascoli and K.

von Henneberg, Making and Remaking Italy: the Cultivation of National Identity around the Risorgimento, Oxford: Berg, 2001: 119-153

Paoli, L, Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized crime Italian Style, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003 Petrusewicz, Marta. “The Demise of Latifondismo,” in Robert Lumley and Jonathan Morris (eds), The

New History of the Italian South: The Mezzogiorno Revisisted. Devon: University of Exeter Press, 1997: 20-41.

Rega, Dana (ed.), Mafia Movies. A Reader, University of Toronto Press, 2011 Saviano, R. Gomorrah: Italy’s Other Mafia, New Youk: Macmillan, 2012 Schneider, Jane (ed), Italy’s “Southern Question”: orientalism in one country. London: Bloomsbury,

1998. Parts 1 & 3. Urbinati, Nadia, “The Souths of Antonio Gramsci and the Concept of Hegemony,” in Jane Schneider

(ed), Italy’s “Southern Question”: Orientalism in one country. London: Bloomsbury, 1998: 135-156. Wong, Aliza. Race and the Nation in Liberal Italy, 1861-1911 (Palgrave 2006), esp. “The Dawning of the

Mezzogiorno: The South in the Construction of Italy,”: 11-23.

6. Colonial powers in the Mediterranean (1830-1882) Key Readings: Paquette, Gabriel, After Brazil: Portuguese Debates on Empire, C. 1820-1850 (December 1, 2011).

Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 11, no. 2 (2010). https://ssrn.com/abstract=2046138 Schmidt-Nowara, C., “La España Ultramarina”: Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nineteenth-

Century Spain. European History Quarterly, 34, 2 (2004), pp 191–214 Case Study: Britain in the Mediterranean: Malta and Egypt (Dr. Sara Caputo) Key Reading: Al-Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi, ‘The British Occupation of Egypt from 1882’, in Andrew Porter and

Wm. Roger Louis (eds), The Oxford History of the British Empire - Volume 3: The Nineteenth Century (Oxford: OUP, 1999), 652-65.

Further readings Clancy-Smith, Julia, ‘Mediterranean Historical Migrations: An Overview’, in Dirk Hoerder and Donna

Gabaccia (eds), Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration, London 2012), pp. 1–19. Fahmy, Ziad, ‘Jurisdictional Borderlands: Extraterritoriality and ‘Legal Chameleon’’ in Precolonial

Alexandria, 1840-1870', CSSH, 55, 2 (2013): 305-329. Gekas, Sakis 'Colonial migrants and the making of a British Mediterranean', European Review of History -

Revue européenne d'histoire, 19, 1 (2012): 75-92. Kasaba, Resat, A Moveable Empire: Ottoman Nomads, Migrants, and Refugees, Seattle 2009, excerpts. Amara, Noureddine, 'Les nationalités d'Amina Hanim, une pétition d'hérédité à la France (1896-1930)',

Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, 137, 2015. Chantre, Luc, Pèlerinages d'empire: une histoire européenne du pèlerinage à la Mecque, (Paris, 2018) Iriye, Akira, Global and Transnational History: The Past, Present, and Future, Basingstoke 2013.

Khuri-Makdisi, Ilham, The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, 1860–1914, Berkeley 2010, excerpts.

Smith, W.A., ‘The background of the Spanish Revolution of 1868’, The American Historical Review, 55, 4 (1950)

Lesseps, F. History of the Suez Canal: A Personal Narrative, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011 Branco, Rui, “State and Politics in Liberal Portugal (1834-1890)”, in E. Betta, D.L. Caglioti, E. Papadia,

Forme del Politico tra Ottocento e Novecento, Rome: Viella, 2012: 13-44 Kettering, Sharon, “The Historical Development of Political Clientelism”, The Journal of Interdisciplinary

History 18, 3 (1988): 419-47. Yakup Bektas, 'The Sultan's Messenger: Cultural Constructions of ottoman Telegraphy 1847-1880',

Technology and Culture, 41:4, 2000 Moreno Luzón, Javier, “Political Clientelism, Elites, and Caciquismo in Restoration Spain (1875--

1923)”, European History Quarterly, 37 (2007): 417-441. Egypt Colla, Elliott, Conflicted Antiquities: Egyptology, Egyptomania, Egyptian Modernity (Durham NC: DUP, 2007). Ener, Mine, Managing Egypt's Poor and the Politics of Benevolence, 1800-1952 (Princeton: PUP, 2003). Halvorson, Dan, ‘Prestige, Prudence and Public Opinion in the 1882 British Occupation of Egypt’,

Australian Journal of Politics and History 56:3 (2010), 423-40. * Harrison, Robert T., Gladstone’s Imperialism in Egypt: Techniques of Domination (Westport CT and

London: Greenwood Press, 1995). Hunter, F. Robert, ‘Tourism and Empire: The Thomas Cook & Son Enterprise on the Nile, 1868–

1914’, Middle Eastern Studies 40:5 (2004), 28-54. Mitchell, Timothy, Colonising Egypt (Berkeley: UCP, 1991). Mulligan, William, ‘Decisions for Empire: Revisiting the 1882 Occupation of Egypt’, The English

Historical Review 135:572 (2020), 94-126. Spiers, Edward M., The Victorian Soldier in Africa (Manchester: MUP, 2004), chapter 4.

https://www.manchesteropenhive.com/view/9781526137913/9781526137913.xml Tignor, Robert L., Modernization and British Colonial Rule in Egypt, 1882-1914 (Princeton: PUP, 1967). Tignor, Robert L., Egypt: A Short History (Princeton: PUP, 2011), chapters 9-10. Whidden, James, Egypt: British Colony, Imperial Capital (Manchester: MUP, 2017). Malta Frendo, Henry, ‘The French in Malta 1798-1800: Reflections on an Insurrection’, Cahiers de la

Méditerranée 57 (1998), 143-51. Frendo, Henry, Party Politics in a Fortress Colony: The Maltese Experience (Valletta: Midsea Publication,

1991), chapter 1. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/28596 * Gregory, Desmond, Malta, Britain and the European Powers, 1793-1815 (Madison and London:

Associated University Presses, 1996). Hough, Barry and Davis, H., ‘The British Claim to Rule Malta 1800-1813’, Melita Historica: The Journal of

the Malta Historical Society 14:4 (2009), 387-408. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-british-claim-to-rule-malta-18001813(c40dfd6b-e3dd-466c-8f46-345505d806ea).html

7. New Imperialisms and the Scramble for Africa (1878-1914)

Key Readings: El Houssi, L. “Italians in Tunisia: between regional organisation, cultural adaptation and political

division, 1860s-1940”, European Review of History - Revue Européenne d’Histoire, 19, 1 (2012): 163-181. Perry J. “A Shared Sea: The Axes of French and British Imperialism in the Mediterranean, 1798–

1914”, in Fichter J. (ed.) British and French Colonialism in Africa, Asia and the Middle East, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019

Further readings: Clancy-Smith, J.A., Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an age of migration, c. 1800-1900 (Berkeley,

2011), Introduction: 1-22 Leila Fawaz and Christopher Bayly (eds.), Modernity and Culture from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean,

(New York, 2002) V. Huber, "Connecting colonial seas: the 'international colonisation' of Port Said and the Suez Canal

during and after the First World War," European Review of History--Revue européenne d'histoire, 19, 1 (2012): 141-161

Samuel Baily, Immigrants in the Lands of Empire: Italians in Buenos Aires and New York City, 1870-1914, (Ithaca, 1999)

Andrew Arsan, Interlopers of Empire: The Lebanese Diaspora in French Colonial West Africa (London, 2014) Akram Khater, Inventing Home: Emigration, Gender, and the Middle Class in Lebanon, 1870-1920, (Berkeley,

2001) Nile Green and James Gelvin (ed.), Global Muslims in the Age of Steam and Print, (Berkeley, 2013) Alison Frank, 'The Children of the Desert and the Laws of the Sea: Austria, Great Britain, the Ottoman

Empire, and the Mediterranean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century', American Historical Review, 2012

Judith Scheele and James McDougall, Saharan Frontiers: Space and Mobility in Northwest Africa (Bloomington, 2012)

Eve Troutt Powell, A Different Shade of Colonialism: Egypt, Great Britain, and the Mastery of the Sudan, 2003 Mustafa Minawi, The Ottoman Scramble for Africa, (2016) Morilla Critz, José, Alan L. Olmstead and Paul W. Rhode, '"Horn of Plenty": The Globalization of

Mediterranean Horticulture and the Economic Development of Southern Europe, 1880-1930', Journal of Economic History, 1999

Rui Ramos, ‘Portugal e o Brasil perante a primeira globalização: a crítica de Oliveira Martins (segunda metade do século XIX)’, Relações Internacionais (2005)8: 73-90

Hanley, W. "Papers for Going, Papers for Staying: Identification and Subject Formation in the Eastern Mediterranean," in L. Kozmat, A. Wishnitzer, & C. Schayegh (eds.), A Global Middle East: Mobility, Materiality and Culture in the Modern Age, 1880-1940 (London, 2014): 177-200.

Viscomi, John, “Mediterranean Futures: Historical Time and the Departure of Italians from Egypt, 1919–1937”, The Journal of Modern History, 91 (2019): 341–379

Choate, Mark I., Emigrant Nation: The Making of Italy Abroad, Cambridge, MA 2008. Turiano, Annalaura and Viscomi, Joseph John, ‘From immigrants to emigrants: Salesian education and

the failed integration of Italians in Egypt, 1937-1960’, Modern Italy 23/1 (February 2018), pp. 1-17. Ruiz, O. ‘Spain on the threshold of a new century: Society and politics before and after the disaster of

1898’, Mediterranean Historical Review, 13 (1998), pp.7-27 Case Study: al-Andalus and the Maghreb in the Modern Spanish Imagination Key Readings: *Eric Calderwood, Colonial al-Andalus: Spain and the Making of Modern Moroccan Culture (Cambridge MA., 2018), especially Intro (pp. 1-30) and Chapters 1-3. * Alejandro García-Sanjuán, ‘Weaponizing Historical Knowledge: The Notion of the Reconquista in Spanish Nationalism’, Imago Temporis. Medium Aevum 14 (2020), pp. 133-62 Further readings: Primary sources: Washington Irving, Tales from the Alhambra (author’s revised edition, New York, 1869):

- The Journey pp. 9-48 - The Palace of the Alhambra p. 49- - Legend of the Moor’s Legacy pp. 288-316

Mariano Fortuny y Maarsal, Javier Barón (ed.), Fortuny (1838-1874): Exhibition Catalogue (Madrid, 2017). Miguel Ángel Pulido, Españoles sin patria y la raza sefardí (Madrid, 1905) – translated excerpts Secondary readings José Álvarez Junco, Mater Dolorosa: La idea de España en el siglo XIX (Madrid, 2001) – best book on the subject – I need to investigate if there are translations and what passages to put here. Alejandro García-Sanjuán, ‘Rejecting al-Andalus, exalting the Reconquista: historical memory in contemporary Spain’, Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies (2016), pp. 1-19 Elisabeth Bolorinos Allard, ‘The Crescent and the Dagger: Representations of the Moorish Other during the Spanish Civil War’, Bulletin of Spanish Studies, Volume XCIII, No. 6, 2016, pp. 965-988. Christina Civantos, The Afterlife of al-Andalus: Muslim Iberia in Contemporary Arab and Hispanic Narratives (New York, 2017), especially Introduction (pp. 1-55).

Lent Term

1. Mediterranean seafaring communities, cultures, and traditions of mobility (Dr. Sara Caputo)

Key readings Driessen, Henk, ‘Mediterranean Port Cities: Cosmopolitanism Reconsidered’, History and Anthropology 16:1

(2005), 129-41. Chircop, John, ‘The Narrow-Sea Complex: A Hidden Dimension in Mediterranean Maritime History’, in

Gordon Boyce and Richard Gorski (eds), Resources and Infrastructures in the Maritime Economy, 1500-2000 (St. John’s, Newfoundland: International Maritime Economic History Association, 2002), 43-61.

Marzagalli, Silvia, ‘Maritimity: How the Sea Affected Early Modern Life in the Mediterranean World’, in Mihran Dabag, Dieter Haller, Nikolas Jaspert, Achim Lichtenberger (eds), New Horizons: Mediterranean Research in the 21st Century (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2016), 309-31. https://www.academia.edu/30644833/Maritimity_How_the_sea_affected_early_modern_life_around_the_Mediterranean

Further bibliography Clancy-Smith, Julia A., Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration, c.1800-1900 (Berkeley

and Los Angeles: UCP, 2011), chapter 5. Cornwell, Graham H., ‘North African Merchant Networks of the Western Mediterranean: New

Approaches to the Nineteenth Century’, The Journal of the Middle East and Africa 7:3 (2016), 269-81. * Dakhlia, Jocelyne, Lingua Franca : histoire d’une langue métisse en Méditerranée (Arles: Actes Sud, 2008). Delis, Apostolos, ‘Mediterranean Wooden Shipbuilding in the Nineteenth Century: Production,

Productivity and Ship Types in Comparative Perspective’, Cahiers de la Méditerranée 84 (2012), 349-66. Dursteler, Eric R., ‘Speaking in Tongues: Language and Communication in the Early Modern

Mediterranean’, Past & Present 217 (2012), 47-77. Galani, Katerina, British Shipping in the Mediterranean during the Napoleonic Wars: The Untold Story of a Successful

Adaptation (Leiden and Boston MA: Brill, 2017). Harlaftis, Gelina and Vassallo, Carmel, New Directions in Mediterranean Maritime History (Liverpool: LUP,

2018). Katsiardi-Hering, Olga, ‘City-Ports in the Eastern and Central Mediterranean from the Mid-Sixteenth to

the Nineteenth Century: Urban and Social Aspects’, Mediterranean Historical Review 26:2 (2011), 151-70. Liauzu, Claude, ‘Mots et migrants méditerranéens’, Cahiers de la Méditerranée 54:1 (1997), 1-14. Pavlidis, Laurent, ‘La construction navale traditionnelle provençale au xixe siècle. Sources et méthodes’,

Cahiers de la Méditerranée 84 (2012), 335-47. Polónia, Amélia, ‘European Seaports in the Early Modern Age: Concepts, Methodology and Models of

Analysis’, Cahiers de la Méditerranée 80 (2010), 17-39. Review (Fernand Braudel Center), Vol. 16 n. 4 -- Port-Cities of the Eastern Mediterranean 1800-1914 (1993).

https://www-jstor-org.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/stable/i40009240?refreqid=excelsior%3A73dc32053dba98eac590c5cbb874cf33 (especially: Keyder, Çaǧlar, Özveren, Y. Eyüp and Quataert, Donald, ‘Port-Cities in the Ottoman Empire: Some Theoretical and Historical Perspectives’, 519-58).

Tabak, Faruk, ‘Imperial Rivalry and Port-Cities: A View from Above’, Mediterranean Historical Review 24:2 (2009), 79-94.

2. Modernity and the Age of Revolutions

Key Readings: Joanna Innes and Mark Philp, Re-imagining democracy in the Mediterranean 1750-1860, (Oxford, 2018)

introduction, chapters 1, 2, 3, 4: 1-124

Naor Ben-Yehoyada, ‘Mediterranean modernity?’ in Horden and Kinoshita (eds.) A Companion to Mediterranean History, John Wiley & Sons, 2014: 107-121

Further Readings: Joanna Innes and Mark Philp, Re-imagining democracy in the Mediterranean 1750-1860, (Oxford, 2018) David A. Bell, The First Total War: Napoleon’s Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It (Boston, 2007) Dror Ze’evi, ‘Back to Napoleon? Thoughts on the Beginning of the Modern Era in the Middle East’,

Mediterranean Historical Review, 19 (2004), 73–94 Ali Yaycioglu, Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions (Stanford, 2016). Juan Cole, Napoleon's Egypt; Invading the Middle East (New York, 2007) Jean-René Aymes (ed.), España y la revolución francesa (Barcelona, 1989). Javier Fernández Sebastián, ‘A Distorting Mirror: The Sixteenth Century in the Historical Imagination

of the First Hispanic Liberals’, History of European Ideas, 41 (2015), 166–75. Genís Barnosell, ‘God and Freedom: Radical Liberalism, Republicanism, and Religion in Spain, 1808–

1847’, International Review of Social History, 57 (2011) Román Miguel González, La pasión revolucionaria: Culturas políticas republicanas y movilización popular en la

España del siglo XIX (Madrid, 2007) Luciano Guerci, Istruire nelle verità repubblicane: La letteratura politica per il popolo nell’Italia in Rivoluzione

(1796–1799) (Bologna, 1999), Marina Caffiero, La repubblica nella città del papa: Roma 1798 (Rome, 2005), Elisa Strumia, Rivoluzionare il bel sesso: Donne e politica nel Triennio repubblicano (Naples, 2011) David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmanyam (eds), The Age of Revolutions in Global Context 1760–1840

(London-New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) Benedict Anderson, ‘Long-Distance Nationalism’, in idem, The Spectre of Comparisons: Nationalism,

Southeast Asia and the World, London-New York 1998, pp. 59–74. Lepenies, Wolf: Die Macht am Mittelmeer. Franzosische Tra ume von einem anderen Europa. Munchen: Carl

Hanser Verlag 2016.

3. Intellectuals, Exile and Migrations

Key Readings: Reill, D.K. Nationalists Who Feared the Nation: Adriatic Multi-Nationalism in Habsburg Dalmatia, Trieste, and

Venice (Stanford, 2012). [Introduction, Chapters 1, 4, 5, 6, Conclusion] Maurizio Isabella & Konstantina Zanou (eds.), Mediterranean Diasporas: Politics and Ideas in the Long 19th

Century (New York, 2016), intro and chapters by Isabella, Simal, Zanou [online] Clancy-Smith, Julia ‘Mediterranean Historical Migrations: An Overview’, in Dirk Hoerder and Donna

Gabaccia (eds), Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration, London 2012), pp. 1–19. Further Readings Maurizio Isabella, Risorgimento in Exile: Italian Émigrés and the Liberal International in the Post- Napoleonic Era,

(Oxford, 2009) Maurizio Isabella & Konstantina Zanou (eds.), Mediterranean Diasporas: Politics and Ideas in the Long 19th

Century (New York, 2016) Christopher A. Bayly and Eugenio Biagini (eds), Giuseppe Mazzini and the Globalization of Democratic

Nationalism 1830–1920 (Oxford, 2008), Gilles Pécout, ‘The International Armed Volunteers: Pilgrims of a Transnational Risorgimento’, Journal

of Modern Italian Studies, 14 (2009), Anna Maria Rao, Esuli: L’emigrazione politica italiana in Francia (1792–1802) (Naples, 1992). Paschalis Kitromilides, Enlightenment and Revolution: The Making of Modern Greece, (Harvard, 2013) Nassia Yakovaki, ‘The Philiki Etaireia Revisited: In Search of Contexts, National and International’,

Historical Review/La Revue historique, 11 (2014), Denys Barau, La Cause des Grecs: Une histoire du mouvement philhellène (1821–1829) (Paris, 2009)

Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (1983) Marinos Sariyannis, A History of Ottoman Political Thought up to the Early Nineteenth Century (Leiden, 2017) Ilham Khuri-Makdisi, The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, (Berkeley, 2013) Reill, D.K. Nationalists Who Feared the Nation: Adriatic Multi-Nationalism in Habsburg Dalmatia, Trieste, and

Venice (Stanford, 2012). [Introduction, Chapters 1, 4, 5, 6, Conclusion]. Christopher Clark, ‘After 1848: e European Revolution in Government’, Transactions of the Royal Historical

Society, 6th ser. 22 (2012), 171–97 Lucy Riall, Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero, New Haven, 2007 Zanou, K. Transnational Patriotism in the Mediterranean, 1800-1850: Stammering the Nation, Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 2018 4. The Mediterranean Network: Connecting and Communicating (Dr Jean-Michel Johnson)

Key Reading: Osama Abi-Mershed, ‘The Mediterranean in Saint-Simonian Imagination: The Nuptial Bed’, in Judith E.

Tucker (ed.), The Making of the Modern Mediterranean: Views from the South (2019). Patrick O’Brien (ed.), Railways and the Economic Development of Western Europe, 1830-1914 (Basingstoke, 1983)

– Chapters on France, Italy, Spain. Jordi Marti-Henneberg, ‘European Integration and National Models for Railway Development (1840-2010)’,

Journal of Transport Geography, vol. 26 (2013), pp. 126-38. Roland Wenzlhuener, Connecting the Nineteenth-Century World: The Telegraph and Globalization (Cambridge, 2013) Useful Resources: Kunz, A., Buiter, H., Digital atlas on European Communications and Transport European Communications and

Transport Infrastructures: Performance and Potentials, 1825–2000 (2010). <http://www.atlas-infra.eu>. ‘Leisure, Travel, and Mass Culture: The History of Tourism’, Adam Matthew Online Resource. Further Reading: General Ivan T. Berend, An Economic History of Nineteenth-Century Europe: Diversity and Industrialization (Cambridge,

2013) – Part III, ‘The Peripheries’. S. Pamuk & J. Williamson (eds.), The Mediterranean Response to Globalisation before 1950 (London, 2003). A. Badenoch and A. Fickers (eds.), Materializing Europe: Transnational Infrastructures and the Project of Europe

(Basingstoke, 2010). E. van der Vleuten & Arne Kaijser (eds.), Networking Europe: Transnational Infrastructures and the Shaping of

Europe, 1850-2000 (2006). Railways Ralf Roth & Günter Dinhobl (eds.), Across the Borders: Financing the World’s Railways in the Nineteenth and

Twentieth Centuries (Aldershot, 2008). Silveira, L., Alves, D., Lima, N., Alcantara, A., Puig, J., ‘Population and railways in Portugal, 1801–1930’,

Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 42, 1 (2011), pp. 29–52. Albert Schram, Railways and the Formation of the Italian State in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1997). Gabriel Tortella, Banking, Railroads and Industry in Spain, 1829-1874 (New York, 1977). Philip Keefer, ‘Protection against a Capricious State: French Investment and Spanish Railroads, 1845-75’,

Journal of Economic History, vol. 56, n. 1 (1996), pp. 170-92. Kaloyan Stanev et al., ‘Railway Development and the Economic and Political Integration of the Balkans, c.

1850-2000’, Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 69, n. 10 (2017), pp. 1601-1625 Anastasiadou I. & A Tympas, ‘Constructing Balkan Europe: the modern Greek pursuit of an “Iron

Egnatia”’, in E. van der Vleuten & Arne Kaijser (eds.), Networking Europe: Transnational Infrastructures and the Shaping of Europe, 1850-2000 (2006).

Telegraphs

Arthur Asseraf, ‘La mer immédiate : nouvelles, télégraphe et impérialisme en méditerranée, 1798-1882’, Revue des deux mondes, 16 (2019), pp. 47-66.

Andrea Giuntini, ‘ITU, Submarine Cables and African Colonies, 1850s-1900s’, in Gabriele Balbi & Andreas Fickers (eds.), History of the International Telecommunication Union (Berlin, 2020).

Andrea Giuntini, ‘Technology Transfer, Economic Strategies and Politics in the Building of the First Italian Submarine Telegraph’, History of Technology, vol. 32 (2014), pp. 277-93.

Roberto Mantovani, “The Otranto-Valona Cable and the Origins of Submarine Telegraphy in Italy”, Advances in Historical Studies, n. 6 (2017), pp. 18-39.

Luis Enrique Otaro Carvajal, ‘La evolución del telegrafo en España’, in Angel Bahamonde Magro (ed.), Las communicaciones en la construccion del Estado contemporaneo en España, 1700-1936 (Madrid, 1993), pp. 123-88.

Modernisation, Nation Building, Time & Space Vanessa Ogle, The Global Transformation of Time, 1870-1950 (2015). On Barak, On Time: Technology and Temporality in Modern Egypt (Berkeley, 2013). Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914 (Stanford, 1976) – Ch. 12,

‘Roads, roads and still more roads’. Hugo Silveira Pereira, ‘The Technodiplomacy of Iberian Transnational Railways in the Second Half of the

Nineteenth Century’, History and Technology, vol. 33, n. 2 (2017), pp. 175-95. Tiago Saraiva, ‘Inventing the Technological Nation: The Example of Portugal (1851-98), History and

Technology, vol. 23, n. 3 (2007), pp. 263-73. News Ingrid Schulze-Schneider, ‘From Dictatorship to Democracy’, in Oliver Boyd-Barrett & Terhi Rantanen

(eds.), The Globalization of News (London, 1998) – on Spain. Arthur Asseraf, Electric News in Colonial Algeria (Oxford, 2019) Travel & Tourism Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century (Berkeley,

1986). M. Barke & J. Towner, ‘Exploring the History of Leisure and Tourism in Spain’, in M. Barke, J. Towner,

and M. Newton (eds.), Tourism in Spain: Critical Issues (1996). Deborah Harlan, ‘Travel, Pictures, and a Victorian Gentleman in Greece’, Hesperia, vol. 78 (2009), pp. 421-

53. John Pemble, The Mediterranean Passion: Victorians and Edwardians in the South (London, 1987) – Part I, ‘Ways

and Means’.

5. Migrations and Liquid Borders

Key Readings: Clancy-Smith, J.A. "Introduction," Chapters 1, 2 & 6, "Conclusion" in Mediterraneans: North Africa and

Europe in an age of migration, c. 1800-1900 (Berkeley, 2011): 1-99, 199-246, 342-348. Hanley, W. "Papers for Going, Papers for Staying: Identification and Subject Formation in the Eastern

Mediterranean," in L. Kozmat, A. Wishnitzer, & C. Schayegh (eds.), A Global Middle East: Mobility, Materiality and Culture in the Modern Age, 1880-1940 (London, 2014): 177-200.

Fahmy, Z. "Jurisdictional Borderlands: Extraterritoriality and 'Legal Chameleons" in Precolonial Alexandria, 1840-1870," CSSH, 55, 2 (2013): 305-329.

Further readings: Leila Fawaz and Christopher Bayly (eds.), Modernity and Culture from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean,

(New York, 2002) Samuel Baily, Immigrants in the Lands of Empire: Italians in Buenos Aires and New York City, 1870-1914,

(Ithaca, 1999) Andrew Arsan, Interlopers of Empire: The Lebanese Diaspora in French Colonial West Africa (London, 2014)

Akram Khater, Inventing Home: Emigration, Gender, and the Middle Class in Lebanon, 1870-1920, (Berkeley, 2001)

Nile Green and James Gelvin (ed.), Global Muslims in the Age of Steam and Print, (Berkeley, 2013) Alison Frank, 'The Children of the Desert and the Laws of the Sea: Austria, Great Britain, the Ottoman

Empire, and the Mediterranean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century', American Historical Review, 2012

Yakup Bektas, 'The Sultan's Messenger: Cultural Constructions of ottoman Telegraphy 1847-1880', Technology and Culture, 41:4, 2000

Judith Scheele and James McDougall, Saharan Frontiers: Space and Mobility in Northwest Africa (Bloomington, 2012)

Eve Troutt Powell, A Different Shade of Colonialism: Egypt, Great Britain, and the Mastery of the Sudan, 2003 Mustafa Minawi, The Ottoman Scramble for Africa, (2016) Panayiotis Kapetanakis, 'The Ionian State in the "British" Nineteenth Century 1814-1864: From

Adriatic Isolation to Atlantic Integration', International Journal of Maritime History, 22:1, 2010, 163-184 José Morilla Critz, Alan L. Olmstead and Paul W. Rhode, '"Horn of Plenty": The Globalization of

Mediterranean Horticulture and the Economic Development of Southern Europe, 1880-1930', Journal of Economic History, 1999

Rui Ramos, ‘Portugal e o Brasil perante a primeira globalização: a crítica de Oliveira Martins (segunda metade do século XIX)’, Relações Internacionais (2005)8: 73-90

6. A Colonial Sea

Manuel Borutta, & S. Gekas, ‘A Colonial Sea: the Mediterranean, 1798-1956’ European Review of History - Revue européenne d'histoire, 19, 1 (2012): 1-13. [online]

Riall, Lucy, Under the Volcano: Empire and Revolution in a Sicilian Town, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, Prologue & Chapter 3.

Gekas, S. "Colonial migrants and the making of a British Mediterranean," European Review of History - Revue européenne d'histoire, 19, 1 (2012): 75-92.

Further readings: Gallant, Thomas, Experiencing Dominion: Culture, Identity and Power in the British Mediterranean, (2002) Riall, Lucy, Under the Volcano: Revolution in a Sicilian Town, (Oxford, 2013). Holland, Robert, Blue-Water Empire: The British in the Mediterranean since 1800, 2000. James McDougall, 'A world no longer shared: Losing the droit de cité in nineteenth-century Algiers',

JESHO, 2017 Amira K. Bennison, Jihad and its Interpretations in Pre-Colonial Morocco: State–Society Relations during the French

Conquest of Algeria (London, 2002); Julia Clancy-Smith, Rebel and Saint: Muslim Notables, Populist Protest, Colonial Encounters (Algeria and Tunisia,

1800–1904) (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1997). Jennifer Sessions, By Sword and Plow: France and the Conquest of Algeria, (Ithaca, 2006) Ussama Makdisi, The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman

Lebanon, 2000 Jennifer Pitts, A Turn to Empire: The Rise of Imperial Liberalism in Britain and France (Princeton, 2005) Michael Drolet, ‘A Nineteenth-Century Mediterranean Union: Michel Chevalier’s Système de la

Méditerranée,’ Mediterranean Historical Review, 30 (2015), 147–68 Isabelle Grangaud and M'hamed Oualdi, 'Tout est-il colonial dans le Maghreb?' L'année du Maghreb,

2014 Timothy Mitchell, Colonizing Egypt, (Berkeley, 1991) P.M.E. Lorcinand T. Shepard (eds), French Mediterraneans: Transnational and Imperial Histories, Lincoln-

London: University of Nebraska Press, 2016, Introduction Tabak, F. "Imperial rivalry and port-cities: a view from above," MHR, 24, 2 (2009): 79-94.

Borutta, M. & S. Gekas, "A Colonial Sea: the Mediterranean, 1798-1956," European Review of History - Revue européenne d'histoire, 19, 1 (2012): 1-13.

Blaise, H. & F. Deprest, "The Mediterranean, a territory between France and Colonial Algeria: imperial constructions," European Review of History - Revue européenne d'histoire, 19, 1 (2012): 33-57.

Gekas, S. "Class and cosmopolitanism: the historiographical fortunes of merchants in Eastern Mediterranean ports," MHR, 24, 2 (2009): 95-114.

El Houssi, L. "Italians in Tunisia: between regional organisation, cultural adaptation and political division, 1860s-1940," European Review of History - Revue européenne d'histoire, 19, 1 (2012): 163-181.

M.I. Choate, "Tunisia, Contested: Italian Nationalism, French Imperial Rule, and Migration in the Mediterranean Basin," California Italian Studies, 1, 1 (2010): 1-20.

Valerie McGuire, ‘Remnants of Empire: Memory, Identity and Cultural Heritage in the Southeast Agean’, in J. Bernard et al. (eds), Continuité et rupture des échanges en Méditerranée, Toulon 2016, pp. 95-109.

Antonio M. Morone, ‘L'Italianità degli altri. Le migrazioni degli ex sudditi coloniali dall’Africa all’Italia', Altreitalie 50 (2015), pp. 71-86.

7. Europe and the Mediterranean in the present day

Vassiliki Yiakoumaki, ‘On Bureaucratic Essentialism: Constructing the Mediterranean in European

Union Institutions’, 2011, in Maria Kousis, Tom Selwyn and David Clark (eds), Contested Mediterranean Spaces: Ethnographic Essays in Honour of Charles Tilly. Oxford: Berghahn [online]

Valentina Zagaria, ‘The clandestine cemetery: Burying the victims of Europe’s border in a Tunisian coastal town’, Human Remains and Violence, 2019

Naor Ben Yehoyada, The Mediterranean Incarnate: Region Formation between Sicily and Tunisia Since World War II, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017 (extracts)

Further readings: William Vernon Harris, Rethinking The Mediterranean, (Oxford, 2005) Yaacov Shavit, 'The Mediterranean world and ‘Mediterraneanism’: The origins, meaning, and

application of a geo-cultural notion in Israel', Mediterranean Historical Review, 2008 Liliana Suárez-Navaz, Rebordering the Mediterranean: Boundaries and Citizenship in Southern Europe, 2005. Daniel Knight and Charles Stewart, 'Ethnographies of Austerity: Temporality, Crisis and Affect in

Southern Europe', Anthropological Quarterly, 27, 2016 Ruben Andersson, Illegality, Inc.: Clandestine Migration and the Business of Bordering Europe, (Berkeley, 2014) Geoffrey Pridham, The New Mediterranean Democracies: Regime Transition in Spain, Greece and Portugal

(London, 1984) Bichara Khader Europa por el Mediterráneo. De Barcelona a Barcelona (1995–2009) (2009) Enrique Baloyra, Comparing New Democracies: Transition and Consolidation in Mediterranean Europe and the

Southern Cone (Boulder, CO, 1987) Emilia Salvanou, 'Migration and the Shaping of Transcultural Memory at the Margins of Europe’,

Europe Now (April 4, 2017). Peter Gatrell, ‘Refugees—What’s wrong with History?’, Journal of Refugee Studies 30/2 (June 2017), pp.

170–189. Ruben Anderson, Illegality, inc.: clandestine migration and the business of bordering Europe, Oakland, CA:

University of California Press, 2014 (excerpts). Yiannis Hamilakis, The EU’s Future Ruins: Moria Refugee Camp in Lesbos, The Nation (April 15,

2016).